769:, the "American/Puerto Rican Nationalist" and the organization which she founded "American League for Puerto Rico's Independence" came to the defense of Cancel Miranda and the three other Nationalists. Cancel Miranda and the other members of the group were the only defense witnesses, as part of Lebrón's testimony she reaffirmed that they "came to die for the liberty of her homeland". On June 16, 1954, the jury declared the four guilty. Holtzoff imposed the maximum imprisonment penalties. On July 13, 1954, the four nationalists were taken to New York, where they declared themselves not guilty on the charges of "trying to overthrow the government of the United States". Among the prosecution's witnesses was Gonzalo Lebrón Jr., who testified against his sister. On October 26, 1954, judge Lawrence E. Walsh found all of the accused guilty of conspiracy, sentencing them to six additional years in prison.
639:), the youth organization of the Nationalist Party, and organized nationalist youth committees in different towns. His group had a radio program and a small newspaper. As a cadet, Cancel Miranda went to welcome Albizu Campos in December 1947, when the Nationalist Party leader returned from the United States after serving out a ten-year prison sentence – first in the U.S. penitentiary in Atlanta, then in New York – on charges of conspiracy to overthrow the U.S. government and "inciting rebellion" against it. Following World War II, there was widespread resistance to Washington's attempt to impose English as the main language of instruction in Puerto Rico's schools. Cancel Miranda was among those who participated in a school strike to this respect, two months before his graduation and was expelled from school. He then went to San Juan to finish high school.
151:
1703:
1031:
705:
Puerto Rico" ("Estado Libre
Asociado") for Puerto Rico which was considered a colonial farce. Numerous Nationalists were arrested, among them Cancel Miranda's father. In 1951, he published an article in a Havana paper to commemorate the first anniversary of that uprising. The United States embassy learned about it and demanded that the Prío Socarrás government turn him over along with another Puerto Rican, Reynaldo Trilla, but the Cuban authorities ignored them.
916:
548:
879:. In 1972, he was placed in the Control Unit, where he was held for eighteen months, after a big strike in Marion. In the early years there was no campaign for the release of the Nationalist prisoners. An Afro-American prisoner named Ed Johnson wrote to Michael Deutsch, a lawyer, and invited him to visit the Control Unit. The campaign for the release of the Nationalists began with Michael Deutsch and Mara Siegel from the People's Law Office.
531:
522:, located on the western coast of Puerto Rico. His father, Rafael Cancel Rodríguez, was president of the Mayagüez chapter of the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party and his mother was a member of the Daughters of Freedom, an organization which was the women's branch of the Nationalist Party. His father, a businessman and owner of a furniture store, had been imprisoned because of his political beliefs.
611:, one of the physicians who assisted the wounded, testified that wounded people running away were shot, and that many were again wounded by the clubs and bare fists of the police. No arms were found in the hands of the civilians wounded, nor on the dead ones. About 150 of the demonstrators were arrested immediately afterward; they were later released on bail. The incident is known as the
1045:
603:", Puerto Rico's national anthem, was being played, the demonstrators began to march. They were then fired upon for over 15 minutes by the police from four different positions. About 235 people were wounded and nineteen were killed. Among the dead were 17 unarmed civilians and two police officers at the hands of the Insular Police.
942:
International
Conference in Support of Independence for Puerto Rico, held in Mexico City, Cancel Miranda. Irvin Flores Rodríguez, Lolita Lebrón, and Oscar Collazo were recognized as the embodiment of the directive of their teacher Albizu Campos to exercise valor and sacrifice before representatives of fifty-one countries.
934:
964:
A musical production of his poetry, "Por Las Calles de Mi Patria", was well received in Puerto Rico and the rest of the United States. The poems are those he had sent to his father while in prison. He had thought them lost and was surprised to find them published by his father. The musical production
902:
President Carter also commuted the sentence of fellow nationalist Oscar
Collazo, to time served on September 6, 1979, after spending 29 years in jail. Collazo had been eligible for parole since April 1966, and Lebrón since July 1969. Both Cancel Miranda and Flores Rodríguez became eligible for parole
764:
Cancel
Miranda and his group were charged with attempted murder and other crimes. The trial began on June 4, 1954, with judge Alexander Holtzoff presiding over the case, under strict security measures. A jury composed of seven men and five women was assembled, their identities were kept secret by the
747:
and Andrés
Figueroa Cordero to attack locations in Washington, D.C. Upon receiving the order she communicated it to the leadership of the Nationalist party in New York and, although two members unexpectedly disagreed, the plan continued. Lebrón decided to lead the group, even though Albizu Campos did
704:
occurred in Puerto Rico. The uprising was a call for independence against the United States
Government's rule of Puerto Rico. It was also a protest against the approval of the creation of the political status the "Free Associated State of Puerto Rico" or how it is legally known, the "Commonwealth of
618:
The white nurse's uniform of Cancel
Miranda's mother was soaked with blood as she crawled over bodies in search of her husband. Miraculously, they both managed to return home unharmed. After the family returned home, Cancel Miranda committed his first political act in his first grade class in school
941:
Cancel
Miranda authored nine books and remained active in the struggle for Puerto Rican independence. He continued to carry the cause of independence to other countries and returned occasionally to the United States on speaking tours on behalf of Puerto Rican political prisoners. In 1979, at the
850:
for five months. His wife, who had traveled to visit him during that time, was allowed to see him for one hour. During his imprisonment, in
Leavenworth, a photo from a local newspaper reminded him of one of his Cuban experiences, which allowed him to recognize that a genuine revolution was taking
667:
legislation at the time, the prison dormitories and lunch areas were segregated with areas for black prisoners and areas for white prisoners. Puerto Ricans were sent to either black or white areas, depending on their skin tone. Cancel was placed in the white area but said he "dined with the black
606:
Ultimately, responsibility for the massacre fell on
Governor Winship, and he is considered to have, in effect, ordered the massacre. Many were chased by the police and shot or clubbed at the entrance of their houses as they tried to escape. Others were taken from their hiding places and killed.
870:
and the "Crusade for Justice". Every September 16, Cancel Miranda would join the Mexican and Chicano prisoners in marking Mexico's independence day with a work stoppage. He was also involved in the African-American struggle. Together they produced newspapers like the Chicano prisoners' paper
829:
During visitation, Cancel Miranda was not allowed to see his children. His wife was allowed to see him in the visiting room, where there was a glass partition, and they could talk using a phone, but were not allowed to speak in Spanish. Due to Cancel Miranda's good behavior in prison, he was
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not order her to directly take part in the assault. She studied the plan, determining the possible weaknesses, concluding that a single attack on the House of Representatives would be more effective. The attack was planned for March 1, 1954, as the anniversary of inauguration of the
696:
where, with the help of Albizu Campos' son, Pedro Albizu Meneses, he found a job with the Public Works Department. After a while, he went to work for the Raymond Concrete Pipe Co. which was building the Línea Street Tunnel, which connects the two banks of the Almendares River.
735:, where he joined his wife. He found work in a shoe factory as a press operator. In New York, he met fellow Nationalists Lolita Lebrón, a sewing machine operator, Irvin Flores Rodríguez, a furniture factory employee and Andrés Figueroa Cordero, who worked in a butcher shop.
863:, a Federal Bureau of Prisons facility located in Southern Precinct, unincorporated Williamson County, Illinois. By the late 1960s, there were increasing numbers of prisoners engaged in political activity, and Cancel Miranda joined them.
890:
In 1979, President Jimmy Carter commuted the sentence of Cancel Miranda, Lolita Lebrón and Irving Flores Rodríguez after they had served 25 years in prison. Andrés Figueroa Cordero was released from prison earlier because of ill health.
642:
Puerto Ricans became U.S. citizens as a result of the 1917 Jones-Shafroth Act and those who were eligible, with the exception of women, were expected to serve in the military, either voluntarily or as a result of the military draft
712:
led a military coup overthrowing Prío Socarrás' government. After the coup, Batista's police arrested Cancel Miranda and Trilla. They were sent to the Tiscornia prison until August 1952, when they both were expelled from Cuba.
2408:
680:. Believing that he was to be drafted by the US Military and that he would once again face a prison term for refusing, Cancel Miranda followed the advice of his wife and his sister Zoraida and went into a self exile in
1073:
772:
The four Nationalists were incarcerated at different prisons. Figueroa Cordero was sent to the federal penitentiary in Atlanta; Lebrón to the women's prison in Alderson, West Virginia; and Flores Rodríguez to
898:
publicly opposed the commutations, arguing that it would encourage terrorism and undermine public safety. Cancel Miranda and the other Nationalists received a hero's welcome upon their return to Puerto Rico.
1334:
1223:
1206:
647:). In 1948, Cancel Miranda, then eighteen and in high school, refused to be drafted into the military. One day, he was walking to school in San Juan with other students, and there was a car with four
573:), was organized to commemorate the ending of slavery in Puerto Rico by the governing Spanish National Assembly in 1873, and to protest the incarceration by the U.S. Government of Nationalist leader
651:
agents at the corner of his house. He handed his books to the other students to take them to the place where he was living. The men arrested him and charged him with refusing the U.S. draft. The
882:
When Cancel Miranda's father died in 1977, his supporters campaigned to allow him to attend the funeral. He was eventually granted a seven-hour furlough in Puerto Rico to attend the funeral.
708:
Aracelio Azcuy, a politician of the Civil Damages Office and supporter of Prío Socarrás, used to ask Cancel Miranda to campaign for him, to write his speeches. On March 10, 1952,
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to participate in a march organized by the Nationalist Party. He and his sisters couldn't go because they were sick with measles. The march, which was scheduled for March 30 (
2518:
1303:"The Militant - 9/21/98 -- 'We Came Out Of Prison Standing, Not On Our Knees' -- Rafael Cancel Miranda on his political activity in jail and the campaign for his freedom"
818:
at Catholic services. His closest friends were fellow Puerto Ricans Emérito Vázquez and Hiram Crespo-Crespo. On the recreation yard, he played chess with Harlem gangster
1823:
1331:
466:
1530:
1096:
510:. The four were arrested, convicted, and sentenced to long prison terms. In 1979, Cancel Miranda's sentence was commuted by United States President Jimmy Carter.
2508:
1588:
1068:
2528:
1231:
1203:
1182:
2498:
1274:
1255:
663:, where he remained from 1949 to 1951. During his stay in prison he confronted a prison guard because of the racist segregation inside prison walls. Under
756:. Lebrón intended to call attention to Puerto Rico's independence cause, particularly among the Latin American countries participating in the conference.
2493:
2373:
701:
192:
1796:
2513:
987:"Puerto Rico: Independence Is a Necessity" by Rafael Cancel Miranda (Author); Publisher: Pathfinder Press (NY); Booklet edition (February 1, 2001);
2102:
838:
Cancel Miranda spent 10 years in Leavenworth. In 1970, he, Andrés Figueroa Cordero (he was transferred from the federal penitentiary in Atlanta),
810:
In July 1954, Cancel Miranda, inmate number 1163, was sent to Alcatraz where he served six years of his sentence. Alcatraz Island operated as a
2429:
2398:
846:
organized a prisoners' strike to protest their treatment by the guards. Cancel Miranda was charged with organizing the strike and sentenced to
743:
Albizu Campos had been corresponding with 34-year-old Lolita Lebrón from prison and chose a group of nationalists who included Cancel Miranda,
722:
1552:
2478:
459:
607:
Leopold Tormes, a member of the Puerto Rico legislature, told reporters how a policeman murdered a nationalist with his bare hands. Dr.
2393:
1141:
212:
789:, was incarcerated. Cancel Miranda, considered to be the primary shooter, received a prison sentence of 85 years and was sent to
1786:
1692:
599:, demanded the immediate withdrawal of the permits. They were withdrawn a short time before the march was scheduled to begin. As "
1766:
452:
1000:"Sembrando Patria...Y Verdades" by Rafael Cancel Miranda (Author); Publisher: Cuarto Idearo (January 1, 1998); ASIN: B001CK17D6
2503:
1619:
1402:
992:
1310:
1706:
1365:
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federal prison from August 1934 to 1963. While incarcerated, Cancel Miranda worked in the brush factory and served as an
503:
217:
2533:
1904:
1522:
1092:
1015:
860:
1584:
1437:
1997:
1643:
1394:
1176:
997:"Commemorate El Grito de Lares with Rafael Cancel Miranda" by Puerto Rican Socialist Party (Author); ASIN: B0041V1C6U
2312:
1934:
433:
2348:
1992:
1781:
1166:
2007:
1859:
1776:
1271:
1252:
866:
In prison, he read books on sociology and learned to play the guitar. He also became involved in the defense of
2117:
487:
140:
96:
2333:
1791:
790:
490:
and an advocate of Puerto Rican independence. On March 1, 1954, Cancel Miranda and three other Nationalists (
2483:
2227:
2022:
1771:
1685:
652:
295:
2087:
2082:
1924:
1358:"The Militant - August 14, 2006 -- Puerto Rican independentista Rafael Cancel Miranda on Cuban Revolution"
2523:
2383:
202:
1889:
1879:
1657:
2262:
1899:
925:
557:
423:
2307:
1874:
1869:
1839:
971:
founded the Rafael Cancel Miranda High School in Chicago in his honor. The school is now known as the
565:
In March 1937, when Cancel Miranda was seven years old, his mother and father traveled to the city of
340:
1972:
1944:
1512:"Former Alcatraz inmate speaks about his time", Examiner San Francisco, by D. Morita; October 9, 2009
811:
689:
596:
438:
2302:
2137:
1967:
1894:
363:
335:
2077:
1919:
958:
826:, an American convicted of espionage; they remained friends until Sobell's death in December 2018.
2207:
2002:
1585:"Jimmy Carter: Puerto Rican Nationalists Announcement of the President's Commutation of Sentences"
1562:
895:
519:
285:
67:
2403:
2212:
2202:
1884:
1678:
950:
892:
585:
506:
while it was in session at the United States Capitol building, firing 30 shots and injuring five
495:
378:
373:
63:
2353:
2057:
2037:
946:
765:
media. The prosecution was led by Leo A. Rover, as part of this process 33 witnesses testified.
168:
2287:
2197:
2187:
2172:
1812:
632:
507:
428:
388:
275:
260:
178:
2292:
2282:
2192:
2047:
403:
325:
320:
2363:
2242:
1058:
305:
183:
150:
85:
2247:
2052:
2017:
1929:
1670:
1133:
968:
413:
2473:
2468:
2132:
1817:
1761:
1063:
1007:
1003:"Testimonio: Los indómitos " by Antonio Gil de Lamadrid Navarro; Publisher: Editorial Edil,
847:
608:
240:
2257:
961:
by the Cuban government for his work. It is the highest honor Cuba accords to non-Cubans.
418:
8:
2424:
2317:
2127:
2062:
2042:
1914:
972:
774:
574:
345:
235:
1909:
2343:
2297:
2252:
2147:
2097:
1977:
1036:
903:
in July 1979. However, none had applied for parole because of their political beliefs.
766:
566:
483:
330:
310:
245:
2142:
1854:
368:
2237:
2032:
1982:
1725:
1639:
1615:
1398:
1390:
1302:
1172:
1011:
988:
819:
794:
709:
655:
in Puerto Rico sentenced him to two years and one day and he was sent to a prison in
408:
2277:
1987:
1357:
315:
2409:
Latin American and Caribbean Congress in Solidarity with Puerto Rico's Independence
1844:
1720:
1389:
By Kurt Pitzer, Tara Stevens, page 224, Published by Hunter Publishing, Inc, 2001,
1050:
2222:
1939:
1864:
600:
491:
290:
2388:
2378:
2162:
2152:
2072:
1849:
1557:
1338:
1278:
1259:
1210:
1074:
List of people pardoned or granted clemency by the president of the United States
786:
589:
280:
207:
197:
1445:
688:
using a different identity, Robert Rodríguez. Cuba at that time was governed by
2358:
2338:
2157:
2027:
1702:
867:
685:
612:
250:
173:
1006:"War Against All Puerto Ricans: Revolution and Terror in America's Colony" by
919:
551:
2462:
2272:
2232:
2177:
1949:
843:
823:
778:
732:
620:
398:
300:
265:
2267:
2217:
2182:
2067:
839:
744:
644:
593:
499:
393:
383:
270:
22:
2107:
2092:
2012:
933:
782:
656:
570:
677:
1745:
1658:"Rafael Cancel Miranda, Gunman in '54 Attack on Congress, Dies at 89"
815:
2446:
728:
664:
578:
125:
Rafael Cancel Miranda was the only Nationalist jailed in Alcatraz.
1740:
1730:
753:
660:
530:
26:
1224:"LLMC Book Preservation - Ponce Massacre, Com. of Inquiry, 1937"
949:. The Order of Playa Girón is a national order conferred by the
1735:
1515:
965:
is dedicated to those active in the struggle for independence.
693:
1523:"Commutations Granted by President Jimmy Carter (1977 - 1981)"
1093:"Commutations Granted by President Jimmy Carter (1977 - 1981)"
1700:
975:
and the Juan Antonio Corretjer Puerto Rican Cultural Center.
584:
Upon learning of the planned protest, however, the colonial
954:
681:
716:
648:
2489:
Puerto Rican people convicted of seditious conspiracy
957:
on Cubans or foreigners. In 2006, he was awarded the
1069:
Fuerzas Armadas de Liberación Nacional (Puerto Rico)
1026:
2519:
Prisoners and detainees of the District of Columbia
978:He died in San Juan, Puerto Rico on March 2, 2020.
193:
Puerto Rican Nationalist Party revolts of the 1950s
1797:Puerto Rico Pro-Independence University Federation
2460:
785:in a failed attempt to assassinate US President
33: and the second or maternal family name is
2509:Imprisoned Puerto Rican independence activists
1610:Arista-Salado, Maikel (2010). Trafford (ed.).
945:That same year Cancel Miranda was awarded the
885:
723:United States Capitol shooting incident (1954)
2529:American people convicted of attempted murder
1686:
1609:
460:
2499:Recipients of American presidential clemency
1216:
1168:Latino Americans and political participation
921:A speech in Spanish by Rafael Cancel Miranda
676:In the 1950s, the United States entered the
482:(July 18, 1930 – March 2, 2020) was a poet,
1010:; Publisher: Nation Books (April 7, 2015);
2494:Puerto Rican Nationalist Party politicians
1693:
1679:
1655:
1612:Condecoraciones cubanas. Teoría e historia
467:
453:
213:Attempted assassination of Harry S. Truman
155:Flag of the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party
1636:Dictionary of Latino Civil Rights History
1470:
1253:Gov. Winship Responsible for the Massacre
759:
2514:Inmates of Alcatraz Federal Penitentiary
1787:Hostosian National Independence Movement
1414:
1412:
1410:
1272:Biggest Massacre in Puerto Rican History
1161:
1159:
932:
830:transferred to USP Leavenworth in 1960.
684:. Cancel Miranda arrived in the city of
529:
1767:Independence Association of Puerto Rico
717:Assault on the House of Representatives
518:Cancel Miranda was born in the town of
2461:
2430:La Borinqueña by Lola Rodríguez de Tío
2374:Nationalist Party revolts of the 1950s
1824:Fuerzas Armadas de Liberación Nacional
1508:
1506:
1504:
1502:
1500:
859:Cancel Miranda was transferred to the
738:
2399:U.S. Capitol shooting incident (1954)
1674:
1614:(in Spanish). Trafford. p. 360.
1488:
1479:
1461:
1452:
1421:
1407:
1368:from the original on January 31, 2020
1313:from the original on January 30, 2020
1197:
1185:from the original on January 29, 2022
1156:
671:
626:
553:Newsreel scenes of the Ponce Massacre
504:attacked the House of Representatives
1707:Independence movement in Puerto Rico
1561:. September 24, 1979. Archived from
1545:
1533:from the original on January 8, 2021
1352:
1350:
1348:
1346:
1099:from the original on January 8, 2021
1497:
1476:Ribes Tovar et al., p.193–194
1430:
1297:
1295:
1293:
1291:
1289:
1287:
1230:. December 14, 2010. Archived from
1144:from the original on April 19, 2017
1128:
1126:
1124:
1122:
1120:
1118:
1116:
1114:
973:Dr. Pedro Albizu Campos High School
218:1954 United States Capitol shooting
13:
1656:Genzlinger, Neil (March 3, 2020).
981:
16:Puerto Rican activist and militant
14:
2545:
2479:People from Mayagüez, Puerto Rico
1591:from the original on May 22, 2011
1343:
623:which at the time was mandatory.
534:Police fire upon the Nationalists
525:
1701:
1284:
1111:
1043:
1029:
914:
546:
149:
1777:Puerto Rican Independence Party
1649:
1628:
1603:
1577:
1380:
800:
2313:Teófilo Villavicencio Marxuach
1945:José "Aguila Blanca" Maldonado
1782:Puerto Rican Nationalist Party
1325:
1265:
1246:
1085:
833:
752:(Interamerican Conference) in
668:prisoners" when he wanted to.
619:when he refused to salute the
513:
488:Puerto Rican Nationalist Party
434:Teófilo Villavicencio Marxuach
97:Puerto Rican Nationalist Party
1:
2334:Ducoudray Holstein Expedition
2248:Pedro "Davilita" Ortiz Dávila
2008:Gilberto Concepción de Gracia
1860:María de las Mercedes Barbudo
1079:
414:Pedro "Davilita" Ortiz Dávila
2504:Puerto Rican Roman Catholics
2394:Truman assassination attempt
1772:Liberal Party of Puerto Rico
1638:. Arte Publico Press, 2006.
592:, who had been appointed by
25:, the first or paternal
7:
2384:San Juan Nationalist revolt
1993:Marie Haydée Beltrán Torres
1553:"We Have Nothing to Repent"
1022:
886:Commutation and later years
805:
781:, who in 1950 attacked the
727:Cancel Miranda migrated to
203:San Juan Nationalist revolt
10:
2550:
1762:Union Party of Puerto Rico
1527:U.S. Department of Justice
1277:December 17, 2010, at the
1258:December 17, 2010, at the
1209:December 14, 2010, at the
750:Conferencia Interamericana
720:
702:Nationalist Party uprising
631:Cancel Miranda joined the
20:
2534:American failed assassins
2438:
2417:
2326:
2116:
2088:María de Lourdes Santiago
2083:Manuel Rodríguez Orellana
1958:
1925:Antonio Valero de Bernabé
1832:
1805:
1754:
1713:
1494:Ribes Tovar et al., p.209
1485:Ribes Tovar et al., p.197
1467:Ribes Tovar et al., p.188
1458:Ribes Tovar et al., p.186
1427:Ribes Tovar et al., p.178
1418:Ribes Tovar et al., p.132
913:
908:
854:
820:Ellsworth "Bumpy" Johnson
812:Federal Bureau of Prisons
597:Franklin Delano Roosevelt
545:
540:
123:
118:
110:
106:Puerto Rican Independence
102:
92:
74:
49:
42:
1920:Arturo Alfonso Schomburg
1890:Francisco Ramírez Medina
1880:Rosendo Matienzo Cintrón
937:The Order of Playa Girón
2404:Cerro Maravilla murders
2349:Levantamiento de Ciales
2308:Carlos Vélez Rieckehoff
2228:Tomás López de Victoria
2213:Andres Figueroa Cordero
2203:Carmelo Delgado Delgado
2023:José M. Dávila Monsanto
1885:Antonio Mattei Lluberas
1875:Francisco Gonzalo Marín
1870:Eugenio María de Hostos
1840:Ramón Emeterio Betances
1755:Political organizations
1281:Retrieved July 9, 2009.
1262:Retrieved July 9, 2009.
1213:Retrieved July 9, 2009.
1134:"Rafael Cancel Miranda"
893:Governor of Puerto Rico
851:place in that country.
700:On October 30, 1950, a
637:Cadetes de la República
590:General Blanton Winship
586:Governor of Puerto Rico
496:Andrés Figueroa Cordero
379:Andres Figueroa Cordero
374:Carmelo Delgado Delgado
341:Carlos Vélez Rieckehoff
296:Tomás López de Victoria
135:Part of a series on the
2303:Antonio Vélez Alvarado
2198:Isabel Freire de Matos
2188:Juan Antonio Corretjer
2138:Margot Arce de Vázquez
1968:Antonio Rafael Barceló
1895:José Gualberto Padilla
1833:19th century activists
1813:Cadets of the Republic
1806:Militant organizations
1337:July 13, 2011, at the
938:
840:Irvin Flores Rodríguez
760:Trial and imprisonment
745:Irvin Flores Rodríguez
633:Cadets of the Republic
535:
500:Irvin Flores Rodríguez
389:Isabel Freire de Matos
364:Margot Arce de Vázquez
336:Antonio Vélez Alvarado
276:Juan Antonio Corretjer
179:Cadets of the Republic
2263:Helen Rodríguez Trías
2243:Francisco Matos Paoli
2208:Raimundo Díaz Pacheco
2168:Rafael Cancel Miranda
2103:Carlos Alberto Torres
2003:Cayetano Coll y Cuchí
1959:20th and 21st century
1900:Lola Rodríguez de Tió
1714:Indigenous resistance
1059:List of Puerto Ricans
936:
896:Carlos Romero Barceló
822:. He also befriended
721:Further information:
533:
480:Rafael Cancel Miranda
424:Helen Rodríguez Trías
306:Francisco Matos Paoli
286:Raimundo Díaz Pacheco
256:Rafael Cancel Miranda
114:Carmen Jiménez Teruel
86:San Juan, Puerto Rico
68:Mayagüez, Puerto Rico
44:Rafael Cancel Miranda
2354:Río Piedras massacre
2058:Filiberto Ojeda Ríos
2038:Víctor Manuel Gerena
1973:Félix Benítez Rexach
1818:Boricua Popular Army
1634:Rosales, Francisco.
1529:. December 8, 2017.
1234:on December 14, 2010
1095:. December 8, 2017.
1064:Boricua Popular Army
1008:Nelson Antonio Denis
947:Order of Playa Girón
848:solitary confinement
690:Carlos Prío Socarrás
439:Félix Benítez Rexach
358:Notable nationalists
169:Río Piedras massacre
2484:Puerto Rican rebels
2425:Grito de Lares flag
2318:Olga Viscal Garriga
2293:Clemente Soto Vélez
2283:Vidal Santiago Díaz
2193:José Ferrer Canales
2128:Pedro Albizu Campos
2078:Ángel Rivero Méndez
2063:Antonio S. Pedreira
2048:Luis Lloréns Torres
2043:Edwin Irizarry Mora
1915:Segundo Ruiz Belvis
1565:on October 16, 2007
1362:www.themilitant.com
1307:www.themilitant.com
959:Order of José Martí
861:Marion Penitentiary
775:Leavenworth, Kansas
739:Attack preparations
575:Pedro Albizu Campos
404:José Ferrer Canales
346:Olga Viscal Garriga
326:Clemente Soto Vélez
321:Vidal Santiago Díaz
236:Pedro Albizu Campos
230:Nationalist leaders
2524:Puerto Rican poets
2344:Intentona de Yauco
2298:Griselio Torresola
2253:Ruth Mary Reynolds
2148:Casimiro Berenguer
2098:Alejandrina Torres
2053:Oscar López Rivera
2018:Pedro Ortiz Dávila
1935:Fernando Fernandez
1930:Manuel Zeno Gandía
1662:The New York Times
1171:. ABC-CLIO. 2004.
1037:Puerto Rico portal
969:Oscar López Rivera
939:
767:Ruth Mary Reynolds
672:Self exile in Cuba
653:U.S. Federal Court
627:Political activist
536:
484:political activist
331:Griselio Torresola
311:Ruth Mary Reynolds
246:Casimiro Berenguer
163:Events and revolts
2456:
2455:
2368:Ley de la Mordaza
2258:Germán Rieckehoff
2173:José Coll y Cuchí
2120:Nationalist Party
2033:Leopoldo Figueroa
1983:Americo Boschetti
1621:978-1-4269-4427-7
1448:on June 20, 2010.
1403:978-1-58843-116-5
1138:www.peacehost.net
993:978-0-87348-895-2
931:
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795:San Francisco Bay
710:Fulgencio Batista
563:
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419:Germán Rieckehoff
261:José Coll y Cuchí
186:Ley de la Mordaza
143:Nationalist Party
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1845:Mariana Bracetti
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2143:Elías Beauchamp
2133:José S. Alegría
2119:
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2068:Pedro Pietri
1905:Manuel Rojas
1820:(Macheteros)
1726:Agüeybaná II
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271:Rosa Collazo
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80:(2020-03-02)
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23:Spanish name
18:
2474:2020 deaths
2469:1930 births
2108:Iris Zavala
2093:Piri Thomas
2013:Juan Dalmau
1721:Agüeybaná I
1537:January 29,
1387:Puerto Rico
834:Leavenworth
783:Blair House
657:Tallahassee
571:Palm Sunday
514:Early years
508:Congressmen
2463:Categories
1438:"Centropr"
1103:January 7,
1080:References
678:Korean War
56:1930-07-18
1998:Roy Brown
1961:activists
816:altar boy
581:charges.
184:Gag Law (
2447:Claridad
1589:Archived
1569:July 18,
1531:Archived
1372:March 4,
1366:Archived
1335:Archived
1317:March 4,
1311:Archived
1275:Archived
1256:Archived
1228:llmc.com
1207:Archived
1183:Archived
1142:Archived
1097:Archived
1023:See also
877:Militant
875:and the
806:Alcatraz
791:Alcatraz
777:, where
729:Brooklyn
665:Jim Crow
579:sedition
520:Mayagüez
103:Movement
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2418:Symbols
2364:Gag Law
1746:Urayoán
1741:Jumacao
1731:Arasibo
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1238:July 9,
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793:in the
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119:Notes
1640:ISBN
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1597:2010
1571:2008
1558:Time
1539:2022
1399:ISBN
1391:ISBN
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1319:2020
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1012:ISBN
989:ISBN
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