574:
795:
142:
130:
98:
186:
110:
978:
954:
966:
1524:
1000:
880:
751:
37:
942:
767:
ensued. Two
Nationalists were killed and six police officers were wounded. Nationalists Melitón Muñoz Santos, Roberto Jaume Rodríguez, Estanislao Lugo Santiago, Marcelino Turell, William Gutierrez and Marcelino Berríos were arrested and accused of participating in an ambush against the local Insular Police.
766:
In the pre-dawn hours of
October 29, the Insular Police surrounded the house of the mother of Melitón Muñiz Santos, president of the Peñuelas Nationalist Party, in Barrio Macaná, where they were storing weapons for the Nationalist revolt. Without warning, the police fired on the house and a gunfight
650:
Under this new law it would be a crime to print, publish, sell, or exhibit any material intended to paralyze or destroy the insular government; or to organize any society, group or assembly of people with a similar destructive intent. It made it illegal to sing a patriotic song, and reinforced the
861:
Some attempt to frame the events as if the Puerto Ricans bombed themselves (Luis Ferrao). Nelson Denis refutes this: "The P-47 fighter planes that bombed Utuado and Jayuya were built in the US, hangared in US airfields, maintained with US equipment, flown by US-trained pilots who dropped US-made
857:
After the
Nationalists were forced to surrender, the Puerto Rican government arrested thousands of people supporting independence. According to police estimates, 28 people were killed and 50 were wounded in the uprising, including in Jayuya and elsewhere in Puerto Rico. 16 Nationalists, 8 police
770:
Members of the
Nationalist Party had stored weapons in Canales's house in Jayuya. Canales and the other leaders, including her cousin Elio Torresola and Carlos Irizarry, led the armed Nationalists into the town and invaded the police station. Shots were fired, one officer was killed, three were
894:
The top leaders of the
Nationalist party were arrested, including Albizu Campos and Blanca Canales, and sent to jail to serve long prison terms. Oscar Collazo was convicted of murder in the US and sentenced to death. U.S. President Truman commuted his sentence to life. In 1979 President Carter
719:
waiting to arrest him. He was told that the police had already arrested other
Nationalist leaders. He escaped from Fajardo and ordered the revolution to start. On October 27, the police in the town of Peñuelas intercepted and fired upon a caravan of Nationalists, killing four.
830:
Although an extensive part of Jayuya was destroyed, news of the military action was prevented from spreading outside of Puerto Rico. Instead, the
American media reported President Truman saying it was "an incident between Puerto Ricans."
1263:"Encyclopedia of Minorities in American Politics: Volume 2; Hispanic Americans and Native Americans (American Political Landscape Series)"; by Andrew L. Aoki (Author) and Kerry L. Haynie (Author); Page: 417; Publisher: Greenwood;
546:, was one of the multiple insurrections that occurred throughout Puerto Rico on that day against the Puerto Rican government supported by the United States. The insurrectionists were opposed to US sovereignty over Puerto Rico.
2229:
826:
attack aircraft, land-based artillery, mortar fire, and grenades to counterattack the
Nationalists. The planes dropped 500-pound bombs and machine-gunned nearly every rooftop in the town, leaving the town in ruins.
862:
bombs, and all of it – the planes, the airfield, the pilots, the bombs – were financed by the US. Yet Ferrao would have us believe that a decal saying “Air
National Guard” means that Puerto Rico bombed itself."
666:(Puerto Rican Statehood Party) and the only member of the Puerto Rico House of Representatives who was not a member of the PPD, the law was repressive and in violation of the First Amendment of the
655:, with anyone found guilty of disobeying the law in any way being subject to a sentence of up to ten years imprisonment, a fine of up to US$ 10,000 (equivalent to $ 127,000 in 2023), or both.
592:
named Elisha
Francis Riggs, applied harsh repressive measures against the Nationalist Party. In 1936, Albizu Campos and the leaders of the party were arrested and jailed at the
898:
The last major attempt by the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party to draw world attention to Puerto Rico's colonial situation occurred on March 1, 1954, when nationalist leader
708:. Albizu Campos picked the town of Jayuya as the headquarters of the revolution because of its location and because weapons were stored in the home of Blanca Canales.
1644:
1287:
501:
895:
commuted Collazo's sentence to time served and he returned to Puerto Rico. The city of Jayuya converted the Blanca Canales home into a historical museum.
685:
of the U.S. Constitution. Nationalists from all over the island had gathered to hear Albizu Campos's speech and to prevent the police from arresting him.
2194:
1043:
227:
28:
1617:
977:
953:
693:
From 1949 to 1950, the Nationalists in the island planned and prepared an armed revolution. The revolution was to take place in 1952, on the date the
1312:
682:
1923:
2250:
2219:
915:
2319:
2309:
965:
1134:"War Against All Puerto Ricans, Revolution and Terror in America's Colony"; Author Nelson Antonio Denis; Page 263; Publisher Nation Books;
494:
1161:
1227:
2214:
922:, shooting from the gallery and wounding several members. Lebrón and her comrades were charged with attempted murder and other crimes.
247:
1390:
2314:
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604:. On March 21, 1937, the police opened fire on the crowd at a Nationalist parade, killing 19 people in what came to be known as the
1607:
1513:
1587:
487:
919:
624:
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while the living quarters of the White House were under renovation. After traveling south by train, on November 1, 1950, they
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Nationalists in New York City as well as Puerto Rico were outraged by the counterattack. Griselio Torresola and
1938:
1474:
1209:
1139:
1013:
704:
Albizu Campos called for an armed revolution because he considered the "new political status" to be a colonial
555:
535:
175:
102:
941:
2154:
1612:
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lines and burned the U.S. post office. Canales led the group into the town square where, in defiance of the
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608:. Albizu Campos returned to Puerto Rico on December 15, 1947, after spending ten years in prison.}
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203:
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2018:
2008:
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310:
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213:
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2013:
1868:
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1988:
1159:"La obra jurídica del Profesor David M. Helfeld (1948–2008)'; by: Dr. Carmelo Delgado Cintrón
1063:
903:
838:, among other Nationalists in the city, made a quick plan to assassinate the U.S. president,
787:. In the town square, Canales declared Puerto Rico a free Republic. Torresola had a brother,
780:
640:
628:
597:
340:
290:
218:
185:
2068:
1873:
1838:
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1953:
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41:
Puerto Rican flag removed by a member of the National Guard after the 1950 Jayuya Uprising
8:
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1948:
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1918:
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1005:
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1963:
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Newsreel scenes in Spanish of the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party Revolts of the 1950s
403:
2058:
1853:
1803:
1546:
1439:
1291:
1264:
1143:
1135:
1110:
1102:
674:. As such, the Law was seen as an assault on the civil rights of every Puerto Rican.
671:
659:
615:
which would restrain the rights of the independence and Nationalist movements on the
443:
2098:
1808:
350:
2230:
Latin American and Caribbean Congress in Solidarity with Puerto Rico's Independence
1665:
1541:
1101:
By Kurt Pitzer, Tara Stevens, page 224, Published by Hunter Publishing, Inc, 2001,
823:
803:
527:
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1983:
1973:
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The governor, Luis Muñoz Marín, declared martial law. The United States sent ten
740:
667:
582:
315:
242:
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2179:
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1978:
1848:
1523:
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1038:
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208:
134:
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1998:
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were killed in the attempt; Collazo and two American officers were wounded.
631:, approved the bill that day. This bill, which resembled the anti-communist
2088:
2038:
2003:
1888:
907:
428:
418:
305:
1928:
1913:
1833:
1436:
War Against All Puerto Ricans: Revolution and Terror in America’s Colony,
843:
616:
62:
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War Against All Puerto Ricans: Revolution and Terror in America's Colony
1337:
War Against All Puerto Ricans: Revolution and Terror in America's Colony
798:
A P-47 Thunderbolt, the aircraft type employed to bomb Jayuya and Utuado
723:
On October 30, the Nationalists staged uprisings in the towns of Ponce,
771:
wounded, and the other officers surrendered. The Nationalists cut the
1566:
959:
Monument to the Jayuya Uprising participants in Mayagüez, Puerto Rico
772:
715:, when he received word that his house in San Juan was surrounded by
632:
586:
577:
Don Pedro Albizu Campos, leader of the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party
2267:
983:
Plaque honoring the female participants of the 1950 Jayuya Uprising
750:
581:
In the 1930s, the United States-appointed governor of Puerto Rico,
558:
was formed in 1922 to work for Puerto Rican Independence. By 1930
16:
Puerto Rican nationalist revolt that took place on October 30, 1950
850:, seeking to gain entry. Torresola and White House police officer
1561:
1551:
1228:
The Jayuya Uprising and Puerto Rican Independence; By Lenny Flank
601:
589:
538:
insurrection that took place on October 30, 1950, in the town of
1556:
563:
1521:
810:
to bomb the town of Jayuya. American infantry troops and the
791:, living in New York City, who was outraged by the attacks.
705:
677:
On June 21, 1948, Albizu Campos gave a speech in the town of
36:
711:
On October 26, 1950, Albizu Campos was holding a meeting in
701:("Free Associated State") political status for Puerto Rico.
971:
Plaque honoring the combatants of the 1950 Jayuya Uprising
635:
passed in the United States in 1940, became known as the
1475:
Puerto Rico Marks 60th Anniversary of Jayuya Uprising
1246:
Puerto Rico Marks 60th Anniversary of Jayuya Uprising
995:
858:
officers and soldiers, and 4 civilians were killed.
1044:
Puerto Rican Nationalist Party Revolts of the 1950s
643:) when the U.S.-appointed governor of Puerto Rico,
228:
Puerto Rican Nationalist Party revolts of the 1950s
29:
Puerto Rican Nationalist Party revolts of the 1950s
1618:Puerto Rico Pro-Independence University Federation
1210:La Gobernación de Jesús T. Piñero y la Guerra Fría
611:On May 21, 1948, a bill was introduced before the
651:1898 law that had made it illegal to display the
2281:
549:
1507:
681:that explained how this Gag Law violated the
566:who was the first Puerto Rican graduate from
495:
1457:Sánchez, Laura N. Pérez (October 3, 2011).
1514:
1500:
1486:Nationalist Party of Puerto Rico-FBI files
1279:
1277:
600:, and later sent to the Federal prison in
502:
488:
248:Attempted assassination of Harry S. Truman
190:Flag of the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party
1305:
1303:
1608:Hostosian National Independence Movement
793:
749:
572:
1588:Independence Association of Puerto Rico
1456:
1438:Author: Nation Books (April 7, 2015);
1274:
1223:
1221:
1219:
1217:
1130:
1128:
1126:
1124:
1122:
947:The House of Nemesio and Blanca Canales
647:, signed it into law on June 10, 1948.
2282:
2251:La Borinqueña by Lola Rodríguez de Tío
2195:Nationalist Party revolts of the 1950s
1645:Fuerzas Armadas de Liberación Nacional
1300:
1284:El ataque Nacionalista a La Fortaleza.
1259:
1257:
1255:
1253:
1241:
1239:
1237:
1235:
920:United States House of Representatives
570:, was elected president of the party.
2220:U.S. Capitol shooting incident (1954)
1495:
1412:
1367:
1327:
2320:Rebellions against the United States
2310:October 1950 events in North America
1528:Independence movement in Puerto Rico
1379:. Bold Type Books. pp. 194–195.
1339:. Bold Type Books. pp. 194–195.
1214:
1180:. Topuertorico.org. January 13, 1941
1119:
902:, together with fellow nationalists
1250:
1232:
585:, and the police colonel, a former
253:1954 United States Capitol shooting
13:
1425:
848:attacked guards at the Blair House
14:
2331:
1459:"La mismas rutas, el mismo sueño"
1450:
1403:
1203:
2315:Political history of Puerto Rico
2305:Nationalist Party of Puerto Rico
1522:
998:
976:
964:
952:
940:
878:
842:. He was reported as staying at
664:Partido Estadista Puertorriqueño
619:. The Senate, controlled by the
184:
140:
128:
108:
96:
35:
1598:Puerto Rican Independence Party
1397:
1383:
1361:
1343:
1321:
1059:Puerto Rican Independence Party
2134:Teófilo Villavicencio Marxuach
1766:José "Aguila Blanca" Maldonado
1603:Puerto Rican Nationalist Party
1406:"The Many Lies of Luis Ferrao"
1290:. Page 7. Publicaciones RENÉ.
1192:
1170:
1152:
1092:
1081:
1014:Puerto Rican Nationalist Party
697:was to officially approve the
556:Puerto Rican Nationalist Party
469:Teófilo Villavicencio Marxuach
103:Puerto Rican Nationalist Party
1:
2155:Ducoudray Holstein Expedition
2069:Pedro "Davilita" Ortiz Dávila
1829:Gilberto Concepción de Gracia
1681:María de las Mercedes Barbudo
1470:Photos of the Jayuya Uprising
1074:
1019:Ducoudray Holstein Expedition
449:Pedro "Davilita" Ortiz Dávila
2215:Truman assassination attempt
1593:Liberal Party of Puerto Rico
1373:"Chapter 18: The Revolution"
1333:"Chapter 18: The Revolution"
1069:Truman assassination attempt
865:
816:Puerto Rico Adjutant General
550:Events leading to the revolt
7:
2205:San Juan Nationalist revolt
1814:Marie Haydée Beltrán Torres
1488:, PR-Secret Files, raw data
1199:"Ley Núm. 282 del año 2006"
1054:San Juan Nationalist revolt
991:
814:, under the command of the
760:Puerto Rican National Guard
745:San Juan Nationalist revolt
688:
621:Partido Popular Democrático
542:. The insurrection, led by
238:San Juan Nationalist revolt
10:
2336:
1583:Union Party of Puerto Rico
1350:Puerto Rico National Guard
925:
812:Puerto Rico National Guard
2259:
2238:
2147:
1937:
1909:María de Lourdes Santiago
1904:Manuel Rodríguez Orellana
1779:
1746:Antonio Valero de Bernabé
1653:
1626:
1575:
1534:
1418:Ribes Tovar et al., p.132
1391:"Let Puerto Rico Be Free"
1315:October 21, 2008, at the
932:Jayuya Uprising Monuments
877:
872:
161:6 police officers injured
152:
121:
89:
45:
34:
26:
21:
1741:Arturo Alfonso Schomburg
1711:Francisco Ramírez Medina
1701:Rosendo Matienzo Cintrón
2225:Cerro Maravilla murders
2170:Levantamiento de Ciales
2129:Carlos Vélez Rieckehoff
2049:Tomás López de Victoria
2034:Andres Figueroa Cordero
2024:Carmelo Delgado Delgado
1844:José M. Dávila Monsanto
1706:Antonio Mattei Lluberas
1696:Francisco Gonzalo Marín
1691:Eugenio María de Hostos
1661:Ramón Emeterio Betances
1576:Political organizations
1310:New York Latino Journal
912:Andres Figueroa Cordero
756:296th Infantry Regiment
414:Andres Figueroa Cordero
409:Carmelo Delgado Delgado
376:Carlos Vélez Rieckehoff
331:Tomás López de Victoria
170:Part of a series on the
2124:Antonio Vélez Alvarado
2019:Isabel Freire de Matos
2009:Juan Antonio Corretjer
1959:Margot Arce de Vázquez
1789:Antonio Rafael Barceló
1716:José Gualberto Padilla
1654:19th century activists
1634:Cadets of the Republic
1627:Militant organizations
1178:"Puerto Rican History"
806:fighter planes out of
799:
763:
699:Estado Libre Associado
695:United States Congress
578:
531:
424:Isabel Freire de Matos
399:Margot Arce de Vázquez
371:Antonio Vélez Alvarado
311:Juan Antonio Corretjer
214:Cadets of the Republic
122:Commanders and leaders
2084:Helen Rodríguez Trías
2064:Francisco Matos Paoli
2029:Raimundo Díaz Pacheco
1989:Rafael Cancel Miranda
1924:Carlos Alberto Torres
1824:Cayetano Coll y Cuchí
1780:20th and 21st century
1721:Lola Rodríguez de Tió
1535:Indigenous resistance
1064:List of Puerto Ricans
904:Rafael Cancel Miranda
797:
753:
576:
459:Helen Rodríguez Trías
341:Francisco Matos Paoli
321:Raimundo Díaz Pacheco
291:Rafael Cancel Miranda
153:Casualties and losses
74:United States victory
2175:Río Piedras massacre
1879:Filiberto Ojeda Ríos
1859:Víctor Manuel Gerena
1794:Félix Benítez Rexach
1639:Boricua Popular Army
1432:Nelson Antonio Denis
1288:Pedro Aponte Vázquez
1034:Río Piedras massacre
808:Ramey Air Force Base
474:Félix Benítez Rexach
393:Notable nationalists
204:Río Piedras massacre
2290:1950 in Puerto Rico
2246:Grito de Lares flag
2139:Olga Viscal Garriga
2114:Clemente Soto Vélez
2104:Vidal Santiago Díaz
2014:José Ferrer Canales
1949:Pedro Albizu Campos
1899:Ángel Rivero Méndez
1884:Antonio S. Pedreira
1869:Luis Lloréns Torres
1864:Edwin Irizarry Mora
1736:Segundo Ruiz Belvis
785:Flag of Puerto Rico
783:), they raised the
653:Flag of Puerto Rico
613:Puerto Rican Senate
560:Pedro Albizu Campos
540:Jayuya, Puerto Rico
439:José Ferrer Canales
381:Olga Viscal Garriga
361:Clemente Soto Vélez
356:Vidal Santiago Díaz
271:Pedro Albizu Campos
265:Nationalist leaders
158:3 Nationalists dead
79:Uprising suppressed
2165:Intentona de Yauco
2119:Griselio Torresola
2074:Ruth Mary Reynolds
1969:Casimiro Berenguer
1919:Alejandrina Torres
1874:Oscar López Rivera
1839:Pedro Ortiz Dávila
1756:Fernando Fernandez
1751:Manuel Zeno Gandía
1477:– video report by
1355:2013-02-15 at the
1164:2012-03-27 at the
1029:Intentona de Yauco
1006:Puerto Rico portal
800:
789:Griselio Torresola
764:
662:, a member of the
627:) and presided by
579:
568:Harvard Law School
366:Griselio Torresola
346:Ruth Mary Reynolds
281:Casimiro Berenguer
198:Events and revolts
2300:Conflicts in 1950
2277:
2276:
2189:Ley de la Mordaza
2079:Germán Rieckehoff
1994:José Coll y Cuchí
1941:Nationalist Party
1854:Leopoldo Figueroa
1804:Americo Boschetti
1296:978-1-931702-01-0
1115:978-1-58843-116-5
892:
891:
777:Ley de la Mordaza
672:Freedom of Speech
660:Leopoldo Figueroa
658:According to Dr.
637:Ley de la Mordaza
512:
511:
454:Germán Rieckehoff
296:José Coll y Cuchí
221:Ley de la Mordaza
178:Nationalist Party
165:
164:
85:
84:
2327:
1731:Juan Ríus Rivera
1666:Mariana Bracetti
1526:
1516:
1509:
1502:
1493:
1492:
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1416:
1410:
1409:
1401:
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1307:
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1207:
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980:
968:
956:
944:
882:
881:
870:
869:
824:P-47 Thunderbolt
818:, Major General
804:P-47 Thunderbolt
747:), and Jayuya.
629:Luis Muñoz Marín
518:, also known as
504:
497:
490:
188:
167:
166:
145:
144:
133:
132:
131:
114:
112:
111:
101:
100:
99:
53:October 30, 1950
47:
46:
39:
19:
18:
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2329:
2328:
2326:
2325:
2324:
2280:
2279:
2278:
2273:
2255:
2234:
2210:Utuado Uprising
2200:Jayuya Uprising
2143:
1984:Nemesio Canales
1974:Julia de Burgos
1964:Elías Beauchamp
1954:José S. Alegría
1940:
1933:
1894:Miguel Poventud
1781:
1775:
1676:Roberto Cofresí
1671:Mathias Brugman
1649:
1622:
1613:Socialist Front
1571:
1530:
1520:
1453:
1428:
1426:Further reading
1423:
1422:
1417:
1413:
1404:Denis, Nelson.
1402:
1398:
1389:
1388:
1384:
1366:
1362:
1357:Wayback Machine
1348:
1344:
1326:
1322:
1317:Wayback Machine
1308:
1301:
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1226:
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1208:
1204:
1197:
1193:
1183:
1181:
1176:
1175:
1171:
1166:Wayback Machine
1157:
1153:
1133:
1120:
1097:
1093:
1086:
1082:
1077:
1049:Utuado uprising
1004:
999:
997:
994:
989:
988:
987:
984:
981:
972:
969:
960:
957:
948:
945:
934:
933:
928:
918:members of the
879:
868:
840:Harry S. Truman
820:Luis R. Esteves
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2004:Rosa Collazo
1939:Puerto Rican
1889:Pedro Pietri
1726:Manuel Rojas
1641:(Macheteros)
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1182:. Retrieved
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419:Irvin Flores
306:Rosa Collazo
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176:Puerto Rican
90:Belligerents
73:
1929:Iris Zavala
1914:Piri Thomas
1834:Juan Dalmau
1542:Agüeybaná I
1099:Puerto Rico
844:Blair House
617:archipelago
594:La Princesa
536:Nationalist
63:Puerto Rico
2284:Categories
1140:1568585012
1088:Britannica
1075:References
596:prison in
1819:Roy Brown
1782:activists
866:Aftermath
773:telephone
729:Naranjito
633:Smith Act
587:U.S. Army
534:), was a
219:Gag Law (
2268:Claridad
1371:(2015).
1353:Archived
1331:(2015).
1313:Archived
1162:Archived
992:See also
916:attacked
725:Mayagüez
689:Uprising
598:San Juan
58:Location
27:Part of
2239:Symbols
2185:Gag Law
1567:Urayoán
1562:Jumacao
1552:Arasibo
926:Gallery
822:, used
781:Gag Law
758:of the
733:Arecibo
713:Fajardo
641:Gag Law
602:Atlanta
590:Colonel
528:Spanish
2148:Events
1557:Hayuya
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737:Utuado
717:police
679:Manatí
564:lawyer
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2260:Media
706:farce
1440:ISBN
1292:ISBN
1265:ISBN
1186:2011
1144:ISBN
1136:ISBN
1111:ISBN
1103:ISBN
910:and
886:here
754:The
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554:The
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1286:by
625:PPD
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
