636:. Lebrón who was eighteen years old at the time, developed a nationalistic ideology following this event. During this timeframe, Lebrón had a relationship with a local engineer, following the advice of her family. When she was twenty-one years old she gave birth to her first daughter Gladys, who was left in Rafaela Luciano's custody after Lebrón was separated from her husband and moved to New York City. After she arrived in New York City, she started to experience problems finding employment, mostly because she did not fully understand English. Lebrón worked as a seamstress in several factories. She was fired from some of her jobs because she was considered a "rebel by her bosses" after she protested against the discrimination which she witnessed against Puerto Rican workers. This influenced her nationalistic views even further and she eventually established contact with members of the Puerto Rican Liberation Movement. She enrolled at George Washington College, where she studied for two years during her free time from work. She married again when she was twenty-two years old and gave birth to her second child, whom she would send to Puerto Rico to live with her mother, a year later. Lebrón decided to divorce her husband because she felt that he was oppressing her. In 1943, there was a
1031:, her audience applauded when Lebrón said at the end of her deposition "I had the honor of leading the act against the U.S. Congress on March 1, 1954, when we demanded freedom for Puerto Rico and we told the world that we are an invaded nation, occupied and abused by the United States of America. I feel very proud of having performed that day, of having answered the call of the motherland". On June 26, 2001, Lebrón was among a group of protesters that were arrested for trespassing in the restricted area in Vieques. On July 19, 2001, she was sentenced to 60 days of prison on the charge that she was trespassing on Navy property. Lebrón had already served 23 days in jail since her June arrest, leaving her to serve 37 additional days. Less than two years after Lebron's Vieques protest, on May 1, 2003, the U.S. Navy left Vieques and turned over its facilities to the
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599:, Lebrón was baptized in the Catholic faith when she was fourteen years as were her other siblings. During the baptism celebration she met Francisco Matos Paoli, who became her first boyfriend. Paoli and Lebrón wrote letters to each other in which they exchanged the poetry which they wrote. According to Jossianna Arroyo, Lolita wrote "more mystical poetry, centered on what she called 'visions' filled with religious symbolism." Paoli's family opposed their relationship because they considered Lebrón a
885:, the "American/Puerto Rican Nationalist" and the organization which she founded "American League for Puerto Rico's Independence" came to the defense of Lebrón and the three other Nationalists. Lebrón and the other members of the group were the only defense witnesses, as part of her testimony she reaffirmed that they "came to die for the liberty of her homeland". As part of her 20-minute speech to the jury at her trial, Lebrón stated that she was "being crucified for the freedom of my country."
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June 16, 1954, the jury found all four defendants guilty. On the morning of July 8, 1954, Lebrón learned of her son's death minutes before the sentence was to be announced. She was quiet at the beginning of the hearing, but at one point, unable to contain herself, she became hysterical. Holtzoff chose to sentence them to the longest terms of imprisonment possible. In Lebrón's case this was between sixteen and fifty years, depending on her behavior.
746:, carrying a letter written by Albizu Campos and addressed to Truman. A shootout erupted between the duo and the guard stationed there, killing Torresola. Collazo was badly injured but survived and was sentenced to death by an American jury. The Puerto Rican Nationalist Party claimed that their goal was to "draw attention to the fact of Puerto Rico's continued colonial status", while the American government and media treated it as an
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1111:” thesis. One of the most often discussed elements of the work is that Lebrón, typically regarded as a white woman by Puerto Ricans, is rendered in burnt sienna to highlight her brown skin. The poster is perceived as portraying Lebrón as a contemplative, suffering figure, who some scholars regard as embodying a "racialized colonial subject who suffers at the hands of an
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release in appreciation for the public's support. Complications from this episode of bronchitis, however, persisted throughout 2010, leading to her death on August 1, 2010. Multiple public figures, who support independence or free association for Puerto Rico, immediately lamented Lebrón's death, praising her activism. Her life was eulogized in some
European papers.
912:, but she did not display interest in the proposal, never signing the required documentation. Due to this lack of interest, she was mandated to attend a meeting before a penitentiary committee, where she presented a written deposition expressing her position about the parole proposal, as well as other subjects including terrorism, politics, and the United States'
916:. Following this, the other inmates reacted with skepticism over her intentions to refuse the offer, which made her distance herself from them, and focus her attention in studying, as well as writing poetry. During this timeframe, Lebrón's interest in religion grew. Lebrón's daughter Gladys died in 1977, while her mother was in prison.
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take part in the assault. She studied the plan, determining the possible weaknesses, concluding that a single attack on the House of
Representatives would be more effective. The date for the attack on the House of Representatives was to be March 1, 1954. This date was chosen because it coincided with the inauguration of the
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by Marcos Dimas. In contrast to Lucero’s suffering Lebrón, or the media’s description of her as a terrorist, with headlines such as “When terror wore lipstick,” Dimas represents a portrayal of Lolita Lebrón that scholars regard as “heroic,” showing her in three-quarter profile with her eyes defiantly
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Back at the prison, she went into shock upon receiving official notice of her son's death and did not speak for three days. On July 13, 1954, the four nationalists were taken to New York, where they pleaded not guilty to the charges of "trying to overthrow the government of the United States". One of
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when she accidentally fell into a gutter that was full of water. As a consequence of this illness, she grew with a frail body and was unable to keep up with the constant activities of her brothers without feeling fatigue. She developed an introverted and contemplative personality, often spending time
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Between 2008 and 2010, Lebrón was hospitalized multiple times, the first being due to a fall that fractured her hip and an arm, requiring surgery. On
September 18, 2009, she suffered a notable relapse due to a cardio respiratory infection. Lebrón recovered in a satisfactory manner and issued a press
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In 1979, Lolita Lebrón, Irvin Flores, Rafael Cancel
Miranda and Oscar Collazo were recognized as the embodiment of the directive of their teacher Albizu Campos to exercise valor and sacrifice before representatives of fifty-one countries at the International Conference in Support of Independence for
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Lebrón was sentenced to a fifty-year prison term. Lebrón stated the first two years in prison were the most difficult, having to deal with the deaths of her son and mother. Communication with her siblings was non-existent. Lebrón refused to accept letters from her sister because only letters written
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Lebrón took upon herself the responsibility of taking care of her father. She would travel to a nearby town to buy medicines for her father, which she gave him every seventy minutes. For seven days she didn't sleep or eat while taking care of him. Following his death, Lebrón began supporting herself
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in the event, while declaring that Puerto Rico "deserves sovereignty". On June 10, 2008, Lebrón suffered a fracture in her hip and a wrist after accidentally falling in her house. She underwent corrective surgery at a San Juan hospital. A film inspired by Lebrón's life was being considered in 2009,
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publicly opposed the commutations granted by Carter, stating that it would encourage terrorism and undermine public safety. Lebrón received a heroine's welcome by her supporters upon her return to her motherland. Lebrón married Sergio
Irizarry Rivera and continued to participate in pro-independence
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to attack locations in
Washington, D.C. Upon receiving the order she communicated it to the leadership of the Nationalist party in New York and, although two members unexpectedly disagreed, the plan continued. Lebrón decided to lead the group, even though Albizu Campos did not order her to directly
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ideals. Seeking more involvement in society and politics for women, new economic systems and social reforms that would protect women and children. Her constant involvement in the party's affairs earned her several high-ranking positions, among them those of secretary, vice-president, and executive
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seeking employment. Lebrón grew increasingly frustrated when she observed how they were forced to live in poverty, under social decadence, and prejudice, and she increased her work within nationalist circles. In 1946, she formally became a member of the Puerto Rican
Nationalist Party, following the
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Under this new law it would be a crime to print, publish, sell, or exhibit any material intended to paralyze or destroy the insular government; or to organize any society, group or assembly of people with a similar destructive intent. It made it illegal to sing a patriotic song, and reinforced the
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She was convicted, found guilty and incarcerated as a result. Lebrón remained imprisoned for 25 years, until 1979 when Jimmy Carter issued commutations to the group involved in the attack. After their release in 1979, the group returned to Puerto Rico, where supporters of Puerto Rican independence
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During the early part of their trial she remained calm, complaining through her lawyers alleged disrespect for the flag while it was being produced as evidence. She loudly protested when the defense suggested that the group might have suffered from mental instability while committing the deed. On
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devastated Puerto Rico. She recalled her grandmother's wisdom in that she often said that if Puerto Ricans could feed themselves they could have their country. Vilar appealed for donations of seeds (farmers had lost everything), and received "so many we didn't know what to do with them" so she
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From
Pezuela the family moved to Mirasol, also in Lares, where Gonzalo Lebrón administered a hacienda owned by Emilio Vilellas. There Lolita received a better education and attended a local public school. When Lebrón completed the sixth grade she attended the
750:. Following the sentence, Lebrón quickly joined the "Committee for Oscar Collazo's defense", participating in numerous public manifestations which eventually led to a presidential commutation. On July 25, 1952, the official name of Puerto Rico was changed to
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The artist was interested in learning about political prisoners being held in the United States, and Lebrón stood out to her as a potential subject for a poster regarding the formation of a community. Furthermore, as a resident of San
Francisco’s
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When Lebrón's group reached the visitor's gallery above the chamber in the House, they sat while the representatives discussed Mexico's economy. Shortly thereafter, Lebrón gave the order to the other members, the group quickly recited the
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the witnesses for the prosecution was
Gonzalo Lebrón Jr., who testified against his sister. On October 26, 1954, judge Lawrence E. Walsh found all the defendants guilty of conspiracy and sentenced them to six additional years in prison.
870:. The trial began on June 4, 1954, with judge Alexander Holtzoff presiding over the case, under strict security measures. A jury composed of seven men and five women was assembled, their identities kept secret from the media.
814:, Rafael Cancel Miranda suggested that the attack should be postponed because it was late and rainy. Lebrón responded, "I am alone" and continued towards the building's interior. The group followed, considering the attack a
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commuted the sentences of Lolita Lebrón, Irvin Flores, and Rafael Cancel Miranda after they had served 25 years in prison. Andrés Figueroa Cordero was released from prison earlier because of a terminal illness.
1025:. Lebrón appeared as a witness at the "International Tribunal on Violations of Human Rights in Puerto Rico and Vieques" held on November 17–21, 2000, on the island of Vieques. According to the local newspaper
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activities. The couple had met while she was in prison, when the Nationalist Party ordered him to monitor her health. Their marriage took place eight years after they had met. They moved into a small house in
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raised and staring ahead in determination, repeated four times in the same color palette on the poster, and declaring her as a “Puerto Rican Freedom Fighter”. Beyond art, writer, director and film producer
850:. Lebrón claimed that she fired her shots at the ceiling, while Figueroa's pistol jammed. Some 30 shots were fired (mostly by Cancel, according to his account), wounding five lawmakers; one representative,
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758:, the islands' first elected governor. In 1954, Lebrón received a letter from Albizu Campos, in which he declared his intention to order attacks on "three locations, the most strategic to the enemy".
651:, studying and memorizing his biography and ideals. After joining the party, Lebrón inadvertently included some of her own initiatives within the organization's ideals, these were influenced by
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564:) was one of five siblings born in Lares, Puerto Rico to Gonzalo Lebrón Bernal and Rafaela Soto Luciano; the other four children were Aurea, Augusto, Gonzalo Jr. and Julio. Lebrón was raised in
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Lebrón eventually moved to San Juan, where she studied sewing and continued her correspondence with Paoli. She felt duty bound to return to Lares because her father was severely affected by
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that lasted three and a half days. Due to her participation, Lebrón was not allowed to perform work outside of her cell for some time, although she was eventually allowed to work at the
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in Lares. Gonzalo Lebrón worked as the hacienda's foreman earning a salary of $ 30 a month. The owner allowed to live in a "small house" and also permitted the family to plant produce.
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Lebrón had uncommonly good looks and when she was a teenager won first place in the annual "Queen of the Flowers of May" beauty contest held in Lares. Although her father was an
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605:(peasant). Her father also opposed this relationship and ordered her to stop writing Paoli. However, they both continued to write each other until Paoli moved out of the city.
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It also documents the death of Lebrón's only daughter (Vilar's mother) as suicide. Irene Vilar began to write the novel in a psychiatric hospital in Syracuse, New York.
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ordered Lebrón to organize attacks in the United States, focusing on locations that were "the most strategic to the enemy." Lebrón led a group of nationalists that
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1212:(2010) edited by Darrel Enck-Wanzer, including "Lolita Lebron: Puerto Rican Liberation Fighter" (1970), by Carlos Aponte, Ministry of Education, East Coast Region
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a distant, gun-toting, larger-than-life figure who cast a veil of pain and secrecy over her family so vast that Ms. Vilar is still untangling herself from it.
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in English were permitted in the prison. Communication with the outside world was not allowed then. Later it was granted after several inmates went on a
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participants in Mayagüez, Puerto Rico, honoring the women of the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party. Lebron's name is on the first line of the third plate.
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from Michigan, was seriously wounded in the chest. Upon being arrested, Lebrón yelled, "I did not come to kill anyone, I came to die for Puerto Rico!".
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from a young age, she didn't display any interest in politics. However, her posture changed after March 21, 1937, when a group of militants from the
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711:, the only non-PPD member of the Puerto Rico House of Representatives, the law was repressive and was in violation of the First Amendment of the
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On September 5, 2005, the couple was transported to a hospital, after a fire affected part of their house, causing $ 14,000 in material losses.
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and the Jayuya Uprising. The other members of the group seemed serene and optimistic while rushing towards the legislative chamber.
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On May 22, 2000, she erroneously filed charges of verbal assault against Nívea Hernández, the mother of then-Puerto Rico Senator
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received them warmly. During the following years, Lebrón continued her involvement in pro-independence activities, including the
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545:. Her life would be subsequently detailed in books and a documentary. On August 1, 2010, Lebrón died from complications of a
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905:. While in prison, a group of judges offered her parole in exchange for a public apology, which she indignantly rejected.
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Albizu Campos had been corresponding with 34-year-old Lebrón from prison and chose a group of nationalists who included
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against American presence on the island. They conducted these attacks to protest the false and misleading claims by the
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612:. The family was forced to abandon the house in the hacienda, but Ramón Santiago later provided them with a new house.
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depicting Lebrón among other well known Puerto Ricans. In addition to these works, Lebrón became a popular subject in
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Reinoza, Tatiana (2017). "'No Es un Crimen': Posters, Political Prisoners, and the Mission Counterpublics".
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Reinoza, Tatiana (2017). "'No Es un Crimen': Posters, Political Prisoners, and the Mission Counterpublics".
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Reinoza, Tatiana (2017). "'No Es un Crimen': Posters, Political Prisoners, and the Mission Counterpublics".
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After completing the first 15 years of the sentence, Lebrón's social worker told her that she could ask for
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In Pezuela, Lebrón began her education in a small community school. Early in her life, Lebrón contracted
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719:. He pointed out that the law as such was a violation of the civil rights of the people of Puerto Rico.
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In the early 1950s, the Nationalist Party began a series of revolutionary actions, including the 1950
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Lebrón and her group were charged with attempted murder and other crimes. She was imprisoned in the
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who was convicted of aggravated assault and other crimes after carrying out an armed attack on the
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2756:"Shots That Haunted 3 Generations; A Family's Struggles in the Aftermath of an Attack on Congress"
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that Puerto Rico would no longer be dominated by the United States. As part of this initiative,
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Maricelis Rivera Santos (November 22, 2000). "Tribunal Internacional declara culpable a EU".
1787:"La obra jurídica del Profesor David M. Helfeld (1948–2008)'; by: Dr. Carmelo Delgado Cintrón
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Another silkscreen representation of Lebrón, also in the Smithsonian American Art Museum, is
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advice of a friend. During this time she developed an admiration for the Party's president
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Five Congressmen Shot in House by 3 Puerto Rican Nationalists; Bullets Spray from Gallery
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The prosecution was led by Leo A. Rover, as part of this process 33 witnesses testified.
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On November 1, 1950, following a series of uprisings in Puerto Rico which included the
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which would restrain the rights of the independence and nationalist movements in the
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1221:"War Against All Puerto Ricans: Revolution and Terror in America's Colony"; Author:
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Latin American and Caribbean Congress in Solidarity with Puerto Rico's Independence
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List of people pardoned or granted clemency by the president of the United States
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1169:(Lebrón's granddaughter), translated by Gregory Rabassa (formerly published as
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2789:"Meet the Puerto Rican sisterhood reinventing the island's future after Maria"
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Among the homages received by Lebrón are paintings, books and a documentary.
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She continued to be active in the independence cause and participated in the
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Lebrón's granddaughter, Vilar, may have had a slight change of heart after
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2010:"Lolita Lebron, jailed for gun attack at U.S. Capitol in 1954, dies at 90"
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who subsequently served as Minority Leader, and later President, of the
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in Cuba. The Order of Playa Girón is a national order conferred by the
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2704:. National Association of Latino Independent Producers. Archived from
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Manuel Roig-Franzia (February 22, 2004). "A Terrorist in the House".
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19th Century female leaders of the Puerto Rican Independence Movement
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An elder Lolita Lebron before the "Young Project" hearings of 1997
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of Puerto Ricans from Puerto Rico to New York, composed mostly of
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1726:"Lolita Lebrón | Puerto Rican nationalist | Britannica"
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1119:. This work became widely recognized, and is today housed in the
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Edward F. Ryan, The Washington Post, March 2, 1954, pp.1, 12–13.
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were killed during a peaceful protest which became known as the
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protesting the existence of a United States Navy base at Vieques
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Prisoners and detainees of the United States federal government
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Margarita Santori (November 27, 2000). "Satisfecho Mari Bras".
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Plaque honoring the women of the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party
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in 1954, which resulted in the wounding of five members of the
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that took place on June 1, 2008. The group anticipated a low
463:(November 19, 1919 – August 1, 2010) was a Puerto Rican
1467:"Commutations Granted by President Jimmy Carter (1977–1981)"
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art. One such work that has garnered a lot of attention is
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Articles related to the Puerto Rican Independence Movement
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1587:"Living the Political: Julia de Burgos and Lolita Lebrón"
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passed in the United States in 1940, became known as the
1203:. New York City: Plus Ultra Educational Publishers, Inc.
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Lebrón was among the political leaders that opposed the
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Lebrón being led by police officers following her arrest
2439:"Operan con éxito a nacionalista boricua Lolita Lebrón"
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created a poster of Lebrón, which was exhibited at the
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Puerto Rican people convicted of seditious conspiracy
2838:"Lolita Lebrón, Puerto Rican Nationalist, Dies at 90"
1905:. Associated Press. February 29, 2004. Archived from
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Among the books that include the story of Lebrón are
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That same year Lebrón and her group were awarded the
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Ricanness: Enduring Time in Anticolonial Performance
1832:"La Gobernación de Jesús T. Piñero y la Guerra Fría"
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Fuerzas Armadas de Liberación Nacional (Puerto Rico)
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Female members of the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party
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3741:
Prisoners and detainees of the District of Columbia
3661:
Burials at Santa María Magdalena de Pazzis Cemetery
2680:. New York: New York University Press. p. 39.
2493:
2198:
1365:
Puerto Rican Nationalist Party Revolts of the 1950s
695:) when the U.S.-appointed governor of Puerto Rico,
510:, gaining influence within the party's leadership.
174:
Puerto Rican Nationalist Party revolts of the 1950s
2977:Puerto Rico Pro-Independence University Federation
2494:Sandra Caquías Cruz (August 1, 2010). "Noticias".
2344:
1146:There is a plaque, located at the monument to the
663:On May 21, 1948, a bill was introduced before the
2647:"Lolita Lebrón | Smithsonian American Art Museum"
2445:. Associated Press. June 11, 2008. Archived from
2327:
2087:"Remembering Puerto Rican Activist Lolita Lebron"
703:1898 law that had made it illegal to display the
3642:
2823:"40 Years After Attacks, Time Has Softened Zeal"
2385:. Associated Press. May 26, 2008. Archived from
1936:
1584:
1461:
1459:
919:
2379:"Puerto Rican nationalists predict low turnout"
2194:
2192:
1437: and the second or maternal family name is
1163:The Ladies' Gallery: A Memoir of Family Secrets
1135:is planning to make a film about Lebrón's life.
806:On the morning of March 1, Lebrón travelled to
3711:Imprisoned Puerto Rican independence activists
2835:
2820:
2730:The Ladies Gallery: A Memoir of Family Secrets
2702:""Our Women, Our Struggle" by Melissa Montero"
2242:Arista-Salado, Maikel (2010). Trafford (ed.).
1981:Guide to the Ruth M. Reynolds Papers 1915–1989
768:United States Capitol shooting incident (1954)
3696:American people convicted of attempted murder
2866:
2265:
2263:
2241:
1456:
641:
441:
3691:Recipients of American presidential clemency
2189:
2079:
2054:
2052:
1897:"No one expected attack on Congress in 1954"
1173:). The author criticizes her grandmother as
2753:
2415:(in Spanish). June 10, 2008. Archived from
2145:
1225:; Publisher: Nation Books (April 7, 2015);
1128:Lolita Lebrón, Puerto Rican Freedom Fighter
3686:Puerto Rican Nationalist Party politicians
2873:
2859:
2780:
2260:
2244:Condecoraciones cubanas. Teoría e historia
864:Federal Correctional Institution for Women
448:
434:
194:Attempted assassination of Harry S. Truman
136:Flag of the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party
2049:
857:
3736:Infectious disease deaths in Puerto Rico
2967:Hostosian National Independence Movement
2345:Miguel Rivera Puig (September 5, 2005).
2273:(in Spanish). Puerto Rico. May 23, 2000.
1882:
1880:
1878:
1868:
1866:
1864:
1862:
1744:
1152:
970:
872:
660:delegate of its delegation in New York.
2947:Independence Association of Puerto Rico
2799:from the original on September 20, 2018
2626:
2602:
2580:
2296:CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2159:
2157:
1693:
1691:
1689:
1605:
1100:Lolita Lebrón: ¡Viva Puerto Rico Libre!
762:Assault on the House of Representatives
699:, signed it into law on June 10, 1948.
3643:
3610:La Borinqueña by Lola Rodríguez de Tío
3554:Nationalist Party revolts of the 1950s
3004:Fuerzas Armadas de Liberación Nacional
2786:
2334:(in Spanish). Puerto Rico. p. 13.
1808:. Topuertorico.org. January 13, 1941.
1517:
1515:
772:
535:United States House of Representatives
3579:U.S. Capitol shooting incident (1954)
2854:
2726:
2622:
2620:
2618:
2598:
2596:
2317:(in Spanish). Puerto Rico. p. 8.
2246:(in Spanish). Trafford. p. 360.
2136:
2127:
2118:
2109:
2097:from the original on January 22, 2021
2070:
2061:
2040:
2007:
1992:
1965:
1875:
1859:
1850:
1771:
1762:
1753:
619:
584:admiring nature around the hacienda.
2887:Independence movement in Puerto Rico
2787:Cuevas, Mayra (September 20, 2018).
2675:
2629:Aztlán: A Journal of Chicano Studies
2605:Aztlán: A Journal of Chicano Studies
2583:Aztlán: A Journal of Chicano Studies
2173:. September 24, 1979. Archived from
2154:
1709:
1700:
1686:
1677:
1668:
1659:
1650:
1641:
1632:
1623:
1614:
1569:
1560:
1551:
1473:from the original on January 8, 2021
1171:A Message from God in the Atomic Age
838:; then Lebrón stood up and shouted "
624:Although Lebrón was a member of the
490:, where she joined the Puerto Rican
2821:Mireya Navarro (October 21, 1990).
2657:from the original on April 23, 2021
2562:from the original on August 6, 2020
2534:Lamentan la muerte de Lolita Lebrón
2223:from the original on April 19, 2017
2028:from the original on August 8, 2017
1974:
1732:from the original on August 3, 2020
1542:
1533:
1524:
1512:
1503:
1494:
1485:
1185:started the "Resilience Fund" with
199:1954 United States Capitol shooting
13:
2635:: 252 – via Ingenta Connect.
2615:
2611:: 251 – via Ingenta Connect.
2593:
2589:: 250 – via Ingenta Connect.
1937:Clayton Knowless (March 2, 1954).
1838:from the original on July 13, 2014
1824:
1192:
980:Puerto Rico, held in Mexico City.
14:
3757:
2836:Douglas Martin (August 3, 2010).
2814:
2768:from the original on June 7, 2020
2209:
3671:1954 crimes in the United States
2881:
2727:Vilar, Irene (October 6, 2009).
2471:. Alquimia Films. Archived from
2347:"Se quema casa de Lolita Lebrón"
1812:from the original on May 2, 2019
1258:
1244:
932:
730:which culminated in a massacre,
671:. The Senate, controlled by the
482:. Lebrón was born and raised in
130:
31:
2957:Puerto Rican Independence Party
2747:
2720:
2694:
2669:
2639:
2574:
2544:
2525:
2506:
2487:
2461:
2431:
2401:
2371:
2338:
2321:
2304:
2235:
2001:
1930:
1921:
1889:
1798:
1780:
1718:
1578:
1385:Puerto Rican Independence Party
1279:History of women in Puerto Rico
1121:Smithsonian American Art Museum
3701:Puerto Rican women in politics
3666:People from Lares, Puerto Rico
3493:Teófilo Villavicencio Marxuach
3125:José "Aguila Blanca" Maldonado
2962:Puerto Rican Nationalist Party
2008:Brown, Emma (August 2, 2010).
1416:
1370:Puerto Rican Nationalist Party
794:(Interamerican Conference) in
630:Puerto Rican Nationalist Party
508:Puerto Rican Nationalist Party
415:Teófilo Villavicencio Marxuach
90:Puerto Rican Nationalist Party
1:
3514:Ducoudray Holstein Expedition
3428:Pedro "Davilita" Ortiz Dávila
3188:Gilberto Concepción de Gracia
3040:María de las Mercedes Barbudo
2151:Ribes Tovar et al., p.230–234
2058:Ribes Tovar et al., p.193–194
1450:
1296:María de las Mercedes Barbudo
1199:Federico Ribes Tovar (1974).
920:Later years, death and legacy
846:. The group opened fire with
801:
555:
395:Pedro "Davilita" Ortiz Dávila
3716:Puerto Rican revolutionaries
3706:Puerto Rican Roman Catholics
3574:Truman assassination attempt
2952:Liberal Party of Puerto Rico
2754:Mirta Ojito (May 26, 1998).
1750:Ribes Tovar et al., p.98–100
1427:, the first or paternal
975:Cuban "Order of Playa Girón"
7:
3564:San Juan Nationalist revolt
3173:Marie Haydée Beltrán Torres
2165:"We Have Nothing to Repent"
1611:Ribes Tovar et al., p.43–44
1237:
1201:Lolita Lebrón La Prisionera
673:Partido Popular Democrático
184:San Juan Nationalist revolt
10:
3762:
2942:Union Party of Puerto Rico
2469:"Current Projects: "1954""
1422:
1054:. but was never produced.
1043:Democratic Party's primary
792:Conferencia Interamericana
765:
3618:
3597:
3506:
3296:
3268:María de Lourdes Santiago
3263:Manuel Rodríguez Orellana
3138:
3105:Antonio Valero de Bernabé
3012:
2985:
2934:
2893:
2142:Ribes Tovar et al., p.222
2133:Ribes Tovar et al., p.221
2124:Ribes Tovar et al., p.218
2115:Ribes Tovar et al., p.213
2076:Ribes Tovar et al., p.209
2067:Ribes Tovar et al., p.197
2046:Ribes Tovar et al., p.188
1998:Ribes Tovar et al., p.186
1971:Ribes Tovar et al., p.178
1886:Ribes Tovar et al., p.136
1872:Ribes Tovar et al., p.132
1856:Ribes Tovar et al., p.122
1777:Ribes Tovar et al., p.115
1768:Ribes Tovar et al., p.111
1759:Ribes Tovar et al., p.101
1597:(II): 128. Archived from
1585:JOSSIANNA ARROYO (2014).
1210:The Young Lords: A Reader
1080:San Francisco, California
1061:
1033:government of Puerto Rico
995:on Cubans or foreigners.
931:
926:
103:
99:Puerto Rican Independence
95:
85:
67:
42:
30:
23:
3100:Arturo Alfonso Schomburg
3070:Francisco Ramírez Medina
3060:Rosendo Matienzo Cintrón
2409:"Operan a Lolita Lebrón"
1715:Ribes Tovar et al., p.95
1706:Ribes Tovar et al., p.94
1697:Ribes Tovar et al., p.93
1683:Ribes Tovar et al., p.86
1674:Ribes Tovar et al., p.79
1665:Ribes Tovar et al., p.75
1656:Ribes Tovar et al., p.73
1647:Ribes Tovar et al., p.68
1638:Ribes Tovar et al., p.67
1629:Ribes Tovar et al., p.66
1620:Ribes Tovar et al., p.46
1575:Ribes Tovar et al., p.42
1566:Ribes Tovar et al., p.38
1557:Ribes Tovar et al., p.37
1548:Ribes Tovar et al., p.33
1539:Ribes Tovar et al., p.25
1530:Ribes Tovar et al., p.23
1521:Ribes Tovar et al., p.21
1509:Ribes Tovar et al., p.20
1500:Ribes Tovar et al., p.19
1491:Ribes Tovar et al., p.17
1410:
1139:published a book titled
840:¡Viva Puerto Rico Libre!
562:Dolores Lebrón Sotomayor
519:United States government
47:Dolores Lebrón Sotomayor
16:Puerto Rican nationalist
3721:Puerto Rican socialists
3584:Cerro Maravilla murders
3529:Levantamiento de Ciales
3488:Carlos Vélez Rieckehoff
3408:Tomás López de Victoria
3393:Andres Figueroa Cordero
3383:Carmelo Delgado Delgado
3203:José M. Dávila Monsanto
3065:Antonio Mattei Lluberas
3055:Francisco Gonzalo Marín
3050:Eugenio María de Hostos
3020:Ramón Emeterio Betances
2935:Political organizations
1792:March 27, 2012, at the
958:Governor of Puerto Rico
868:Alderson, West Virginia
787:Andres Figueroa Cordero
506:, where she joined the
494:. In her youth she met
360:Andres Figueroa Cordero
355:Carmelo Delgado Delgado
322:Carlos Vélez Rieckehoff
277:Tomás López de Victoria
116:Part of a series on the
3731:Female revolutionaries
3676:Puerto Rican feminists
3483:Antonio Vélez Alvarado
3378:Isabel Freire de Matos
3368:Juan Antonio Corretjer
3318:Margot Arce de Vázquez
3148:Antonio Rafael Barceló
3075:José Gualberto Padilla
3013:19th century activists
2993:Cadets of the Republic
2986:Militant organizations
1986:June 20, 2010, at the
1806:"Puerto Rican History"
1343:Isabel Freire de Matos
1158:
976:
914:use of the atomic bomb
878:
858:Trial and imprisonment
848:semi-automatic pistols
808:Grand Central Terminal
752:Estado Libre Associado
642:
473:United States Congress
370:Isabel Freire de Matos
345:Margot Arce de Vázquez
317:Antonio Vélez Alvarado
257:Juan Antonio Corretjer
160:Cadets of the Republic
3443:Helen Rodríguez Trías
3423:Francisco Matos Paoli
3388:Raimundo Díaz Pacheco
3348:Rafael Cancel Miranda
3283:Carlos Alberto Torres
3183:Cayetano Coll y Cuchí
3139:20th and 21st century
3080:Lola Rodríguez de Tió
2894:Indigenous resistance
2676:Ruiz, Sandra (2019).
2496:Fallece Lolita Lebrón
2419:on September 10, 2012
1301:Lola Rodríguez de Tió
1274:List of Puerto Ricans
1187:Tara Rodriguez Besosa
1156:
1004:Senate of Puerto Rico
974:
961:Carlos Romero Barceló
876:
812:United States Capitol
779:Rafael Cancel Miranda
766:Further information:
748:assassination attempt
496:Francisco Matos Paoli
469:United States Capitol
405:Helen Rodríguez Trías
287:Francisco Matos Paoli
267:Raimundo Díaz Pacheco
237:Rafael Cancel Miranda
79:San Juan, Puerto Rico
3534:Río Piedras massacre
3238:Filiberto Ojeda Ríos
3218:Víctor Manuel Gerena
3153:Félix Benítez Rexach
2998:Boricua Popular Army
1601:on December 9, 2015.
1469:. December 8, 2017.
1400:Boricua Popular Army
1380:Río Piedras massacre
1223:Nelson Antonio Denis
1141:Lolita la Prisionera
1137:Federico Ribes Tovar
985:Order of Playa Girón
852:Alvin Morell Bentley
616:by weaving clothes.
590:Segunda Unidad Rural
560:Lebrón (birth name:
420:Félix Benítez Rexach
339:Notable nationalists
150:Río Piedras massacre
3726:Puerto Rican rebels
3605:Grito de Lares flag
3498:Olga Viscal Garriga
3473:Clemente Soto Vélez
3463:Vidal Santiago Díaz
3373:José Ferrer Canales
3308:Pedro Albizu Campos
3258:Ángel Rivero Méndez
3243:Antonio S. Pedreira
3228:Luis Lloréns Torres
3223:Edwin Irizarry Mora
3095:Segundo Ruiz Belvis
2558:. August 23, 2010.
2515:Muere Lolita Lebrón
2513:"Noticias: Otros".
2202:The Washington Post
2177:on October 16, 2007
2014:The Washington Post
1353:Olga Viscal Garriga
844:flag of Puerto Rico
773:Attack preparations
705:Flag of Puerto Rico
665:Puerto Rican Senate
649:Pedro Albizu Campos
527:Pedro Albizu Campos
385:José Ferrer Canales
327:Olga Viscal Garriga
307:Clemente Soto Vélez
302:Vidal Santiago Díaz
217:Pedro Albizu Campos
211:Nationalist leaders
3524:Intentona de Yauco
3478:Griselio Torresola
3433:Ruth Mary Reynolds
3328:Casimiro Berenguer
3278:Alejandrina Torres
3233:Oscar López Rivera
3198:Pedro Ortiz Dávila
3115:Fernando Fernandez
3110:Manuel Zeno Gandía
2843:The New York Times
2828:The New York Times
2761:The New York Times
2651:americanart.si.edu
2556:www.thetimes.co.uk
2475:on August 22, 2009
2271:Querella de Lebrón
2093:. August 3, 2010.
1395:Intentona de Yauco
1333:Ruth Mary Reynolds
1266:Puerto Rico portal
1159:
1076:Galería de la Raza
1019:United States Navy
1008:Secretary of State
1006:and now serves as
1000:Kenneth McClintock
977:
951:In 1979 President
883:Ruth Mary Reynolds
879:
827:Intentona de Yauco
736:Griselio Torresola
679:) and presided by
620:Political activism
312:Griselio Torresola
292:Ruth Mary Reynolds
227:Casimiro Berenguer
144:Events and revolts
61:Lares, Puerto Rico
3636:
3635:
3548:Ley de la Mordaza
3438:Germán Rieckehoff
3353:José Coll y Cuchí
3300:Nationalist Party
3213:Leopoldo Figueroa
3163:Americo Boschetti
2687:978-1-4798-2568-4
2540:. August 1, 2010.
2521:. August 1, 2010.
2449:on August 3, 2020
2253:978-1-4269-4427-7
1909:on March 22, 2005
949:
948:
717:Freedom of Speech
715:which guarantees
709:Leopoldo Figueroa
689:Ley de la Mordaza
638:massive migration
566:Hacienda Pezuelas
547:cardiorespiratory
498:, a Puerto Rican
458:
457:
400:Germán Rieckehoff
242:José Coll y Cuchí
167:Ley de la Mordaza
124:Nationalist Party
111:
110:
57:November 19, 1919
3753:
3090:Juan Ríus Rivera
3025:Mariana Bracetti
2885:
2875:
2868:
2861:
2852:
2851:
2847:
2832:
2809:
2808:
2806:
2804:
2784:
2778:
2777:
2775:
2773:
2751:
2745:
2744:
2724:
2718:
2717:
2715:
2713:
2708:on July 14, 2007
2698:
2692:
2691:
2673:
2667:
2666:
2664:
2662:
2643:
2637:
2636:
2624:
2613:
2612:
2600:
2591:
2590:
2578:
2572:
2571:
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2426:
2424:
2405:
2399:
2398:
2396:
2394:
2375:
2369:
2368:
2366:
2364:
2359:on June 10, 2011
2355:. Archived from
2342:
2336:
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2319:
2318:
2308:
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2301:
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1902:Holland Sentinel
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1306:Mariana Bracetti
1268:
1263:
1262:
1261:
1254:
1252:Biography portal
1249:
1248:
1247:
1204:
1105:Mission District
989:Council of State
940:
936:
935:
924:
923:
756:Luis Muñoz Marín
681:Luis Muñoz Marín
645:
523:Luis Muñoz Marín
450:
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56:
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3614:
3593:
3569:Utuado Uprising
3559:Jayuya Uprising
3502:
3343:Nemesio Canales
3333:Julia de Burgos
3323:Elías Beauchamp
3313:José S. Alegría
3299:
3292:
3253:Miguel Poventud
3140:
3134:
3035:Roberto Cofresí
3030:Mathias Brugman
3008:
2981:
2972:Socialist Front
2930:
2889:
2879:
2817:
2812:
2802:
2800:
2785:
2781:
2771:
2769:
2752:
2748:
2741:
2733:. Other Press.
2725:
2721:
2711:
2709:
2700:
2699:
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2688:
2674:
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2658:
2645:
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2594:
2579:
2575:
2565:
2563:
2552:"Lolita Lebrón"
2550:
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2392:
2390:
2389:on May 31, 2008
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1988:Wayback Machine
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1148:Jayuya Uprising
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1109:internal colony
1082:. In Chicago's
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1021:'s presence in
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1050:with actress
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1047:voter turnout
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3418:René Marqués
3402:
3398:Irvin Flores
3363:Rosa Collazo
3298:Puerto Rican
3248:Pedro Pietri
3085:Manuel Rojas
3000:(Macheteros)
2906:Agüeybaná II
2841:
2826:
2801:. Retrieved
2792:
2782:
2770:. Retrieved
2759:
2749:
2729:
2722:
2710:. Retrieved
2706:the original
2696:
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669:archipelago
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465:nationalist
3645:Categories
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1451:References
1092:silkscreen
802:The attack
556:Early life
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3178:Roy Brown
3141:activists
2479:August 1,
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685:Smith Act
653:socialist
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550:infection
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2797:Archived
2766:Archived
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738:invaded
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944:YouTube
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