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830:, with the intention of capturing worldwide attention to the cause of Puerto Rican independence, wounding five congressmen. One of the consequences of this event was the arrest of Albizu Campos, who at the time was in ill health. Reynolds, with the aid of the American League for Puerto Rico's Independence, helped to defend Albizu Campos and the four Nationalists involved in the shooting incident.
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the organization presented itself in the United
Nations and requested that the UN governing body investigate the US claim that Puerto Rico was now enjoying "self-government," and to also investigate the "repression" of members of the independence movement. In 1977, Reynolds made another presentation to the UN on behalf of Puerto Rico, this time to the
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Reynolds remained a close friend of Albizu Campos until his death in 1965 and continued in her quest for Puerto Rican independence. She revived the "American League for Puerto Rico's
Independence" and changed the organizations name to "Americans for Puerto Rico's Independence." Under her leadership,
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cases. He successfully defended
Reynolds against the charge of collaboration with the Puerto Rican Nationalist movement in the advocacy of the overthrow of the U.S. government. In 1954, she won her case on appeal in the Supreme Court in Puerto Rico. Reynolds returned once more to New York and worked
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The
American League for Puerto Rico's Independence was dissolved as a direct result of Reynolds incarceration. Her friends organized "The Ruth Reynolds Defense Committee" and raised funds for her defense. In June, they raised enough funds to pay for bail and she was released. Reynolds then returned
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In
January 1951, she was charged with two counts of sedition: for allegedly riding in a car which carried weapons and for pledging her loyalty to the Nationalist Party during a party meeting in December 1949. The government claimed that, in doing so, Reynolds had pledged her life and fortune to the
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In Utuado, captured insurgents were executed. In Jayuya, the "Free
Republic of Puerto Rico" was declared, until the U.S. sent bomber planes, heavy artillery, and Army infantry troops to end the uprising. In San Juan the Nationalists made an attempt against the governor of Puerto Rico at his
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of non-violence. In the interest of promoting interracial good will, the members of the Ashram associated themselves with the members of a predominantly Puerto Rican neighborhood in the city. Reynolds and her associates organized games and activities for the young people who lived in
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they proceeded to search the house, and confiscated her papers and speeches. When she asked them if they had a search warrant they answered that they didn't but that they did have an order to arrest her. The police claimed that their actions were justified under the provisions the
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874:. Reynolds published her book "Campus in Bondage: a 1948 Microcosm of Puerto Rico in Bondage," in which she tells the story of the revolt and strike at the University of Puerto Rico. On December 2, 1989, Reynolds died near her home in South Dakota.
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of Puerto Rico. Even though the members of the group opposed the use of violence as a way of obtaining independence, they did agree that Puerto Rico should have its independence and became advocates of the island's independence.
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Soon afterwards, Reynolds and her colleagues founded the
American League for Puerto Rico's Independence and she was named Executive Secretary. In 1945, Reynolds made her first trip to Puerto Rico in order to see the social,
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769:"illegal, criminal, and malicious overthrow" of the U.S.-backed government in Puerto Rico. In September 1951 she was found guilty and sentenced to six years of hard labor in the Insular Penitentiary in
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960:"Radical Solidarity: Ruth Reynolds, Political Allyship, and the Battle for Puerto Rico's Independence"; Author: Lisa G. Materson, Publisher: University of North Carolina Press (2024);
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Not only had Albizu Campos learned about the group's activities with the Puerto Rican community, he'd also learned that the group was involved with the non-violent "Free
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in accordance with Latin
American naming customs which use both the paternal and maternal surnames. Her name is located on the fourth line of the first plate.
481:. As one of the founders of the organization known as the "American League for Puerto Rico's Independence," she devoted many years of her life to the cause of
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When the revolts began, Reynolds was asleep in her home in San Juan. At 2 A.M. she was awakened when more than forty armed policemen and
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which conveys the experience of
Reynolds and the Puerto Rican independence movement. The play premiered at Les Manouches Theatre's
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as a member of the "Committee for the
Release of the Five Nationalists." She participated in oral history interviews for various
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Who will determine Puerto Rico’s future status?; ROBERTO BARRETO examines Washington's shifting debate on Puerto Rico's status
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1271:"PropaGandhi Ahimsa in Black America"; By Vijay Prashad- 2002; The influence of Gandhi on the American non violence movement
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in regard to the situation of the island. She returned to the island on 1948, to investigate the student strike at the
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The Ashram was founded by Ralph Templin and Jay Holmes Smith in 1940. It was a religious, pacifist group based on the
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In 1943, while still serving his sentence, Albizu Campos became seriously ill and had to be interned at the
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rule over Puerto Rico. It specifically repudiated the so-called "Free Associated State" (
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Latin American and Caribbean Congress in Solidarity with Puerto Rico's Independence
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Campus in Bondage: A Nineteen Forty-Eight Microcosm of Puerto Rico in Bondage
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conditions in the island. From 1946 to 1947, Reynolds appeared before the
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19th Century female leaders of the Puerto Rican Independence Movement
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Noelle Ghoussaini wrote and directed a play in New York City titled
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Plaque honoring the women of the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party
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during her lifetime. She worked on behalf of the Puerto Rican
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1379:"Lolita Lebrón, a bold fighter for Puerto Rican independence"
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Voices for Independence: In the Spirit of Valor and Sacrifice
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showed up at her doorstep. Even though they did not have a
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Articles related to the Puerto Rican Independence Movement
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The Southern Negro Stirs by Conrad Lynn By Conrad Lynn
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The Imprisonment of Men and Women Fighting Colonialism
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Female members of the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party
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Reynolds' book, published shortly before her death:
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Puerto Rican Nationalist Party Revolts of the 1950s
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Puerto Rican Nationalist Party Revolts of the 1950s
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Puerto Rican Nationalist Party Revolts of the 1950s
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Puerto Rican Nationalist Party Revolts of the 1950s
454:(February 29, 1916 – December 2, 1989) was an
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Puerto Rican Nationalist Party revolts of the 1950s
1533:Puerto Rico Pro-Independence University Federation
676:was a widespread campaign for independence by the
2215:American people convicted of seditious conspiracy
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782:to New York City and was legally represented by
16:Puerto Rican educator and independence advocate
2235:Imprisoned Puerto Rican independence activists
1246:Jean, Abraham and Daniel Zwickel (June 1993),
1164:Guide to the Ruth M. Reynolds Papers 1915-1989
864:Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture
836:Decolonization Committee of the United Nations
826:and opened fire on the Representatives of the
695:, with uprisings in various towns, among them
2220:Members of the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party
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577:in Puerto Rico" after the events of the 1935
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949:; Publisher: Nation Books (April 7, 2015);
921:literary reading festival in October 2010.
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185:Attempted assassination of Harry S. Truman
127:Flag of the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party
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2230:People from Lawrence County, South Dakota
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846:Reynolds received many tributes from the
715:. The most notable uprisings occurred in
1523:Hostosian National Independence Movement
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777:Americans for Puerto Rico's Independence
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469:activist who embraced the ideals of the
1503:Independence Association of Puerto Rico
1377:Carlos ‘Carlitos’ Rovira (March 2012).
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558:The Puerto Rican Nationalist Party
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932:. Reynolds' name is inscribed as
801:New York Psychoanalytic Institute
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915:Ruth and the Great Gust of Wind,
554:, also known as Spanish Harlem.
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477:Prison for sedition during the
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1681:José "Aguila Blanca" Maldonado
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89:Puerto Rican Nationalist Party
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1984:Pedro "Davilita" Ortiz Dávila
1744:Gilberto Concepción de Gracia
1596:María de las Mercedes Barbudo
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1021:María de las Mercedes Barbudo
664:and under the orders of Gov.
592:Don Pedro Albizu Campos, 1936
507:Lawrence County, South Dakota
501:Reynolds was born in 1916 in
386:Pedro "Davilita" Ortiz Dávila
61:Lawrence County, South Dakota
38:Carmen María Pérez Gonzalez,
2255:Librarians from South Dakota
2130:Truman assassination attempt
1508:Liberal Party of Puerto Rico
934:Ruth Mary Reynolds Willmarth
658:Puerto Rico Adjutant General
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2120:San Juan Nationalist revolt
1729:Marie Haydée Beltrán Torres
1356:Puerto Rico Uprising - 1950
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615: – the United States'
175:San Juan Nationalist revolt
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1498:Union Party of Puerto Rico
1182:Materson, Lisa G. (2019).
483:Puerto Rico's independence
473:. She was incarcerated in
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1819:Manuel Rodríguez Orellana
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682:United States Government
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2085:Levantamiento de Ciales
2044:Carlos Vélez Rieckehoff
1964:Tomás López de Victoria
1949:Andres Figueroa Cordero
1939:Carmelo Delgado Delgado
1759:José M. Dávila Monsanto
1621:Antonio Mattei Lluberas
1611:Francisco Gonzalo Marín
1606:Eugenio María de Hostos
1576:Ramón Emeterio Betances
1491:Political organizations
1188:Modern American History
868:New York Public Library
816:Andrés Figueroa Cordero
529:, where she joined the
523:Northwestern University
509:, a mining town in the
489:after her release from
351:Andres Figueroa Cordero
346:Carmelo Delgado Delgado
313:Carlos Vélez Rieckehoff
268:Tomás López de Victoria
107:Part of a series on the
2245:Female revolutionaries
2039:Antonio Vélez Alvarado
1934:Isabel Freire de Matos
1924:Juan Antonio Corretjer
1874:Margot Arce de Vázquez
1704:Antonio Rafael Barceló
1631:José Gualberto Padilla
1569:19th century activists
1549:Cadets of the Republic
1542:Militant organizations
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638:United States Congress
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361:Isabel Freire de Matos
336:Margot Arce de Vázquez
308:Antonio Vélez Alvarado
248:Juan Antonio Corretjer
151:Cadets of the Republic
42:and Ruth Mary Reynolds
1999:Helen Rodríguez Trías
1979:Francisco Matos Paoli
1944:Raimundo Díaz Pacheco
1904:Rafael Cancel Miranda
1839:Carlos Alberto Torres
1739:Cayetano Coll y Cuchí
1695:20th and 21st century
1636:Lola Rodríguez de Tió
1450:Indigenous resistance
1026:Lola Rodríguez de Tió
1009:List of Puerto Ricans
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812:Rafael Cancel Miranda
686:Estado Libre Asociado
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396:Helen Rodríguez Trías
278:Francisco Matos Paoli
258:Raimundo Díaz Pacheco
228:Rafael Cancel Miranda
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1774:Víctor Manuel Gerena
1709:Félix Benítez Rexach
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1248:"Doña Ruth Reynolds"
1105:Río Piedras massacre
947:Nelson Antonio Denis
579:Río Piedras massacre
525:, she relocated to
411:Félix Benítez Rexach
330:Notable nationalists
141:Río Piedras massacre
2161:Grito de Lares flag
2054:Olga Viscal Garriga
2029:Clemente Soto Vélez
2019:Vidal Santiago Díaz
1929:José Ferrer Canales
1864:Pedro Albizu Campos
1814:Ángel Rivero Méndez
1799:Antonio S. Pedreira
1784:Luis Lloréns Torres
1779:Edwin Irizarry Mora
1651:Segundo Ruiz Belvis
1200:10.1017/mah.2019.22
1078:Olga Viscal Garriga
872:Columbia University
852:political prisoners
759:Olga Viscal Garriga
693:Pedro Albizu Campos
565:, president of the
563:Pedro Albizu Campos
547:Gandhian philosophy
376:José Ferrer Canales
318:Olga Viscal Garriga
298:Clemente Soto Vélez
293:Vidal Santiago Díaz
208:Pedro Albizu Campos
202:Nationalist leaders
40:Olga Viscal Garriga
2080:Intentona de Yauco
2034:Griselio Torresola
1989:Ruth Mary Reynolds
1884:Casimiro Berenguer
1834:Alejandrina Torres
1789:Oscar López Rivera
1754:Pedro Ortiz Dávila
1671:Fernando Fernandez
1666:Manuel Zeno Gandía
1318:2016-04-22 at the
1169:2010-06-20 at the
1120:Intentona de Yauco
987:Puerto Rico portal
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742:National Guardsmen
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517:. After earning a
515:Indian reservation
452:Ruth Mary Reynolds
303:Griselio Torresola
283:Ruth Mary Reynolds
218:Casimiro Berenguer
135:Events and revolts
23:Ruth Mary Reynolds
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1994:Germán Rieckehoff
1909:José Coll y Cuchí
1856:Nationalist Party
1769:Leopoldo Figueroa
1719:Americo Boschetti
1346:978-1-931702-01-0
1313:History of Utuado
895:978-1-878483-00-3
824:Puerto Rican flag
751:Ley de la Mordaza
598:Columbus Hospital
573:to overthrow the
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924:In the town of
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662:Luis R. Esteves
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575:U.S. Government
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860:Hunter College
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746:search warrant
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2015:
2012:
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2009:Isabel Rosado
2007:
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828:83rd Congress
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822:, unfurled a
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541:Harlem Ashram
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401:Daniel Santos
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371:Isabel Rosado
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273:Hugo Margenat
271:
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264:
263:Lolita Lebrón
261:
259:
256:
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244:
241:
239:
238:Oscar Collazo
236:
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43:
41:
32:
27:
20:
2181:
2103:
2004:Hiram Rosado
1988:
1974:René Marqués
1954:Irvin Flores
1919:Rosa Collazo
1854:Puerto Rican
1804:Pedro Pietri
1641:Manuel Rojas
1556:(Macheteros)
1462:Agüeybaná II
1383:the original
1372:
1361:
1352:
1333:
1294:
1285:
1266:
1255:, retrieved
1251:
1191:
1187:
1177:
1083:
1082:
1048:Rosa Collazo
1036:
1035:
1014:
1013:
933:
923:
918:
914:
912:
886:
881:
878:Written work
845:
832:
820:Irvin Flores
805:
780:
767:
762:
750:
739:
734:La Fortaleza
732:
729:
690:
685:
671:
622:
617:colonization
606:
595:
561:
544:
500:
474:
467:civil rights
451:
450:
381:René Marqués
366:Hiram Rosado
356:Irvin Flores
282:
243:Rosa Collazo
157:
113:Puerto Rican
78:South Dakota
37:
2210:1989 deaths
2205:1916 births
1844:Iris Zavala
1829:Piri Thomas
1749:Juan Dalmau
1457:Agüeybaná I
856:educational
842:Later years
784:Conrad Lynn
763:La Princesa
731:residence,
613:colonialism
552:East Harlem
511:Black Hills
497:Early years
475:La Princesa
2199:Categories
1126:References
680:, against
571:conspiracy
503:Terraville
57:Terraville
1734:Roy Brown
1697:activists
1216:201351216
1208:2515-0456
797:archivist
793:librarian
705:Naranjito
630:political
485:from the
463:political
156:Gag Law (
2183:Claridad
1316:Archived
1257:March 9,
1167:Archived
973:See also
926:Mayagüez
765:Prison.
725:San Juan
701:Mayagüez
697:Peñuelas
626:economic
459:educator
456:American
95:Movement
2154:Symbols
2100:Gag Law
1482:Urayoán
1477:Jumacao
1467:Arasibo
866:of the
799:at the
771:Arecibo
755:Gag Law
709:Arecibo
2063:Events
1472:Hayuya
1344:
1214:
1206:
964:
953:
901:Legacy
893:
870:, and
862:, the
818:, and
723:, and
721:Jayuya
717:Utuado
711:, and
628:, and
531:Harlem
491:prison
2175:Media
1336:; by
1212:S2CID
713:Ponce
609:India
521:from
1342:ISBN
1259:2012
1204:ISSN
962:ISBN
951:ISBN
891:ISBN
795:and
672:The
465:and
68:Died
50:Born
1196:doi
600:of
2201::
1391:^
1326:^
1305:^
1277:^
1250:,
1224:^
1210:.
1202:.
1190:.
1186:.
1134:^
838:.
814:,
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803:.
773:.
727:.
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461:,
59:,
2106:)
2102:(
1430:e
1423:t
1416:v
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1198::
1192:2
968:.
957:.
753:(
736:.
440:e
433:t
426:v
160:)
44:.
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