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inhabitants was to be highlighted. Hence the same building materials (red bricks, glass, reinforced concrete) were used for the construction of all public (and most private) edifices. The common structural element of ZlĂn architecture is a square bay of 20x20 feet (6.15x6.15 m). Although modified by several variations, this high modernist style leads to a high degree of uniformity of all buildings. It highlights the central and unique idea of an industrial garden city at the same time. Architectural and urban functionalism was to serve the demands of a modern city. The simplicity of its buildings which also translated into its functional adaptability was to prescribe (and also react to) the needs of everyday life.
580:
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550:. In Denmark, bricks were largely preferred over reinforced concrete as construction material, and this included funkis buildings. Apart from institutions and apartment blocks, more than 100,000 single-family funkis houses were built in the years 1925â1945. However, the truly dedicated funkis design was often approached with caution. Many residential buildings only included some signature funkis elements such as round windows, corner windows or architectural glazing to signal modernity while not provoking conservative traditionalists too much. This branch of restrained approach to the funkis design created the Danish version of the
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486:, instigated the needs to use affordable materials, such as brick and concrete, and to build quickly and efficiently. These needs became another signature of the Nordic version of functionalist architecture, in particular in buildings from the 1930s, and carried over into modernist architecture when industrial serial production became much more prevalent after World War II.
1020:
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mediated and discussed functionalism in a
Finnish context. Many of the first buildings in the funkis style were industrial structures, institutions and offices but spread to other kinds of structures such as residential buildings, individual housing and churches. The functionalist design also spread
812:
Aalto introduced standardised, precast concrete elements as early as the late 1920s, when he designed residential buildings in Turku. This technique became a cornerstone of later developments in modernist architecture after World War II, especially in the 1950s and 1960s. He also introduced serial
176:
In the mid-1930s, functionalism began to be discussed as an aesthetic approach rather than a matter of design integrity (use). The idea of functionalism was conflated with a lack of ornamentation, which is a different matter. It became a pejorative term associated with the baldest and most brutal
47:. Its ideas were largely inspired by a desire to build a new and better world for the people, as broadly and strongly expressed by the social and political movements of Europe after the extremely devastating world war. In this respect, functionalist architecture is often linked with the ideas of
1550:
ZlĂn's distinctive architecture was guided by principles that were strictly observed during its whole inter-war development. Its central theme was the derivation of all architectural elements from the factory buildings. The central position of the industrial production in the life of all ZlĂn
1177:, and was the dominant style for major building projects between 1918 and 1932. The 1932 competition for the Palace of the Soviets and the winning entry by Boris Iofan marked the start of eclectic historicism of Stalinist Architecture and the end of constructivist domination in Soviet Union.
58:
A new slight addition to this new wave of architecture was that not only should buildings and houses be designed around the purpose of functionality, architecture should also be used as a means to physically create a better world and a better life for people in the broadest sense. This new
473:
and in the years thereafter, a functionalist architecture emerged throughout
Scandinavia. The genre involves some peculiar features unique to Scandinavia and it is often referred to as "funkis", to distinguish it from functionalism in general. Some of the common features are flat roofing,
173:. However, this aphorism does not relate to a contemporary understanding of the term 'function' as utility or the satisfaction of user needs; it was instead based in metaphysics, as the expression of organic essence and could be paraphrased as meaning 'destiny'.
230:
Germany, and had begun his career of producing radically simplified, lovingly detailed structures that achieved
Sullivan's goal of inherent architectural beauty. Le Corbusier famously said "a house is a machine for living in"; his 1923 book
506:
exploded after World War II. Funkis had its heyday in the 1930s and 1940s, but functionalist architecture continued to be built long into the 1960s. These later structures, however, tend to be categorized as modernism in a Nordic context.
489:
As most architectural styles, Nordic funkis was international in its scope and several architects designed Nordic funkis buildings throughout the region. Some of the most active architects working internationally with this style, includes
946:
avant-garde Polish architects in the years 1918-1939 made a notable impact in the legacy of
European modern architecture and functionalism. A lot of Polish architects were fascinated by Le Corbusier like his Polish students and coworkers
309:
Numerous villas, apartment buildings and interiors, factories, office blocks and department stores can be found in the functionalist style throughout the country, which industrialised rapidly in the early 20th century while embracing the
1150:
1198:
569:(by Arne Jacobsen et al.), all including furniture and lamps specially designed for these buildings in the functionalist spirit. The largest functionalist complex in the Nordic countries is the 30,000-sq. m. residential compound of
971:, Paris 1937) "Academism has sent down roots everywhere. Nevertheless, the Dutch are relatively free of bias. The Czechs believe in 'modern' and the Polish also." Other Polish architects like StanisĆaw Brukalski was meeting with
161:
wrote that "there should be no features about a building which are not necessary for convenience, construction, or propriety" and "all ornament should consist of enrichment of the essential construction of the building".
1073:
314:-style architecture that was emerging concurrently in Germany. Large urban extensions to Brno in particular contain numerous apartment buildings in the functionalist style, while the domestic interiors of Adolf Loos in
1051:
324:
1033:. The house was considered as the best implementation of so-called villa architecture at the time in Warsaw (opinion by professor Lech Niemojewski in 1929). It's the house inspired by the form of ocean liner.
988:
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advocated a design philosophy based on the creation of spaces for outdoor living and the integration of house and garden. At a larger scale, the German landscape architect and planner
1303:
1039:
1290:
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39:
is the principle that buildings should be designed based solely on their purpose and function. An international functionalist architecture movement emerged in the wake of
1664:
advocated the use of edible gardens in social housing projects as a way to counteract hunger and increase self-sufficiency of families. At a still larger scale, the
226:. Both were functionalists at least to the extent that their buildings were radical simplifications of previous styles. In 1923, Mies van der Rohe was working in
1328:
1221:
667:
1423:
1414:
1539:
is a city in the Czech
Republic which was in the 1930s completely reconstructed on principles of functionalism. In that time the city was a headquarters of
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advocated for urban design strategies based on human proportions and in support of four functions of human settlement: housing, work, play, and transport.
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538:. Some Danish designers and artists who did not work as architects are sometimes also included in the Danish functionalist movement, such as
743:
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502:. Nordic funkis features prominently in Scandinavian urban architecture, as the need for urban housing and new institutions for the growing
2682:
683:
1558:, a student at Le Corbusier's atelier in Paris. Architectural highlights of the city are e.g. the Villa of Tomåƥ BaƄa, BaƄa's Hospital,
482:
and well-lit rooms, an industrial expression and nautical-inspired details, including round windows. The global stock market crisis and
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1516:
area in Sweden and possibly the world, still well-preserved more than a half-century after its construction 1933â40 and protected as a
1088:
959:(Le Corbusier's companion on board of the S.S. Patris, an ocean liner journeying from Marseille to Athens in 1933 during the CIAM IV),
459:
In
Scandinavia and Finland, the international movement and ideas of modernist architecture became widely known among architects at the
1007:. The most characteristic features in Polish functionalist architecture 1918-1939 were portholes, roof terraces and marble interiors.
1871:
728:
1123:
1240:
1750:
A.W.N.Pugin, The true principles of pointed or
Christian architecture: set forth in two lectures delivered at St. Marie's, Oscott.
1708:
Forty, Adrian (2000). "Function". Words and
Buildings, A Vocabulary of Modern Architecture. Thames & Hudson, p. 174-195.
343:
1183:
398:
192:
held that the profession has no functional responsibility whatsoever, and this is one of the many views today. The position of
1369:
413:
1705:
Behne, Adolf (1923). The Modern
Functional Building. Michael Robinson, trans. Santa Monica: Getty Research Institute, 1996.
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a lot of large districts of luxury houses in neighbourhoods full of greenery for wealthy Poles like, for example, district
852:
595:
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ways to cover space, like cheap commercial buildings and sheds, then finally used, for example in academic criticism of
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1954:
1969:
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company and Tomåƥ BaƄa initiated a complex reconstruction of the city which was inspired by functionalism and the
897:
819:
2677:
643:
2014:
909:
2403:
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were among the most active and influential Danish architects of the new functionalist ideas and Arne
Jacobsen,
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882:
655:
534:, and others, extended the new approach to design in general, most notably furniture which evolved to become
193:
2070:
1702:- A multipart essay explaining the basics of Le Corbusier's theory and contrasting them with his built work.
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2301:
2083:
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1174:
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near Warsaw (1936) by Kazimierz Centnerszwer. Typical modern railway station built in series near Warsaw.
460:
154:
90:
This principle is a matter of confusion and controversy within the profession, particularly in regard to
1159:
Housing Unit "Glass House" (1938-1941) in Warsaw with luxury apartments 177m each and large roof terrace
451:
Typical railing, flat roof, stucco and colour detail in Nordic funkis (SOK warehouse and offices, 1938,
2603:
2355:
2236:
2176:
1517:
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1114:
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601:
1555:
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ObchodnĂœ a obytnĂœ dom Luxor (Residential and Commercial House Luxor), 1937, in Bratislava (Slovakia)
983:, Polish architect StanisĆaw Brukalski built his own house in Warsaw in 1929 supposedly inspired by
435:
303:
2306:
2004:
JĂłzef PiĆatowicz POGLÄDY HELENY I SZYMONA SYRKUSĂW NA ARCHITEKTURÄ W LATACH 1925-1956 Warszawa 2009
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Some of the most prolific and notable architects in Finland, working in the funkis style, includes
689:
353:
275:
24:
952:
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153:(beauty) as one of three classic goals of architecture. Functionalist views were typical of some
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directed the Soviet government. The apartment buildings also went by the name of "Khruschoba" (
1382:
1057:
1000:
843:
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paralleled its development in building architecture. At the residential scale, designers like
1512:
ideals. Encompassing more than 500 buildings, it remains the largest coherent functionalistic
2443:
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233:
170:
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is based on a user-hostile theoretical basis and even more extreme: "I don't do function."
158:
8:
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215:
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91:
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2411:
2311:
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2256:
2211:
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1619:
1227:
1204:
943:
178:
1373:
1950:
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1627:
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The theoretical articulation of functionalism in buildings can be traced back to the
331:
145:(variously translated as 'commodity', 'convenience', or 'utility') stands alongside
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he had visited. His Polish example of the modern house was awarded bronze medal in
719:
566:
295:
1580:
527:
467:. Enthusiastic architects collected their ideas and inspirations in the manifesto
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1309:
1231:
1215:'s list of "Endangered Buildings". There is an international campaign to save it.
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Probably the most outstanding work of Polish functionalist architecture is the
930:
674:
491:
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405:
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was an early adopter of the functionalist style, with notable examples such as
263:
227:
197:
189:
166:
60:
523:
447:
2656:
2221:
1901:
1795:
1700:
Vers une Architecture and Villa Savoye: A Comparison of Treatise and Building
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299:
238:
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32:
2031:
Architektura w Warszawie. Lata 1918â1939. Marta LeĆniakowska Warszawa 2006
1263:
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in 1937. Just before the Second World War, it was fashionable to build in
237:
was, and still is, very influential, and his early built work such as the
2475:
2395:
2339:
2281:
2266:
2126:
1144:
villa (1938) in seaport Gdynia. Three large porthole windows in the back.
888:
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531:
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80:
76:
40:
19:
106:
2331:
2216:
1712:
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287:
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Fine examples of Danish functionalist architecture are the now listed
2595:
2231:
2146:
1497:
1433:
539:
469:
48:
44:
1995:
Le Corbusier l'unité d'habitation de Marseille Jacques Sbriglio 2013
1839:
318:
are also notable for their application of functionalist principles.
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2371:
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2121:
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1377:
1298:
829:
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52:
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315:
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311:
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are heavily influenced by the work of the Franco-Swiss architect
84:
64:
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291:
2015:"Willa Barbary i StanisĆawa Brukalskich, Warszawa - Zabytek.pl"
1501:
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1338:
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Notable representations of functionalist architecture include:
1212:
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to interior designs and furniture as exemplified by the iconic
735:
620:
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283:
246:
242:
68:
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1513:
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1045:
StanisĆaw Brukalski villa with roof terrace (1929) in Warsaw
794:
who were both engaged from the very start in the 1930s. The
1313:
386:
271:
72:
1639:
1713:
Form follows WHAT? The modernist notion of function as a
1738:"Adrian Yekkes: Gdynia - Poland's modernist masterpiece"
463:, under the guidance of director and Swedish architect
59:
functionalist architecture had the strongest impact in
2055:
Landscape Design: A Cultural and Architectural History
1614:) is an unofficial name of type of low-cost, concrete-
2071:
Fostinum: Czech and Slovak Functionalist Architecture
1864:
Nordic Modernism: Scandinavian Architecture 1890-2017
1626:
during the early 1960s, during the time its namesake
1759:
Forty, A. âWords & Buildings: Functionâ, pp 174.
94:, as it is less self-evident than it first appears.
2105:
1980:
2654:
1983:Finnish Architecture and the Modernist Tradition
798:region pioneered this new style and the journal
749:DronningegÄrden (1958), Copenhagen. Late funkis.
188:For 70 years the influential American architect
27:(Y. Lindegren & T. JĂ€ntti, built in 1934â38)
776:Aarhus University. This building is from 1974.
298:as a factory town in the 1920s and designed by
2091:
2040:Detailed references listed in the article on
1718:1995. Read more articles on www.beautytips.pk
1631:
1600:
1366:Booth House, Bridge Street, Sydney, Australia
979:. Only a few years after the construction of
16:Principle that defines a type of architecture
1885:
1666:CongrĂšs International d'Architecture Moderne
442:
419:ZlĂn, factory city built by the Bata Company
249:, is thought of as prototypically function.
1554:The urban plan of ZlĂn was the creation of
97:
2098:
2084:
1014:, modern Polish seaport established 1926.
951:, Aleksander Kujawski (both co-authors of
2057:. New York: Abrams, 2001. pp. 23, 454â455
1772:, New York: Chronicle Books, 2012. p.153.
290:in 1930, and the majority of the city of
1888:Finland: Modern Architectures in History
1881:
1879:
1579:
1527:
1476:
1262:
1067:(by Rudolf ĆwierczyĆski, 1931) in Warsaw
692:(1937), Copenhagen. Former custom house.
446:
18:
1784:"Exploring Czech Functionalism in Brno"
1640:Functionalism in landscape architecture
1523:
2655:
1964:
1962:
1472:
1246:Red Carnation Factory, St Petersburg (
809:, designed in 1929 and built in 1933.
2693:Modernist architecture in Scandinavia
2079:
1876:
1609:
1129:Narcyz Obrycki villa (1937) in Gdynia
1003:or district Kamienna GĂłra in seaport
673:Strandparken (1938), Aarhus. Typical
1781:
1644:The development of functionalism in
561:1939 terminal by Vilhelm Lauritzen,
185:, simply as a synonym for 'gauche'.
101:
1959:
13:
2683:International Style (architecture)
661:Frederiksgade no. 1 (1939), Aarhus
14:
2704:
2668:20th-century architectural styles
2064:
1816:"Discovering Brno's Architecture"
1029:villa with roof garden (1929) in
967:. Le Corbusier said about Poles (
257:
2629:
1970:Functionalism is a Finnish thing
1618:or brick three- to five-storied
1569:
1239:
1220:
1197:
1182:
1149:
1134:
1122:
1106:
1087:
1072:
1050:
1038:
1019:
955:in Marseille) and his coworkers
923:
908:
903:Hotel Vaakuna (1940) in Helsinki
896:
881:
866:
851:
836:
818:
769:
754:
742:
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682:
666:
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627:
612:
594:
578:
424:
412:
397:
378:
360:
342:
323:
105:
2047:
2034:
2025:
2007:
1998:
1989:
1974:
1939:
1924:
1915:Funkishuset - en bevaringsguide
1907:
1894:
722:(1941), Aarhus. Marble facade.
1856:
1832:
1808:
1775:
1762:
1753:
1744:
1730:
1063:relief on the building of the
969:When the Cathedrals Were White
649:Skovvangsskolen (1937), Aarhus
589:. Early funkis, facade detail.
1:
1723:
1692:
1504:, blended a functionalist or
1291:AdministratĂvna budova spojov
1173:, functionalism was known as
1098:Insurance building (1936) in
585:Det GrĂžnne Funkishus (1932),
565:(by C. F. MĂžller et al.) and
330:Secondary Industrial School (
79:, and from the 1930s also in
975:and inspired by him and his
252:
203:
7:
1904:, 2008, Gibbs Smith, p. 31.
1671:
1622:which was developed in the
1443:Stanislas Brukalski's villa
1304:ObchodnĂœ a obytnĂœ dom Luxor
1255:
1175:Constructivist architecture
165:In 1896, Chicago architect
157:architects. In particular,
10:
2709:
2663:Functionalist architecture
2053:Rogers, Elizabeth Barlow.
1981:Malcolm Quantrill (2012).
1866:, The Crowood Press Ltd.,
1573:
1532:ZlĂn in the Czech Republic
1518:national cultural heritage
1453:Modernist Center of Gdynia
1115:Gdynia Maritime University
1065:Ministry of Infrastructure
781:
510:
404:Hotel Avion (Brno), 1928,
207:
2623:
2320:
2114:
1862:William C Miller (2016):
1782:Rail, Evan (2012-06-15).
1770:Philosophy for Architects
1632:
1601:
1169:In Russia and the former
1164:
938:
813:produced wooden housing.
734:Lyngby City Hall (1941),
484:economic meltdown in 1929
461:1930 Stockholm Exhibition
222:and the German architect
43:, as part of the wave of
1347:, Prague, Czech Republic
874:Helsinki Olympic Stadium
354:Ludwig Mies van der Rohe
98:History of functionalism
25:Helsinki Olympic Stadium
2688:Architecture in Denmark
2636:Architecture portal
1985:. Taylor & Francis.
1945:Niels-Ole Lund (2008):
1282:ADGB Trade Union School
981:Rietveld Schröder House
634:Champagnehuset (1936),
619:BakkegĂ„rden (1935â38),
2678:Modernist architecture
1949:, Arkitektens Forlag,
1921:Bygningskultur Danmark
1913:Jeanne BrĂŒel (2014): "
1900:Andrew Hollingsworth,
1678:Modernist architecture
1646:landscape architecture
1593:
1562:, The Grand Cinema or
1556:FrantiĆĄek Lydie Gahura
1533:
1485:
1331:, Brno, Czech Republic
1325:, Brno, Czech Republic
1306:, Bratislava, Slovakia
1268:
1211:. It is at the top of
1080:Small station Michalin
859:Stora Enso head office
844:Helsinki-Malmi Airport
456:
436:FrantiĆĄek Lydie Gahura
304:FrantiĆĄek Lydie Gahura
28:
1886:Roger Connah (2006).
1840:"Adolf Loos in PlzeĆ"
1583:
1531:
1480:
1266:
1192:(David Kogan, 1923â4)
1012:entire city of Gdynia
480:architectural glazing
450:
234:Vers une architecture
171:Form follows function
22:
2673:Architectural theory
2580:Critical regionalism
2162:Critical regionalism
1636:, Khrushchev-slum).
1611:[xrÊËÉËÉ”fkÉ]
1545:Garden city movement
1524:ZlĂn, Czech Republic
1402:Knarraros lighthouse
1353:city, Czech Republic
677:for stuccoed funkis.
159:Augustus Welby Pugin
2428:International style
2420:Rationalist-Fascist
2364:Stripped Classicism
2297:Stripped Classicism
2277:Rationalist-Fascist
2202:International style
2108:modern architecture
1947:Nordic Architecture
1711:Michl, Jan (1995).
1650:Christopher Tunnard
1560:Tomas Bata Memorial
1506:international style
1473:Södra Ăngby, Sweden
1398:, Sydney, Australia
1357:Tomas Bata Memorial
1230:, apartment house (
1190:Mosselprom building
432:Tomas Bata Memorial
294:, developed by the
216:modern architecture
214:Popular notions of
210:Modern architecture
92:modern architecture
2511:(1940sâlate 1970s)
2500:Mid-century modern
2468:Postconstructivism
2412:Streamline Moderne
2292:Streamline Moderne
2257:Postconstructivism
2212:Mid-Century modern
1788:The New York Times
1682:streamline moderne
1620:apartment building
1594:
1534:
1486:
1370:Bullfighting Arena
1269:
1228:Narkomfin Building
953:Unité d'habitation
891:(1936) in Helsinki
861:(1962) in Helsinki
707:(1935), Copenhagen
705:Knippelsbro bridge
457:
385:Brno Crematorium (
179:Buckminster Fuller
169:coined the phrase
117:. You can help by
29:
2650:
2649:
1890:. Reaktion Books.
1872:978 1 78500 237 3
1844:adolfloosplzen.cz
1768:Branko Mitrovic,
1628:Nikita Khrushchev
1564:BaƄa's Skyscraper
1424:PĂ€rnu Rannakohvik
1415:PĂ€rnu Rannahotell
1273:Aarhus University
1094:Roman Piotrowski
916:Paimio Sanatorium
807:Paimio Sanatorium
762:Aarhus University
563:Aarhus University
516:Vilhelm Lauritzen
296:Bata shoe company
276:Mies van der Rohe
224:Mies van der Rohe
135:
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23:The tower of the
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1740:. June 29, 2018.
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1490:residential area
1363:, Czech Republic
1341:, Czech Republic
1329:Kolonie NovĂœ dĆŻm
1248:Yakov Chernikhov
1243:
1224:
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1157:Juliusz ƻórawski
1153:
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1113:Bohdan DamiÄcki
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961:Roman Piotrowski
933:(1927) in Vyborg
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2115:Alphabetically
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2065:External links
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1599:(Russian:
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264:Czechoslovakia
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208:Main article:
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198:Peter Eisenman
190:Philip Johnson
183:geodesic domes
167:Louis Sullivan
155:Gothic Revival
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544:Louis Poulsen
541:
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536:Danish modern
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528:Poul KjĂŠrholm
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520:Arne Jacobsen
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113:This section
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70:
66:
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56:
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50:
46:
42:
38:
37:functionalism
34:
26:
21:
2627:
2612:Contemporary
2564:Neo-futurism
2556:Blobitecture
2495:(1930sâ1970)
2435:
2227:Neo-Futurism
2181:
2157:Contemporary
2137:Blobitecture
2054:
2049:
2036:
2027:
2018:
2009:
2000:
1991:
1982:
1976:
1946:
1941:
1930:Johan Hage:
1926:
1914:
1909:
1896:
1887:
1863:
1858:
1847:. Retrieved
1843:
1834:
1823:. Retrieved
1819:
1810:
1799:. Retrieved
1787:
1777:
1769:
1764:
1755:
1746:
1732:
1714:
1699:
1643:
1624:Soviet Union
1595:
1586:khrushchovka
1553:
1549:
1535:
1487:
1459:Villa Savoye
1383:Glass Palace
1345:Villa MĂŒller
1259:
1171:Soviet Union
1168:
1058:Polish eagle
1009:
968:
949:Jerzy SoĆtan
942:
811:
799:
785:
690:The Standard
556:
514:
488:
468:
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368:Villa MĂŒller
308:
300:Le Corbusier
280:Villa MĂŒller
261:
239:Villa Savoye
232:
220:Le Corbusier
213:
187:
175:
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150:
146:
142:
136:
126:January 2018
123:
119:adding to it
114:
89:
57:
36:
33:architecture
30:
2527:(1953â1970)
2503:(1933â1969)
2479:(1933â1944)
2476:PWA Moderne
2463:(1910â1939)
2415:(1925â1950)
2407:(1922â1933)
2399:(1921â1929)
2396:Rondocubism
2391:(1920â1932)
2383:(1919â1933)
2375:(1917â1931)
2343:(1890â1910)
2340:Art Nouveau
2335:(1888â1911)
2307:Sustainable
2282:Rondocubism
2267:PWA Moderne
2127:Art Nouveau
2042:Södra Ăngby
1935:(in Danish)
1932:Funkishuset
1919:(in Danish)
1510:garden city
1496:in western
1494:Södra Ăngby
1482:Södra Ăngby
1430:Södra Ăngby
1323:KavĂĄrna Era
944:Interbellum
889:Lasipalatsi
788:Alvar Aalto
606:Klampenborg
532:Kaare Klint
524:C.F. MĂžller
500:Alvar Aalto
302:'s student
262:The former
81:Scandinavia
77:Netherlands
51:and modern
41:World War I
2657:Categories
2540:Metabolism
2452:Organicism
2332:Modernisme
2252:Organicism
2217:Modernisme
2207:Metabolism
2106:Genres of
2019:zabytek.pl
1849:2019-05-28
1825:2019-05-28
1801:2019-05-28
1724:References
1693:Literature
1654:James Rose
1574:See also:
1541:Bata Shoes
1406:Stokkseyri
1295:Bratislava
997:Saska KÄpa
828:(1937) in
801:Arkkitehti
636:Copenhagen
602:Bellavista
554:building.
372:Adolf Loos
336:JiĆĂ Kroha
288:Adolf Loos
196:architect
194:postmodern
2596:Neomodern
2572:High-tech
2524:New Khmer
2508:Brutalism
2484:Stalinist
2287:Stalinist
2242:New Khmer
2232:Neomodern
2197:High-tech
2147:Bowellism
2142:Brutalism
1796:0362-4331
1592:, Russia.
1498:Stockholm
1434:Stockholm
1426:, Estonia
540:Finn Juhl
470:acceptera
389:), 1930,
334:), 1927,
278:in 1928,
253:In Europe
204:Modernism
49:socialism
45:Modernism
2615:(2000sâ)
2607:(1990sâ)
2599:(1990sâ)
2591:(1980sâ)
2583:(1980sâ)
2575:(1970sâ)
2567:(1960sâ)
2559:(1960sâ)
2551:(1960sâ)
2516:Tropical
2460:Art Deco
2455:(1920sâ)
2447:(1920sâ)
2444:Futurism
2431:(1920sâ)
2372:De Stijl
2312:Tropical
2187:Futurism
2167:De Stijl
2122:Art Deco
1672:See also
1602:Ń
ŃŃŃŃĐČĐșĐ°
1455:, Poland
1449:, Poland
1387:Helsinki
1378:Portugal
1299:Slovakia
1256:Examples
830:Helsinki
604:(1934),
552:bungalow
476:stuccoed
151:venustas
147:firmitas
143:utilitas
141:, where
75:and the
53:humanism
2543:(1959â)
2535:(1959â)
2519:(1958â)
2471:(1930s)
2380:Bauhaus
2367:(1913â)
2359:(1910â)
2132:Bauhaus
1616:paneled
1419:Estonia
1410:Iceland
1391:Finland
1286:Germany
1277:Denmark
1234:, 1930)
782:Finland
511:Denmark
478:walls,
453:Finland
312:Bauhaus
85:Finland
65:Germany
2492:Googie
2324:decade
2192:Googie
1953:
1870:
1794:
1656:, and
1584:Panel
1502:Sweden
1484:, 1938
1467:France
1463:Poissy
1447:Warsaw
1438:Sweden
1339:Prague
1213:UNESCO
1209:Moscow
1165:Russia
1117:(1937)
1100:Gdynia
1061:basalt
1031:Warsaw
1005:Gdynia
1001:Warsaw
993:Poland
939:Poland
876:(1938)
736:Lyngby
621:Aarhus
284:Prague
247:France
243:Poissy
228:Weimar
71:, the
69:Poland
1968:YIT:
1590:Tomsk
1514:villa
1508:with
796:Turku
316:PlzeĆ
1951:ISBN
1868:ISBN
1792:ISSN
1607:IPA:
1537:ZlĂn
1488:The
1361:ZlĂn
1351:ZlĂn
1314:Brno
963:and
790:and
546:and
522:and
498:and
387:Brno
292:ZlĂn
272:Brno
83:and
73:USSR
1917:",
1588:in
1492:of
1207:in
1096:ZUS
999:in
282:in
270:in
241:in
181:'s
121:.
31:In
2659::
2017:.
1961:^
1878:^
1842:.
1818:.
1790:.
1786:.
1680:;
1652:,
1605:,
1566:.
1547:.
1520:.
1500:,
1465:,
1461:,
1445:,
1436:,
1432:,
1417:,
1408:,
1404:,
1389:,
1385:,
1376:,
1372:,
1359:,
1337:,
1316:,
1312:,
1297:,
1293:,
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1275:,
542:,
530:,
518:,
494:,
306:.
245:,
87:.
67:,
63:,
55:.
35:,
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2044:.
2021:.
1852:.
1828:.
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1250:)
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