693:) and founded Shelter Publications, became disillusioned with them, calling them "smart but not wise". He noted the following disadvantages, which he has listed on his company's website: Off-the-shelf building materials (e.g., plywood, strand board) normally come in rectangular shapes, therefore some material may have to be scrapped after cutting rectangles down to triangles, increasing the cost of construction. Fire escapes are problematic; codes require them for larger structures, and they are expensive. Windows conforming to code can cost anywhere from five to fifteen times as much as windows in conventional houses. Professional electrical wiring costs more because of increased labor time. Even owner-wired situations are costly, because more of certain materials are required for dome construction. Expansion and partitioning is also difficult. Kahn notes that domes are difficult if not impossible to build with natural materials, generally requiring plastics, etc., which are polluting and deteriorate in sunlight.
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342:-deliverable geodesic domes. A 30-foot wood and plastic geodesic dome was lifted and carried by helicopter at 50 knots without damage, leading to the manufacture of a standard magnesium dome by Magnesium Products of Milwaukee. Tests included assembly practices in which previously untrained Marines were able to assemble a 30-foot magnesium dome in 135 minutes, helicopter lifts off aircraft carriers, and a durability test in which an anchored dome successfully withstood without damage, a day-long 120 mph (190 km/h) propeller blast from the twin 3,000 horsepower engines of an anchored airplane.
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molded in forms patterned in sand with wooden patterns, but the concrete triangles are usually so heavy that they must be placed with a crane. This construction is well-suited to domes because no place allows water to pool on the concrete and leak through. The metal fasteners, joints, and internal steel frames remain dry, preventing frost and corrosion damage. The concrete resists sun and weathering. Some form of internal flashing or caulking must be placed over the joints to prevent drafts. The 1963
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Some concrete domes have been constructed from prefabricated, prestressed, steel-reinforced concrete panels that can be bolted into place. The bolts are within raised receptacles covered with little concrete caps to shed water. The triangles overlap to shed water. The triangles in this method can be
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and screen are tied to the framework with wire ties. A coat of material is then sprayed or molded onto the frame. Tests should be performed with small squares to achieve the correct consistency of concrete or plastic. Generally, several coats are necessary on the inside and outside. The last step is
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triangles laminated to reinforced concrete on the outside, and wallboard on the inside was awarded to
American Ingenuity of Rockledge, Florida. The construction technique allows the domes to be prefabricated in kit form and erected by a homeowner. This method makes the seams into the strongest part
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Residential geodesic domes have been less successful than those used for working and/or entertainment, largely because of their complexity and consequent greater construction costs. Professional experienced dome contractors, while hard to find, do exist, and can eliminate much of the cost overruns
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Paneled domes are constructed of separately framed timbers covered in plywood. The three members comprising the triangular frame are often cut at compound angles to provide for a flat fitting of the various triangles. Holes are drilled through the members at precise locations and steel bolts then
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As with any curved shape, the dome produces wall areas that can be difficult to use and leaves some peripheral floor area with restricted use due to lack of headroom. Circular plan shapes lack the simple modularity provided by rectangles. Furnishers and fitters design with flat surfaces in mind.
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Dome builders using cut-board sheathing material (common in the 1960s and 1970s) find it hard to seal domes against rain, because of their many seams. Also, these seams may be stressed because ordinary solar heat flexes the entire structure each day as the sun moves across the sky. Subsequent
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Steel framework can be easily constructed of electrical conduit. One flattens the end of a strut and drills bolt holes at the needed length. A single bolt secures a vertex of struts. The nuts are usually set with removable locking compound, or if the dome is portable, have a
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Domes can also be constructed with a lightweight aluminium framework which can either be bolted or welded together or can be connected with a more flexible nodal point/hub connection. These domes are usually clad with glass which is held in place with a PVC
1704:"naturhuset - Vi skal bygge et Naturhus og en selvforsynende hage pĺ Sandhornřya i Nordland. Prosjektet er sterkt inspirert av arkitekt Bengt Warne, den russiske Bokserien The Ringing Cedars series og vĺr inderlige kjćrlighet og dype respekt for Moder Jord"
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to fit within the triangle. The panelized technique allows the builder to attach the plywood skin to the triangles while safely working on the ground or in a comfortable shop out of the weather. This method does not require expensive steel hubs.
460:, a world view expressing concern over the use of limited resources available on Earth and encouraging everyone on it to act as a harmonious crew working toward the greater good. The building is Epcot's icon, representing the entire park.
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The geodesic dome appealed to Fuller because it was extremely strong for its weight, its "omnitriangulated" surface provided an inherently stable structure, and because a sphere encloses the greatest volume for the least surface area.
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Domes can now be printed at high speeds using very large, mobile "3D Printers", also known as additive manufacturing machines. The material used as the filament is often a form of air injected concrete or closed-cell plastic foam.
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In Chile, examples of geodesic domes are being readily adopted for hotel accommodations either as tented style geodesic domes or glass-covered domes. Examples: EcoCamp
Patagonia, Chile; and Elqui Domos, Chile.
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Other examples have been built in Europe. In 2012, an aluminium and glass dome was used as a dome cover to an eco home in Norway and in 2013 a glass and wood clad dome home was built in
Austria.
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The Fuller
Institute list is now dated. Several important domes missed or built later are now in the top 10. Currently, many geodesic domes are larger than 113 metres (371 ft) in diameter.
635:, at the corner of Forest Ave and Cherry St. Fuller thought of residential domes as air-deliverable products manufactured by an aerospace-like industry. Fuller's own dome home still exists, the
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to serve as the fair's Expo Centre. Construction began in 1984 and was completed by early 1985. The dome and the building now serve as an Arts, Science and
Technology center, and has been named
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Although dome homes enjoyed a ripple of popularity in the late 1960s and early 1970s, as a housing system, the dome has many disadvantages and problems. A former proponent of dome homes,
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wrote, "Tables of chord factors, containing as they do the essential design information for spherical systems, were for many years guarded like military secrets. As late as 1966, some 3
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Privacy is difficult to guarantee because a dome is difficult to partition satisfactorily. Sounds, smells, and even reflected light tend to be conveyed through the entire structure.
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of the structure, where the seams and especially the hubs in most wooden-framed domes are the weakest point in the structure. It also has the advantage of being watertight.
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to house his planetarium projector. An initial, small dome was patented and constructed by the firm of
Dykerhoff and Wydmann on the roof of the Carl Zeiss Werke in
525:, to shed water, and finished with shingles. This type of dome is often called a hub-and-strut dome because of the use of steel hubs to tie the struts together.
335:), auditoriums, weather observatories, and storage facilities. The dome was soon breaking records for covered surface, enclosed volume, and construction speed.
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were all anyone outside the circle of Fuller licensees had to go on." (page 57, 1976 edition). Other tables became available with publication of Lloyd Kahn's
493:, opening the following year in 2001. The hotel's dome design is key to resisting the region's strong winds and is based on the dwellings of the indigenous
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World's Fair, where it was part of the
American Pavilion. The structure's covering later burned, but the structure itself still stands and, under the name
1952:
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domes are also in use, and some domes have been constructed from plastic or waxed cardboard triangles that are overlapped in such a way as to shed water.
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558:, which can be sealed with silicone to make it watertight. Some designs allow for double glazing or for insulated panels to be fixed in the framework.
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the dome. Peaked caps at the top of the dome, or to modify the dome shapes are used where slope is insufficient for ice barrier. One-piece reinforced
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Fuller hoped that the geodesic dome would help address the postwar housing crisis. This was consistent with his prior hopes for both versions of the
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Air stratification and moisture distribution within a dome are unusual. The conditions tend to quickly degrade wooden framing or interior paneling.
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in 1948 and 1949. Although Fuller was not the original inventor, he is credited with the U.S. popularization of the idea for which he received
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Concrete and foam-plastic domes generally start with a steel framework dome, wrapped with chicken wire and wire screen for reinforcement. The
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addition of straps and interior flexible drywall finishes has virtually eliminated this movement being noticed in the interior finishes.
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According to the
Buckminster Fuller Institute in 2010, the world's 10 largest geodesic domes by diameter at that time were:
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insisted that no reason exists for a properly designed, well-constructed dome to leak, and that some designs 'cannot' leak.
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Given the complicated geometry of the geodesic dome, dome builders rely on tables of strut lengths, or "chord factors". In
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Placing a standard sofa against an exterior wall (for example) results in a crescent behind the sofa being wasted.
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For a more detailed historical account, see the chapter "Geodesics, Domes, and
Spacetime" in Tony Rothman's book
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The building of very strong, stable structures out of patterns of reinforcing triangles is most commonly seen in
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in
Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, utilized Fuller's design for use as a bank building. Another early example was the
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opened. The building and the ride inside of it are named with one of Buckminster Fuller's famous terms,
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In 2000, the world's first fully sustainable geodesic dome hotel, EcoCamp Patagonia, was built at
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connect the triangles to form the dome. These members are often 2x4s or 2x6s, which allow for more
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associated with false starts and incorrect estimates. Fuller himself lived in a geodesic dome in
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471:, a Buckminster Fuller-inspired Geodesic dome was designed by the Expo's chief architect
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1949:: 57 dome variants featured (1V to 10V) of various solids (icosa, cube, octa, etc.)
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on 29 June 1954. The oldest surviving dome built by Fuller himself is located in
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283:. A larger dome, called "The Wonder of Jena", opened to the public in July 1926.
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designed by Thomas C. Howard of Synergetics, Inc. This dome is now used as an
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throughout the structure, making geodesic domes able to withstand very heavy
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licensed plans for structures based on other geometric solids, such as the
255:, consists of two spheres which utilise Buckminster Fuller's Geodesic dome.
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1831:"Superior Dome | Wildcat Athletics at Northern Michigan University"
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The dome was successfully adopted for specialized uses, such as the 21
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1853:"Western Wood Structures, Inc. - Glulam Beams, Arches and Bridges"
1742:
818:), 210 m (690 ft) is the current largest geodesic dome.
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1958:
1586:"Streetscapes: The Queens Aviary; A Great Outside Interior Space"
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The most effective waterproofing method with a wooden dome is to
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3388:
Viewpoints: Mathematical Perspective and Fractal Geometry in Art
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In 1986, a patent for a dome construction technique involving
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domes (constructed in numerous locations across the US, e.g.,
290:
coined the term "geodesic" from field experiments with artist
2481:
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1509:"Audio interview with Bernard Kirschenbaum on DEW Line domes"
833:
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According to Guinness World Records, as of May 30, 2021, the
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to saturate concrete or polyester domes with a thin layer of
518:
487:
437:
429:, where its resistance to snow and wind loads was important.
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On October 1, 1982, one of the most famous geodesic domes,
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1965:
A meta-geodesic dome – made of quads instead of triangles
16:
Spherical shell structure based on a geodesic polyhedron
2227:
The Last Dymaxion: Buckminster Fuller’s Dream Restored
338:
Beginning in 1954, the U.S. Marines experimented with
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741:
design. It has been applied in the abstract in other
236:, and inspired by Buckminster Fuller's Geodesic dome.
1779:(Bucky Works: Buckminster Fuller's Ideas for Today)
1398: – Spatial grid based on a geodesic polyhedron
867:), 216.5 m (710 ft) — Demolished in 2017.
768:
517:Wooden domes have a hole drilled in the width of a
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
3285:The Drawing of Geometric Patterns in Saracenic Art
1866:
1743:"EcoCamp Patagonia Domes » EcoCamp Patagonia"
546:. This is the standard way to construct domes for
3420:Goudreau Museum of Mathematics in Art and Science
1216:), 117 m (384 ft) — Demolished in 2007.
3498:
2191:R. Buckminster Fuller and Anne Hewlett Dome Home
1898:"Postwar developments in long-span construction"
1653:"EcoCamp, the world's first geodesic dome hotel"
1409: – Structure that resembles a geodesic dome
637:R. Buckminster Fuller and Anne Hewlett Dome Home
1634:Science World – OMNIMAX Theatre – OMNIMAX Facts
360:The dome was introduced to a wider audience as
1815:. Buckminster Fuller Institute. Archived from
1533:Fuller, R. Buckminster; Marks, Robert (1973).
3415:European Society for Mathematics and the Arts
2589:Mathematica: A World of Numbers... and Beyond
2283:
1992:
1942:The R. Buckminster Fuller FAQ: Geodesic Domes
1577:
1426:First Geodesic Dome: Planetarium in Jena 1922
1126:), 126 m (413 ft) — later owned by
677:, undergoing restoration after deterioration.
2569:List of works designed with the golden ratio
1919:"The Largest Storage Dome in South America"
1532:
1175:), 122 m (400 ft) — Eleven domes.
259:The first geodesic dome was designed after
2290:
2276:
1999:
1985:
1558:Archives, Notre Dame (17 September 2010).
504:
497:. Geodomes are also becoming popular as a
2629:Cathedral of Saint Mary of the Assumption
1683:"Carbondale, Illinois, Forest and Cherry"
1511:. Bernardkirschenbaum.com. Archived from
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
1557:
1535:The Dymaxion World of Buckminster Fuller
669:
508:
319:domes built in Canada in 1956, the 1958
239:
224:
203:
189:
120:
3175:Vier Bücher von Menschlicher Proportion
2297:
1616:Geodesic domes are most often based on
425:In 1975, a dome was constructed at the
3499:
2006:
1807:
1805:
1803:
2271:
2219:Buckminster Fuller: Thinking Out Loud
1980:
1959:Geodaetische Kuppeln (Geodesic Domes)
1448:. Planetarium-jena.de. Archived from
2031:Operating Manual for Spaceship Earth
1583:
1564:Notre Dame Archives News & Notes
1446:"Zeiss-Planetarium Jena: Geschichte"
725:Buckminster Fuller's former student
645:National Register of Historic Places
129:, formerly the American Pavilion of
47:adding citations to reliable sources
18:
3360:Journal of Mathematics and the Arts
1800:
1782:
1473:, Princeton University Press, 1989.
732:
395:, currently houses an interpretive
13:
3374:Making Mathematics with Needlework
1879:. geometrica.com. 12 November 2018
1222:Portland Cement Storage Facility:
775:List of largest domes in the world
685:, who wrote two books about them (
14:
3533:
3200:I quattro libri dell'architettura
2176:Proposed Brooklyn Dodgers stadium
1935:
3479:
3478:
2724:Self-portrait in a Convex Mirror
2408:
1973:, resources about creating domes
1850:
1584:Gray, Christopher (1993-01-03).
769:Largest geodesic dome structures
665:
174:elements of the dome distribute
23:
3522:Architecture related to utopias
1911:
1890:
1844:
1823:
1790:"World's largest geodesic dome"
1773:
1756:
1735:
1717:
1696:
1675:
1645:
1627:
591:Geodesic Math and How to Use It
34:needs additional citations for
3435:National Museum of Mathematics
3187:Regole generali d'architettura
2116:Expo 67 United States Pavilion
1610:
1551:
1526:
1501:
1476:
1463:
1438:
1419:
1268:("Caracas Polyhedron Arena"),
1:
1537:. Anchor Books. p. 203.
1413:
994:), 161.5 m (530 ft)
953:), 163.4 m (536 ft)
908:), 187.2 m (614 ft)
675:Buckminster Fuller's own home
618:
2960:Garden of Cosmic Speculation
2213:Buckminster Fuller Challenge
2186:Old Man River's City project
2161:Cloud Nine tensegrity sphere
1953:Article about the Eden Domes
1794:www.guinnessworldrecords.com
916:Northern Michigan University
757:, especially in the work of
378:Flushing Meadows Corona Park
271:, an optical company, for a
7:
1855:. Westernwoodstructures.com
1389:
1385:), 135 m (443 ft)
1344:), 140 m (460 ft)
1303:), 143 m (469 ft)
1257:), 114 m (374 ft)
1084:), 134 m (440 ft)
1039:), 153 m (502 ft)
1002:Northern Arizona University
465:1986 World's Fair (Expo 86)
163:(lattice-shell) based on a
10:
3538:
2477:Islamic geometric patterns
1813:"World's 10 Largest Domes"
772:
641:National Historic Landmark
501:(glamorous camping) unit.
366:1964 New York World's Fair
317:Distant Early Warning Line
213:Missouri Botanical Gardens
185:
3474:
3443:
3397:
3351:
3298:A Mathematician's Apology
3258:
3211:
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2735:
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2417:
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2149:Design science revolution
2125:
2054:
2014:
1428:incl. patent information
806:21.7496403°N 39.1516230°E
306:Woods Hole, Massachusetts
247:, public art designed by
3410:The Bridges Organization
2074:Dymaxion deployment unit
1354:, United Arab Emirates (
582:hexagons and pentagons.
570:compound to shed water.
442:Walt Disney World Resort
355:University of Notre Dame
333:Virginia Beach, Virginia
232:in Vancouver, built for
3272:The Grammar of Ornament
3224:Nature's Harmonic Unity
3134:De prospectiva pingendi
2023:Nine Chains to the Moon
1432:March 19, 2013, at the
1311:Colcha "K" Municipality
604:Popular Science Monthly
505:Methods of construction
3425:Institute For Figuring
3337:The 'Life' of a Carpet
3162:A Treatise on Painting
1767:July 21, 2013, at the
1224:Union Bridge, Maryland
1183:Baton Rouge, Louisiana
1181:Maintenance Facility:
1093:Long Beach, California
811:21.7496403; 39.1516230
678:
514:
513:Long Island Green Dome
484:Kawésqar National Park
325:Baton Rouge, Louisiana
321:Union Tank Car Company
296:Black Mountain College
256:
237:
222:
201:
149:
3512:1960s fads and trends
3306:George David Birkhoff
3280:Ernest Hanbury Hankin
3148:De divina proportione
3128:Piero della Francesca
3107:Leon Battista Alberti
2694:Piero della Francesca
2333:Hyperboloid structure
2133:Allegra Fuller Snyder
1706:. Naturhuset.blogg.no
1484:"The Woods Hole Dome"
1043:Round Valley Ensphere
673:
512:
383:Another dome is from
243:
228:
207:
193:
135:R. Buckminster Fuller
124:
3231:Frederik Macody Lund
3102:Filippo Brunelleschi
2983:Hamid Naderi Yeganeh
2845:La condition humaine
2206:Buckminsterfullerene
2139:Current solar income
1877:"Domes of over 100m"
1560:"Mid-Century Modern"
1163:23.8007°N 120.1947°E
1128:Carnival Cruise Line
1114:33.7513°N 118.1889°W
1072:34.1204°N 109.2849°W
1027:35.1805°N 111.6529°W
982:47.2367°N 122.4270°W
896:35.1859°N 136.9474°E
855:31.9551°N 131.4691°E
633:Carbondale, Illinois
401:Saint Lawrence River
301:U.S. patent 2682235A
286:Twenty years later,
267:, chief engineer of
161:thin-shell structure
43:improve this article
3456:Mathematical beauty
3381:Rhythm of Structure
3324:Gödel, Escher, Bach
3120:De re aedificatoria
2751:The Ancient of Days
2370:Projective geometry
2299:Mathematics and art
2046:Dymaxion Chronofile
1961:by T. E. Dorozinski
1947:Geodesic Dome Notes
1663:on 15 February 2013
1620:, particularly the
1373:24.1459°N 52.7392°E
1369: /
1332:21.1246°S 67.2096°W
1328: /
1291:10.4338°N 66.9385°W
1287: /
1266:Poliedro de Caracas
1245:39.5590°N 77.1718°W
1241: /
1204:30.5827°N 91.2344°W
1200: /
1159: /
1110: /
1068: /
1023: /
978: /
941:46.5603°N 87.3938°W
937: /
920:Marquette, Michigan
892: /
851: /
802: /
755:conceptual metaphor
601:icosa figures from
165:geodesic polyhedron
3517:Buckminster Fuller
3461:Patterns in nature
3318:Douglas Hofstadter
2944:Desmond Paul Henry
2934:Bathsheba Grossman
2866:The Swallow's Tail
2787:Giorgio de Chirico
2659:Sydney Opera House
2514:Croatian interlace
2230:(2012 documentary)
2222:(1996 documentary)
2008:Buckminster Fuller
1819:on April 12, 2010.
1729:2016-03-04 at the
1639:2006-06-26 at the
1590:The New York Times
1337:-21.1246; -67.2096
1307:San Cristóbal mine
1140:Storage Facility:
1119:33.7513; -118.1889
1077:34.1204; -109.2849
1032:35.1805; -111.6529
1006:Flagstaff, Arizona
987:47.2367; -122.4270
961:Tacoma, Washington
826:Seagaia Ocean Dome
747:management science
679:
515:
452:, just outside of
416:Archimedean solids
288:Buckminster Fuller
265:Walther Bauersfeld
257:
238:
223:
202:
150:
127:Montreal Biosphère
3494:
3493:
3347:
3346:
3311:Aesthetic Measure
3182:Sebastiano Serlio
3156:Leonardo da Vinci
3046:
3045:
3038:Margaret Wertheim
2699:Leonardo da Vinci
2265:
2264:
1955:(PDF file 5.1 MB)
1471:Science à la Mode
1296:10.4338; -66.9385
1250:39.5590; -77.1718
1209:30.5827; -91.2344
1168:23.8007; 120.1947
946:46.5603; -87.3938
901:35.1859; 136.9474
860:31.9551; 131.4691
828:(シーガイアオーシャンドーム):
781:Jeddah Super Dome
749:and deliberative
743:industrial design
357:, built in 1962.
249:Wolfgang Buttress
139:Île Sainte-Hélène
119:
118:
111:
93:
3529:
3482:
3481:
3332:Nikos Salingaros
3055:
3054:
3023:Hiroshi Sugimoto
2973:Robert Longhurst
2919:Helaman Ferguson
2874:Crockett Johnson
2803:Circle Limit III
2772:Danseuse au café
2679:
2678:
2649:Pyramid of Khufu
2412:
2292:
2285:
2278:
2269:
2268:
2234:Karlis Johansons
2196:Ephemeralization
2001:
1994:
1987:
1978:
1977:
1930:
1929:
1927:
1926:
1921:. geometrica.com
1915:
1909:
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1905:
1900:. britannica.com
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1745:. Ecocamp.travel
1739:
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1724:KristallSalzWelt
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1659:. Archived from
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1486:. Archived from
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1138:Formosa Plastics
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795:
787:, Saudi Arabia (
733:Related patterns
580:precast concrete
303:
182:for their size.
114:
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51:
27:
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3490:
3470:
3466:Sacred geometry
3439:
3405:Ars Mathematica
3393:
3343:
3254:
3207:
3194:Andrea Palladio
3090:
3083:De architectura
3042:
2998:Antoine Pevsner
2978:Jeanette McLeod
2929:Susan Goldstine
2878:
2737:
2731:
2668:
2654:Sagrada Família
2615:
2557:
2425:Algorithmic art
2413:
2404:
2400:Wallpaper group
2338:Minimal surface
2301:
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2239:Kenneth Snelson
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643:. It is on the
621:
578:was built from
540:castellated nut
507:
495:Kaweskar people
458:Spaceship Earth
434:Spaceship Earth
329:Kaiser Aluminum
299:
292:Kenneth Snelson
269:Carl Zeiss Jena
195:Spaceship Earth
188:
115:
104:
98:
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58:"Geodesic dome"
52:
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40:
28:
17:
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3509:
3507:Geodesic domes
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3248:The Greek Vase
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3170:Albrecht Dürer
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3033:Roman Verostko
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3005:
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2954:Charles Jencks
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2713:Albrecht Dürer
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2430:Anamorphic art
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2154:Design science
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2110:Fly's Eye Dome
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2062:Dymaxion house
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1936:External links
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1833:. Webb.nmu.edu
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1490:on 2 July 2019
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998:Walkup Skydome
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773:Main article:
770:
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745:, but even in
734:
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667:
664:
625:Dymaxion House
620:
617:
506:
503:
420:Catalan solids
412:Johnson solids
406:In the 1970s,
218:Silent Running
211:greenhouse at
187:
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3398:Organizations
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2779:L'Oiseau bleu
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2689:Paolo Uccello
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2607:
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2450:Vastu shastra
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2092:Geodesic dome
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2039:Critical Path
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2020:
2019:
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2009:
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1685:. Google Maps
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1544:0-385-01804-5
1540:
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1529:
1515:on 2011-04-20
1514:
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1452:on 2015-08-31
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1396:Geodesic grid
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1272:, Venezuela (
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1047:Springerville
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1007:
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910:
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666:Disadvantages
663:
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477:Science World
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209:The Climatron
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60: –
59:
55:
54:Find sources:
48:
44:
38:
37:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
3483:
3386:
3379:
3372:
3365:
3358:
3352:Publications
3336:
3322:
3310:
3296:
3284:
3270:
3247:
3243:Jay Hambidge
3236:Ad Quadratum
3235:
3223:
3198:
3186:
3174:
3160:
3146:
3142:Luca Pacioli
3132:
3118:
3111:
3081:
3069:
2993:Hinke Osinga
2988:István Orosz
2958:
2949:Anthony Hill
2904:Scott Draves
2899:Erik Demaine
2883:Contemporary
2864:
2857:
2843:
2829:
2822:
2815:
2808:
2801:
2797:M. C. Escher
2777:
2770:
2756:
2749:
2722:
2718:Parmigianino
2703:
2634:Hagia Sophia
2608:
2601:
2594:
2587:
2580:
2573:
2457:Computer art
2439:
2435:Architecture
2395:Tessellation
2378:Architecture
2328:Golden ratio
2225:
2217:
2091:
2080:Dymaxion map
2068:Dymaxion car
2037:
2029:
2021:
1971:Desert Domes
1967:by F. Tuczek
1923:. Retrieved
1913:
1902:. Retrieved
1892:
1881:. Retrieved
1857:. Retrieved
1846:
1835:. Retrieved
1825:
1817:the original
1793:
1784:
1775:
1758:
1747:. Retrieved
1737:
1719:
1708:. Retrieved
1698:
1687:. Retrieved
1677:
1665:. Retrieved
1661:the original
1657:domerama.com
1656:
1647:
1629:
1612:
1601:. Retrieved
1589:
1579:
1567:. Retrieved
1563:
1553:
1534:
1528:
1517:. Retrieved
1513:the original
1503:
1492:. Retrieved
1488:the original
1478:
1470:
1465:
1454:. Retrieved
1450:the original
1440:
1421:
1309:(MSC) Dome,
1260:
1089:Spruce Goose
820:
778:
763:deliberation
736:
724:
709:
705:
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695:
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686:
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649:
629:
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588:
584:
572:
563:chicken wire
560:
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359:
344:
337:
314:
310:
285:
258:
216:
153:
151:
105:
96:
86:
79:
72:
65:
53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
3292:G. H. Hardy
3095:Renaissance
3065:Polykleitos
3003:Tony Robbin
2914:John Ernest
2909:Jan Dibbets
2859:Crucifixion
2682:Renaissance
2536:Mathematics
2509:Celtic knot
2472:Fractal art
2374:Proportion
2348:Perspective
2144:Synergetics
2104:Octet truss
1622:icosahedron
1376: /
1335: /
1313:, Bolivia (
1294: /
1248: /
1207: /
1166: /
1154:120°11′41″E
1117: /
1105:118°11′20″W
1075: /
1063:109°17′06″W
1030: /
1018:111°39′10″W
985: /
973:122°25′37″W
957:Tacoma Dome
944: /
899: /
887:136°56′51″E
871:Nagoya Dome
858: /
846:131°28′09″E
809: /
652:polystyrene
611:(1970) and
595:Hugh Kenner
548:jungle gyms
273:planetarium
261:World War I
3501:Categories
3266:Owen Jones
3113:De pictura
3018:Oliver Sin
2968:Andy Lomas
2817:Relativity
2548:String art
2462:Fiber arts
2343:Paraboloid
2135:(daughter)
2098:World Game
2086:Tensegrity
1925:2017-06-07
1904:2017-06-07
1883:2019-05-04
1859:2010-10-17
1837:2010-10-17
1749:2015-08-30
1710:2015-08-30
1689:2010-10-17
1667:2 February
1603:2024-06-01
1519:2010-10-17
1494:2019-07-02
1456:2015-08-30
1414:References
1364:52°44′21″E
1361:24°08′45″N
1323:67°12′35″W
1320:21°07′29″S
1282:66°56′19″W
1279:10°26′02″N
1236:77°10′18″W
1233:39°33′32″N
1195:91°14′04″W
1192:30°34′58″N
1151:23°48′03″N
1144:, Taiwan (
1102:33°45′05″N
1060:34°07′13″N
1015:35°10′50″N
970:47°14′12″N
932:87°23′38″W
929:46°33′37″N
884:35°11′09″N
873:(ナゴヤドーム):
843:31°57′18″N
797:39°09′06″E
794:21°44′59″N
751:structures
727:J. Baldwin
691:Domebook 2
687:Domebook 1
683:Lloyd Kahn
619:Dome homes
613:Domebook 2
609:Domebook 1
544:cotter pin
531:insulation
467:, held in
427:South Pole
399:about the
374:Queens Zoo
362:a pavilion
340:helicopter
323:dome near
172:triangular
99:April 2010
69:newspapers
3077:Vitruvius
3051:Theorists
2831:Waterfall
2736:19th–20th
2664:Taj Mahal
2644:Parthenon
2621:Buildings
2575:Continuum
2543:Sculpture
2519:Interlace
2313:Algorithm
2201:Fullerene
2181:Gold Dome
1598:0362-4331
1051:Eagar, AZ
877:, Japan (
523:tar paper
491:Patagonia
469:Vancouver
408:Zomeworks
393:Biosphère
347:Gold Dome
345:The 1958
3485:Category
3212:Romantic
2890:Max Bill
2824:Reptiles
2639:Pantheon
2596:Octacube
2562:Artworks
2504:Knotting
2492:Muqarnas
2390:Symmetry
2318:Catenary
2306:Concepts
2252:Category
2171:Dymaxion
2166:Geoscope
1765:Archived
1727:Archived
1637:Archived
1430:Archived
1390:See also
1226:, U.S. (
1185:, U.S. (
1095:, U.S. (
1091:Hangar:
1053:, U.S. (
1008:, U.S. (
963:, U.S. (
922:, U.S. (
830:Miyazaki
716:concrete
615:(1971).
499:glamping
463:For the
446:Bay Lake
389:Montreal
364:for the
143:Montreal
3444:Related
3058:Ancient
2792:Man Ray
2738:Century
2674:Artists
2531:Origami
2445:Pyramid
2323:Fractal
2257:Commons
2126:Related
1569:15 July
1270:Caracas
1142:Mailiao
1087:Former
765:stage.
720:plastic
712:shingle
542:with a
488:Chilean
454:Orlando
450:Florida
387:at the
385:Expo 67
372:by the
353:at the
281:Germany
253:Belfast
234:Expo 86
186:History
131:Expo 67
83:scholar
3259:Modern
2895:Martin
2758:Newton
2553:Tiling
2497:Zellij
2467:4D art
2118:(1967)
2112:(1965)
2106:(1961)
2100:(1961)
2094:(1953)
2088:(1949)
2082:(1946)
2076:(1940)
2070:(1933)
2064:(1928)
2042:(1981)
2034:(1968)
2026:(1938)
1851:WWSI.
1596:
1541:
1352:Ruwais
1350:Dome,
1220:Lehigh
1132:Google
1130:, and
875:Nagoya
785:Jeddah
556:coping
418:, and
397:museum
370:aviary
176:stress
167:. The
147:Quebec
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
3070:Canon
2526:Music
2482:Girih
2418:Forms
2383:Human
2055:Other
2015:Books
834:Japan
753:as a
568:epoxy
519:strut
438:Epcot
199:Epcot
180:loads
169:rigid
156:is a
137:, on
133:, by
90:JSTOR
76:books
2897:and
2487:Jali
1669:2022
1594:ISSN
1571:2019
1539:ISBN
739:tent
689:and
277:Jena
245:RISE
125:The
62:news
718:or
486:in
444:in
440:in
436:at
376:in
294:at
263:by
197:at
45:by
3503::
2603:Pi
1868:^
1802:^
1792:.
1655:.
1592:.
1588:.
1562:.
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1004:.
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918:.
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627:.
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479:.
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2000:e
1993:t
1986:v
1928:.
1907:.
1886:.
1862:.
1840:.
1796:.
1752:.
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1692:.
1671:.
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1547:.
1522:.
1497:.
1459:.
1134:.
1049:-
836:(
599:ν
221:.
112:)
106:(
101:)
97:(
87:·
80:·
73:·
66:·
39:.
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