Philip Johnson - Knowledge

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crowd". He told of being thrilled at the sight of "all those blond boys in black leather" marching past the Führer. Sponsored by the German government, he traveled on a press tour which covered the invasion of Poland in 1939. Schulze dismissed these early political activities as inconsequential, concluding they merited "little more substantial attention than they have gained" and his politics "were driven as much by an unconquerable esthetic impulse as by fascist philosophy or playboy adventurism".

40: 1339: 1097:. The interior can seat 2,248 persons. It takes the form of a four-pointed star, with free-standing balconies in three points and the chancel in the fourth. The cathedral is covered with more than 10,000 rectangular pieces of glass. The Glass panels are not bolted, but glued to the structure, with a silicon based glue, to give it greater ability to resist Southern California earthquakes. Johnson and Burgee designed it to withstand an earthquake of magnitude 8.0. The tower was added in 1990. 1576: 1395: 1073: 913: 1456: 1301:(formerly Republic Bank Center, later, Bank of America Center), in Houston (1983), was the first postmodern skyscraper in the Houston skyline. Fifty-six stories high, it has two setbacks creating what appear to be three different buildings, one against the other. The three triangular gables were inspired by Flemish Renaissance architecture. The interior and exterior are covered with rough-textured red granite, which also covers the surrounding sidewalks. 767:. The commission resulted in the iconic bronze-and-glass tower on Park Avenue. The building was designed by Mies, and the interiors of the Four Seasons and Brasserie restaurants (later redesigned), as well as office furniture were designed by Johnson. In December 1955, the city of New York denied an architect's permit to Mies. He moved back to Chicago and put Johnson fully in charge of construction. Mies returned in late 1956 and finished the building. 542:, who had recently fled from Nazi Germany. In 1941, Johnson designed and built his first building, a house at 9 Ash Street in Cambridge, Massachusetts. The house, strongly influenced by Mies van der Rohe, has a wall around the lot which merges with the structure. It was used by Johnson to host social events and was eventually submitted as his graduate thesis; he sold the house after the war, and it was purchased by Harvard in 2010 and restored by 2016. 1260: 1045: 330: 597: 1800:." According to Varnelis, "Johnson makes no apologetic gesture toward his past behavior unless he is confronted by direct questioning, nothing even as paltry as an open letter accounting for and regretting his past actions and condemning the motives that led him to them". Johnson's activities included organizing political rallies for populist 1023:

cascading downward to the pool, making the sound of a rain shower. The second pool is an aerating pool with multiple illuminated spray fountains, beneath a grove of oak trees. The third fountain is the Active Pool, which challenges fit visitors to walk down 38 feet (12 meters) to the pool at the bottom, with water cascading all around them.

945:(1970–76) in Houston, Texas. The two towers of Pennzoil Place have sloping roofs covering the top seven floors and are trapezoidal in form, planned to create two large triangual areas on the site, which are occupied with glass-covered lobbies designed like greenhouses. This idea was widely copied in skyscrapers in other cities. 642:

In 1946, after he completed his schooling and his military service, Johnson returned to the Museum of Modern Art as a curator and writer. At the same time, he began working to establish his architectural practice. He built a small house, influenced by the work of Mies, in Sagaponack, Long Island. In

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in Germany and saw Hitler for the first time. Years later he would describe the event to his biographer, Franz Schulze: "You simply could not fail to be caught up in the excitement of it, by the marching songs, by the crescendo and climax of the whole thing, as Hitler came on at last to harangue the

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Johnson was an anti-Semite and a strong proponent of ruling-class power. (...) Indeed, it is difficult to think of an American as successful as Johnson who indulged a love for Fascism as ardently and as openly. (...) Johnson would later describe Hitler as "a spellbinder"; in 1964, well after he had

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in 1942. The ongoing federal case against Dennis, an FBI investigation, and a congressional investigation investigated about 30 people, including Johnson, but in the end he was not charged. Johnson was formally asked to appear at trial as a witness, and—by his own account—was speaking to prosecutor

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in Houston, Texas (1992) is a notable late work. The design includes a domed chapel, a campanile, and a meditation garden, a labyrinth. Its structure is a combination of the basic forms: a cube, a sphere, and a plane. The cube contains the worship area, beneath a semi-sphere, which is presented as

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opened in 1974, is an urban landscape where visitors experience water in distinct ways. The gardens cover 4.3-acres (1.7 hectare), and comprise three very different kinds of water features; One offers a quiet meditation pool, surrounded with cypress trees and high walls, with a thin sheet of water

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Johnson continued to add to the Glass House estate during each period of his career. He added a small pavilion with columns by the lake in 1963, an art gallery set into a hillside in 1965, a postmodern sculpture gallery with a glass roof in 1970; a castle-like library with a rounded tower in 1980;

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that followed, the Johnson Study Group—a group of 40 architects, designers, and educators—approached the Museum of Modern Art asking that honors given to Johnson be removed from public view, citing his "commitment to white supremacy", spread of Nazi publications, involvement with American fascist

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As their business flourished and number of clients grew, the feud between Burgee and Johnson continued to grow. In 1988, the firm's name was changed to John Burgee Architects with Johnson as the "design consultant". In 1991, Johnson responded by establishing his own firm. The feud ended badly for

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report on his trip to Poland, Johnson declared that the German victory amounted to an unmitigated triumph for the Polish people and that nothing in the war's outcome need concern Americans. Johnson went on to say that German forces had not significantly harmed Polish civilians, and said that "99

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The Glass House is a 56-foot by 32-foot glass rectangle, sited at the edge of a crest on Johnson's estate overlooking a pond. The building's sides are glass and charcoal-painted steel; the floor, of brick, is not flush with the ground but sits 10 inches above. The interior is an open space

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The amount of power he yearned for was inversely proportional to the amount he actually attained. In politics, he proved to be a trifler, the dilettante he earlier feared himself to be, a model of futility who sought to find a messiah or to pursue messianic ends but whose most lasting following

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in Madrid (1989-1996) was originally a collaboration with Burgee and one of his rare works in Europe. It features two office buildings leaning toward each other, the first example of this style, which spread to America. The towers are 26 stories each, and both lean by 15 degrees from vertical.

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described it in 2005 as "one of the 20th century's greatest residential structures. "Like all of Johnson's early work, it was inspired by Mies, but its pure symmetry, dark colors and closeness to the earth marked it as a personal statement; calm and ordered rather than sleek and brittle."

494:, the populist governor of Louisiana. He tried and failed to recruit Long to join the National Party, which he founded. Johnson unsuccessfully ran for representative of New London in the Ohio state legislature. After Long was assassinated in 1935, Johnson became a correspondent for 1359:(1985) of the University of Houston paid homage to forms drawn from earlier periods of architectural history, using modern materials, construction methods, and scale. The facade of the Hines building resembles, on a larger scale, the neoclassic facades of the French architect 303:, and was eventually cleared for military service. He evaded indictment and jail by cooperating with the prosecution, though, according to some critics, it was because of his social connections. Years later he would refer to these activities as "the stupidest thing I ever did 2358:

How did Johnson, virtually alone among his Fascist associates, manage to avoid indictment? The answer may lie in the influence of powerful friends. One man in particular could well have been influential: (...) Nelson Rockefeller, who knew Johnson well from his New York

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wrote to Director Hoover, saying, "I can think of no more dangerous man to have working in an agency which possesses so many military secrets." Johnson was later investigated by the FBI, but no charges were brought against him, and he was cleared for military service.

1186:, (first known as AT&T Building, then the Sony building before taking its present name). Built between 1978 and 1982, it is a skyscraper with an eight-story high arched entry and a split pediment at the top which resembles an enormous piece of 18th-century 1855:

percent of the towns I visited since the war are not only intact but full of Polish peasants and Jewish shopkeepers." He said reports of Nazi mistreatment of Poles was "misinformed". Referring to political developments in France, Johnson wrote in

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In 1989, the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission designated the Seagram's exterior, lobby, and The Four Seasons Restaurant as official city landmarks. In 2006, the building was added to the National Register of Historic Places.

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of Chicago. In 1994, they formed the new practice of Philip Johnson-Alan Ritchie Architects. During the next 10 years, they worked closely together and explored new directions in architecture, designing buildings as sculptural objects.

1937:. He said, "It was the stupidest thing I ever did, and I never forgive myself and I never can atone for it. There's nothing I can do... That's been torture to me ever since." He admitted to Rose that, while he had "difficulty" with 1484:

After four years as a solo practitioner, Johnson invited Alan Ritchie to join him as a partner. Ritchie had been a partner for many years in the Johnson-Burgee office and was the partner-in-charge of the AT&T building and the

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said, "MoMA under white supremacist Philip Johnson did largely create the problem. It innovated white supremacy in architecture ... where under his leadership not a single work by any Black architect or designer was included."

1371:(1993) in Louisville, Kentucky, is a 35-story office tower built of reinforced concrete rather than the typical steel. It is topped by a concrete cupola, a vestige of the building's original owner and builder, Capital Holding. 439:

in New York, and in 1932 he was named its curator. As curator he arranged for American visits by Gropius and Le Corbusier, and negotiated the first American commission for Mies van der Rohe. In 1932, working with Hitchcock and

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because of his inability to achieve what he set out, he "worshiped the man" and "voted for him four times." Replying to Rose asking if he liked "strong figures", he said "Sure do. I like good architects that are strong, like

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politics, and "effective segregation" of the architectural collection at the museum. "When it comes to racist urban planning policies in the 20th century and a deeply Eurocentric antiblack archive of American architecture,"

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in lower Manhattan was one of last designs with Alan Ritchie, and was not completed after Johnson's death. It is a condominium building in lower Manhattan whose form was inspired by Johnson's most famous early work, the

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that "Lack of leadership and direction in the state has let the one group get control who always gain power in a nation's time of weakness—the Jews". In 1940 Johnson quit journalism and distanced himself from politics.

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turned out to be the agents of the FBI—who themselves finally grew bored with him. In short, he was never much of a political threat to anyone, still less an effective doer of either political good or political evil.

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Burgee; he was saddled with all of the firm's debts, while Johnson no longer had any responsibility. Burgee was eventually forced to declare bankruptcy and to retire, while Johnson continued to get commissions.

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at 885 Third Avenue in New York, nicknamed because of its resemblance to the color and shape of a stick of lipstick. A feud was beginning between the two architects, with Burgee demanding greater recognition.

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in Port Chester, New York. Architecture professor Anat Geva observed in a paper that "all critics agree that his design of the Port Chester Synagogue can be considered as his attempt to ask for forgiveness."

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Upon completing his studies in 1930, he made a series of trips to Europe, particularly Germany, where his family had a summer house. He visited the landmarks of classical and Gothic architecture, and joined

881: 2019:"Everybody should design their own home. I'm against architects designing homes. How do I know that you want to live in a picture-window Colonial? It's silly, but you might want to. Who am I to say?" 1523:(1991-1993) was also begun with Burgee. Like their earlier Postmodern works, it featured elements borrowed from historical architecture, particularly the triangular gables, borrowed from Renaissance 1111:, he built a Romanesque brick structure. His skyscrapers in the 1980s were clad in granite and marble and usually had some feature borrowed from historic architecture. In New York he designed the 4917: 2945: 2470: 295:, which he later described as "a stirring spectacle". In 1941, after the U.S. entered the war, Johnson abruptly renounced his earlier views, quit journalism, organizing anti-Fascist league at 1959:

that "Johnson would later describe Hitler as 'a spellbinder'; in 1964, well after he had been forced to abjure his Nazi past, he insisted in letters that Hitler was 'better than Roosevelt.'"

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the symbolic opening to heaven. The vertical rectangular granite plane divides the church and opens the chapel to light. During daytime the interior is lit entirely with natural light.

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The cathedral quickly became a Southern California landmark, but its costs helped drive the church into debt. When the church declared bankruptcy in 2012, it was purchased by the

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to leave Germany, Johnson helped arrange for them to come to work in the United States. He created a small organization called the Gray Shirts, styled after the Nazi Brownshirts.

1993:'s chief architecture and design curatorship still being named after Johnson. Doshi replied that "Life itself is due for a reckoning, and architects must give respect to life." 3808: 1553: 842:(1960) is a good example of his work in the period; it is supported by eight external ferro-concrete piers, or two on each side. The exterior structural members are clad in 798: 4952: 2004:, dean of the Harvard Graduate School of Design, announced the change on December 5, 2020, citing Johnson's "widely documented white supremacist views and activities." 836:

Throughout the 1960s, Johnson continued to create in the vocabulary of the modernist style, designing geometrical theatres, a monastery, art galleries and gardens. The

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Johnson's publicly held archive, including architectural drawings, project records, and other papers up until 1964 are held by the Drawings and Archives Department of

612: 3711: 695:(1951) and the Wiley House (1953). In New York City, He designed two major modernist additions to the Museum of Modern Art; a new annex, and, to complement it, the 4937: 4912: 321:. Today his skyscrapers are prominent features in the skylines of New York, Houston, Chicago, Detroit, Minneapolis, Pittsburgh, Atlanta, Madrid, and other cities. 3468:"Artists in Residence; Architecture: A half-dozen houses in New York and Massachusetts paint revealing pictures of their famous inhabitants' talents and times" 997: 2034:"We still have a monumental architecture. To me, the drive for monumentality is as inbred as the desire for food and sex, regardless of how we denigrate it." 1967: 1898:. Johnson was accused of "close and steady contact" with Dennis in the spring of 1938, and providing financial support towards publishing Dennis's 1940 book 1840: 1559: 3964: 4882: 1424: 1033:

It features a non-denominational chapel in a spiral form, a meditation garden and cascading fountains, tucked between buildings in the center of the city.

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Johnson was inducted into the U.S. Army in Cambridge, Massachusetts, on March 12, 1943, but controversy continued. His name arose again in the so-called "

782: 1843:". He wrote to a friend that "The German green uniforms made the place look gay and happy... There were not many Jews to be seen. We saw Warsaw burn and 353:. He had an older sister, Jeannette, and a younger sister, Theodate. He was descended from the Jansen family of New Amsterdam. His ancestors include the 2277:

He also championed racist and white supremacist viewpoints in his younger years. Johnson's Nazi sympathies, for example, have been well documented (...)

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Working with John Burgee, Johnson did not confine himself to a single style and was comfortable mixing elements of modernism and postmodernism. For the

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In December 1934, Johnson abruptly left the Museum of Modern Art and began pursuing a career in journalism and politics. He first became a supporter of

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Johnson described attending Nazi rallies in Germany as "exhilarating" and attempted to found a fascist political party in the United States.

4907: 4887: 924: 1470: 1524: 1085: 1051: 444:, he organized the first exhibition on Modern architecture at the Museum of Modern Art. The show and their simultaneously published book 345:, Ohio, on July 8, 1906, the son of a lawyer, Homer Hosea Johnson (1862–1960), and the former Louisa Osborn Pope (1869–1957), a niece of 4021: 3951: 4604: 3620: 2490: 2316: 2186: 1922:

about his past political views, he said, "I have no excuse (for) such unbelievable stupidity. ... I don't know how you expiate guilt."

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the first exhibition dedicated to modern architecture at the Museum of Modern Art, which gave name to the subsequent movement known as

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in Atlanta was a project begun with Burgee. It is composed of two 50-story towers joined and crowned with two classical pavilions.

2025:"Storms in this house are horrendous but thrilling. Glass shatters. Danger is one of the greatest things to use in architecture." 2092: 897: 425: 1902:. Johnson had already testified in 1942 in the government case against another former associate, the German poet and journalist 1575: 1243: 4897: 4409: 1455: 952:(1972), known as the Johnson building, adjoins the original Boston library built in the 19th century by the celebrated firm of 838: 804: 4922: 4182: 4160: 4141: 4103: 4084: 4058: 3573: 3526: 3450: 3320: 3293: 2919: 2841: 2566: 2427: 1409: 1394: 956:. Johnson harmonised his building with the original landmark by using similar proportions and the same pink Milford granite. 3829: 3721: 3361: 855: 646:

In 1947, he curated the first exhibition of modern architecture of the Museum of Modern Art including a model of the glass

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In the late 1970s, Johnson combined architecture and landscape architecture to create two imaginative civic gardens. The

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divided by low walnut cabinets; a brick cylinder contains the bathroom and is the only object to reach floor to ceiling.

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After completing the Glass House, he completed two more houses in New Canaan in a style similar to the Glass House; the

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Season 3, Episode 6 of the Bad Gays podcast, a history podcast about complicated queer people, covers Johnson's life.

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been forced to abjure his Nazi past, he insisted in letters in the 1930s that Hitler was "better than Roosevelt."

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Reviewing Franz Schulze's biography of Johnson, Kazys Varnelis wrote that "between 1932 and 1940, Johnson was an

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Because his family had a home in Germany and spent their summers there, Johnson traveled there frequently. As a

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movements and young artists often before they became widely known. His collection of American art was strong in

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in London. During the 1980s, Johnson and Burgee completed a series of other notable postmodern landmarks. The

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Goldberger, Paul (May 23, 1979). "Philip Johnson Awarded $ 100.000 Pritzker Prize." Retrieved August 1, 2011.

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later reported, "more than passing admiration for Hitler". In the summer of 1932 Johnson attended one of the

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Johnson joined Mies van der Rohe as the architect of record (Mies did not have NY license) for the 39-story

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described his works as being "widely considered among the architectural masterpieces of the 20th century".

4218: 3784: 2253: 4425: 2049: 1813: 1044: 496: 273: 1890:, who in the 1930s supported fascist economics as an alternative to capitalism. Dennis was charged with 504:. Johnson traveled to Germany and Poland as a correspondent, where he wrote admiringly about the Nazis. 4947: 4456: 1695: 1563:(a 26-story apartment tower in lower Manhattan), The Children's Museum in Guadalajara, Mexico, and The 939:. He began to design office building complexes for large corporations. The most prominent of these was 1665:. He came out publicly in 1993, and was regarded as "the best-known openly gay architect in America". 912: 4350: 2749: 2087:. Morris filmed at both sites over the course of several months, among other locations including The 1687: 4048: 3859:"Harvard will remove Philip Johnson's name from Cambridge home that he designed as graduate student" 3423: 2556: 1259: 596: 4877: 4564: 3087: 1903: 1492: 1018: 989: 969: 622: 417: 204: 3991: 2383: 1548:. This was a new entry pavilion in a sculptural form, which he called the "Monsta", or "Monster". 1180:

In 1982, working in collaboration with John Burgee, he finished one of his most famous buildings,

428:. The meeting formed the basis for a lifelong relationship of both collaboration and competition. 4857: 4356: 3344: 3016:

http://www.architecturalrecord.com/articles/5335-a-golden-anniversary-for-a-philip-johnson-museum

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Alexandra Lange article on the preservation of the Glass House, from the November 2006 issue of

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In 1986, Johnson and Burgee moved their offices into one of their new buildings, the elliptical

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He discussed his trips to Germany and his infatuation with fascism in a 1996 interview with

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His involvement with fascism and the Nazi party was documented in Marc Wortman's 2016 book

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In 1967, Johnson entered a new phase of his career, founding a partnership with architect

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In 1941, at the age of 35, Johnson abandoned politics and journalism and enrolled in the

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In 1942, while still a student of the architecture school, Johnson tried to enlist with

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Johnson had a substantial fortune, largely due to his father's successful investment in

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in New Canaan, Connecticut, that was completed in 1949. It was clearly influenced by

518: 462: 357: 241: 160: 4496: 4344: 3229:"USA Architects to Design Renovations to the Pennsylvania Academy of Music Building" 759:(1956). Johnson was pivotal in steering the commission towards Mies by working with 408:, a prominent architectural historian, who was introducing Americans to the work of 4788: 3933: 2644: 2096: 1986: 1912: 1844: 1809: 1297: 1250: 1234: 1211: 755: 677: 660: 647: 618: 554: 501: 369: 365: 334: 144: 4760: 4448: 1679:

retreat on January 25, 2005, at the age of ninety-eight. His partner of 45 years,

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In 1930, Johnson became the first director of the architecture department of the

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In 1980, Johnson and Burgee completed a cathedral in a dramatic new style: the

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1947, he published the first monograph in English on the architecture of Mies.

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and he often donated important works from his collection to institutions like

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of Mies, an influence which Johnson never denied, but looked quite different.

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Other interviews with or about Philip Johnson on Charlie Rose at Google Video

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and his "Christian Mobilizers"; and writing for three periodicals, including

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The Four Seasons' restaurant of Seagram Building in its original form (1956)

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The Man in the Glass House: Philip Johnson, Architect of the Modern Century

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Johnson aged 95, with a model of a privately commissioned sculpture (2002)

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died of a heart attack a mistrial was declared and the case was dropped.

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correspondent, he covered the huge Nazi rally at Nuremberg and the 1939

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magazine, articles editor Charles Curkin asked Pritzker Prize laureate

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Johnson was among the public figures at the core of the effort to save

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In 1995, Johnson added a postmodern element to his own residence, the

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office building, a skyscraper designed as an homage to the demolished

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Johnson, Philip (1955). "The Seven Crutches of Modern Architecture".

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Pierce, Lisa, "Through the Looking Glass", August 1, 2010, pp 1, A4,

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1941: Fighting the Shadow War: A Divided America in a World at War

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1941: Fighting the Shadow War: A Divided America in a World at War

1668:

In 1934, Philip Johnson began his first serious relationship with

329: 4337:

Philip Johnson architectural drawings, 1943-1994 (bulk 1943-1970)

2960:"Four Seasons & Brasserie Restaurants, Seagram Building, NYC" 1789: 1722: 851: 847: 764: 208: 4345:

Avery Architectural & Fine Arts Library, Columbia University

4297:(May 15, 1977). "Forms Under Light" (Profile of Philip Johnson). 3406:

Bourdon, David (May 1970). "What's Up in Art, The Castelli Clan"

1698:

in 1965 and subsequently became a New York State Historic Site.

500:, the newspaper of the radical-populist and anti-Semitic Father 4918:

People associated with the Museum of Modern Art (New York City)

2914:, p 130, New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press (2006), 1008: 843: 743: 732: 3255:"Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement" 3038:"Fort Worth Water Gardens”, on Site of the City of Fort Worth. 1989:

if the architecture world was due for a reckoning, citing the

1713:

As an art collector Johnson had an eclectic eye. He supported

1527:. It is the second tallest building in the state of Michigan. 4260:

Philip Johnson bio on the Pritzker Architecture Prize website

3111: 3109: 2317:"Artists Are Calling on MoMA to Remove Philip Johnson's Name" 432: 2000:

Philip Johnson Thesis House, which was designed by Johnson.

1627:, which was completed in 2008, three years after his death. 1026:

In 1977, Johnson completed a much quieter garden in Dallas,

457:

When the rise of the Nazis in Germany forced the modernists

3368:, at Apple website, no date given, retrieved August 8, 2010 1863:

In April 1942, on reports that Johnson might be working in

1746: 1104:

and became the Roman Catholic cathedral for Orange County.

71: 3106: 3020: 2091:, the Seagram Building, Mies van der Roheʼs controversial 2022:"Architecture is the arrangement of space for excitement." 1237:(formerly Bank of America Center) in Houston, Texas (1983) 1202:

had already built smaller scale postmodern buildings, and

861:

Another major project of the period was the Atrium of the

450:, published in 1932, played a seminal role in introducing 400:, particularly the work of the Pre-Socratic philosophers. 4424: 3494:"Was Architect Philip Johnson a Nazi Spy? (book excerpt)" 2750:"If Only We Could See It: Philip Johnson's Mystery House" 2527: 2525: 2523: 2047:) in the song "Thru These Architect's Eyes" on the album 1701:

In his will Johnson left his residential compound to the

1386: 416:, and other modernists. In 1928, he met German architect 300: 1779: 1649:

In 1991, Johnson received the Golden Plate Award of the

1646:

the most prestigious international architectural award.

1433:

at the University of St. Thomas in Houston, Texas (1992)

891:, Boston, Massachusetts (1972) after its 2016 renovation 256:. In 1934, Johnson resigned his position at the museum. 2748:

Cahill, Frank M.; Harrington, Cleo M. (March 2, 2017).

2369: 2367: 2028:"A room is only as good as you feel when you're in it." 525: 3621:"Philip Johnson, the Man Who Made Architecture Amoral" 2925: 2776:"21 First Drafts: Philip Johnson's 9 Ash Street House" 2520: 2491:"Philip Johnson, the Man Who Made Architecture Amoral" 2187:"Philip Johnson, the Man Who Made Architecture Amoral" 1672:, a cabaret singer. The relationship lasted one year. 867:(formerly the New York State Theatre, the home of the 259:

During the 1930s, Johnson became an ardent admirer of

4273:

Architects on Architecture: New Directions in America

2631:

Varnelis, Kazys, Cornell University (November 1994).

2508: 572: 2836:(First ed.). New York: Atlantic Monthly Press. 2441: 2439: 2364: 281:, where he published an admiring review of Hitler's 4953:

Members of the American Academy of Arts and Letters

3683:"Famed Architect Philip Johnson's Hidden Nazi Past" 3545:"Famed Architect Philip Johnson's Hidden Nazi Past" 3050:"Catholic Renovation of Crystal Cathedral to Begin" 2806:(Report). Harvard Planning Office. 2016. p. 15 2708:

Symposium of Architecture, Culture and Spirituality

2600:"Famed Architect Philip Johnson's Hidden Nazi Past" 2343:"Famed Architect Philip Johnson's Hidden Nazi Past" 1617:The final building he designed with Richie was the 676:and a concrete block tower dedicated to his friend 447:

International Style: Modern Architecture Since 1922

4312:Abbeville Publishing Group (Abbeville Press, Inc.) 3277: 2422:(First ed.). New York: Crown. pp. 2–56. 2225:"Artists to MoMA: Take Down Philip Johnson's Name" 2043:Johnson is mentioned (along with fellow architect 1804:; funding figures such as the right-wing agitator 1759:Iris & B. Gerald Cantor Center for Visual Arts 175:(July 8, 1906 – January 25, 2005) was an American 4341:Held by the Department of Drawings & Archives 3380:"David Whitney, 66, Renowned Art Collector, Dies" 3130:"The Bank of America Center-Houston Architecture" 2436: 2031:"Merely that a building works is not sufficient." 240:and negotiated the first American commission for 187:. Among his best-known designs are his modernist 4839: 4254:Philip Johnson article at Great Buildings Online 4113:Prina, Francesca; Demaratini, Demartini (2006). 1642:. In 1979, he became the first recipient of the 1277:Between 1979 and 1984, Johnson and Burgee built 1089:in Garden Grove, California, is a soaring glass 1036: 653:In 1949, he began building a new residence, the 4938:Fellows of the American Institute of Architects 4913:United States National Medal of Arts recipients 4234:Philip Johnson: Diary of an Eccentric Architect 4112: 3923: 3852: 3850: 3712:"Philip Johnson: An Essay by Robert A.M. Stern" 3275: 2825: 2823: 2821: 2773: 1220:New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission 3902:(Interview). Interviewed by John H. Richardson 3893: 3159:. University Press of Kentucky. pp. 6–7. 3080: 2922:, retrieved via Google Books on August 8, 2010 1708: 4410: 4094:Taschen, Aurelia; Taschen, Balthazar (2016). 3889: 3887: 3885: 3883: 3881: 3879: 3676: 3674: 3284:. Vol. 2. Taylor & Francis. p. 2946:"The Nazi who built Israel a nuclear reactor" 2550: 2548: 2546: 2544: 2542: 2540: 2471:"The Nazi who built Israel a nuclear reactor" 1996:In 2020, Johnson's name was dropped from the 774: 317:. In 1979, he was the first recipient of the 232:in New York. There he arranged for visits by 4275:, p. 279. New York: Walker and Company. 3847: 3743: 3741: 3739: 2818: 2681:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 4883:Modernist architects from the United States 3315:. University of Chicago Press. p. 93. 3280:Gay Histories and Cultures: An Encyclopedia 2626: 2624: 2622: 2620: 2154: 2152: 1776:, the Getty, and the Museum of Modern Art. 1218:. It was designated a city landmark by the 4417: 4403: 3876: 3747:Interview with Charlie Rose (July 8, 1996) 3671: 2898:https://www.newspapers.com/image/332637670 2537: 2420:Prequel: an American fight against fascism 2291:"Was Architect Philip Johnson a Nazi Spy?" 2158: 2150: 2148: 2146: 2144: 2142: 2140: 2138: 2136: 2134: 2132: 2064:, a 2003 documentary about Kahn's father, 1829:with approval. The American correspondent 684:; a chain-link "ghost house" dedicated to 485: 211:; the Sculpture Garden of New York City's 38: 3736: 3598:"Don't forget Philip Johnson's Nazi past" 2071:Philip Johnson's Glass House, along with 1770:Avery Architectural and Fine Arts Library 1115:(now the Paley Center for Media) (1991). 697:Abby Aldrich Rockefeller Sculpture Garden 4868:Harvard Graduate School of Design alumni 4357:"Philip Johnson Biography and Interview" 4134:Les styles en architecture- guide visuel 4053:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 3654:"Philip Johnson FBI file, part 1. pg 84" 3596:Hurowitz, Richard (September 26, 2016). 3595: 2943: 2911:Women and the Making of the Modern House 2630: 2617: 2561:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 2468: 1873:United States Assistant Attorney General 1869:Office of the Coordinator of Information 1703:National Trust for Historic Preservation 722: 328: 324: 4928:Architects of the Boston Public Library 4169: 4150: 4131: 4093: 4046: 3856: 3680: 3562:Shirer, William L. (October 23, 2011). 3542: 3514: 3491: 3377: 3308: 3115: 3026: 2931: 2829: 2554: 2531: 2288: 2129: 930:Paley Center for Media, New York (1991) 426:1929 Barcelona International Exposition 4840: 4191: 4098:(in French). Bibliotheca Universalis. 3992:"Film and Architecture 'My Architect'" 3962: 3827: 3561: 3154: 2970:from the original on November 18, 2021 2893:The Sunday Star, Washington, DC, pg 68 2514: 2417: 1387:Later career and buildings (1991–2005) 839:Munson-Williams-Proctor Arts Institute 805:Munson-Williams-Proctor Arts Institute 388:, then studied as an undergraduate at 360:, who laid out the first town plan of 19:For other people named similarly, see 4398: 4373:Philip Johnson architectural projects 4115:Petite encyclopédie de l'architecture 4024:from the original on December 9, 2020 3803: 3797: 3706: 3618: 3465: 3443:Frederic Church's Olana on the Hudson 3359:"Philip Johnson: A Glass House Opens" 3351: 3203:"Music Academy is Architect's Finale" 3077:Architectural Daily - Great Buildings 3047: 2694: 2692: 2593: 2591: 2589: 2587: 2585: 2488: 2484: 2482: 2480: 2445: 2413: 2411: 2409: 2407: 2405: 2222: 2184: 2159:Goldberger, Paul (January 27, 2005). 2117:Fascist movement in the United States 2038: 1780:Controversy over political activities 1283:, the postmodern headquarters of the 563:trial of Dennis and his collaborators 4153:Architecture contemporaine- le guide 4074: 3828:Curkin, Charles (December 2, 2020). 3782: 3041: 2340: 2314: 2251: 856:National Register of Historic Places 526:Architecture school and Army service 420:, who was at the time designing the 392:where he focused on learning Greek, 215:; and the Pre-Columbian Pavilion at 4908:Pritzker Architecture Prize winners 4888:People from New Canaan, Connecticut 4285:(July 8, 1996) Retrieved March 2021 3896:"Philip Johnson: What I've Learned" 3336: 3269: 3127: 2902: 2858: 2801:Harvard University Town Gown Report 2774:Sisson, Patrick (August 20, 2015). 2597: 2093:860–880 Lake Shore Drive Apartments 1927:Congregation Kneses Tifereth Israel 1445:"Da Monsta" entry pavilion for the 1316:at the University of Houston (1985) 709:Congregation Kneses Tifereth Israel 13: 4351:The Architecture of Philip Johnson 4211: 3857:Hickman, Matt (December 8, 2020). 3619:Saval, Nikil (December 12, 2018). 3492:Lamster, Mark (October 31, 2018). 3181:"Structurae.com, "Peachtree Tower" 2689: 2637:Journal of Architectural Education 2582: 2489:Saval, Nikil (December 12, 2018). 2477: 2446:Saint, Andrew (January 28, 2005). 2402: 2289:Lamster, Mark (October 31, 2018). 2185:Saval, Nikil (December 12, 2018). 1900:The Dynamics of War and Revolution 1683:, died later that year at age 66. 1093:originally built for the Reverend 573:Early Modernist period (1946–1960) 287:. In 1939, as a correspondent for 14: 4974: 4318: 4217:Lacayo, Richard (June 28, 2007). 4194:A History of Western Architecture 3963:Fixsen, Anna (January 18, 2016). 3496:. New York Magazine Intelligencer 3048:Rojas, Rick (November 26, 2013). 2223:Budds, Diana (December 1, 2020). 1925:In 1956, he donated a design for 1675:Johnson died in his sleep at his 1600:in Lancaster, Pennsylvania (2008) 1464:towers in Madrid, Spain (1989–96) 1449:in New Canaan, Connecticut (1995) 1344:The concrete tower and cupola of 1078:Interior of the Cathedral in 2004 1066:Interior of the Crystal Cathedral 831:in New York City (completed 1964) 532:Harvard Graduate School of Design 103:Harvard Graduate School of Design 4963:American people of Dutch descent 4943:Recipients of the AIA Gold Medal 4863:20th-century American architects 4266:Philip Johnson and Charlie Rose. 3894:Philip Johnson (February 1999). 3783:Bahr, Sarah (December 3, 2020). 3378:Kennedy, Randy (June 14, 2005). 2944:Mashiach, Itay (June 14, 2024). 2895:. June 23, 1918. Newspapers.com. 2698: 2469:Mashiach, Itay (June 14, 2024). 2315:Nast, Condé (December 3, 2020). 2252:Bahr, Sarah (December 3, 2020). 1847:. It was a stirring spectacle." 1705:. It is now open to the public. 1656: 1637:American Institute of Architects 1635:In 1978, Johnson was awarded an 1590: 1574: 1469: 1454: 1438: 1423: 1408: 1403:in Detroit, Michigan (1991–1993) 1393: 1337: 1321: 1306: 1258: 1242: 1227: 1165: 1150: 1135: 1120: 1102:Roman Catholic Diocese of Orange 1071: 1059: 1043: 996: 981: 961: 923: 911: 896: 880: 816: 797: 781: 714:conservative Jewish congregation 630: 625:(designed 1945–7) for comparison 611: 595: 579: 312:American Institute of Architects 21:Phillip Johnson (disambiguation) 4382:at the Getty Research Institute 4375:at the Getty Research Institute 4365:American Academy of Achievement 4262:. Retrieved September 27, 2003. 4256:. Retrieved September 27, 2003. 4096:L'Architecture Moderne de A à Z 4040: 4006: 3984: 3956: 3917: 3821: 3776: 3750: 3700: 3681:Wortman, Marc (April 4, 2016). 3646: 3612: 3589: 3555: 3543:Wortman, Marc (April 4, 2016). 3508: 3485: 3466:Smith, Roberta (May 30, 1999). 3459: 3435: 3417: 3399: 3371: 3302: 3263:American Academy of Achievement 3247: 3221: 3195: 3184: 3173: 3148: 3121: 3069: 3032: 3008: 2982: 2952: 2937: 2884: 2793: 2767: 2741: 2722: 2462: 2112:List of works by Philip Johnson 2060:He appears in Nathaniel Kahn's 1651:American Academy of Achievement 1585:condominiums in New York (2006) 1190:. It was not the first work of 727:Soreq Nuclear Research Center, 219:. His January 2005 obituary in 4196:. London: Barrie and Jenkins. 3568:. Rosetta Books. p. 241. 3157:The Encyclopedia of Louisville 2376: 2334: 2308: 2282: 2245: 2216: 2178: 1348:in Louisville, Kentucky (1993) 1285:Pittsburgh Plate Glass Company 1113:Museum of Television and Radio 852:Brussels' World's Fair of 1958 738:In 1957, Johnson designed the 16:American architect (1906–2005) 1: 4898:Architects from New York City 4177:. Little, Brown and Company. 4050:Philip Johnson: Life and Work 3424:Glass House history chapter 1 3312:Philip Johnson: Life and Work 3276:George Haggerty, ed. (2000). 2730:1941: Fighting the Shadow War 2558:Philip Johnson: Life and Work 2341:Nast, Condé (April 4, 2016). 2122: 2007: 1620:Pennsylvania Academy of Music 1551:Other late works include the 1356:Hines College of Architecture 1314:Hines College of Architecture 1037:Postmodern period (1980–1990) 906:in Houston, Texas (1970–1976) 763:, the daughter of the CEO of 740:Soreq Nuclear Research Center 478:Philip Johnson: Life and Work 299:. He was investigated by the 248:. In 1932, he organized with 4923:People from New London, Ohio 4308:The Houses of Philip Johnson 2868:. IDS Center. Archived from 1962:In 2020, in the wake of the 1694:, before it was dedicated a 1614:in New Canaan, Connecticut. 7: 4426:Pritzker Architecture Prize 4330:September 27, 2007, at the 2105: 1709:Art collection and archives 1644:Pritzker Architecture Prize 1554:Cathedral of Hope in Dallas 1479:in Chicago, Illinois (1987) 319:Pritzker Architecture Prize 310:In 1978, he was awarded an 10: 4979: 3521:. Atlantic Monthly Press. 2964:NYIT Architectural History 1696:National Historic Landmark 775:Late Modernism (1960–1980) 18: 4893:Architects from Cleveland 4435: 4271:Heyer, Paul, ed. (1966). 4155:(in French). Flammarion. 3863:The Architect's Newspaper 3429:October 11, 2011, at the 3364:February 8, 2010, at the 2891:"At Camp Humphreys, Va". 1630: 1353:The new building for the 918:Pennzoil Place from above 205:190 South La Salle Street 203:, designed for AT&T; 166: 136: 132: 116: 108: 98: 79: 49: 37: 30: 4565:Christian de Portzamparc 4306:Jenkins, Stover, et al. 4151:De Bure, Gilles (2015). 3414:. Accessed June 9, 2010. 3348:of Stamford, Connecticut 3155:Kleber, John E. (2001). 2966:. YouTube. May 4, 2012. 1904:George Sylvester Viereck 1792:sympathizer, and active 1538:University of St. Thomas 1019:Fort Worth Water Gardens 990:Fort Worth Water Gardens 970:Fort Worth Water Gardens 948:The new building of the 887:The Johnson Building at 702:In 1954–56, he made the 553:, to interrogate German 534:, where he studied with 511:, Johnson expressed, as 454:to the American public. 418:Ludwig Mies van der Rohe 307:I never can atone for". 291:, he witnessed Hitler's 173:Philip Cortelyou Johnson 54:Philip Cortelyou Johnson 4229:. Retrieved March 2021. 4079:(in French). Larousse. 4047:Schulze, Franz (1996). 3913:(subscription required) 3309:Schulze, Franz (1996). 3134:HoustonArchitecture.com 2555:Schulze, Franz (1996). 2418:Maddow, Rachel (2023). 2089:Four Seasons Restaurant 1918:In 1993, when asked by 1625:Lancaster, Pennsylvania 1216:postmodern architecture 1192:postmodern architecture 954:McKim, Mead & White 792:in Washington DC (1960) 486:Politics and journalism 406:Henry-Russell Hitchcock 376:and was diagnosed with 250:Henry-Russell Hitchcock 193:New Canaan, Connecticut 185:postmodern architecture 91:New Canaan, Connecticut 4705:Eduardo Souto de Moura 4621:Herzog & de Meuron 4242:"Extending the Legacy" 4238:. Retrieved March 2021 4192:Watkin, David (1986). 4132:Hopkins, Owen (2014). 4077:L'Architecture Moderne 4014:"S3E6: Philip Johnson" 3515:Wortman, Marc (2016). 2830:Wortman, Marc (2016). 2732:. It was excerpted by 1964:murder of George Floyd 1719:Abstract expressionism 788:Monastery building at 735: 718:Port Chester, New York 567:Fort Belvoir, Virginia 551:Fort Ritchie, Maryland 473: 349:and a first cousin of 338: 4933:Hackley School alumni 4903:Postmodern architects 4873:LGBT people from Ohio 4661:Paulo Mendes da Rocha 4380:Philip Johnson papers 4268:Retrieved March 2021. 4220:Splendor in The Glass 3088:"Garden Grove Church" 2079:, was the subject of 1979:In a 2020 article in 1939:Franklin D. Roosevelt 1755:Sheldon Museum of Art 1692:Frederic Edwin Church 1361:Claude Nicolas Ledoux 1188:Chippendale furniture 1003:The spiral chapel in 950:Boston Public Library 889:Boston Public Library 864:David H. Koch Theater 846:and "black" Canadian 746:at the invitation of 726: 680:, the founder of the 468: 332: 325:Early life and career 297:Harvard Design School 263:, openly praised the 4809:Diébédo Francis Kéré 4801:Jean-Philippe Vassal 4291:Retrieved March 2021 4136:(in French). Dunod. 4117:(in French). Solar. 3970:Architectural Record 3717:Architectural Record 2908:Friedman, Alice T., 2321:Architectural Digest 1991:Museum of Modern Art 1884:Great Sedition Trial 1525:Flemish architecture 1332:in Manhattan, (1986) 1293:Houses of Parliament 1109:Cleveland Play House 1028:Thanks-Giving Square 1005:Thanks-Giving Square 869:New York City Ballet 712:, a synagogue for a 682:New York City Ballet 437:Museum of Modern Art 351:Theodate Pope Riddle 341:Johnson was born in 271:views. He wrote for 230:Museum of Modern Art 213:Museum of Modern Art 4361:www.achievement.org 4075:Bony, Anne (2012). 3764:. January 18, 2021 3708:Stern, Robert A. M. 3259:www.achievement.org 3118:, pp. 314–317. 3029:, pp. 315–317. 2754:The Harvard Crimson 2663:on November 8, 2010 2384:"Forms Under Light" 1845:Modlin being bombed 1841:Propaganda Ministry 1774:Columbia University 1765:among many others. 1763:Stanford University 1751:Norton Simon Museum 1739:Lyrical Abstraction 1560:Habitable Sculpture 1533:Chapel of St. Basil 1511:191 Peachtree Tower 1431:Chapel of St. Basil 1416:191 Peachtree Tower 1401:Ally Detroit Center 476:Franz Schulze, 452:modern architecture 442:Alfred H. Barr, Jr. 386:Tarrytown, New York 254:International Style 4817:David Chipperfield 4549:Álvaro Siza Vieira 4279:One hour interview 4236:, 1997 documentary 4020:. April 28, 2020. 3807:(March 26, 2021). 3385:The New York Times 3092:GreatBuildings.com 2258:The New York Times 2165:The New York Times 2039:In popular culture 1998:Harvard University 1968:place name changes 1911:, but after Judge 1827:invasion of Poland 1206:had completed the 1183:550 Madison Avenue 1174:550 Madison Avenue 1159:550 Madison Avenue 1144:550 Madison Avenue 1128:550 Madison Avenue 1095:Robert H. Schuller 825:David Koch Theater 790:St. Anselm's Abbey 736: 669:The New York Times 547:Naval Intelligence 514:The New York Times 390:Harvard University 380:. He attended the 347:Alfred Atmore Pope 339: 293:invasion of Poland 222:The New York Times 197:550 Madison Avenue 149:550 Madison Avenue 147:'s 2 restaurants, 4948:American fascists 4835: 4834: 4745:Alejandro Aravena 4184:978-0-316-12643-4 4162:978-2-08-134385-6 4143:978-2-10-070689-1 4105:978-3-8365-5630-9 4086:978-2-03-587641-6 4060:978-0-226-74058-4 3575:978-0-7953-1698-2 3528:978-1-5318-6502-3 3472:The Baltimore Sun 3452:978-0-8478-6311-2 3322:978-0-226-74058-4 3295:978-0-8153-1880-4 3207:Los Angeles Times 3055:Los Angeles Times 2920:978-0-300-11789-9 2843:978-0-8021-2511-8 2568:978-0-226-74058-4 2429:978-0-593-44451-1 2295:New York Magazine 2073:Mies van der Rohe 1831:William L. Shirer 1743:Neo-Expressionism 1607:Urban Glass House 1583:Urban Glass House 1488:190 South LaSalle 1477:190 South LaSalle 1418:in Atlanta (1991) 1376:Lipstick Building 1330:Lipstick Building 1208:Portland Building 1086:Crystal Cathedral 1052:Crystal Cathedral 519:Nuremberg Rallies 463:Mies van der Rohe 358:Jacques Cortelyou 242:Mies van der Rohe 195:; the postmodern 170: 169: 161:Crystal Cathedral 4970: 4828: 4820: 4812: 4804: 4792: 4789:Shelley McNamara 4780: 4772: 4764: 4748: 4740: 4732: 4724: 4716: 4708: 4700: 4688: 4680: 4672: 4664: 4656: 4648: 4640: 4632: 4624: 4616: 4608: 4600: 4592: 4584: 4576: 4568: 4560: 4552: 4544: 4536: 4528: 4520: 4508: 4500: 4492: 4484: 4476: 4468: 4460: 4452: 4444: 4419: 4412: 4405: 4396: 4395: 4378:Finding aid for 4371:Finding aid for 4368: 4207: 4188: 4166: 4147: 4128: 4109: 4090: 4071: 4069: 4067: 4034: 4033: 4031: 4029: 4018:Bad Gays Podcast 4010: 4004: 4003: 4001: 3999: 3988: 3982: 3981: 3979: 3977: 3960: 3954: 3949: 3921: 3915: 3914: 3911: 3909: 3907: 3891: 3874: 3873: 3871: 3869: 3854: 3845: 3844: 3842: 3840: 3825: 3819: 3818: 3801: 3795: 3794: 3780: 3774: 3773: 3771: 3769: 3754: 3748: 3745: 3734: 3733: 3731: 3729: 3720:. Archived from 3704: 3698: 3697: 3695: 3693: 3678: 3669: 3668: 3666: 3664: 3658:Internet Archive 3650: 3644: 3643: 3641: 3639: 3616: 3610: 3609: 3607: 3605: 3600:. 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Eicher 1810:Charles Coughlin 1594: 1578: 1473: 1458: 1442: 1427: 1412: 1397: 1341: 1325: 1310: 1298:TC Energy Center 1262: 1253:, Houston (1983) 1251:TC Energy Center 1246: 1235:TC Energy Center 1231: 1212:Portland, Oregon 1169: 1154: 1139: 1124: 1075: 1063: 1047: 1000: 985: 965: 927: 915: 900: 884: 820: 801: 785: 756:Seagram Building 678:Lincoln Kirstein 661:Farnsworth House 648:Farnsworth House 634: 619:Farnsworth House 615: 602:Interior of the 599: 583: 555:prisoners of war 502:Charles Coughlin 481: 370:New London, Ohio 368:. He grew up in 366:Peter Stuyvesant 337:January 18, 1933 335:Carl Van Vechten 306: 244:, after he fled 145:Seagram Building 86: 83:January 25, 2005 63: 61: 42: 28: 27: 4978: 4977: 4973: 4972: 4971: 4969: 4968: 4967: 4878:LGBT architects 4838: 4837: 4836: 4831: 4823: 4815: 4807: 4795: 4783: 4775: 4767: 4751: 4743: 4735: 4727: 4719: 4711: 4703: 4691: 4683: 4675: 4667: 4659: 4651: 4643: 4635: 4627: 4619: 4611: 4603: 4595: 4587: 4579: 4571: 4563: 4555: 4547: 4539: 4531: 4523: 4513:Gordon Bunshaft 4511: 4503: 4495: 4487: 4479: 4471: 4463: 4455: 4447: 4439: 4431: 4423: 4355: 4332:Wayback Machine 4321: 4295:Tomkins, Calvin 4214: 4212:Further reading 4204: 4185: 4163: 4144: 4125: 4106: 4087: 4065: 4063: 4061: 4043: 4038: 4037: 4027: 4025: 4012: 4011: 4007: 3997: 3995: 3990: 3989: 3985: 3975: 3973: 3961: 3957: 3938:10.2307/1566834 3922: 3918: 3912: 3905: 3903: 3892: 3877: 3867: 3865: 3855: 3848: 3838: 3836: 3826: 3822: 3814:Washington Post 3802: 3798: 3781: 3777: 3767: 3765: 3756: 3755: 3751: 3746: 3737: 3727: 3725: 3705: 3701: 3691: 3689: 3679: 3672: 3662: 3660: 3652: 3651: 3647: 3637: 3635: 3617: 3613: 3603: 3601: 3594: 3590: 3580: 3578: 3576: 3560: 3556: 3529: 3513: 3509: 3499: 3497: 3490: 3486: 3476: 3474: 3464: 3460: 3453: 3441: 3440: 3436: 3431:Wayback Machine 3422: 3418: 3404: 3400: 3390: 3388: 3376: 3372: 3366:Wayback Machine 3356: 3352: 3341: 3337: 3327: 3325: 3323: 3307: 3303: 3296: 3274: 3270: 3253: 3252: 3248: 3238: 3236: 3227: 3226: 3222: 3212: 3210: 3201: 3200: 3196: 3189: 3185: 3178: 3174: 3167: 3153: 3149: 3139: 3137: 3126: 3122: 3114: 3107: 3097: 3095: 3086: 3085: 3081: 3074: 3070: 3060: 3058: 3046: 3042: 3037: 3033: 3025: 3021: 3013: 3009: 2999: 2997: 2988: 2987: 2983: 2973: 2971: 2958: 2957: 2953: 2942: 2938: 2930: 2926: 2907: 2903: 2890: 2889: 2885: 2875: 2873: 2872:on July 9, 2014 2864: 2863: 2859: 2844: 2828: 2819: 2809: 2807: 2803: 2799: 2798: 2794: 2784: 2782: 2772: 2768: 2758: 2756: 2746: 2742: 2727: 2723: 2713: 2711: 2703: 2697: 2690: 2674: 2673: 2666: 2664: 2649:10.2307/1425400 2629: 2618: 2608: 2606: 2598:Wortman, Marc. 2596: 2583: 2573: 2571: 2569: 2553: 2538: 2530: 2521: 2513: 2509: 2499: 2497: 2487: 2478: 2467: 2463: 2453: 2451: 2444: 2437: 2430: 2416: 2403: 2393: 2391: 2382: 2381: 2377: 2372: 2365: 2351: 2349: 2339: 2335: 2325: 2323: 2313: 2309: 2299: 2297: 2287: 2283: 2270: 2268: 2250: 2246: 2233: 2231: 2221: 2217: 2203: 2201: 2183: 2179: 2169: 2167: 2157: 2130: 2125: 2108: 2041: 2010: 1973:V. Mitch McEwen 1888:Lawrence Dennis 1865:Colonel Donovan 1798:Nazi government 1782: 1711: 1659: 1633: 1601: 1598:The Ware Center 1595: 1586: 1579: 1566:Chrysler Center 1480: 1474: 1465: 1459: 1450: 1443: 1434: 1428: 1419: 1413: 1404: 1398: 1389: 1368:400 West Market 1349: 1346:400 West Market 1342: 1333: 1328:The elliptical 1326: 1317: 1311: 1273: 1263: 1254: 1247: 1238: 1232: 1176: 1170: 1161: 1155: 1146: 1140: 1131: 1125: 1079: 1076: 1067: 1064: 1055: 1054:(finished 1980) 1048: 1039: 1012: 1001: 992: 986: 977: 966: 931: 928: 919: 916: 907: 901: 892: 885: 832: 821: 812: 809:Utica, New York 802: 793: 786: 777: 761:Phyllis Lambert 638: 635: 626: 616: 607: 600: 591: 584: 575: 559:Lawrence Dennis 528: 488: 483: 475: 422:German Pavilion 327: 304: 267:, and espoused 124: 99:Alma mater 94: 88: 84: 75: 65: 59: 57: 56: 55: 45: 33: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 4976: 4966: 4965: 4960: 4955: 4950: 4945: 4940: 4935: 4930: 4925: 4920: 4915: 4910: 4905: 4900: 4895: 4890: 4885: 4880: 4875: 4870: 4865: 4860: 4858:AIGA medalists 4855: 4850: 4833: 4832: 4830: 4829: 4825:Riken Yamamoto 4821: 4813: 4805: 4793: 4785:Yvonne Farrell 4781: 4773: 4765: 4749: 4741: 4733: 4725: 4717: 4709: 4701: 4697:Ryue Nishizawa 4689: 4681: 4673: 4669:Richard Rogers 4665: 4657: 4649: 4641: 4633: 4625: 4617: 4609: 4601: 4593: 4585: 4577: 4569: 4561: 4553: 4545: 4541:Robert Venturi 4537: 4529: 4521: 4517:Oscar Niemeyer 4509: 4501: 4497:Gottfried Böhm 4493: 4485: 4477: 4469: 4461: 4457:James Stirling 4453: 4445: 4441:Philip Johnson 4436: 4433: 4432: 4422: 4421: 4414: 4407: 4399: 4393: 4392: 4386:Philip Johnson 4383: 4376: 4369: 4353: 4348: 4334: 4320: 4319:External links 4317: 4316: 4315: 4304: 4300:The New Yorker 4292: 4286: 4276: 4269: 4263: 4257: 4251: 4239: 4230: 4213: 4210: 4209: 4208: 4202: 4189: 4183: 4167: 4161: 4148: 4142: 4129: 4123: 4110: 4104: 4091: 4085: 4072: 4059: 4042: 4039: 4036: 4035: 4005: 3994:. 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May 15, 1977 2388:The New Yorker 2375: 2363: 2333: 2307: 2281: 2244: 2215: 2191:The New Yorker 2177: 2127: 2126: 2124: 2121: 2120: 2119: 2114: 2107: 2104: 2045:Richard Rogers 2040: 2037: 2036: 2035: 2032: 2029: 2026: 2023: 2020: 2017: 2014: 2009: 2006: 1956:The New Yorker 1857:Social Justice 1852:Social Justice 1823:Social Justice 1815:Social Justice 1806:Joe McWilliams 1781: 1778: 1710: 1707: 1690:, the home of 1670:Jimmie Daniels 1658: 1655: 1632: 1629: 1603: 1602: 1596: 1589: 1587: 1580: 1573: 1520:Comerica Tower 1502:Gate of Europe 1493:Masonic Temple 1482: 1481: 1475: 1468: 1466: 1462:Gate of Europe 1460: 1453: 1451: 1444: 1437: 1435: 1429: 1422: 1420: 1414: 1407: 1405: 1399: 1392: 1388: 1385: 1351: 1350: 1343: 1336: 1334: 1327: 1320: 1318: 1312: 1305: 1275: 1274: 1264: 1257: 1255: 1248: 1241: 1239: 1233: 1226: 1204:Michael Graves 1196:Robert Venturi 1178: 1177: 1171: 1164: 1162: 1156: 1149: 1147: 1141: 1134: 1132: 1126: 1119: 1081: 1080: 1077: 1070: 1068: 1065: 1058: 1056: 1049: 1042: 1038: 1035: 1014: 1013: 1002: 995: 993: 987: 980: 978: 976:, Texas (1974) 967: 960: 942:Pennzoil Place 933: 932: 929: 922: 920: 917: 910: 908: 904:Pennzoil Place 902: 895: 893: 886: 879: 873:Lincoln Center 834: 833: 829:Lincoln Center 822: 815: 813: 803: 796: 794: 787: 780: 776: 773: 640: 639: 636: 629: 627: 617: 610: 608: 601: 594: 592: 585: 578: 574: 571: 540:Walter Gropius 527: 524: 509:Social Justice 497:Social Justice 487: 484: 467: 414:Walter Gropius 396:, history and 382:Hackley School 326: 323: 289:Social Justice 274:Social Justice 234:Walter Gropius 217:Dumbarton Oaks 168: 167: 164: 163: 138: 134: 133: 130: 129: 126:AIA Gold Medal 121:Pritzker Prize 118: 114: 113: 110: 106: 105: 100: 96: 95: 89: 87:(aged 98) 81: 77: 76: 66: 53: 51: 47: 46: 43: 35: 34: 32:Philip Johnson 31: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4975: 4964: 4961: 4959: 4956: 4954: 4951: 4949: 4946: 4944: 4941: 4939: 4936: 4934: 4931: 4929: 4926: 4924: 4921: 4919: 4916: 4914: 4911: 4909: 4906: 4904: 4901: 4899: 4896: 4894: 4891: 4889: 4886: 4884: 4881: 4879: 4876: 4874: 4871: 4869: 4866: 4864: 4861: 4859: 4856: 4854: 4851: 4849: 4846: 4845: 4843: 4826: 4822: 4818: 4814: 4810: 4806: 4802: 4798: 4794: 4790: 4786: 4782: 4778: 4777:Arata Isozaki 4774: 4770: 4766: 4762: 4761:Ramón Vilalta 4758: 4754: 4753:Rafael Aranda 4750: 4746: 4742: 4738: 4734: 4730: 4726: 4722: 4718: 4714: 4710: 4706: 4702: 4698: 4694: 4693:Kazuyo Sejima 4690: 4686: 4685:Peter Zumthor 4682: 4678: 4674: 4670: 4666: 4662: 4658: 4654: 4650: 4646: 4642: 4638: 4634: 4630: 4629:Glenn Murcutt 4626: 4622: 4618: 4614: 4610: 4606: 4605:Norman Foster 4602: 4598: 4594: 4590: 4586: 4582: 4578: 4574: 4570: 4566: 4562: 4558: 4557:Fumihiko Maki 4554: 4550: 4546: 4542: 4538: 4534: 4530: 4526: 4522: 4518: 4514: 4510: 4506: 4502: 4498: 4494: 4490: 4486: 4482: 4481:Richard Meier 4478: 4474: 4470: 4466: 4462: 4458: 4454: 4450: 4449:Luis Barragán 4446: 4442: 4438: 4437: 4434: 4430: 4427: 4420: 4415: 4413: 4408: 4406: 4401: 4400: 4397: 4391: 4387: 4384: 4381: 4377: 4374: 4370: 4366: 4362: 4358: 4354: 4352: 4349: 4346: 4342: 4338: 4335: 4333: 4329: 4326: 4323: 4322: 4313: 4309: 4305: 4302: 4301: 4296: 4293: 4290: 4287: 4284: 4280: 4277: 4274: 4270: 4267: 4264: 4261: 4258: 4255: 4252: 4249: 4248: 4243: 4240: 4237: 4235: 4231: 4228: 4227: 4222: 4221: 4216: 4215: 4205: 4203:0-7126-1279-3 4199: 4195: 4190: 4186: 4180: 4176: 4172: 4171:Lamster, Mark 4168: 4164: 4158: 4154: 4149: 4145: 4139: 4135: 4130: 4126: 4124:2-263-04096-X 4120: 4116: 4111: 4107: 4101: 4097: 4092: 4088: 4082: 4078: 4073: 4062: 4056: 4052: 4051: 4045: 4044: 4023: 4019: 4015: 4009: 3993: 3987: 3972: 3971: 3966: 3959: 3953: 3952:alternate URL 3947: 3943: 3939: 3935: 3931: 3927: 3920: 3901: 3897: 3890: 3888: 3886: 3884: 3882: 3880: 3864: 3860: 3853: 3851: 3835: 3831: 3824: 3816: 3815: 3810: 3806: 3800: 3792: 3791: 3786: 3779: 3763: 3759: 3753: 3744: 3742: 3740: 3723: 3719: 3718: 3713: 3709: 3703: 3688: 3684: 3677: 3675: 3659: 3655: 3649: 3634: 3630: 3626: 3622: 3615: 3599: 3592: 3577: 3571: 3567: 3566: 3558: 3550: 3546: 3538: 3534: 3530: 3524: 3520: 3519: 3511: 3495: 3488: 3473: 3469: 3462: 3454: 3448: 3444: 3438: 3432: 3428: 3425: 3420: 3413: 3412: 3407: 3402: 3387: 3386: 3381: 3374: 3367: 3363: 3360: 3354: 3347: 3346: 3339: 3324: 3318: 3314: 3313: 3305: 3297: 3291: 3287: 3282: 3281: 3272: 3264: 3260: 3256: 3250: 3235:. 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John Rogge 1905: 1901: 1897: 1893: 1889: 1885: 1880: 1877: 1876:James H. Rowe 1874: 1870: 1866: 1861: 1858: 1853: 1848: 1846: 1842: 1838: 1837: 1832: 1828: 1824: 1819: 1817: 1816: 1811: 1807: 1803: 1799: 1795: 1791: 1787: 1777: 1775: 1771: 1766: 1764: 1760: 1756: 1752: 1748: 1744: 1740: 1736: 1732: 1728: 1724: 1720: 1716: 1706: 1704: 1699: 1697: 1693: 1689: 1684: 1682: 1681:David Whitney 1678: 1673: 1671: 1666: 1664: 1657:Personal life 1654: 1652: 1647: 1645: 1641: 1638: 1628: 1626: 1622: 1621: 1615: 1613: 1608: 1599: 1593: 1588: 1584: 1577: 1572: 1571: 1570: 1568: 1567: 1562: 1561: 1556: 1555: 1549: 1547: 1542: 1539: 1535: 1534: 1528: 1526: 1522: 1521: 1515: 1513: 1512: 1507: 1504: 1503: 1497: 1494: 1490: 1489: 1478: 1472: 1467: 1463: 1457: 1452: 1448: 1441: 1436: 1432: 1426: 1421: 1417: 1411: 1406: 1402: 1396: 1391: 1390: 1384: 1380: 1377: 1372: 1370: 1369: 1364: 1362: 1358: 1357: 1347: 1340: 1335: 1331: 1324: 1319: 1315: 1309: 1304: 1303: 1302: 1300: 1299: 1294: 1291:tower of the 1290: 1286: 1282: 1281: 1271: 1267: 1261: 1256: 1252: 1245: 1240: 1236: 1230: 1225: 1224: 1223: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1210:(1980–82) in 1209: 1205: 1201: 1197: 1193: 1189: 1185: 1184: 1175: 1168: 1163: 1160: 1153: 1148: 1145: 1138: 1133: 1129: 1123: 1118: 1117: 1116: 1114: 1110: 1105: 1103: 1098: 1096: 1092: 1088: 1087: 1074: 1069: 1062: 1057: 1053: 1046: 1041: 1040: 1034: 1032: 1029: 1024: 1021: 1020: 1011:,Texas (1977) 1010: 1006: 999: 994: 991: 984: 979: 975: 971: 964: 959: 958: 957: 955: 951: 946: 944: 943: 938: 926: 921: 914: 909: 905: 899: 894: 890: 883: 878: 877: 876: 875:in New York. 874: 870: 866: 865: 859: 857: 853: 849: 845: 841: 840: 830: 826: 819: 814: 810: 806: 800: 795: 791: 784: 779: 778: 772: 768: 766: 762: 758: 757: 751: 749: 745: 741: 734: 730: 725: 721: 719: 715: 711: 710: 705: 700: 698: 694: 693:Hodgson House 689: 687: 683: 679: 673: 670: 664: 662: 658: 657: 651: 649: 644: 633: 628: 624: 620: 614: 609: 605: 598: 593: 589: 582: 577: 576: 570: 568: 564: 560: 556: 552: 548: 543: 541: 537: 536:Marcel Breuer 533: 523: 520: 516: 515: 510: 505: 503: 499: 498: 493: 482: 480:(1994), p.144 479: 472: 466: 464: 460: 459:Marcel Breuer 455: 453: 449: 448: 443: 438: 434: 429: 427: 423: 419: 415: 411: 407: 401: 399: 395: 391: 387: 383: 379: 375: 371: 367: 363: 362:New Amsterdam 359: 356: 352: 348: 344: 336: 331: 322: 320: 316: 313: 308: 302: 298: 294: 290: 286: 285: 280: 276: 275: 270: 266: 262: 257: 255: 251: 247: 243: 239: 235: 231: 226: 224: 223: 218: 214: 210: 206: 202: 201:New York City 198: 194: 190: 186: 182: 179:who designed 178: 174: 165: 162: 158: 154: 150: 146: 142: 139: 135: 131: 127: 122: 119: 115: 111: 107: 104: 101: 97: 92: 82: 78: 73: 69: 52: 48: 41: 36: 29: 26: 22: 4958:Ritchie Boys 4797:Anne Lacaton 4613:Rem Koolhaas 4581:Rafael Moneo 4489:Hans Hollein 4440: 4360: 4310:, New York: 4307: 4298: 4283:Charlie Rose 4272: 4245: 4233: 4224: 4219: 4193: 4174: 4152: 4133: 4114: 4095: 4076: 4064:. 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