Fortification - Knowledge

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region, the sultanate was subdued and a majority of kotas dismantled or destroyed. kotas were not only used by the Muslims as defense against Spaniards and other foreigners, renegades and rebels also built fortifications in defiance of other chiefs in the area. During the American occupation, rebels built strongholds and the datus, rajahs, or sultans often built and reinforced their kotas in a desperate bid to maintain rule over their subjects and their land. Many of these forts were also destroyed by American expeditions, as a result, very very few kotas still stand to this day.

3170: 2272: 4675: 3271: 3132: 3342: 3754: 3921: 2781: 10735: 7926: 2678: 3186: 4209: 2845: 2588: 5905: 4490: 4259: 3001: 2434: 69: 2888:. Casemate walls could surround an entire settlement, but most only protected part of it. The three different types included freestanding casemate walls, then integrated ones where the inner wall was part of the outer buildings of the settlement, and finally filled casemate walls, where the rooms between the walls were filled with soil right away, allowing for a quick, but nevertheless stable construction of particularly high walls. 4319: 3077:. Even a small town—for instance, Kotada Bhadli, exhibiting sophisticated fortification-like bastions—shows that nearly all major and minor towns of the Indus Valley Civilization were fortified. Forts also appeared in urban cities of the Gangetic valley during the second urbanisation period between 600 and 200 BC, and as many as 15 fortification sites have been identified by archaeologists throughout the Gangetic valley, such as 10746: 4134: 2868:, having the meaning of a double wall protecting a city or fortress, with transverse walls separating the space between the walls into chambers. These could be used as such, for storage or residential purposes, or could be filled with soil and rocks during siege in order to raise the resistance of the outer wall against battering rams. Originally thought to have been introduced to the region by the 2880:. Casemate walls became a common type of fortification in the Southern Levant between the Middle Bronze Age (MB) and Iron Age II, being more numerous during the Iron Age and peaking in Iron Age II (10th–6th century BC). However, the construction of casemate walls had begun to be replaced by sturdier solid walls by the 3646:

on hills and elevated areas to protect themselves during times of war. These fortifications were likened to European castles because of their purpose. Usually, the only entrance to the castles would be via a rope ladder that would only be lowered for the villagers and could be kept away when invaders

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There is also an intermediate branch known as semi-permanent fortification. This is employed when in the course of a campaign it becomes desirable to protect some locality with the best imitation of permanent defences that can be made in a short time, ample resources and skilled civilian labour being

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In addition, since in theory the defensive line only had to hold out long enough for mobile reserves to reinforce it, terrain that did not permit rapid advance could be held more weakly because the enemy's advance into it would be slower, giving the defenders more time to reinforce that point in the

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The strength of the defensive line in an area varied according to how rapidly an attacking force could progress in the terrain that was being defended—both the terrain the defensive line was built on and the ground behind it that an attacker might hope to break out into. This was both for reasons of

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to protect their communities. Usually, many of the occupants of these kotas are entire families rather than just warriors. Lords often had their own kotas to assert their right to rule, it served not only as a military installation but as a palace for the local Lord. It is said that at the height of

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were developed, so missiles could be fired from the middle of a country and hit cities and targets in another country, and airplanes (and air carriers) became major defenses and offensive weapons (leading to an expansion of the use of airports and airstrips as fortifications). Mobile defenses could

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by a gently sloping open area so as to eliminate possible cover for enemy forces, while the fort itself provided a minimal target for enemy fire. The entrypoint became a sunken gatehouse in the inner face of the ditch, reached by a curving ramp that gave access to the gate via a rolling bridge that

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to block British advances. Some of these fortifications were over a hundred yards long, with heavy parallel tree trunks. They were impervious to destruction by artillery fire. Behind these stockades, numerous Ashanti soldiers were mobilized to check enemy movement. While formidable in construction,

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Traditional fortification however continued to be applied by European armies engaged in warfare in colonies established in Africa against lightly armed attackers from amongst the indigenous population. A relatively small number of defenders in a fort impervious to primitive weaponry could hold out

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The new forts abandoned the principle of the bastion, which had also been made obsolete by advances in arms. The outline was a much-simplified polygon, surrounded by a ditch. These forts, built in masonry and shaped stone, were designed to shelter their garrison against bombardment. One organizing

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to protect against invaders from neighbouring territories, as well as circle-shaped mud brick walls around their cities. Many of the fortifications of the ancient world were built with mud brick, often leaving them no more than mounds of dirt for today's archaeologists. A massive prehistoric stone

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stores closer to the aircraft. At Bien Hoa South Vietnam on the morning of 16 May 1965, as aircraft were being re-fuelled and armed, a chain reaction explosion destroyed 13 aircraft, killed 34 personnel, and injured over 100; this, along with damage and losses of aircraft to enemy attack (by both

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Gone were citadels surrounding towns: forts were to be moved to the outside of the cities some 12 km to keep the enemy at a distance so their artillery could not bombard the city center. From now on a ring of forts were to be built at a spacing that would allow them to effectively cover the

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Many United States Army installations are known as forts, although they are not always fortified. During the pioneering era of North America, many outposts on the frontiers, even non-military outposts, were referred to generically as forts. Larger military installations may be called fortresses;

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Aircrew and ground personnel will need protection during enemy attacks and fortifications range from culvert section "duck and cover" shelters to permanent air-raid shelters. Soft locations with high personnel densities such as accommodation and messing facilities can have limited protection by

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many of these strongpoints failed because Ashanti guns, gunpowder and bullets were poor, and provided little sustained killing power in defense. Time and time again British troops overcame or bypassed the stockades by mounting old-fashioned bayonet charges, after laying down some covering fire.

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for example had several sites surrounded by the full range of earthworks and ramparts seen elsewhere, and sited on ground. This improved defensive potential—such as hills and ridges. Yoruba fortifications were often protected with a double wall of trenches and ramparts, and in the Congo forests

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with kotas and other fortifications to block the Spanish advance into the region. These kotas were usually made of stone and bamboo or other light materials and surrounded by trench networks. As a result, some of these kotas were burned easily or destroyed. With further Spanish campaigns in the

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The second weakness of permanent fortification was its very permanency. Because of this, it was often easier to go around a fortification and, with the rise of mobile warfare in the beginning of World War II, this became a viable offensive choice. When a defensive line was too extensive to be

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starting from 4700 BC had a diameter of about 300 feet (91 m), was home to 350 people living in two-storey houses, and was encircled by a fortified wall. The huge walls around the settlement, which were built very tall and with stone blocks which are 6 feet (1.8 m) high and 4.5 feet

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The ever-escalating power, speed, and reach of artillery and airpower meant that almost any target that could be located could be destroyed if sufficient force were massed against it. As such, the more resources a defender devoted to reinforcing a fortification, the more combat power that

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However, there are some modern fortifications that are referred to as forts. These are typically small semi-permanent fortifications. In urban combat, they are built by upgrading existing structures such as houses or public buildings. In field warfare they are often log, sandbag or

3294:, Sri Lanka was occupied by several major colonial empires that from time to time became the dominant power in the Indian Ocean. The colonists built several western-style forts, mostly in and around the coast of the island. The first to build colonial forts in Sri Lanka were the 3318:

during the two world wars. Most of these were abandoned by the military but retained civil administrative officers, while others retained military garrisons, which were more administrative than operational. Some were reoccupied by military units with the escalation of the

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Fuel is volatile and has to comply with rules for storage which provide protection against accidents. Fuel in underground bulk fuel installations is well protected though valves and controls are vulnerable to enemy action. Above-ground tanks can be susceptible to attack.

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Because the mobile offensives practised by both sides usually focused on avoiding the strongest points of a defensive line, these defences were usually relatively thin and spread along the length of a line. The defence was usually not equally strong throughout, however.

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Forts in modern American usage often refer to space set aside by governments for a permanent military facility; these often do not have any actual fortifications, and can have specializations (military barracks, administration, medical facilities, or intelligence).

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The evolution of this new style of fortification can be seen in transitional forts such as Sarzanello in North West Italy which was built between 1492 and 1502. Sarzanello consists of both crenellated walls with towers typical of the medieval period but also has a

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did not have walls for a long time, choosing to rely on their militaries for defence instead. Initially, these fortifications were simple constructions of wood and earth, which were later replaced by mixed constructions of stones piled on top of each other without

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entirely bypassed, massive offensive might could be massed against one part of the line allowing a breakthrough, after which the rest of the line could be bypassed. Such was the fate of the many defensive lines built before and during World War II, such as the

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or fortress. These constructions mainly served the purpose of a watch tower, to guard certain roads, passes, and borders. Though smaller than a real fortress, they acted as a border guard rather than a real strongpoint to watch and maintain the border.

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Thus the defensive line could be relatively thin because the bulk of the fighting power of the defenders was not concentrated in the line itself but rather in the mobile reserves. A notable exception to this rule was seen in the defensive lines at the

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If sufficient power were massed against one point to penetrate it, the forces based there could be withdrawn and the line could be re-established relatively quickly. Instead of a supposedly impenetrable defensive line, such fortifications emphasized

2536:—and often known as fieldworks or earthworks, are extemporized by troops in the field, perhaps assisted by such local labour and tools as may be procurable and with materials that do not require much preparation, such as soil, brushwood, and light 4730:, and other such facilities. Those are covered in other articles, as most prisons and concentration camps are not primarily military forts (although forts, camps, and garrison towns have been used as prisons and/or concentration camps; such as 4458:

This was possible because while offensive tactics were focused on mobility, so were defensive tactics. The dug-in defences consisted primarily of infantry and antitank guns. Defending tanks and tank destroyers would be concentrated in mobile

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did not fare well against the effects of high explosives, and the intricate arrangements of bastions, flanking batteries and the carefully constructed lines of fire for the defending cannon could be rapidly disrupted by explosive shells.

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did not fare well against the effects of high explosives and the intricate arrangements of bastions, flanking batteries and the carefully constructed lines of fire for the defending cannon could be rapidly disrupted by explosive shells.

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style of fortification. The ditch became deep and vertically sided, cut directly into the native rock or soil, laid out as a series of straight lines creating the central fortified area that gives this style of fortification its name.

4606:, T Barriers or Splinter Protection Units (SPUs). Older fortification may prove useful such as the old 'Yugo' pyramid shelters built in the 1980s which were used by US personnel on 8 Jan 2020 when Iran fired 11 ballistic missiles at 4584:

Munition storage follows safety rules which use fortifications (bunkers and bunds) to provide protection against accident and chain reactions (sympathetic detonations). Weapons for rearming aircraft can be stored in small fortified

4005:. These cities are easy to recognise due to their regular layout and large market spaces. The fortifications of these settlements were continuously improved to reflect the current level of military development. During the 4129:

Fortifications also extended in depth, with protected batteries for defensive cannonry, to allow them to engage attacking cannons to keep them at a distance and prevent them from bearing directly on the vulnerable walls.

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in 1522 so that Rhodes is the only European walled town that still shows the transition between the classical medieval fortification and the modern ones. A manual about the construction of fortification was published by

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Fortification is usually divided into two branches: permanent fortification and field fortification. Permanent fortifications are erected at leisure, with all the resources that a state can supply of constructive and

2826:. It reached its largest extent during the late La Tène period (late 2nd century BC), when it had a size of 380 hectares. At that time, 5,000 to 10,000 people lived within its 7.2 km long walls. The oppidum of 4361:

are still able to provide some protection in modern wars. Many historical fortifications were demolished during the modern age, but a considerable number survive as popular tourist destinations and prominent local

2819:(German: Oppidum von Manching) was a large Celtic proto-urban or city-like settlement at modern-day Manching (near Ingolstadt), Bavaria (Germany). The settlement was founded in the 3rd century BC and existed until 3851:(present day Sudan) was encompassed by fortified walls surrounded by a ditch. Archaeology has revealed various Bronze Age bastions and foundations constructed of stone together with either baked or unfired brick. 3486:. The historic city was home to centuries-old churches, schools, convents, government buildings and residences, the best collection of Spanish colonial architecture before much of it was destroyed by the bombs of 4438:

which dominated World War I, these defences were more temporary in nature. This was an advantage because since it was less extensive it formed a less obvious target for enemy force to be directed against.

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were clustered behind massive stone flood dykes and defensive walls, for neighbouring communities bickered constantly about the control of prime agricultural land. The fortification varies by site. While

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field fortifications were characterized by trenches and low earthen embankments. Such strongpoints ironically, sometimes held up much better against European cannon than taller, more imposing structures.

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wall approximately 4 metres tall, probably topped by a roofed walkway, thus reaching a total height of 6 metres. The wall was clad with lime plaster, regularly renewed. Towers protruded outwards from it.

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and paths, along with the main works, often bristled with rows of sharpened stakes. Inner defenses were laid out to blunt an enemy penetration with a maze of defensive walls allowing for entrapment and

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by ground forces, stand-off attacks (mortars and rockets), air attacks, or ballistic missiles. Key targets—aircraft, munitions, fuel, and vital technical personnel—can be protected by fortifications.

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derailed the negotiations, and broke up the confederacy against him. The well-organized defenders, the sinking of confederate morale, and poor weather conditions caused the siege to end in a fiasco.

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that would absorb and disperse the energy of cannon fire. Walls exposed to direct cannon fire were very vulnerable, so the walls were sunk into ditches fronted by earth slopes to improve protection.

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feature of the new system involved the construction of two defensive curtains: an outer line of forts, backed by an inner ring or line at critical points of terrain or junctions (see, for example,

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Defensive fences for protecting humans and domestic animals against predators was used long before the appearence of writing and began "perhaps with primitive man blocking the entrances of his

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behind the defensive line. If a major offensive was launched against a point in the line, mobile reinforcements would be sent to reinforce that part of the line that was in danger of failing.

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that tanks could move over quickly made possible rapid advances into the defenders' rear areas that were very dangerous to the defenders. Thus such terrain had to be defended at all costs.

7320: 3862:. The walls may have been constructed between the thirteenth and mid-fifteenth century CE or, during the first millennium CE. Strong citadels were also built other in areas of Africa. 2617:

in western Siberia has been described by archaeologists as one of the oldest known fortified settlements, as well as the northernmost Stone Age fort. In Bulgaria, near the town of

5031: 2344:. Fortification is usually divided into two branches: permanent fortification and field fortification. There is also an intermediate branch known as semi-permanent fortification. 5917: 4638:

Just as in colonial periods, comparatively obsolete fortifications are still used for low-intensity conflicts. Such fortifications range in size from small patrol bases or

3963:. From the 12th century, hundreds of settlements of all sizes were founded all across Europe, which very often obtained the right of fortification soon afterward. 4243:

Wide enough to be an impassable barrier for attacking troops, but narrow enough to be a difficult target for enemy shellfire, the ditch was swept by fire from defensive

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like angular gun platform screening one of the curtain walls which is protected from flanking fire from the towers of the main part of the fort. Another example is the

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that would absorb and disperse the energy of cannon fire. Walls exposed to direct cannon fire were very vulnerable, so were sunk into ditches fronted by earth slopes.

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saw the creation of some towns built around castles. These cities were only rarely protected by simple stone walls and more usually by a combination of both walls and

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or even simple mud can provide protection against small arms and anti-tank weapons—although such fortifications are still vulnerable to mortar and artillery fire.

4658:. Much like in the 18th and 19th century, because the enemy is not a powerful military force with the heavy weaponry required to destroy fortifications, walls of 10541: 3109:

brick fortification occurs in one of the stupa mounds of Lauria Nandangarh, which is 1.6 km in perimeter and oval in plan and encloses a habitation area.

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capable of reaching much of the way around the world were developed, so speed became an essential characteristic of the strongest militaries and defenses.

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fortifications. Prefabricated positions can be made from concrete culvert sections. The British Yarnold Bunker is made from sections of a concrete pipe.

5528: 4714:. The reason for this is that static above-ground forts cannot survive modern direct or indirect fire weapons larger than mortars, RPGs and small arms. 3465: 2495:

smaller ones were once known as fortalices. The word fortification can refer to the practice of improving an area's defense with defensive works. City

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Worse, the large open ditches surrounding forts of this type were an integral part of the defensive scheme, as was the covered way at the edge of the

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date back thousands of years, with many being built by Sri Lankan kings. These include several walled cities. With the outset of colonial rule in the

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Such forts are typically only used in low-level conflicts, such as counterinsurgency conflicts or very low-level conventional conflicts, such as the

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of the fortification to allow defensive cannonry interlocking fields of fire to cover all approaches to the lower and thus more vulnerable walls.

2661:. Named the "Great Wall of Brodgar" it was 4 metres (13 ft) thick and 4 metres tall. The wall had some symbolic or ritualistic function. The 8894: 4513:

in Germany during the closing stages of World War II is an excellent example of how difficult terrain could be used to the defenders' advantage.

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along borders are arguably another type of fortification, although a passive kind, providing a buffer between potentially hostile militaries.

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capable of firing missiles. Some bunkers in the mid to late 20th century came to be buried deep inside mountains and prominent rocks, such as

9608: 9139: 4414:; it was designed to force the Germans to invade other countries (Belgium or Switzerland) to go around it, and was successful in that sense. 2340:

The art of setting out a military camp or constructing a fortification traditionally has been called "castrametation" since the time of the

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Ogundiran, Akinwumi (June 2005). "Four Millennia of Cultural History in Nigeria (ca. 2000 B.C.–A.D. 1900): Archaeological Perspectives".

5610: 3723:: Literally translates to "stone fort" the first known stone fortification in the country, its ruins exist as the "Kutawato Cave Complex" 2897: 5926: 5027: 4374:

fortification justified being devoted to destroying it, if the fortification's destruction was demanded by an attacker's strategy. From

10613: 8405: 5295: 4866:. Wade, Dale A., "THE USE OF FENCES FOR PREDATOR DAMAGE CONTROL" (1982). Proceedings of the Tenth Vertebrate Pest Conference (1982). 47 3674:

built forts made of stone walls that averaged several meters in width and about two to three times the width in height around 2000 BC.

3793:) useless, locking the two sides in a stalemate. Hoping to make several attacks at once, the confederates persuaded the Medina-allied 8899: 4885:

Piezonka, Henny; Chairkina, Natalya; Dubovtseva, Ekaterina; Kosinskaya, Lyubov; Meadows, John; Schreiber, Tanja (December 1, 2023).

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in most situations. In the 1930s and 1940s, some fortifications were built with designs taking into consideration the new threat of

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are fortifications which are regarded as being distinct from the generic fort or fortress in that it describes a residence of a

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The Ashanti campaign of 1900, (1908) By Sir Cecil Hamilton Armitage, Arthur Forbes Montanaro, (1901) Sands and Co. pp. 130–131

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and machine rooms deep under the surface. The guns, however, were often mounted in open emplacements and protected only by a

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are described as the world's second longest man-made structure, as well as the most extensive earthwork in the world, by the

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the Indian treatise on military strategy describes six major types of forts differentiated by their major modes of defenses.

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are fortifications which are regarded as being distinct from the generic fort or fortress in that they are a residence of a

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have often been necessary for cities to survive in an ever-changing world of invasion and conquest. Some settlements in the

133: 8536: 5786: 4703: 4686:, Dominican Republic is recognized by UNESCO for being the oldest military construction of European origin in the Americas. 3539: 5122: 105: 10688: 9183: 9134: 7730: 7425: 5154: 2556:

and in other Roman territories where camps were set up with the intention of staying for some time, but not permanently.

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have been used as hidden defences in modern warfare, often remaining long after the wars that produced them have ended.

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which will protect from many types of attack. Larger aircraft types tend to be based outside the operational theatre.

2321: 7545: 7330: 5348: 5279: 5087: 4104:, 1728. The development of bastion forts resulted from the increased use of cannons and firearms in the 14th century. 2481: 1549: 152: 112: 2463: 10710: 5814:. Rhodes: Ministry of Culture – Works supervision committee for the monuments of the medieval town of Rhodes. 2001. 5296:"Agressive Architecture: Fortifications of the Indus Valley in the Mature Harappan phase | Student Repository" 4341:

fortifications were common during the 19th and early 20th centuries. However, the advances in modern warfare since

3978: 3733:. When it was occupied by the Spaniards in the 1870s they converted the kota into the world's smallest walled city. 1627: 5826: 5506: 4033:

used to build smaller fortifications but in greater numbers, and only rarely fortified entire settlements such as

2902: 10785: 9630: 8526: 8207: 7755: 5996: 5485: 4430:, bombs designed to penetrate hardened targets buried underground, led to a decline in the use of fortifications. 3748: 3635: 1972: 1610: 1397: 242: 4918: 4722:

Fortifications designed to keep the inhabitants of a facility in rather than attacker out can also be found, in

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floodplain. Many of these settlements had fortifications and planned streets. The stone and mud brick houses of

9549: 8994: 8447: 8398: 5978: 5674: 3761:, 627. Muslim defenders repelled the Confederates using Medina's natural fortifications and makeshift trenches. 3607: 2921:

fortified their cities with massive, mortar-bound stone walls. The most famous of these are the largely extant

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Osadolor, Osarhieme Benson, "The Military System of Benin Kingdom 1440–1897", (UD), Hamburg University: 2001

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The founding of urban centres was an important means of territorial expansion and many cities, especially in

3490:. Of all the buildings within the 67-acre city, only one building, the San Agustin Church, survived the war. 2219: 2153: 1600: 5443:

Luengo, Pedro. Intramuros: Arquitectura en Manila, 1739–1762. Madrid: Fundacion Universitaria Española, 2012

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Permanent (concrete) guard fortifications are safer, stronger, last longer and are more cost-effective than

4029:(Croatia), which proved to be futile against attacks but still stand to this day. Unlike the Venetians, the 10722: 10432: 9688: 9289: 9240: 8662: 8531: 8372: 6978: 6516: 6026: 5453: 4510: 3863: 3432: 2234: 2090: 794: 554: 4594:

and stand-off attacks), led to the construction of revetments and shelters to protect aircraft throughout

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sites exhibit evidence of fortifications. By about 3500 BC, hundreds of small farming villages dotted the

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fortifications were common during the 19th and early 20th centuries. The advances in modern warfare since

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Ground support equipment will need to be protected by fortifications to be usable after an enemy attack.

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Dispersal and camouflage of assets can supplement fortifications against some forms of airfield attack.

10780: 10643: 10618: 9071: 8982: 8953: 8117: 7991: 7956: 6911: 4018: 3589: 3428: 3353:. The Great Wall was a series of fortifications built across the historical northern borders of China. 3279: 2533: 2276: 1564: 42: 5230: 2872:, this has been disproved by the discovery of examples predating their arrival, the earliest being at 10283: 9791: 9668: 9129: 9119: 9097: 8965: 8911: 8769: 8726: 8391: 8197: 8077: 7360: 4574: 4534: 4493: 3315: 3041: 2991: 2502:

The art of setting out a military camp or constructing a fortification traditionally has been called

2300: 1674: 1182: 531: 405: 259: 53: 6985: 5963: 4330:, the buildings were placed at a distance from each other, making it difficult to find from the air. 4059:

Venetian Works of Defence between the 16th and 17th centuries: Stato da Terra – Western Stato da Mar

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ditches and counter scarps made to be very deep, vertically sided, and cut directly into the rocks.

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and commands a specific defensive territory. An example of this is the massive medieval castle of

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Barba, Federica (2004). "The Fortified Cities of the Ganges Plain in the First Millennium B.C.".

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had seen them put out of action by rubble as their own casemates were collapsed around them.

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The Encyclopedia of World History: ancient, medieval, and modern, chronologically arranged

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set in the ditch as well as firing positions cut into the outer face of the ditch itself.

2704:, where a bastion built in around 1500 BC was found. Exceptions were few—notably, ancient 2215: 8: 10750: 10185: 10142: 10037: 9823: 9813: 9761: 9663: 9653: 9603: 9574: 8948: 8569: 8564: 8452: 8182: 7684: 7420: 6776: 6154: 5199: 4891: 4727: 4559: 4471:

during World War II, where German forces deliberately attacked the strongest part of the

4266:, German fortifications built in 1893. By the 19th century, tunnels were used to connect 3471: 3424: 3420: 3412: 3389: 3346: 3169: 3163: 3021: 2885: 2816: 2271: 2246: 2242: 2227: 1776: 1761: 1637: 1524: 1502: 1477: 1437: 1347: 1157: 1062: 1012: 779: 769: 734: 526: 516: 286: 210: 4290:; both in order to keep a lower profile and also because experience with guns in closed 4250:

The profile of the fort became very low indeed, surrounded outside the ditch covered by

2366:

were the main antecedents of castles in Europe, which emerged in the 9th century in the

10452: 10268: 10180: 10147: 10013: 9988: 9888: 9873: 9858: 9818: 9786: 9658: 9509: 9468: 9257: 8699: 8492: 8144: 8026: 7806: 7415: 7390: 7375: 7370: 7220: 7200: 6997: 6558: 6425: 6169: 5719: 5321: 5158: 5001: 4840: 4602:

placing prefabricated concrete walls or barriers around them, examples of barriers are

4578: 4544: 4423: 4173: 4010: 3952: 3706: 3384:(481–221 BC), mass conversion to stone architecture did not begin in earnest until the 3265: 2524:. In some texts, this latter term also applies to the art of building a fortification. 2367: 2197:, and is used to establish rule in a region during peacetime. The term is derived from 2110: 1965: 1885: 1806: 1751: 1726: 1647: 1593: 1559: 1490: 1407: 1317: 1222: 1167: 1057: 1022: 975: 850: 821: 774: 712: 687: 521: 335: 254: 31: 4558:

offer a fixed "target rich" environment for even relatively small enemy forces, using

4164:

is an excellent example. There are also extensive fortifications from this era in the

3201:

A large majority of forts in India are in North India. The most notable forts are the

2768:. The fortifications were continuously being expanded and improved. Around 600 BC, in 10683: 10593: 10273: 10248: 10243: 10238: 10233: 10220: 10152: 10122: 10102: 9751: 9693: 9516: 9377: 9269: 9245: 9235: 9190: 8906: 8863: 8806: 8731: 8497: 8306: 8253: 7862: 7821: 7796: 7669: 7350: 7190: 7037: 6623: 6501: 6179: 6122: 5974: 5861: 5723: 5670: 5645: 5600: 5573: 5424: 5392: 5344: 5275: 5083: 4832: 4555: 4526: 3956: 3805: 3778: 3730: 3515: 3408: 3332: 3311: 3295: 3102: 2956: 2700:, some settlements also began to be fortified. The most notable surviving example is 2662: 2371: 2146: 2055: 2002: 1905: 1895: 1890: 1860: 1843: 1838: 1811: 1756: 1457: 1447: 1442: 1432: 1352: 1342: 1337: 1312: 1282: 1172: 1142: 1137: 1127: 1122: 1112: 1027: 980: 950: 789: 582: 559: 493: 10402: 2115: 10523: 10491: 10427: 10407: 10253: 10205: 10107: 10092: 10047: 10003: 9998: 9971: 9833: 9803: 9771: 9741: 9731: 9489: 9424: 9276: 9218: 9092: 9046: 9036: 8916: 8848: 8828: 8521: 8442: 8437: 8212: 8134: 8062: 7836: 7811: 7740: 7664: 7265: 7260: 7195: 6746: 6550: 6129: 5711: 5053: 4947: 4900: 4651: 4444: 4391: 3896: 3833: 3809: 3808:

in January 630, Muhammad ordered his followers to attack enemies who fled from the

3558: 3403:

In addition to the Great Wall, a number of Chinese cities also employed the use of

3376:–1050 BC); the capital at ancient Ao had enormous walls built in this fashion (see 3230: 2964: 2930: 2734: 2722: 2714: 2308: 2120: 2085: 2017: 1910: 1848: 1741: 1669: 1662: 1519: 1452: 1402: 1392: 1267: 1187: 1147: 1132: 1099: 1084: 955: 940: 893: 801: 759: 702: 697: 655: 478: 455: 362: 291: 220: 203: 4674: 3474:

several forts and outposts were built throughout the archipelago. Most notable is

3073:

has a quadrangular fortified layout. Evidence also suggested of fortifications in

2701: 2682: 10698: 10693: 10364: 10359: 10278: 10258: 10087: 10008: 9993: 9939: 9898: 9766: 9504: 9436: 9230: 8746: 8684: 8674: 8647: 8612: 8326: 8082: 8046: 8036: 7725: 7577: 7550: 7490: 7460: 7345: 7310: 7290: 7275: 6830: 6825: 6793: 6554: 6496: 6484: 6466: 6333: 6314: 6240: 6217: 6000: 5790: 5489: 5412: 4739: 4679: 4627:

Guard towers provide an increased field of view but a lower level of protection.

4607: 4468: 4197: 4165: 4006: 3710: 3479: 3307: 3222: 3143: 3013: 2937:, together with partial remains elsewhere. These are mostly city gates, like the 2877: 2654: 2400: 1930: 1915: 1833: 1789: 1731: 1387: 1382: 1272: 1262: 1177: 1152: 1094: 935: 865: 855: 707: 692: 615: 587: 387: 367: 215: 5783: 4200:

in the 19th century led to yet another stage in the evolution of fortification.

4013:

raised great walls around cities, and the finest examples, among others, are in

3785:, which together with Medina's natural fortifications, rendered the confederate 10790: 10673: 10648: 10514: 10442: 10339: 10298: 10288: 10263: 10200: 10157: 10025: 9966: 9961: 9934: 9863: 9838: 9781: 9637: 9537: 9296: 9104: 8838: 8657: 8607: 8273: 8202: 8031: 8006: 7894: 7889: 7555: 7540: 7475: 7465: 7340: 7325: 7225: 7215: 7180: 7054: 6847: 6544: 6511: 6475: 6291: 6149: 6113: 5130: 4751: 4731: 4603: 4435: 4399: 4383: 4350: 4327: 4275: 4263: 4236: 4221: 4161: 4046: 3998: 3888: 3880: 3855: 3782: 3619: 3613: 3533: 3444: 3436: 3404: 3381: 3303: 3270: 3246: 3238: 3190: 3136: 2983: 2934: 2922: 2907: 2881: 2861: 2799: 2753: 2718: 2697: 2610: 2496: 2304: 2296: 2105: 1853: 1277: 1237: 1215: 1202: 1192: 1162: 1079: 1032: 835: 826: 717: 670: 650: 640: 610: 577: 465: 422: 377: 249: 182: 35: 5715: 10764: 10653: 10422: 10132: 10097: 9983: 9976: 9944: 9893: 9868: 9843: 9625: 9591: 9497: 9360: 9333: 9314: 9026: 8833: 8669: 8509: 8482: 8336: 8238: 8192: 8172: 7996: 7899: 7852: 7760: 7750: 7704: 7674: 7659: 7628: 7609: 7470: 7410: 7365: 7280: 7239: 7049: 6682: 6677: 6410: 6373: 6358: 6309: 6254: 6233: 5930:. Vol. 10 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 679–725. 5921: 5911: 4836: 4683: 4595: 4570: 4427: 4407: 4379: 4229: 4217: 4213: 4169: 3790: 3720: 3671: 3655: 3631: 3366: 3362: 3106: 3082: 2772:, Germany, forts were constructed with a limestone foundation supported by a 2765: 2645: 2532:

skill, and are built of enduring materials. Field fortifications—for example

2330: 1952: 1940: 1796: 1716: 1632: 1615: 1472: 1327: 1307: 990: 985: 965: 945: 860: 831: 806: 682: 660: 620: 460: 382: 345: 340: 237: 5959:. Potomac Books Inc. (an imprint of the University of Nebraska Press), 2013. 3895:

Defensive works were of importance in the tropical African Kingdoms. In the

3131: 2403:

in the 19th century led to another stage in the evolution of fortification.

10739: 10482: 10354: 10329: 10032: 9951: 9526: 9394: 9384: 9345: 9321: 9066: 8791: 8689: 8268: 8222: 8156: 7972: 7877: 7735: 7699: 7654: 7638: 7566: 7519: 7495: 7485: 7480: 7295: 7112: 6973: 6940: 6805: 6741: 6716: 6628: 6602: 6570: 6564: 6506: 6445: 6415: 6263: 4647: 4521: 4483: 4472: 4411: 4375: 4232:. The ditch was extremely vulnerable to bombardment with explosive shells. 4141: 4101: 4072: 4063:

Medieval-style fortifications were largely made obsolete by the arrival of

3821: 3794: 3753: 3640:

The Ivatan people of the northern islands of Batanes built their so-called

3487: 3397: 3385: 3358: 3341: 3291: 3253: 3242: 3218: 3174: 3094: 3074: 2960: 2946: 2918: 2521: 2509: 2382: 2377:

Medieval-style fortifications were largely made obsolete by the arrival of

2341: 2223: 2190: 2139: 2065: 2045: 2040: 1935: 1880: 1514: 1509: 1332: 1247: 995: 729: 630: 427: 331: 4904: 4434:

Instead field fortification rose to dominate defensive action. Unlike the

10658: 10334: 10117: 9923: 9853: 9554: 9301: 9021: 8816: 8759: 8694: 8679: 8602: 8177: 8112: 7776: 7633: 7602: 7584: 7572: 7514: 7509: 7450: 7445: 7405: 7305: 7270: 7166: 7069: 6840: 6810: 6800: 6706: 6595: 6212: 6159: 5667:

Africana: The Encyclopedia of the African and African American Experience

5222: 5188: 4655: 4403: 4342: 4244: 4181: 4177: 4137: 4002: 3920: 3483: 3393: 3350: 3151: 3121: 3086: 3040:). "Fort" is the word used in India for all old fortifications. Numerous 3017: 2938: 2649: 2641: 2591: 2571: 2553: 2417: 2050: 1801: 1766: 1605: 1292: 1257: 970: 913: 816: 600: 321: 316: 6403: 5957:

The Rocky Road to the Great War: The Evolution of Trench Warfare to 1914

5784:"Sarzana and Sarzanello – Transitional Design and Renaissance Designers" 5325: 4844: 4825:"The Defence of Places: Fortifications as Architecture [part 1]" 4824: 4034: 2780: 48:"Fort", "Fortress", and "Stronghold" redirect here. For other uses, see 10374: 10190: 9615: 9056: 8931: 8926: 8331: 8258: 8087: 8072: 7801: 7621: 7593: 7524: 7400: 7355: 7285: 7205: 7102: 7007: 6947: 6906: 6884: 6835: 6781: 6731: 6726: 6711: 6670: 6618: 6576: 6521: 6363: 6279: 4310:

against high odds, the only constraint being the supply of ammunition.

4279: 4267: 3726: 3678: 3663: 3564: 3551: 3521: 3497: 3475: 3185: 3062: 3033: 2884:, probably due the development of more effective battering rams by the 2873: 2742: 2694: 2686: 2677: 2622: 2614: 2517: 2007: 1977: 1699: 1068: 10668: 7781: 6326: 4859: 2648:. The Ancient Egyptians also built fortresses on the frontiers of the 10344: 10317: 9808: 9746: 9463: 9252: 9166: 9151: 8989: 8823: 8781: 8592: 8315: 8311: 8278: 8263: 8243: 8139: 8092: 8001: 7210: 7141: 6968: 6963: 6896: 6537: 6450: 6380: 6338: 6164: 6134: 6095: 6061: 5881: 4926: 4884: 4538: 4530: 4426:

2,000 lb (910 kg) bomb hits the ground. The development of

4387: 4251: 4208: 4201: 4153: 4026: 4022: 3990: 3940: 3925: 3873: 3509: 3287: 3234: 3226: 3210: 3206: 3194: 3054: 3005: 2865: 2844: 2769: 2730: 2603: 2587: 2404: 2363: 2333: 2316: 1997: 1821: 1771: 1721: 1711: 1706: 1571: 1362: 1357: 1322: 764: 450: 417: 306: 4489: 4258: 3380:

for more info). Although stone walls were built in China during the

3000: 2433: 68: 10663: 10324: 9878: 9726: 9264: 9041: 8972: 8764: 8617: 8575: 8432: 8414: 8383: 8248: 7694: 7689: 7614: 7455: 7173: 7148: 7131: 7061: 7002: 6930: 6923: 6766: 6654: 6528: 6348: 6343: 6319: 6247: 6227: 6207: 6174: 5367: 4363: 4346: 4338: 4318: 4291: 4185: 4145: 4090: 3929: 3884: 3766: 3695: 3275: 3202: 3139: 3110: 3066: 3049: 3029: 2869: 2839: 2827: 2808: 2785: 2773: 2658: 2618: 2567: 2413: 2353: 2326: 2264: 2261: 2187: 2012: 1987: 1620: 1252: 1227: 845: 400: 274: 8368:

Operative Plasterers' and Cement Masons' International Association

5910:

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the

5812:

Medieval Town of Rhodes – Restoration Works (1985–2000) – Part One

5738: 5454:"15 Most Intense Archaeological Discoveries in Philippine History" 5385:

Indian Castles 1206–1526: The Rise and Fall of the Delhi Sultanate

2420:

have made large-scale fortifications obsolete in most situations.

10075: 10065: 9883: 9828: 9521: 9484: 9407: 9389: 9372: 9355: 9006: 8960: 8801: 8774: 8627: 8622: 8597: 8467: 8102: 8011: 7826: 7791: 7786: 7124: 7107: 7092: 7076: 7028: 6956: 6901: 6891: 6859: 6761: 6736: 6721: 6491: 6435: 6353: 6200: 6193: 6139: 6011: 5627:

The life of Mahomet and history of Islam to the era of the Hegira

4723: 4707: 4663: 4643: 4621: 4479: 4460: 4386:

were capable of destroying entire cities and producing dangerous

4287: 4157: 4110: 4014: 3986: 3982: 3786: 3769:'s era in Arabia, many tribes made use of fortifications. In the 3659: 3582: 3570: 3440: 3159: 3125: 3090: 3078: 3058: 2971: 2793: 2789: 2761: 2746: 2726: 2666: 2563: 2349: 2312: 2288: 2022: 1982: 1746: 1580: 1576: 923: 908: 784: 445: 440: 410: 349: 311: 10379: 10308: 10127: 10082: 9736: 9721: 9213: 8853: 8736: 8477: 8472: 8321: 8301: 8187: 8122: 8097: 7986: 7941: 7831: 7185: 6751: 6689: 6633: 6611: 6588: 6581: 6457: 6440: 6272: 6104: 6086: 6056: 5028:"The Ness of Brodgar Excavations – The 'Great Wall of Brodgar'" 4696: 4659: 4497: 4358: 4068: 4064: 4001:, were founded precisely for this purpose during the period of 3948: 3944: 3936: 3825: 3774: 3714: 3642: 3098: 3070: 2849: 2738: 2705: 2627: 2559: 2537: 2504: 2378: 2359: 2345: 1529: 930: 747: 483: 4133: 2764:, whose walls seem partially influenced by those built in the 2499:

are fortifications but are not necessarily called fortresses.

2245:'s colonial walled city and fortress were designated a UNESCO 10638: 10137: 9678: 9673: 9011: 8936: 8283: 8151: 8107: 8067: 7872: 7816: 7560: 7085: 6916: 6756: 6077: 5882:"Colonial City of Santo Domingo. Outstanding Universal Value" 4334: 4052: 3848: 3844: 3829: 3377: 3178: 3045: 3037: 3025: 2942: 2757: 2637: 2544:). An example of field fortification was the construction of 2513: 2409: 2198: 1005: 541: 536: 5417:

The Cult of Draupadī: Mythologies: From Gingee to Kurukserta

5105:"Die Heuneburg an der oberen Donau: Die Siedlungsstrukturen" 4455:

the strategic value of the ground, and its defensive value.

3323:; Jaffna fort, for example, came under siege several times. 9124: 8587: 8582: 6854: 6696: 6663: 6638: 6430: 6420: 6389: 6368: 5025: 3887:

at key points. This was employed in later wars against the

3214: 2926: 2709: 2633: 2599: 2516:

to a fortification and of destroying it is commonly called

2325:

was a fortified collection of buildings used as a military

301: 296: 8353:

International Union of Bricklayers and Allied Craftworkers

5419:. Vol. 1. Delhi, India: Motilal Banarsidass. p. 4977:"Organization of neolithic settlements:house construction" 4482:

that was being defended was of primary importance because

9716: 9708: 8418: 6006: 5991: 4369:

The downfall of permanent fortifications had two causes:

2279:, Malta, which were built in the 16th and 17th centuries. 2194: 174: 5002:"Hellenic Ministry of Culture and Tourism | Sesklo" 4948:"Europe's oldest prehistoric town unearthed in Bulgaria" 4782: 4780: 4778: 4282:

and firing points in the ditch to the fort proper, with

5948:

Murray, Nicholas. "The Development of Fortifications",

5185:

McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Architecture and Construction

4075:

evolved into much lower structures with greater use of

2385:

evolved into much lower structures with greater use of

5387:(second ed.). Oxford: Osprey Publishing. p. 4274:

Much of the fort moved underground. Deep passages and

3773:, the largely outnumbered defenders of Medina, mainly 3482:

city of Manila located along the southern bank of the

3447:. The Forbidden City made up the inner portion of the 3298:; these forts were captured and later expanded by the 3150:

India currently has over 180 forts, with the state of

2830:

is another example of a Gaulish fortified settlement.

4775: 4763: 2552:

available. An example of this is the construction of

2374:

saw the creation of some towns built around castles.

5749: 5586: 4706:, which saw the use of log forts for use by forward 3154:

alone having over 70 forts, which are also known as

5618: 5338: 5270:Stearns, Peter N.; Langer, William Leonard (2001). 5077: 3522:

Real Fuerza de Nuestra Señora del Pilar de Zaragoza

93:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 5382: 3694:'s power, they blanketed the areas around Western 3466:Spanish colonial fortifications in the Philippines 3459: 3443:were established in the early 15th century by the 2876:(Taanach) where such a wall has been dated to the 2381:in the 14th century. Fortifications in the age of 5767: 5596:The sealed nectar: biography of the Noble Prophet 5341:Sir Banister Fletcher's A History of Architecture 5080:Sir Banister Fletcher's A History of Architecture 4220:. Built in 1878, Delimara was built as a typical 2807:were large fortified settlements used during the 10762: 2833: 2303:were the first small cities to be fortified. In 6283: 4860:"THE USE OF FENCES FOR PREDATOR DAMAGE CONTROL" 4390:. This led to the creation of civilian nuclear 3677:The Muslim Filipinos of the south built strong 3061:is fortified using baked bricks; sites such as 2685:, Malta. Borġ in-Nadur is a notable example of 2222:, Puerto Rico. The fortress and walled city of 6845: 6791: 6609: 6455: 5483:Ancient and Pre-Spanish Era of the Philippines 4919:"Bulgaria claims to find Europe's oldest town" 2797:, showing the construction technique known as 8399: 7957: 7500: 7230: 7059: 7035: 6652: 6643: 6600: 6324: 6120: 6111: 6027: 5339:Fletcher, Banister; Cruickshank, Dan (1996). 5269: 5221: 5078:Fletcher, Banister; Cruickshank, Dan (1996). 3742: 2147: 7619: 7600: 7591: 7582: 7171: 7146: 7122: 7083: 7074: 7026: 7012: 6983: 6954: 6945: 6921: 6882: 6687: 6668: 6586: 6535: 6526: 6482: 6473: 6464: 6401: 6387: 6378: 6261: 6238: 5952:, Gordon Martel (ed.). WileyBlackwell, 2011. 5743:African Archaeology: A Critical Introduction 5739:"Two thousand years of West African history" 5697: 5695: 5665:Gates, Henry Louis; Appiah, Anthony (1999). 4235:In response, military engineers evolved the 3975:fortifications of the Castle Harbour Islands 3797:to attack the city from the south. However, 2356:and command a specific defensive territory. 2275:Early 20th-century aerial photograph of the 6270: 6252: 6198: 6184: 6102: 6093: 6084: 6075: 6066: 5804: 5664: 5592: 5411: 5378: 5376: 5370:word for "inaccessible place", hence "fort" 5155:"The Casemate Wall System of Khirbat Safra" 4382:were used against fortifications. By 1950, 4326:, built in the 1930s. Due to the threat of 4270:and firing points in the ditch to the fort. 3812:and sought refuge in the fortress of Taif. 2898:Roman military frontiers and fortifications 2760:built large fortified settlements known as 2741:built two parallel stone walls, called the 2621:a walled fortified settlement today called 2462:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 2207: 2201: 2193:designed for the defense of territories in 8406: 8392: 7964: 7950: 6034: 6020: 5736: 5730: 5644:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 83. 5123:"Erforschung und Geschichte der Heuneburg" 4313: 4053:Development after introduction of firearms 3951:, which emerged in the 9th century in the 2745:, that reached their fortified seaport at 2729:(famous for the huge stone blocks of its ' 2665:deployed large labour forces to build new 2520:or siege warfare and is formally known as 2154: 2140: 5701: 5692: 5547: 5051: 4475:defences, seeking to crush them utterly. 4357:in Malta. Despite this, only underground 3757:Map of the defences available during the 2609:From very early history to modern times, 2482:Learn how and when to remove this message 2315:(known for the huge stone blocks of its ' 2295:From very early history to modern times, 153:Learn how and when to remove this message 10229:List of military strategies and concepts 8363:Mason Contractors Association of America 5599:, Darussalam Publications, p. 481, 5373: 5152: 5148: 5146: 5144: 5142: 5140: 4673: 4502:North American Aerospace Defense Command 4488: 4417: 4317: 4257: 4207: 4132: 4095: 3965: 3919: 3752: 3649: 3340: 3269: 3184: 3168: 3130: 2999: 2901: 2843: 2779: 2676: 2586: 2282: 2270: 2252: 2233: 2214: 1118:List of military strategies and concepts 8358:Master of Work to the Crown of Scotland 5915: 5639: 5226:"Syro-Palestinian art and architecture" 4786: 4769: 4745: 4525:be had underwater, too, in the form of 4255:could be withdrawn into the gatehouse. 3924:Medieval defensive walls and towers in 3625: 2613:have been a necessity for many cities. 14: 10763: 5855: 5824: 5593:Mubarakpuri, Saifur Rahman Al (2005), 5274:. Houghton Mifflin Books. p. 17. 3306:occupied these Dutch forts during the 3004:Defensive wall of the ancient city of 2977: 2721:, large stone walls had been built in 2653:wall surrounded the ancient temple of 2307:, large stone walls had been built in 8387: 7945: 6015: 5837:from the original on 15 November 2015 5476: 5311: 5137: 5102: 4822: 4717: 4633: 4550: 4345:have made large-scale fortifications 4156:with tier upon tier of hornworks and 3737: 3057:has stone-built fortification walls, 2644:) is one of the world's oldest known 41:For the locality in New Zealand, see 10745: 8413: 5886:UNESCO World Heritage Centre website 5554: 5535:from the original on 16 October 2014 5343:. Architectural Press. p. 100. 4089:This placed a heavy emphasis on the 3540:Fuerte dela Concepcion y del Triunfo 2672: 2460:adding citations to reliable sources 2427: 2287:Aerial photograph of Fort Vossegat, 91:adding citations to reliable sources 62: 10689:Idealism in international relations 7426:Weapons Storage and Security System 5825:Mifsud, Simon (14 September 2012). 5669:. Basic Civitas Books. p. 97. 5173: 5082:. Architectural Press. p. 20. 4857: 4518:intercontinental ballistic missiles 3713:in Luzon, later became the City of 24: 6041: 5737:MacEachern, Scott (January 2005). 5615:Note: Shawwal 8AH is January 630AD 5464:from the original on 15 March 2015 5215: 3928:, Poland, made of field stone and 3903: 3493:Partial listing of Spanish forts: 3012:A number of forts dating from the 25: 10802: 5985: 5153:Emswiler, Elizabeth Anne (2020). 5026:The Ness of Brodgar Excavations. 4410:. This was not the case with the 3069:fortifications with bastions and 2974:(AD 76–138) in AD 122. 10744: 10734: 10733: 7971: 7925: 7924: 5916:Jackson, Louis Charles (1911). " 5903: 5624: 4864:University of Nebraska - Lincoln 4704:Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation 3815: 3407:to defend their cities. Notable 2963:across the width of what is now 2681:Remains of a fortified village, 2432: 192: 67: 8208:Non-explosive demolition agents 6003: (archived 5 December 2018) 5935: 5874: 5849: 5818: 5776: 5758: 5683: 5658: 5640:Bianchi, Robert Steven (2004). 5633: 5613:from the original on 2016-04-19 5561:Muhammad: Prophet and Statesman 5521: 5495: 5446: 5437: 5405: 5357: 5332: 5305: 5288: 5263: 5254: 5245: 5206: 5115: 5096: 5071: 5060:from the original on 2013-05-01 5045: 5034:from the original on 2013-04-28 5019: 5008:from the original on 2013-01-02 4994: 4983:from the original on 2013-07-22 4958:from the original on 2013-06-11 4800:"Field fortification | warfare" 4191: 4071:. Fortifications in the age of 3749:List of expeditions of Muhammad 3654:An American flag raised at the 3636:Architecture of the Philippines 3460:Spanish colonial fortifications 3124:has defensive walls and square 2891: 2669:, temples and defensive walls. 2423: 2329:, and is the equivalent of the 78:needs additional citations for 27:Military defensive construction 5973:, 1500–1800, Routledge: 1999, 5492:. Accessed September 04, 2008. 5241:– via Britannica Online. 4969: 4940: 4911: 4878: 4851: 4816: 4792: 3860:Guinness Book of Records, 1974 3729:: The capital and seat of the 3666:, a walled city within Manila. 3608:Laguindingan, Misamis Oriental 3454: 2860:is used in the archaeology of 2725:, such as the ancient site of 2594:tomb brick showing gate towers 2548:by George Washington in 1754. 2311:, such as the ancient site of 2239:Castillo San Felipe de Barajas 13: 1: 7321:British "hedgehog" road block 5896: 4736:Guantanamo Bay detention camp 4565:Aircraft can be protected by 3943:were the main antecedents of 3370: 3114: 2834:Bronze and Iron Age Near East 2820: 2582: 2220:Castillo San Felipe del Morro 8373:Worshipful Company of Masons 5918:Fortification and Siegecraft 4925:. 2012-11-01. Archived from 4511:Battle of the Hurtgen Forest 3658:, 1898. Fort Santiago was a 3542:, Ozamiz, Misamis Occidental 3433:walled villages of Hong Kong 3259: 3120:) in present-day south-east 2848:An ancient casemate wall at 7: 10211:Operational manoeuvre group 7731:Cities with defensive walls 7316:Defensive fighting position 7231: 7036: 6846: 6792: 6653: 6644: 6610: 6601: 6456: 5858:History of the Maginot Line 5704:Journal of World Prehistory 5629:. Vol. 4. p. 142. 5383:Nossov, Konstantin (2012). 5129:(in German). Archived from 3883:was to create powerful log 3577:Bongabong, Oriental Mindoro 3449:Beijing city fortifications 3357:Large tempered earth (i.e. 1611:Military–industrial complex 1090:Operational manoeuvre group 58:Stronghold (disambiguation) 10: 10807: 10644:Peace and conflict studies 10533:Infantry fighting vehicles 9072:Front; Russian land forces 5971:Warfare in Atlantic Africa 5801:), No. 37, 2009, pp. 50–78 4749: 4575:hardened aircraft shelters 4154:star shaped fortifications 4056: 4019:Rocca di Manerba del Garda 3913: 3907: 3819: 3789:(consisting of horses and 3746: 3743:During Muhammad's lifetime 3629: 3590:Tukuran, Zamboanga del Sur 3546:Fuerza de San Antonio Abad 3463: 3435:. The famous walls of the 3411:include the city walls of 3330: 3280:Kashyapa I of Anuradhapura 3263: 3020:are found in the mainland 2981: 2895: 2837: 2577: 2277:fortifications of Valletta 2267:was first built in 600 BC. 47: 43:Fortification, New Zealand 40: 29: 10731: 10699:International cooperation 10631: 10606: 10473: 10466: 10388: 10307: 10219: 10171: 10046: 9922: 9707: 9669:Combat information center 9646: 9567: 9477: 9206: 9199: 9130:Infantry fighting vehicle 9080: 8912:Unified combatant command 8882: 8745: 8557: 8425: 8345: 8294: 8231: 8198:Lewis (lifting appliance) 8165: 8055: 7979: 7915: 7845: 7769: 7713: 7647: 7533: 7438: 7361:Hardened aircraft shelter 7336:Entry control point (ECP) 7248: 7159: 6875: 6868: 6300: 6049: 5945:, Charles Scribner, 1975. 5716:10.1007/s10963-006-9003-y 5642:Daily Life of the Nubians 5260:Emswiler (2020), pp. 4–5. 5212:Emswiler (2020), pp. 7–9. 4954:. Bbc.co.uk. 2012-10-31. 4535:Cheyenne Mountain Complex 4494:Cheyenne Mountain Complex 3879:A military tactic of the 3838: 3606:Laguindingan Watchtower, 3392:had been built since the 3316:Ceylon Garrison Artillery 3042:Indus Valley Civilization 2992:List of forts in Pakistan 2301:Indus Valley Civilization 1675:Loss-of-strength gradient 532:Combat information center 54:Fortress (disambiguation) 10614:Lists of wars by country 10056:List of military tactics 9174:Self-propelled artillery 9062:Special units by nation: 8505:Protocols and structure: 7858:Continuity of government 5831:MilitaryArchitecture.com 5056:. Ancient-wisdom.co.uk. 4756: 4669: 4537:. On the ground itself, 4298:intervals between them. 4172:, the fortifications of 4124:Giovanni Battista Zanchi 4115:fortifications of Rhodes 3600:Guinsiliban Watchtower, 3596:Bacolod, Lanao del Norte 3504:Cuartel de Santo Domingo 3337:List of castles in China 3326: 3158:, many of them built by 2906:An interior view of the 2630:in Greece from 6800 BC. 2602:for security from large 1993:Military science fiction 1478:Technology and equipment 899:List of military tactics 30:Not to be confused with 10711:International relations 10704:Crimes against humanity 9351:Other infantry weapons: 9067:Battle Fleet; U.S. Navy 8638:Functional specialties: 7680:Motte-and-bailey castle 7386:Missile launch facility 7381:Main line of resistance 6076: 5950:The Encyclopedia of War 5927:Encyclopædia Britannica 5566:Oxford University Press 5231:Encyclopædia Britannica 5127:Celtic Museum Heuneburg 5004:. Odysseus.culture.gr. 4804:Encyclopedia Britannica 4640:forward operating bases 4509:line. For example, the 4314:20th and 21st centuries 4304:Séré de Rivières system 3662:that was a part of the 3588:Fuerte de Alfonso XII, 3518:, Cagayancillo, Palawan 2784:Reconstructed walls of 2061:Wartime sexual violence 1817:Full-spectrum dominance 1628:Supply-chain management 10786:Military installations 10679:Conscientious objector 8787:Special reconnaissance 8527:Awards and decorations 7756:Military installations 7620: 7601: 7592: 7583: 7501: 7172: 7147: 7123: 7113:Scarp and Counterscarp 7084: 7075: 7060: 7027: 7013: 6984: 6955: 6946: 6922: 6883: 6688: 6669: 6587: 6536: 6527: 6483: 6474: 6465: 6402: 6388: 6379: 6325: 6284: 6271: 6262: 6253: 6239: 6199: 6185: 6121: 6112: 6103: 6094: 6085: 6067: 5251:Emswiler (2020), p. 4. 4979:. Greek-thesaurus.gr. 4687: 4505: 4431: 4331: 4271: 4225: 4149: 4105: 3994: 3933: 3910:Medieval fortification 3762: 3667: 3516:Fuerza de Cagayancillo 3361:) walls were built in 3354: 3283: 3241:also in Rajasthan and 3198: 3182: 3147: 3128:of sun dried bricks. 3009: 2996:List of forts in Nepal 2988:List of forts in India 2914: 2853: 2812: 2690: 2595: 2554:Roman forts in England 2508:since the time of the 2292: 2280: 2268: 2250: 2231: 2208: 2202: 1973:Awards and decorations 1946:Peace through strength 1921:Low-intensity conflict 1555:Conscientious objector 1428:Area of responsibility 9699:Torpedo Data Computer 9689:Ship gun fire-control 7525:Floating water castle 7256:Admiralty scaffolding 6549:Fortified buildings ( 5997:Military Architecture 5969:Thornton, John Kelly 5856:Halter, Marc (2011). 5503:"The Battle of Bayan" 5054:"The Ness of Brodgar" 4905:10.15184/aqy.2023.164 4677: 4492: 4421: 4321: 4261: 4211: 4188:being fine examples. 4144:from 18th century in 4136: 4099: 3969: 3923: 3916:Austrian walled towns 3820:Further information: 3756: 3692:Maguindanao Sultanate 3653: 3602:Guinsiliban, Camiguin 3585:, Zamboanga del Norte 3575:Fuerza de Bongabong, 3344: 3273: 3188: 3172: 3134: 3003: 2967:following a visit by 2905: 2847: 2783: 2680: 2590: 2286: 2274: 2256: 2237: 2218: 565:Torpedo data computer 555:Ship gun fire-control 50:Fort (disambiguation) 10776:Engineering barrages 10560:Specific modern wars 10508:Vehicles and weapons 10433:Military occupations 9032:Carrier strike group 8022:Massive precut stone 8017:Post-tensioned stone 7868:Subterranean warfare 6821:Viking ring fortress 5992:Fortress Study Group 5799:Fortress Study Group 5529:"The Kutawato Caves" 5109:isentosamballerer.de 5103:Focke, Arne (2006). 4823:Hirst, Paul (1997). 4746:Field fortifications 4516:After World War II, 4067:on the 14th century 4003:Eastern Colonisation 3979:St. George's Harbour 3876:on opposing forces. 3799:Muhammad's diplomacy 3771:Battle of the Trench 3759:Battle of the Trench 3709:: an outpost of the 3626:Local fortifications 3557:Fuerza de Santiago, 3528:Fuerza de San Felipe 3506:, Santa Rosa, Laguna 3421:Old City of Shanghai 3321:Sri Lankan Civil War 2912:Porta San Sebastiano 2735:classical era Greece 2456:improve this section 2091:Military occupations 1926:Military engineering 1828:Unrestricted Warfare 1685:Force multiplication 583:Military manoeuvrers 87:improve this article 10723:Peace organizations 10186:Operations research 9664:Director (military) 9654:Fire-control system 8565:Command and control 8218:Stonemason's hammer 8183:Ceramic tile cutter 7685:Quadrangular castle 7421:Weapon storage area 6777:Quadrangular castle 5943:Pre-Colonial Africa 5773:Thornton, pp. 22–39 5689:Osadolor, pp. 6–294 5200:The Free Dictionary 4728:concentration camps 4699:type construction. 4608:Ayn al-Asad Airbase 4579:underground hangars 4560:hit-and-run tactics 4545:Demilitarized zones 4322:Gun emplacement in 4100:Table of a typical 3973:'s 1624 map of the 3843:The entire city of 3721:Kuta Wato/Kota Bato 3594:Fuerza de Bacolod, 3569:Fuerza de Masbate, 3534:Fuerza de San Pedro 3390:Great Wall of China 3347:Great Wall of China 3197:, Rajasthan, India. 3022:Indian subcontinent 2978:Indian subcontinent 2886:Neo-Assyrian Empire 2817:Oppidum of Manching 2540:, or sandbags (see 2247:World Heritage Site 2228:World Heritage Site 1777:Penal military unit 1762:Rules of engagement 1438:Command and control 1063:Operations research 527:Director (military) 517:Fire-control system 287:Command and control 168:Part of a series on 10181:Military operation 10148:Tactical objective 9659:Fire-control radar 9575:Military equipment 9517:Anti-ship missiles 8869:Electronic-warfare 8732:Military maneuvers 8717:Combat occupations 8493:Commanding officer 8453:Occupational roles 7416:Underground hangar 7201:Fire control tower 6998:Gunpowder magazine 6426:Butter-churn tower 5955:Murray, Nicholas. 5789:2011-07-26 at the 5488:2015-12-10 at the 5161:. pp. 1, 3–15 5159:Andrews University 4899:(396): 1381–1401. 4718:Prisons and others 4688: 4634:Counter-insurgency 4556:Military airfields 4551:Military airfields 4527:nuclear submarines 4506: 4496:is an underground 4432: 4332: 4278:now connected the 4272: 4226: 4174:Berwick-upon-Tweed 4150: 4106: 3995: 3953:Carolingian Empire 3934: 3763: 3738:Pre-Islamic Arabia 3668: 3612:Kutang San Diego, 3581:Cotta de Dapitan, 3409:Chinese city walls 3388:(618–907 AD). The 3355: 3284: 3266:Forts in Sri Lanka 3199: 3183: 3148: 3010: 3008:, Gujarat 2600 BCE 2915: 2854: 2813: 2749:a few miles away. 2691: 2596: 2368:Carolingian Empire 2319:' walls). A Greek 2293: 2281: 2269: 2251: 2232: 1886:Counter-insurgency 1807:Command of the sea 1752:Jewish laws on war 1727:Geneva Conventions 1263:Divide and conquer 1058:Military operation 1023:Tactical objective 522:Fire-control radar 499:Electronic-warfare 32:Food fortification 10781:Military strategy 10758: 10757: 10684:Anti-war movement 10627: 10626: 10619:Conflicts by time 10244:Counter-offensive 10234:Military campaign 10153:Target saturation 10103:Counterinsurgency 9752:International law 9694:Gun data computer 9563: 9562: 8900:Armies by country 8864:Close air support 8829:Aircraft carriers 8498:Executive officer 8381: 8380: 8307:Hardstone carving 8254:Polygonal masonry 8078:Decorative stones 7939: 7938: 7863:Military urbanism 7797:Fortified gateway 7670:Concentric castle 7434: 7433: 7351:Fire support base 7191:Coastal artillery 7066:(Spanish America) 6660: 6502:Concentric castle 5867:978-2-9523092-5-7 5860:. Moselle River. 5651:978-0-313-32501-4 5606:978-9960-899-55-8 5579:978-0-19-881078-0 5430:978-81-208-1000-6 5398:978-1-78096-985-5 5223:Lloyd, Seton H.F. 5030:. Orkneyjar.com. 4392:air raid shelters 4011:Venetian Republic 3957:Early Middle Ages 3731:Sultanate of Sulu 3554:, Pikit, Cotabato 3333:Chinese city wall 3312:coastal artillery 3162:, founder of the 3103:Lauria Nandangarh 2959:was built by the 2673:Bronze Age Europe 2492: 2491: 2484: 2372:Early Middle Ages 2164: 2163: 2056:Horses in warfare 2003:Anti-war movement 1906:Gunboat diplomacy 1896:Disaster response 1844:Philosophy of war 1839:Principles of war 1812:Deterrence theory 1757:Right of conquest 1680:Lanchester's laws 1448:Principles of war 1138:Counter-offensive 1123:Military campaign 1028:Target saturation 951:Counterinsurgency 560:Gun data computer 494:Close air support 456:Aircraft carriers 163: 162: 155: 137: 16:(Redirected from 10798: 10748: 10747: 10737: 10736: 10714: 10597: 10588: 10579: 10570: 10554: 10545: 10536: 10527: 10518: 10504: 10495: 10486: 10471: 10470: 10413:Military tactics 10254:Defence in depth 10108:Defeat in detail 9804:Armoured warfare 9742:Military science 9532:Close-in weapons 9204: 9203: 9115:Wheeled vehicles 9110:Tracked vehicles 8907:Chain of command 8570:Defense ministry 8408: 8401: 8394: 8385: 8384: 8213:Plug and feather 8063:Artificial stone 7966: 7959: 7952: 7943: 7942: 7928: 7927: 7921: 7812:National redoubt 7741:Fortified estate 7665:Circular rampart 7625: 7606: 7597: 7588: 7506: 7266:Anti-tank trench 7261:Air raid shelter 7236: 7196:Disappearing gun 7177: 7152: 7128: 7089: 7080: 7065: 7041: 7032: 7018: 6989: 6960: 6951: 6927: 6888: 6873: 6872: 6851: 6831:Bailey (or ward) 6797: 6702:Motte-and-bailey 6693: 6674: 6658: 6650: 6649: 6615: 6606: 6592: 6541: 6532: 6488: 6479: 6470: 6461: 6407: 6393: 6384: 6330: 6287: 6276: 6267: 6258: 6244: 6204: 6190: 6130:Circular rampart 6126: 6117: 6108: 6099: 6090: 6081: 6072: 6036: 6029: 6022: 6013: 6012: 5931: 5909: 5907: 5906: 5890: 5889: 5878: 5872: 5871: 5853: 5847: 5846: 5844: 5842: 5822: 5816: 5815: 5808: 5802: 5780: 5774: 5771: 5765: 5762: 5756: 5753: 5747: 5746: 5734: 5728: 5727: 5699: 5690: 5687: 5681: 5680: 5662: 5656: 5655: 5637: 5631: 5630: 5622: 5616: 5614: 5590: 5584: 5583: 5556:Watt, William M. 5551: 5545: 5544: 5542: 5540: 5525: 5519: 5518: 5516: 5514: 5505:. Archived from 5499: 5493: 5480: 5474: 5473: 5471: 5469: 5450: 5444: 5441: 5435: 5434: 5413:Hiltebeitel, Alf 5409: 5403: 5402: 5380: 5371: 5361: 5355: 5354: 5336: 5330: 5329: 5320:(1/4): 223–250. 5309: 5303: 5302: 5300: 5292: 5286: 5285: 5267: 5261: 5258: 5252: 5249: 5243: 5242: 5240: 5238: 5219: 5213: 5210: 5204: 5203: 5197: 5195: 5177: 5171: 5170: 5168: 5166: 5150: 5135: 5134: 5133:on 24 June 2007. 5119: 5113: 5112: 5100: 5094: 5093: 5075: 5069: 5068: 5066: 5065: 5049: 5043: 5042: 5040: 5039: 5023: 5017: 5016: 5014: 5013: 4998: 4992: 4991: 4989: 4988: 4973: 4967: 4966: 4964: 4963: 4944: 4938: 4937: 4935: 4934: 4929:on April 2, 2020 4915: 4909: 4908: 4882: 4876: 4875: 4873: 4871: 4855: 4849: 4848: 4820: 4814: 4813: 4811: 4810: 4796: 4790: 4784: 4773: 4767: 4445:defence in depth 4198:explosive shells 4176:and the harbour 4021:(Lombardy), and 3897:Kingdom of Kongo 3834:Qalat (fortress) 3810:Battle of Hunayn 3781:Muhammad, dug a 3563:Fuerza de Jolo, 3559:Romblon, Romblon 3524:, Zamboanga City 3400:(1368–1644 AD). 3375: 3372: 3231:Ranthambhor Fort 3119: 3116: 2965:northern England 2931:Theodosian Walls 2825: 2822: 2723:Mycenaean Greece 2487: 2480: 2476: 2473: 2467: 2436: 2428: 2401:explosive shells 2309:Mycenaean Greece 2211: 2205: 2156: 2149: 2142: 1911:Humanitarian aid 1849:Security dilemma 1670:Power projection 1453:Economy of force 1433:Chain of command 1148:Defence in depth 1133:Commerce raiding 956:Defeat in detail 292:Defense ministry 196: 187: 186: 177: 165: 164: 158: 151: 147: 144: 138: 136: 95: 71: 63: 21: 10806: 10805: 10801: 10800: 10799: 10797: 10796: 10795: 10761: 10760: 10759: 10754: 10727: 10708: 10694:Humanitarianism 10623: 10602: 10591: 10582: 10573: 10567:Napoleonic Wars 10564: 10548: 10542:Modern warships 10539: 10530: 10521: 10512: 10498: 10489: 10480: 10467:Other namespace 10462: 10384: 10303: 10215: 10167: 10133:Rapid dominance 10042: 9918: 9703: 9642: 9559: 9505:Naval artillery 9485:Guided missiles 9473: 9195: 9076: 8878: 8741: 8737:Combat training 8685:Security forces 8675:Military police 8613:Airborne forces 8553: 8421: 8412: 8382: 8377: 8341: 8290: 8227: 8161: 8083:Dimension stone 8051: 7975: 7970: 7940: 7935: 7919: 7911: 7841: 7765: 7709: 7643: 7578:Imperial castle 7551:Coercion castle 7546:Coastal defence 7529: 7491:Promontory fort 7461:Hillside castle 7430: 7346:Fallout shelter 7311:Concertina wire 7291:Border security 7244: 7155: 6864: 6497:Coercion castle 6485:Cheval de frise 6467:Chemin de ronde 6315:Albarrana tower 6296: 6241:Schwedenschanze 6218:Promontory fort 6045: 6040: 6001:Wayback Machine 5988: 5938: 5904: 5902: 5899: 5894: 5893: 5880: 5879: 5875: 5868: 5854: 5850: 5840: 5838: 5827:"Fort Campbell" 5823: 5819: 5810: 5809: 5805: 5791:Wayback Machine 5781: 5777: 5772: 5768: 5763: 5759: 5755:July, pp. 11–39 5754: 5750: 5735: 5731: 5700: 5693: 5688: 5684: 5677: 5663: 5659: 5652: 5638: 5634: 5625:Muir, William. 5623: 5619: 5607: 5591: 5587: 5580: 5552: 5548: 5538: 5536: 5527: 5526: 5522: 5512: 5510: 5501: 5500: 5496: 5490:Wayback Machine 5481: 5477: 5467: 5465: 5452: 5451: 5447: 5442: 5438: 5431: 5410: 5406: 5399: 5381: 5374: 5362: 5358: 5351: 5337: 5333: 5310: 5306: 5298: 5294: 5293: 5289: 5282: 5268: 5264: 5259: 5255: 5250: 5246: 5236: 5234: 5220: 5216: 5211: 5207: 5193: 5191: 5181:"Casemate wall" 5179: 5178: 5174: 5164: 5162: 5151: 5138: 5121: 5120: 5116: 5101: 5097: 5090: 5076: 5072: 5063: 5061: 5052:Alex Whitaker. 5050: 5046: 5037: 5035: 5024: 5020: 5011: 5009: 5000: 4999: 4995: 4986: 4984: 4975: 4974: 4970: 4961: 4959: 4946: 4945: 4941: 4932: 4930: 4917: 4916: 4912: 4883: 4879: 4869: 4867: 4858:A. Wade, Dale. 4856: 4852: 4821: 4817: 4808: 4806: 4798: 4797: 4793: 4785: 4776: 4768: 4764: 4759: 4754: 4748: 4742:for example). 4740:Tower of London 4720: 4672: 4636: 4604:Jersey Barriers 4553: 4469:Battle of Kursk 4384:nuclear weapons 4316: 4276:tunnel networks 4262:The tunnels of 4196:The arrival of 4194: 4152:The result was 4061: 4055: 4007:Renaissance era 3918: 3912: 3906: 3904:Medieval Europe 3841: 3836: 3818: 3779:Islamic prophet 3751: 3745: 3740: 3711:Bruneian Empire 3702:Notable kotas: 3638: 3630:Main articles: 3628: 3618:Baluarte Luna, 3552:Fuerza de Pikit 3512:, Cuyo, Palawan 3468: 3462: 3457: 3405:defensive walls 3373: 3339: 3329: 3308:Napoleonic wars 3268: 3262: 3223:Mehrangarh Fort 3117: 3105:. The earliest 3014:Later Stone Age 2998: 2982:Main articles: 2980: 2900: 2894: 2878:16th century BC 2842: 2836: 2824: 50–30 BC 2823: 2689:fortifications. 2675: 2655:Ness of Brodgar 2585: 2580: 2488: 2477: 2471: 2468: 2453: 2437: 2426: 2399:The arrival of 2297:defensive walls 2206:("strong") and 2170:(also called a 2160: 2131: 2130: 2081: 2071: 2070: 2036: 2028: 2027: 1968: 1958: 1957: 1931:Multilateralism 1916:Law enforcement 1876: 1866: 1865: 1834:Just war theory 1792: 1782: 1781: 1732:Geneva Protocol 1702: 1692: 1691: 1665: 1655: 1654: 1596: 1586: 1585: 1493: 1483: 1482: 1423: 1413: 1412: 1378: 1368: 1367: 1298:Network-centric 1218: 1208: 1207: 1115: 1105: 1104: 1053: 1043: 1042: 991:Rapid dominance 896: 886: 885: 841:Electromagnetic 750: 740: 739: 726: 679: 627: 603: 593: 592: 588:Combat training 569: 546: 512:Combat systems: 508: 470: 466:Auxiliary ships 432: 392: 388:Military police 354: 277: 267: 266: 206: 180: 179: 178: 173: 159: 148: 142: 139: 102:"Fortification" 96: 94: 84: 72: 61: 46: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 10804: 10794: 10793: 10788: 10783: 10778: 10773: 10771:Fortifications 10756: 10755: 10732: 10729: 10728: 10726: 10725: 10720: 10715: 10706: 10701: 10696: 10691: 10686: 10681: 10676: 10674:Global studies 10671: 10666: 10661: 10656: 10651: 10649:Peace movement 10646: 10641: 10635: 10633: 10629: 10628: 10625: 10624: 10622: 10621: 10616: 10610: 10608: 10604: 10603: 10601: 10600: 10599: 10598: 10589: 10580: 10571: 10557: 10556: 10555: 10546: 10537: 10528: 10519: 10505: 10496: 10487: 10477: 10475: 10468: 10464: 10463: 10461: 10460: 10455: 10450: 10448:Related lists: 10445: 10440: 10435: 10430: 10425: 10420: 10418:History lists: 10415: 10410: 10405: 10400: 10398:Military lists 10394: 10392: 10386: 10385: 10383: 10382: 10377: 10372: 10367: 10365:Defense policy 10362: 10360:Defense budget 10357: 10352: 10350:Public policy: 10347: 10342: 10340:United Nations 10337: 10332: 10327: 10322: 10313: 10311: 10305: 10304: 10302: 10301: 10299:Scorched earth 10296: 10291: 10286: 10281: 10276: 10271: 10266: 10261: 10256: 10251: 10246: 10241: 10236: 10231: 10225: 10223: 10217: 10216: 10214: 10213: 10208: 10203: 10201:Deep operation 10198: 10193: 10188: 10183: 10177: 10175: 10169: 10168: 10166: 10165: 10160: 10155: 10150: 10145: 10140: 10135: 10130: 10125: 10120: 10115: 10110: 10105: 10100: 10095: 10090: 10085: 10080: 10079: 10078: 10073: 10063: 10058: 10052: 10050: 10044: 10043: 10041: 10040: 10035: 10030: 10029: 10028: 10018: 10017: 10016: 10011: 10006: 10001: 9996: 9991: 9981: 9980: 9979: 9974: 9969: 9964: 9959: 9949: 9948: 9947: 9942: 9937: 9928: 9926: 9920: 9919: 9917: 9916: 9914:Unconventional 9911: 9906: 9901: 9896: 9891: 9886: 9881: 9876: 9871: 9866: 9864:Disinformation 9861: 9856: 9851: 9846: 9841: 9836: 9831: 9826: 9821: 9816: 9811: 9806: 9801: 9796: 9795: 9794: 9789: 9779: 9774: 9772:Post-classical 9769: 9764: 9759: 9754: 9749: 9744: 9739: 9734: 9729: 9724: 9719: 9713: 9711: 9705: 9704: 9702: 9701: 9696: 9691: 9686: 9681: 9676: 9671: 9666: 9661: 9656: 9650: 9648: 9647:Combat systems 9644: 9643: 9641: 9640: 9638:Field hospital 9635: 9634: 9633: 9623: 9618: 9613: 9612: 9611: 9601: 9600: 9599: 9589: 9588: 9587: 9582: 9571: 9569: 9565: 9564: 9561: 9560: 9558: 9557: 9552: 9547: 9542: 9534: 9529: 9524: 9519: 9514: 9513: 9512: 9502: 9494: 9493: 9492: 9481: 9479: 9475: 9474: 9472: 9471: 9466: 9461: 9456: 9455: 9454: 9449: 9444: 9434: 9433: 9432: 9427: 9422: 9417: 9415:Shoulder-fired 9404: 9403: 9402: 9392: 9387: 9382: 9381: 9380: 9370: 9369: 9368: 9358: 9353: 9348: 9343: 9342: 9341: 9331: 9330: 9329: 9319: 9315:Service rifles 9311: 9310: 9309: 9299: 9294: 9286: 9285: 9284: 9274: 9273: 9272: 9262: 9261: 9260: 9250: 9249: 9248: 9243: 9238: 9228: 9223: 9222: 9221: 9210: 9208: 9201: 9197: 9196: 9194: 9193: 9188: 9187: 9186: 9181: 9171: 9170: 9169: 9164: 9154: 9149: 9144: 9143: 9142: 9137: 9132: 9127: 9117: 9112: 9107: 9102: 9101: 9100: 9090: 9084: 9082: 9078: 9077: 9075: 9074: 9069: 9064: 9059: 9054: 9049: 9044: 9039: 9034: 9029: 9024: 9019: 9014: 9009: 9004: 9003: 9002: 8997: 8987: 8986: 8985: 8980: 8970: 8969: 8968: 8958: 8957: 8956: 8946: 8945: 8944: 8934: 8929: 8924: 8919: 8914: 8909: 8904: 8903: 8902: 8897: 8886: 8884: 8880: 8879: 8877: 8876: 8874:Reconnaissance 8871: 8866: 8861: 8856: 8851: 8846: 8841: 8839:Auxiliary ship 8836: 8831: 8826: 8821: 8820: 8819: 8814: 8809: 8799: 8794: 8789: 8784: 8779: 8778: 8777: 8767: 8762: 8757: 8751: 8749: 8743: 8742: 8740: 8739: 8734: 8729: 8727:Basic training 8724: 8719: 8714: 8709: 8708: 8707: 8697: 8692: 8687: 8682: 8677: 8672: 8667: 8666: 8665: 8658:Reconnaissance 8655: 8650: 8645: 8643:Communications 8640: 8635: 8630: 8625: 8620: 8615: 8610: 8608:Special forces 8605: 8600: 8595: 8590: 8585: 8580: 8572: 8567: 8561: 8559: 8555: 8554: 8552: 8551: 8546: 8541: 8540: 8539: 8534: 8524: 8519: 8518: 8517: 8507: 8501: 8500: 8495: 8490: 8485: 8480: 8475: 8470: 8465: 8460: 8455: 8450: 8445: 8440: 8435: 8429: 8427: 8423: 8422: 8411: 8410: 8403: 8396: 8388: 8379: 8378: 8376: 8375: 8370: 8365: 8360: 8355: 8349: 8347: 8343: 8342: 8340: 8339: 8334: 8329: 8324: 8319: 8309: 8304: 8298: 8296: 8292: 8291: 8289: 8288: 8287: 8286: 8276: 8271: 8266: 8261: 8256: 8251: 8246: 8241: 8235: 8233: 8229: 8228: 8226: 8225: 8220: 8215: 8210: 8205: 8200: 8195: 8190: 8185: 8180: 8175: 8169: 8167: 8163: 8162: 8160: 8159: 8154: 8149: 8148: 8147: 8137: 8132: 8131: 8130: 8120: 8115: 8110: 8105: 8100: 8095: 8090: 8085: 8080: 8075: 8070: 8065: 8059: 8057: 8053: 8052: 8050: 8049: 8044: 8039: 8034: 8029: 8024: 8019: 8014: 8009: 8007:Letter cutting 8004: 7999: 7994: 7989: 7983: 7981: 7977: 7976: 7969: 7968: 7961: 7954: 7946: 7937: 7936: 7934: 7933: 7916: 7913: 7912: 7910: 7909: 7908: 7907: 7897: 7895:Trench warfare 7892: 7890:Tunnel warfare 7887: 7886: 7885: 7875: 7870: 7865: 7860: 7855: 7849: 7847: 7843: 7842: 7840: 7839: 7834: 7829: 7824: 7819: 7814: 7809: 7804: 7799: 7794: 7789: 7784: 7779: 7773: 7771: 7767: 7766: 7764: 7763: 7758: 7753: 7748: 7746:Fortifications 7743: 7738: 7733: 7728: 7723: 7717: 7715: 7711: 7710: 7708: 7707: 7702: 7697: 7692: 7687: 7682: 7677: 7672: 7667: 7662: 7657: 7651: 7649: 7645: 7644: 7642: 7641: 7636: 7631: 7626: 7617: 7612: 7607: 7598: 7589: 7580: 7575: 7570: 7563: 7558: 7556:Counter-castle 7553: 7548: 7543: 7541:Border barrier 7537: 7535: 7531: 7530: 7528: 7527: 7522: 7517: 7512: 7507: 7498: 7493: 7488: 7483: 7478: 7476:Lowland castle 7473: 7468: 7466:Hilltop castle 7463: 7458: 7453: 7448: 7442: 7440: 7436: 7435: 7432: 7431: 7429: 7428: 7423: 7418: 7413: 7408: 7403: 7398: 7393: 7388: 7383: 7378: 7373: 7368: 7363: 7358: 7353: 7348: 7343: 7341:Electric fence 7338: 7333: 7331:Dragon's teeth 7328: 7326:Czech hedgehog 7323: 7318: 7313: 7308: 7303: 7298: 7293: 7288: 7283: 7278: 7273: 7268: 7263: 7258: 7252: 7250: 7246: 7245: 7243: 7242: 7240:Wire obstacles 7237: 7228: 7226:Polygonal fort 7223: 7218: 7216:Martello tower 7213: 7208: 7203: 7198: 7193: 7188: 7183: 7181:Border outpost 7178: 7169: 7163: 7161: 7157: 7156: 7154: 7153: 7144: 7139: 7134: 7129: 7120: 7115: 7110: 7105: 7100: 7095: 7090: 7081: 7072: 7067: 7057: 7055:Polygonal fort 7052: 7047: 7042: 7033: 7024: 7019: 7010: 7005: 7000: 6995: 6990: 6981: 6976: 6971: 6966: 6961: 6952: 6943: 6938: 6933: 6928: 6919: 6914: 6909: 6904: 6899: 6894: 6889: 6879: 6877: 6870: 6866: 6865: 6863: 6862: 6857: 6852: 6843: 6838: 6833: 6828: 6823: 6818: 6813: 6808: 6803: 6798: 6789: 6784: 6779: 6774: 6769: 6764: 6759: 6754: 6749: 6744: 6739: 6734: 6729: 6724: 6719: 6714: 6709: 6704: 6699: 6694: 6685: 6680: 6675: 6666: 6661: 6641: 6636: 6631: 6626: 6621: 6616: 6607: 6598: 6593: 6584: 6579: 6574: 6567: 6562: 6547: 6545:Flanking tower 6542: 6533: 6524: 6519: 6514: 6512:Counter-castle 6509: 6504: 6499: 6494: 6489: 6480: 6471: 6462: 6453: 6448: 6443: 6438: 6433: 6428: 6423: 6418: 6413: 6408: 6399: 6394: 6385: 6376: 6371: 6366: 6361: 6356: 6351: 6346: 6341: 6336: 6331: 6322: 6317: 6312: 6306: 6304: 6302:Post-classical 6298: 6297: 6295: 6294: 6292:Vitrified fort 6289: 6277: 6268: 6259: 6250: 6245: 6236: 6231: 6225: 6220: 6215: 6210: 6205: 6196: 6191: 6182: 6177: 6172: 6167: 6162: 6157: 6152: 6150:Defensive wall 6147: 6142: 6137: 6132: 6127: 6118: 6109: 6100: 6091: 6082: 6073: 6064: 6059: 6053: 6051: 6047: 6046: 6043:Fortifications 6039: 6038: 6031: 6024: 6016: 6010: 6009: 6004: 5994: 5987: 5986:External links 5984: 5983: 5982: 5967: 5960: 5953: 5946: 5937: 5934: 5933: 5932: 5922:Chisholm, Hugh 5898: 5895: 5892: 5891: 5873: 5866: 5848: 5817: 5803: 5775: 5766: 5757: 5748: 5729: 5710:(2): 133–168. 5691: 5682: 5675: 5657: 5650: 5632: 5617: 5605: 5585: 5578: 5546: 5520: 5494: 5475: 5445: 5436: 5429: 5404: 5397: 5372: 5356: 5349: 5331: 5304: 5287: 5280: 5262: 5253: 5244: 5214: 5205: 5172: 5136: 5114: 5095: 5088: 5070: 5044: 5018: 4993: 4968: 4939: 4910: 4877: 4850: 4815: 4791: 4789:, p. 680. 4774: 4772:, p. 679. 4761: 4760: 4758: 4755: 4752:Trench warfare 4750:Main article: 4747: 4744: 4732:Theresienstadt 4719: 4716: 4680:Ozama Fortress 4671: 4668: 4635: 4632: 4571:hesco barriers 4552: 4549: 4436:trench warfare 4428:bunker busters 4416: 4415: 4400:Siegfried Line 4395: 4380:bunker busters 4351:aerial warfare 4328:aerial warfare 4315: 4312: 4264:Fort de Mutzig 4222:polygonal fort 4212:The ditch and 4193: 4190: 4168:states and in 4162:Fort Bourtange 4054: 4051: 3999:eastern Europe 3908:Main article: 3905: 3902: 3856:walls of Benin 3840: 3837: 3817: 3814: 3806:Siege of Ta'if 3747:Main article: 3744: 3741: 3739: 3736: 3735: 3734: 3724: 3718: 3627: 3624: 3623: 3622: 3620:Luna, La Union 3616: 3614:Gumaca, Quezon 3610: 3604: 3598: 3592: 3586: 3579: 3573: 3567: 3561: 3555: 3549: 3543: 3537: 3531: 3525: 3519: 3513: 3510:Fuerza de Cuyo 3507: 3501: 3464:Main article: 3461: 3458: 3456: 3453: 3445:Yongle Emperor 3437:Forbidden City 3382:Warring States 3328: 3325: 3314:manned by the 3278:built by King 3261: 3258: 3247:Madhya Pradesh 3239:Jaisalmer Fort 3191:Jaisalmer Fort 3164:Maratha Empire 3118: 2500 BC 3107:Mauryan period 2984:Forts in India 2979: 2976: 2957:Hadrian's Wall 2935:Constantinople 2923:Aurelian Walls 2908:Aurelian walls 2896:Main article: 2893: 2890: 2882:9th century BC 2864:and the wider 2835: 2832: 2800:murus gallicus 2754:Central Europe 2737:, the city of 2719:ancient Greece 2674: 2671: 2584: 2581: 2579: 2576: 2546:Fort Necessity 2505:castrametation 2490: 2489: 2440: 2438: 2431: 2425: 2422: 2305:ancient Greece 2291:, Netherlands. 2162: 2161: 2159: 2158: 2151: 2144: 2136: 2133: 2132: 2129: 2128: 2123: 2118: 2113: 2108: 2103: 2098: 2096:Military terms 2093: 2088: 2082: 2077: 2076: 2073: 2072: 2069: 2068: 2063: 2058: 2053: 2048: 2043: 2037: 2034: 2033: 2030: 2029: 2026: 2025: 2020: 2015: 2010: 2005: 2000: 1995: 1990: 1985: 1980: 1975: 1969: 1964: 1963: 1960: 1959: 1956: 1955: 1950: 1949: 1948: 1943: 1933: 1928: 1923: 1918: 1913: 1908: 1903: 1898: 1893: 1888: 1883: 1877: 1872: 1871: 1868: 1867: 1864: 1863: 1858: 1857: 1856: 1854:Tripwire force 1846: 1841: 1836: 1831: 1824: 1819: 1814: 1809: 1804: 1799: 1793: 1788: 1787: 1784: 1783: 1780: 1779: 1774: 1769: 1764: 1759: 1754: 1749: 1744: 1739: 1734: 1729: 1724: 1719: 1714: 1709: 1703: 1698: 1697: 1694: 1693: 1690: 1689: 1688: 1687: 1677: 1672: 1666: 1661: 1660: 1657: 1656: 1653: 1652: 1651: 1650: 1645: 1640: 1630: 1625: 1624: 1623: 1618: 1608: 1603: 1597: 1592: 1591: 1588: 1587: 1584: 1583: 1574: 1569: 1568: 1567: 1557: 1552: 1547: 1542: 1537: 1532: 1527: 1522: 1517: 1512: 1507: 1506: 1505: 1494: 1489: 1488: 1485: 1484: 1481: 1480: 1475: 1470: 1465: 1460: 1455: 1450: 1445: 1440: 1435: 1430: 1424: 1419: 1418: 1415: 1414: 1411: 1410: 1405: 1400: 1395: 1390: 1385: 1379: 1376:Administrative 1374: 1373: 1370: 1369: 1366: 1365: 1360: 1355: 1350: 1345: 1340: 1335: 1330: 1325: 1320: 1315: 1310: 1305: 1303:New generation 1300: 1295: 1290: 1285: 1280: 1278:Fleet in being 1275: 1270: 1265: 1260: 1255: 1250: 1245: 1240: 1235: 1230: 1225: 1219: 1216:Grand strategy 1214: 1213: 1210: 1209: 1206: 1205: 1203:Scorched earth 1200: 1195: 1190: 1185: 1180: 1175: 1170: 1165: 1160: 1155: 1150: 1145: 1140: 1135: 1130: 1125: 1116: 1111: 1110: 1107: 1106: 1103: 1102: 1097: 1092: 1087: 1082: 1080:Deep operation 1077: 1072: 1065: 1060: 1054: 1049: 1048: 1045: 1044: 1041: 1040: 1035: 1030: 1025: 1020: 1015: 1010: 1009: 1008: 998: 993: 988: 983: 978: 973: 968: 963: 958: 953: 948: 943: 938: 933: 928: 927: 926: 921: 916: 906: 897: 892: 891: 888: 887: 884: 883: 881:Unconventional 878: 873: 868: 863: 858: 853: 848: 843: 838: 829: 827:Disinformation 824: 819: 814: 809: 804: 799: 798: 797: 792: 782: 777: 772: 767: 762: 757: 751: 746: 745: 742: 741: 738: 737: 732: 725: 724: 723: 722: 721: 720: 710: 705: 700: 695: 690: 678: 677: 676: 675: 674: 673: 663: 658: 653: 648: 643: 638: 626: 625: 624: 623: 618: 613: 604: 599: 598: 595: 594: 591: 590: 585: 580: 578:Basic training 575: 568: 567: 562: 557: 552: 545: 544: 539: 534: 529: 524: 519: 514: 507: 506: 504:Reconnaissance 501: 496: 491: 486: 481: 476: 469: 468: 463: 458: 453: 448: 443: 438: 431: 430: 425: 423:Special forces 420: 415: 414: 413: 403: 398: 391: 390: 385: 380: 378:Reconnaissance 375: 370: 365: 360: 353: 352: 343: 338: 329: 324: 319: 314: 309: 304: 299: 294: 289: 284: 278: 273: 272: 269: 268: 265: 264: 263: 262: 257: 247: 246: 245: 240: 230: 229: 228: 221:Post-classical 218: 213: 207: 202: 201: 198: 197: 189: 188: 170: 169: 161: 160: 75: 73: 66: 36:Fortified wine 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 10803: 10792: 10789: 10787: 10784: 10782: 10779: 10777: 10774: 10772: 10769: 10768: 10766: 10753: 10752: 10742: 10741: 10730: 10724: 10721: 10719: 10716: 10712: 10707: 10705: 10702: 10700: 10697: 10695: 10692: 10690: 10687: 10685: 10682: 10680: 10677: 10675: 10672: 10670: 10667: 10665: 10662: 10660: 10657: 10655: 10654:Peace process 10652: 10650: 10647: 10645: 10642: 10640: 10637: 10636: 10634: 10630: 10620: 10617: 10615: 10612: 10611: 10609: 10605: 10595: 10590: 10586: 10581: 10577: 10572: 10568: 10563: 10562: 10561: 10558: 10552: 10547: 10543: 10538: 10534: 10529: 10525: 10520: 10516: 10511: 10510: 10509: 10506: 10502: 10497: 10493: 10488: 10484: 10479: 10478: 10476: 10472: 10469: 10465: 10459: 10456: 10454: 10451: 10449: 10446: 10444: 10441: 10439: 10436: 10434: 10431: 10429: 10426: 10424: 10421: 10419: 10416: 10414: 10411: 10409: 10406: 10404: 10401: 10399: 10396: 10395: 10393: 10391: 10387: 10381: 10378: 10376: 10373: 10371: 10368: 10366: 10363: 10361: 10358: 10356: 10353: 10351: 10348: 10346: 10343: 10341: 10338: 10336: 10333: 10331: 10328: 10326: 10323: 10321: 10319: 10315: 10314: 10312: 10310: 10306: 10300: 10297: 10295: 10292: 10290: 10287: 10285: 10282: 10280: 10277: 10275: 10272: 10270: 10267: 10265: 10262: 10260: 10257: 10255: 10252: 10250: 10247: 10245: 10242: 10240: 10237: 10235: 10232: 10230: 10227: 10226: 10224: 10222: 10218: 10212: 10209: 10207: 10204: 10202: 10199: 10197: 10196:Expeditionary 10194: 10192: 10189: 10187: 10184: 10182: 10179: 10178: 10176: 10174: 10170: 10164: 10161: 10159: 10156: 10154: 10151: 10149: 10146: 10144: 10141: 10139: 10136: 10134: 10131: 10129: 10126: 10124: 10121: 10119: 10116: 10114: 10111: 10109: 10106: 10104: 10101: 10099: 10098:Counterattack 10096: 10094: 10091: 10089: 10086: 10084: 10081: 10077: 10074: 10072: 10069: 10068: 10067: 10064: 10062: 10059: 10057: 10054: 10053: 10051: 10049: 10045: 10039: 10036: 10034: 10031: 10027: 10024: 10023: 10022: 10019: 10015: 10012: 10010: 10007: 10005: 10002: 10000: 9997: 9995: 9992: 9990: 9987: 9986: 9985: 9982: 9978: 9975: 9973: 9970: 9968: 9965: 9963: 9960: 9958: 9955: 9954: 9953: 9950: 9946: 9943: 9941: 9938: 9936: 9933: 9932: 9930: 9929: 9927: 9925: 9921: 9915: 9912: 9910: 9907: 9905: 9904:Psychological 9902: 9900: 9897: 9895: 9892: 9890: 9887: 9885: 9882: 9880: 9877: 9875: 9872: 9870: 9867: 9865: 9862: 9860: 9857: 9855: 9852: 9850: 9847: 9845: 9844:Combined arms 9842: 9840: 9837: 9835: 9832: 9830: 9827: 9825: 9822: 9820: 9817: 9815: 9812: 9810: 9807: 9805: 9802: 9800: 9797: 9793: 9790: 9788: 9785: 9784: 9783: 9780: 9778: 9775: 9773: 9770: 9768: 9765: 9763: 9760: 9758: 9755: 9753: 9750: 9748: 9745: 9743: 9740: 9738: 9735: 9733: 9730: 9728: 9725: 9723: 9720: 9718: 9715: 9714: 9712: 9710: 9706: 9700: 9697: 9695: 9692: 9690: 9687: 9685: 9682: 9680: 9677: 9675: 9672: 9670: 9667: 9665: 9662: 9660: 9657: 9655: 9652: 9651: 9649: 9645: 9639: 9636: 9632: 9629: 9628: 9627: 9626:Military base 9624: 9622: 9619: 9617: 9614: 9610: 9607: 9606: 9605: 9602: 9598: 9595: 9594: 9593: 9590: 9586: 9583: 9581: 9578: 9577: 9576: 9573: 9572: 9570: 9566: 9556: 9553: 9551: 9548: 9546: 9543: 9541: 9539: 9535: 9533: 9530: 9528: 9527:Depth charges 9525: 9523: 9520: 9518: 9515: 9511: 9508: 9507: 9506: 9503: 9501: 9499: 9495: 9491: 9488: 9487: 9486: 9483: 9482: 9480: 9476: 9470: 9467: 9465: 9462: 9460: 9457: 9453: 9450: 9448: 9445: 9443: 9440: 9439: 9438: 9435: 9431: 9428: 9426: 9423: 9421: 9418: 9416: 9413: 9412: 9411: 9409: 9405: 9401: 9398: 9397: 9396: 9393: 9391: 9388: 9386: 9383: 9379: 9376: 9375: 9374: 9371: 9367: 9364: 9363: 9362: 9361:Anti-tank gun 9359: 9357: 9354: 9352: 9349: 9347: 9344: 9340: 9337: 9336: 9335: 9334:Assault rifle 9332: 9328: 9325: 9324: 9323: 9322:Battle rifles 9320: 9318: 9316: 9312: 9308: 9305: 9304: 9303: 9300: 9298: 9295: 9293: 9291: 9290:Infantry guns 9287: 9283: 9280: 9279: 9278: 9275: 9271: 9268: 9267: 9266: 9263: 9259: 9256: 9255: 9254: 9251: 9247: 9244: 9242: 9239: 9237: 9234: 9233: 9232: 9229: 9227: 9224: 9220: 9217: 9216: 9215: 9212: 9211: 9209: 9205: 9202: 9198: 9192: 9189: 9185: 9184:Anti-aircraft 9182: 9180: 9177: 9176: 9175: 9172: 9168: 9165: 9163: 9160: 9159: 9158: 9155: 9153: 9150: 9148: 9145: 9141: 9138: 9136: 9133: 9131: 9128: 9126: 9123: 9122: 9121: 9118: 9116: 9113: 9111: 9108: 9106: 9103: 9099: 9096: 9095: 9094: 9091: 9089: 9086: 9085: 9083: 9079: 9073: 9070: 9068: 9065: 9063: 9060: 9058: 9055: 9053: 9050: 9048: 9045: 9043: 9040: 9038: 9035: 9033: 9030: 9028: 9025: 9023: 9020: 9018: 9015: 9013: 9010: 9008: 9005: 9001: 8998: 8996: 8993: 8992: 8991: 8988: 8984: 8981: 8979: 8976: 8975: 8974: 8971: 8967: 8964: 8963: 8962: 8959: 8955: 8952: 8951: 8950: 8947: 8943: 8940: 8939: 8938: 8935: 8933: 8930: 8928: 8925: 8923: 8920: 8918: 8917:General staff 8915: 8913: 8910: 8908: 8905: 8901: 8898: 8896: 8893: 8892: 8891: 8888: 8887: 8885: 8881: 8875: 8872: 8870: 8867: 8865: 8862: 8860: 8857: 8855: 8852: 8850: 8847: 8845: 8842: 8840: 8837: 8835: 8834:Landing craft 8832: 8830: 8827: 8825: 8822: 8818: 8815: 8813: 8810: 8808: 8805: 8804: 8803: 8800: 8798: 8795: 8793: 8790: 8788: 8785: 8783: 8780: 8776: 8773: 8772: 8771: 8768: 8766: 8763: 8761: 8758: 8756: 8753: 8752: 8750: 8748: 8744: 8738: 8735: 8733: 8730: 8728: 8725: 8723: 8720: 8718: 8715: 8713: 8710: 8706: 8703: 8702: 8701: 8698: 8696: 8693: 8691: 8688: 8686: 8683: 8681: 8678: 8676: 8673: 8671: 8668: 8664: 8661: 8660: 8659: 8656: 8654: 8651: 8649: 8646: 8644: 8641: 8639: 8636: 8634: 8631: 8629: 8626: 8624: 8621: 8619: 8616: 8614: 8611: 8609: 8606: 8604: 8601: 8599: 8596: 8594: 8591: 8589: 8586: 8584: 8581: 8579: 8577: 8573: 8571: 8568: 8566: 8563: 8562: 8560: 8556: 8550: 8547: 8545: 8542: 8538: 8535: 8533: 8530: 8529: 8528: 8525: 8523: 8520: 8516: 8513: 8512: 8511: 8508: 8506: 8503: 8502: 8499: 8496: 8494: 8491: 8489: 8486: 8484: 8483:Enlisted rank 8481: 8479: 8476: 8474: 8471: 8469: 8466: 8464: 8461: 8459: 8456: 8454: 8451: 8449: 8446: 8444: 8441: 8439: 8436: 8434: 8431: 8430: 8428: 8424: 8420: 8416: 8409: 8404: 8402: 8397: 8395: 8390: 8389: 8386: 8374: 8371: 8369: 8366: 8364: 8361: 8359: 8356: 8354: 8351: 8350: 8348: 8346:Organizations 8344: 8338: 8337:Machicolation 8335: 8333: 8330: 8328: 8325: 8323: 8320: 8317: 8313: 8310: 8308: 8305: 8303: 8300: 8299: 8297: 8293: 8285: 8282: 8281: 8280: 8277: 8275: 8272: 8270: 8267: 8265: 8262: 8260: 8257: 8255: 8252: 8250: 8247: 8245: 8242: 8240: 8237: 8236: 8234: 8230: 8224: 8221: 8219: 8216: 8214: 8211: 8209: 8206: 8204: 8201: 8199: 8196: 8194: 8193:Diamond blade 8191: 8189: 8186: 8184: 8181: 8179: 8176: 8174: 8173:Angle grinder 8171: 8170: 8168: 8164: 8158: 8155: 8153: 8150: 8146: 8143: 8142: 8141: 8138: 8136: 8133: 8129: 8126: 8125: 8124: 8121: 8119: 8116: 8114: 8111: 8109: 8106: 8104: 8101: 8099: 8096: 8094: 8091: 8089: 8086: 8084: 8081: 8079: 8076: 8074: 8071: 8069: 8066: 8064: 8061: 8060: 8058: 8054: 8048: 8045: 8043: 8040: 8038: 8035: 8033: 8030: 8028: 8025: 8023: 8020: 8018: 8015: 8013: 8010: 8008: 8005: 8003: 8000: 7998: 7995: 7993: 7990: 7988: 7985: 7984: 7982: 7978: 7974: 7967: 7962: 7960: 7955: 7953: 7948: 7947: 7944: 7932: 7931: 7918: 7917: 7914: 7906: 7903: 7902: 7901: 7900:Urban warfare 7898: 7896: 7893: 7891: 7888: 7884: 7881: 7880: 7879: 7876: 7874: 7871: 7869: 7866: 7864: 7861: 7859: 7856: 7854: 7853:Civil defense 7851: 7850: 7848: 7844: 7838: 7835: 7833: 7830: 7828: 7825: 7823: 7820: 7818: 7815: 7813: 7810: 7808: 7805: 7803: 7800: 7798: 7795: 7793: 7790: 7788: 7785: 7783: 7780: 7778: 7775: 7774: 7772: 7768: 7762: 7759: 7757: 7754: 7752: 7749: 7747: 7744: 7742: 7739: 7737: 7734: 7732: 7729: 7727: 7724: 7722: 7721:Bastion forts 7719: 7718: 7716: 7712: 7706: 7705:Z-plan castle 7703: 7701: 7698: 7696: 7693: 7691: 7688: 7686: 7683: 7681: 7678: 7676: 7675:L-plan castle 7673: 7671: 7668: 7666: 7663: 7661: 7660:Bridge castle 7658: 7656: 7653: 7652: 7650: 7646: 7640: 7637: 7635: 7632: 7630: 7629:Refuge castle 7627: 7624: 7623: 7618: 7616: 7613: 7611: 7610:Military base 7608: 7605: 7604: 7599: 7596: 7595: 7590: 7587: 7586: 7581: 7579: 7576: 7574: 7573:Hunting lodge 7571: 7569: 7568: 7564: 7562: 7559: 7557: 7554: 7552: 7549: 7547: 7544: 7542: 7539: 7538: 7536: 7532: 7526: 7523: 7521: 7518: 7516: 7513: 7511: 7508: 7505: 7504: 7499: 7497: 7494: 7492: 7489: 7487: 7486:Moated castle 7484: 7482: 7479: 7477: 7474: 7472: 7471:Island castle 7469: 7467: 7464: 7462: 7459: 7457: 7454: 7452: 7449: 7447: 7444: 7443: 7441: 7439:By topography 7437: 7427: 7424: 7422: 7419: 7417: 7414: 7412: 7411:Submarine pen 7409: 7407: 7404: 7402: 7399: 7397: 7394: 7392: 7389: 7387: 7384: 7382: 7379: 7377: 7374: 7372: 7369: 7367: 7366:Hesco bastion 7364: 7362: 7359: 7357: 7354: 7352: 7349: 7347: 7344: 7342: 7339: 7337: 7334: 7332: 7329: 7327: 7324: 7322: 7319: 7317: 7314: 7312: 7309: 7307: 7304: 7302: 7299: 7297: 7294: 7292: 7289: 7287: 7284: 7282: 7281:Blast shelter 7279: 7277: 7274: 7272: 7269: 7267: 7264: 7262: 7259: 7257: 7254: 7253: 7251: 7247: 7241: 7238: 7235: 7234: 7229: 7227: 7224: 7222: 7219: 7217: 7214: 7212: 7209: 7207: 7204: 7202: 7199: 7197: 7194: 7192: 7189: 7187: 7184: 7182: 7179: 7176: 7175: 7170: 7168: 7165: 7164: 7162: 7158: 7151: 7150: 7145: 7143: 7140: 7138: 7135: 7133: 7130: 7127: 7126: 7121: 7119: 7116: 7114: 7111: 7109: 7106: 7104: 7101: 7099: 7096: 7094: 7091: 7088: 7087: 7082: 7079: 7078: 7073: 7071: 7068: 7064: 7063: 7058: 7056: 7053: 7051: 7050:Place-of-arms 7048: 7046: 7043: 7040: 7039: 7034: 7031: 7030: 7025: 7023: 7020: 7017: 7016: 7011: 7009: 7006: 7004: 7001: 6999: 6996: 6994: 6991: 6988: 6987: 6982: 6980: 6977: 6975: 6972: 6970: 6967: 6965: 6962: 6959: 6958: 6953: 6950: 6949: 6944: 6942: 6939: 6937: 6934: 6932: 6929: 6926: 6925: 6920: 6918: 6915: 6913: 6910: 6908: 6905: 6903: 6900: 6898: 6895: 6893: 6890: 6887: 6886: 6881: 6880: 6878: 6874: 6871: 6867: 6861: 6858: 6856: 6853: 6850: 6849: 6844: 6842: 6839: 6837: 6834: 6832: 6829: 6827: 6824: 6822: 6819: 6817: 6814: 6812: 6809: 6807: 6804: 6802: 6799: 6796: 6795: 6790: 6788: 6785: 6783: 6780: 6778: 6775: 6773: 6770: 6768: 6765: 6763: 6760: 6758: 6755: 6753: 6750: 6748: 6745: 6743: 6740: 6738: 6735: 6733: 6730: 6728: 6725: 6723: 6720: 6718: 6715: 6713: 6710: 6708: 6705: 6703: 6700: 6698: 6695: 6692: 6691: 6686: 6684: 6683:Machicolation 6681: 6679: 6678:L-plan castle 6676: 6673: 6672: 6667: 6665: 6662: 6657: 6656: 6648: 6647: 6642: 6640: 6637: 6635: 6632: 6630: 6627: 6625: 6622: 6620: 6617: 6614: 6613: 6608: 6605: 6604: 6599: 6597: 6594: 6591: 6590: 6585: 6583: 6580: 6578: 6575: 6573: 6572: 6568: 6566: 6563: 6560: 6556: 6552: 6548: 6546: 6543: 6540: 6539: 6534: 6531: 6530: 6525: 6523: 6520: 6518: 6515: 6513: 6510: 6508: 6505: 6503: 6500: 6498: 6495: 6493: 6490: 6487: 6486: 6481: 6478: 6477: 6472: 6469: 6468: 6463: 6460: 6459: 6454: 6452: 6449: 6447: 6444: 6442: 6439: 6437: 6434: 6432: 6429: 6427: 6424: 6422: 6419: 6417: 6414: 6412: 6411:Bridge castle 6409: 6406: 6405: 6400: 6398: 6395: 6392: 6391: 6386: 6383: 6382: 6377: 6375: 6374:Bent entrance 6372: 6370: 6367: 6365: 6362: 6360: 6359:Battery tower 6357: 6355: 6352: 6350: 6347: 6345: 6342: 6340: 6337: 6335: 6332: 6329: 6328: 6323: 6321: 6318: 6316: 6313: 6311: 6310:Advanced work 6308: 6307: 6305: 6303: 6299: 6293: 6290: 6286: 6281: 6278: 6275: 6274: 6269: 6266: 6265: 6260: 6257: 6256: 6251: 6249: 6246: 6243: 6242: 6237: 6235: 6234:Refuge castle 6232: 6229: 6226: 6224: 6221: 6219: 6216: 6214: 6211: 6209: 6206: 6203: 6202: 6197: 6195: 6192: 6189: 6188: 6183: 6181: 6178: 6176: 6173: 6171: 6168: 6166: 6163: 6161: 6158: 6156: 6153: 6151: 6148: 6146: 6143: 6141: 6138: 6136: 6133: 6131: 6128: 6125: 6124: 6119: 6116: 6115: 6110: 6107: 6106: 6101: 6098: 6097: 6092: 6089: 6088: 6083: 6080: 6079: 6074: 6071: 6070: 6065: 6063: 6060: 6058: 6055: 6054: 6052: 6048: 6044: 6037: 6032: 6030: 6025: 6023: 6018: 6017: 6014: 6008: 6005: 6002: 5998: 5995: 5993: 5990: 5989: 5980: 5976: 5972: 5968: 5965: 5961: 5958: 5954: 5951: 5947: 5944: 5941:July, Robert 5940: 5939: 5929: 5928: 5923: 5919: 5913: 5912:public domain 5901: 5900: 5887: 5883: 5877: 5869: 5863: 5859: 5852: 5836: 5832: 5828: 5821: 5813: 5807: 5800: 5796: 5792: 5788: 5785: 5779: 5770: 5761: 5752: 5744: 5740: 5733: 5725: 5721: 5717: 5713: 5709: 5705: 5698: 5696: 5686: 5678: 5672: 5668: 5661: 5653: 5647: 5643: 5636: 5628: 5621: 5612: 5608: 5602: 5598: 5597: 5589: 5581: 5575: 5571: 5567: 5563: 5562: 5557: 5550: 5534: 5530: 5524: 5509:on 2015-12-30 5508: 5504: 5498: 5491: 5487: 5484: 5479: 5463: 5459: 5455: 5449: 5440: 5432: 5426: 5422: 5418: 5414: 5408: 5400: 5394: 5390: 5386: 5379: 5377: 5369: 5365: 5360: 5352: 5350:0-7506-2267-9 5346: 5342: 5335: 5327: 5323: 5319: 5315: 5314:East and West 5308: 5297: 5291: 5283: 5281:0-395-65237-5 5277: 5273: 5266: 5257: 5248: 5233: 5232: 5227: 5224: 5218: 5209: 5201: 5190: 5186: 5182: 5176: 5160: 5156: 5149: 5147: 5145: 5143: 5141: 5132: 5128: 5124: 5118: 5110: 5106: 5099: 5091: 5089:0-7506-2267-9 5085: 5081: 5074: 5059: 5055: 5048: 5033: 5029: 5022: 5007: 5003: 4997: 4982: 4978: 4972: 4957: 4953: 4949: 4943: 4928: 4924: 4920: 4914: 4906: 4902: 4898: 4894: 4893: 4888: 4881: 4865: 4861: 4854: 4846: 4842: 4838: 4834: 4831:(33): 13–26. 4830: 4826: 4819: 4805: 4801: 4795: 4788: 4783: 4781: 4779: 4771: 4766: 4762: 4753: 4743: 4741: 4737: 4733: 4729: 4725: 4715: 4713: 4709: 4705: 4700: 4698: 4692: 4685: 4684:Santo Domingo 4681: 4676: 4667: 4665: 4661: 4657: 4653: 4649: 4645: 4641: 4631: 4628: 4625: 4623: 4618: 4615: 4611: 4609: 4605: 4599: 4597: 4596:South Vietnam 4593: 4588: 4582: 4580: 4576: 4572: 4568: 4563: 4561: 4557: 4548: 4546: 4542: 4540: 4536: 4532: 4528: 4523: 4522:Missile silos 4519: 4514: 4512: 4503: 4499: 4495: 4491: 4487: 4485: 4481: 4476: 4474: 4470: 4464: 4462: 4456: 4452: 4448: 4446: 4440: 4437: 4429: 4425: 4420: 4413: 4409: 4408:Atlantic Wall 4405: 4401: 4396: 4393: 4389: 4385: 4381: 4377: 4372: 4371: 4370: 4367: 4365: 4360: 4356: 4355:Fort Campbell 4352: 4348: 4344: 4340: 4336: 4329: 4325: 4324:Fort Campbell 4320: 4311: 4307: 4305: 4299: 4295: 4293: 4289: 4285: 4281: 4277: 4269: 4265: 4260: 4256: 4253: 4248: 4246: 4241: 4238: 4233: 4231: 4230:counter scarp 4223: 4219: 4218:Fort Delimara 4215: 4214:counter scarp 4210: 4206: 4203: 4199: 4189: 4187: 4183: 4179: 4175: 4171: 4167: 4163: 4159: 4155: 4147: 4143: 4139: 4135: 4131: 4127: 4125: 4120: 4116: 4112: 4103: 4098: 4094: 4092: 4087: 4085: 4082: 4078: 4074: 4070: 4066: 4060: 4050: 4048: 4044: 4040: 4036: 4032: 4028: 4024: 4020: 4016: 4012: 4008: 4004: 4000: 3992: 3988: 3984: 3980: 3976: 3972: 3968: 3964: 3962: 3958: 3954: 3950: 3946: 3942: 3938: 3931: 3927: 3922: 3917: 3911: 3901: 3898: 3893: 3890: 3886: 3882: 3877: 3875: 3870: 3865: 3861: 3857: 3852: 3850: 3846: 3835: 3831: 3827: 3823: 3816:Islamic world 3813: 3811: 3807: 3802: 3800: 3796: 3792: 3788: 3784: 3780: 3776: 3772: 3768: 3760: 3755: 3750: 3732: 3728: 3727:Kota Sug/Jolo 3725: 3722: 3719: 3716: 3712: 3708: 3707:Kota Selurong 3705: 3704: 3703: 3700: 3697: 3693: 3688: 3684: 3680: 3675: 3673: 3665: 3661: 3657: 3656:Fort Santiago 3652: 3648: 3645: 3644: 3637: 3633: 3632:Ivatan people 3621: 3617: 3615: 3611: 3609: 3605: 3603: 3599: 3597: 3593: 3591: 3587: 3584: 3580: 3578: 3574: 3572: 3568: 3566: 3562: 3560: 3556: 3553: 3550: 3547: 3544: 3541: 3538: 3535: 3532: 3530:, Cavite City 3529: 3526: 3523: 3520: 3517: 3514: 3511: 3508: 3505: 3502: 3499: 3496: 3495: 3494: 3491: 3489: 3485: 3481: 3477: 3473: 3467: 3452: 3450: 3446: 3442: 3438: 3434: 3430: 3426: 3422: 3418: 3414: 3410: 3406: 3401: 3399: 3395: 3391: 3387: 3383: 3379: 3368: 3367:Shang dynasty 3364: 3363:ancient China 3360: 3352: 3348: 3343: 3338: 3334: 3324: 3322: 3317: 3313: 3309: 3305: 3301: 3297: 3293: 3289: 3281: 3277: 3274:Rock fort of 3272: 3267: 3257: 3255: 3250: 3248: 3244: 3240: 3236: 3232: 3228: 3224: 3220: 3216: 3212: 3208: 3204: 3196: 3192: 3187: 3180: 3176: 3171: 3167: 3165: 3161: 3157: 3153: 3145: 3141: 3138: 3133: 3129: 3127: 3123: 3112: 3108: 3104: 3100: 3096: 3092: 3088: 3084: 3083:Mahasthangarh 3080: 3076: 3072: 3068: 3064: 3060: 3056: 3051: 3047: 3043: 3039: 3035: 3031: 3027: 3023: 3019: 3015: 3007: 3002: 2997: 2993: 2989: 2985: 2975: 2973: 2970: 2969:Roman Emperor 2966: 2962: 2958: 2954: 2952: 2948: 2944: 2940: 2936: 2932: 2928: 2924: 2920: 2913: 2909: 2904: 2899: 2889: 2887: 2883: 2879: 2875: 2871: 2867: 2863: 2859: 2858:casemate wall 2851: 2846: 2841: 2831: 2829: 2818: 2810: 2806: 2802: 2801: 2796: 2795: 2791: 2787: 2782: 2778: 2775: 2771: 2767: 2766:Mediterranean 2763: 2759: 2755: 2750: 2748: 2744: 2740: 2736: 2733:' walls). In 2732: 2728: 2724: 2720: 2716: 2711: 2707: 2703: 2702:Borġ in-Nadur 2699: 2696: 2688: 2684: 2683:Borġ in-Nadur 2679: 2670: 2668: 2664: 2660: 2656: 2651: 2647: 2646:walled cities 2643: 2639: 2635: 2631: 2629: 2624: 2620: 2616: 2612: 2607: 2605: 2601: 2593: 2589: 2575: 2573: 2569: 2565: 2561: 2557: 2555: 2549: 2547: 2543: 2539: 2535: 2531: 2525: 2523: 2519: 2515: 2511: 2510:Roman legions 2507: 2506: 2500: 2498: 2486: 2483: 2475: 2465: 2461: 2457: 2451: 2450: 2446: 2441:This section 2439: 2435: 2430: 2429: 2421: 2419: 2415: 2411: 2406: 2402: 2397: 2395: 2392: 2388: 2384: 2380: 2375: 2373: 2369: 2365: 2361: 2357: 2355: 2351: 2347: 2343: 2342:Roman legions 2338: 2335: 2332: 2328: 2324: 2323: 2318: 2314: 2310: 2306: 2302: 2298: 2290: 2285: 2278: 2273: 2266: 2263: 2260:in 1935. The 2259: 2258:Maiden Castle 2255: 2248: 2244: 2240: 2236: 2229: 2226:are a UNESCO 2225: 2221: 2217: 2213: 2212:("to make"). 2210: 2204: 2200: 2196: 2192: 2189: 2185: 2181: 2177: 2173: 2169: 2168:fortification 2157: 2152: 2150: 2145: 2143: 2138: 2137: 2135: 2134: 2127: 2124: 2122: 2119: 2117: 2114: 2112: 2109: 2107: 2104: 2102: 2099: 2097: 2094: 2092: 2089: 2087: 2084: 2083: 2080: 2075: 2074: 2067: 2064: 2062: 2059: 2057: 2054: 2052: 2049: 2047: 2044: 2042: 2039: 2038: 2032: 2031: 2024: 2021: 2019: 2016: 2014: 2011: 2009: 2006: 2004: 2001: 1999: 1996: 1994: 1991: 1989: 1986: 1984: 1983:Warrior caste 1981: 1979: 1976: 1974: 1971: 1970: 1967: 1962: 1961: 1954: 1953:Show of force 1951: 1947: 1944: 1942: 1941:Peacebuilding 1939: 1938: 1937: 1934: 1932: 1929: 1927: 1924: 1922: 1919: 1917: 1914: 1912: 1909: 1907: 1904: 1902: 1899: 1897: 1894: 1892: 1889: 1887: 1884: 1882: 1879: 1878: 1875: 1870: 1869: 1862: 1859: 1855: 1852: 1851: 1850: 1847: 1845: 1842: 1840: 1837: 1835: 1832: 1830: 1829: 1825: 1823: 1820: 1818: 1815: 1813: 1810: 1808: 1805: 1803: 1800: 1798: 1797:Air supremacy 1795: 1794: 1791: 1786: 1785: 1778: 1775: 1773: 1770: 1768: 1765: 1763: 1760: 1758: 1755: 1753: 1750: 1748: 1745: 1743: 1740: 1738: 1737:Islamic rules 1735: 1733: 1730: 1728: 1725: 1723: 1720: 1718: 1717:Court-martial 1715: 1713: 1710: 1708: 1705: 1704: 1701: 1696: 1695: 1686: 1683: 1682: 1681: 1678: 1676: 1673: 1671: 1668: 1667: 1664: 1659: 1658: 1649: 1646: 1644: 1641: 1639: 1636: 1635: 1634: 1631: 1629: 1626: 1622: 1619: 1617: 1616:Arms industry 1614: 1613: 1612: 1609: 1607: 1604: 1602: 1599: 1598: 1595: 1590: 1589: 1582: 1578: 1575: 1573: 1570: 1566: 1563: 1562: 1561: 1558: 1556: 1553: 1551: 1548: 1546: 1543: 1541: 1538: 1536: 1533: 1531: 1528: 1526: 1523: 1521: 1518: 1516: 1513: 1511: 1508: 1504: 1501: 1500: 1499: 1496: 1495: 1492: 1487: 1486: 1479: 1476: 1474: 1471: 1469: 1466: 1464: 1461: 1459: 1456: 1454: 1451: 1449: 1446: 1444: 1441: 1439: 1436: 1434: 1431: 1429: 1426: 1425: 1422: 1417: 1416: 1409: 1406: 1404: 1401: 1399: 1396: 1394: 1391: 1389: 1386: 1384: 1381: 1380: 1377: 1372: 1371: 1364: 1361: 1359: 1356: 1354: 1351: 1349: 1346: 1344: 1341: 1339: 1336: 1334: 1331: 1329: 1326: 1324: 1321: 1319: 1316: 1314: 1311: 1309: 1306: 1304: 1301: 1299: 1296: 1294: 1291: 1289: 1286: 1284: 1281: 1279: 1276: 1274: 1271: 1269: 1266: 1264: 1261: 1259: 1256: 1254: 1251: 1249: 1246: 1244: 1241: 1239: 1236: 1234: 1233:Broken-backed 1231: 1229: 1226: 1224: 1221: 1220: 1217: 1212: 1211: 1204: 1201: 1199: 1196: 1194: 1191: 1189: 1186: 1184: 1181: 1179: 1176: 1174: 1171: 1169: 1166: 1164: 1161: 1159: 1156: 1154: 1151: 1149: 1146: 1144: 1141: 1139: 1136: 1134: 1131: 1129: 1126: 1124: 1121: 1120: 1119: 1114: 1109: 1108: 1101: 1098: 1096: 1093: 1091: 1088: 1086: 1083: 1081: 1078: 1076: 1075:Expeditionary 1073: 1071: 1070: 1066: 1064: 1061: 1059: 1056: 1055: 1052: 1047: 1046: 1039: 1036: 1034: 1031: 1029: 1026: 1024: 1021: 1019: 1016: 1014: 1011: 1007: 1004: 1003: 1002: 999: 997: 994: 992: 989: 987: 984: 982: 979: 977: 974: 972: 969: 967: 964: 962: 959: 957: 954: 952: 949: 947: 946:Counterattack 944: 942: 939: 937: 934: 932: 929: 925: 922: 920: 917: 915: 912: 911: 910: 907: 905: 902: 901: 900: 895: 890: 889: 882: 879: 877: 874: 872: 871:Psychological 869: 867: 864: 862: 859: 857: 854: 852: 849: 847: 844: 842: 839: 837: 833: 830: 828: 825: 823: 820: 818: 815: 813: 810: 808: 807:Combined arms 805: 803: 800: 796: 793: 791: 788: 787: 786: 783: 781: 778: 776: 773: 771: 768: 766: 763: 761: 758: 756: 753: 752: 749: 744: 743: 736: 733: 731: 728: 727: 719: 716: 715: 714: 711: 709: 706: 704: 701: 699: 696: 694: 691: 689: 686: 685: 684: 681: 680: 672: 669: 668: 667: 664: 662: 659: 657: 654: 652: 649: 647: 646:Fortification 644: 642: 639: 637: 634: 633: 632: 629: 628: 622: 619: 617: 614: 612: 609: 608: 606: 605: 602: 597: 596: 589: 586: 584: 581: 579: 576: 574: 571: 570: 566: 563: 561: 558: 556: 553: 551: 548: 547: 543: 540: 538: 535: 533: 530: 528: 525: 523: 520: 518: 515: 513: 510: 509: 505: 502: 500: 497: 495: 492: 490: 487: 485: 482: 480: 477: 475: 472: 471: 467: 464: 462: 461:Landing craft 459: 457: 454: 452: 449: 447: 444: 442: 439: 437: 434: 433: 429: 426: 424: 421: 419: 416: 412: 409: 408: 407: 404: 402: 399: 397: 394: 393: 389: 386: 384: 381: 379: 376: 374: 371: 369: 366: 364: 361: 359: 356: 355: 351: 347: 346:Standing army 344: 342: 339: 337: 333: 330: 328: 325: 323: 320: 318: 315: 313: 310: 308: 305: 303: 300: 298: 295: 293: 290: 288: 285: 283: 280: 279: 276: 271: 270: 261: 258: 256: 253: 252: 251: 248: 244: 241: 239: 238:pike and shot 236: 235: 234: 231: 227: 224: 223: 222: 219: 217: 214: 212: 209: 208: 205: 200: 199: 195: 191: 190: 184: 176: 172: 171: 167: 166: 157: 154: 146: 135: 132: 128: 125: 121: 118: 114: 111: 107: 104: – 103: 99: 98:Find sources: 92: 88: 82: 81: 76:This article 74: 70: 65: 64: 59: 55: 51: 44: 37: 33: 19: 10749: 10738: 10717: 10713:}} 10709:{{ 10596:}} 10592:{{ 10587:}} 10585:World War II 10583:{{ 10578:}} 10574:{{ 10569:}} 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gate 7249:20th century 7160:19th century 7098:Retrenchment 7070:Punji sticks 6979:Entrenchment 6974:Device Forts 6941:Counterguard 6876:Early modern 6806:Tower castle 6742:Powder tower 6717:Outer bailey 6629:Inner bailey 6603:Gulyay-gorod 6571:Ganerbenburg 6569: 6565:Fujian tulou 6507:Corner tower 6446:Chamber gate 6416:Bridge tower 6264:Trou de loup 6042: 5970: 5956: 5949: 5942: 5936:Bibliography 5925: 5885: 5876: 5857: 5851: 5839:. Retrieved 5830: 5820: 5811: 5806: 5794: 5782:Harris, J., 5778: 5769: 5760: 5751: 5742: 5732: 5707: 5703: 5685: 5666: 5660: 5641: 5635: 5626: 5620: 5595: 5588: 5560: 5549: 5537:. Retrieved 5523: 5511:. Retrieved 5507:the original 5497: 5478: 5466:. Retrieved 5457: 5448: 5439: 5416: 5407: 5384: 5363: 5359: 5340: 5334: 5317: 5313: 5307: 5290: 5271: 5265: 5256: 5247: 5235:. Retrieved 5229: 5217: 5208: 5198:– via 5192:. Retrieved 5184: 5175: 5163:. Retrieved 5131:the original 5126: 5117: 5111:(in German). 5108: 5098: 5079: 5073: 5062:. Retrieved 5047: 5036:. Retrieved 5021: 5010:. Retrieved 4996: 4985:. Retrieved 4971: 4960:. Retrieved 4951: 4942: 4931:. Retrieved 4927:the original 4922: 4913: 4896: 4890: 4880: 4870:19 September 4868:. Retrieved 4863: 4853: 4828: 4818: 4807:. Retrieved 4803: 4794: 4787:Jackson 1911 4770:Jackson 1911 4765: 4721: 4701: 4693: 4689: 4648:Camp Bastion 4637: 4629: 4626: 4619: 4616: 4612: 4600: 4592:infiltration 4586: 4583: 4564: 4554: 4543: 4515: 4507: 4484:open terrain 4477: 4465: 4457: 4453: 4449: 4441: 4433: 4412:Maginot Line 4376:World War II 4368: 4333: 4308: 4306:in France). 4300: 4296: 4273: 4249: 4242: 4234: 4227: 4195: 4192:19th century 4151: 4142:sea fortress 4128: 4118: 4107: 4102:bastion fort 4088: 4073:black powder 4062: 4025:(Italy), or 3996: 3935: 3894: 3878: 3859: 3853: 3842: 3822:Caravanserai 3803: 3795:Banu Qurayza 3764: 3701: 3686: 3682: 3676: 3669: 3641: 3639: 3492: 3488:World War II 3469: 3402: 3398:Ming dynasty 3386:Tang dynasty 3359:rammed earth 3356: 3292:Indian Ocean 3285: 3254:Arthashastra 3251: 3243:Gwalior Fort 3219:Chittor Fort 3200: 3175:Ranikot Fort 3155: 3149: 3095:Ahichchhatra 3075:Mohenjo-daro 3024:(modern day 3011: 2961:Roman Empire 2955: 2947:Newport Arch 2916: 2892:Ancient Rome 2857: 2855: 2814: 2804: 2798: 2792: 2751: 2708:and ancient 2692: 2632: 2608: 2597: 2558: 2550: 2526: 2522:poliorcetics 2503: 2501: 2493: 2478: 2472:January 2013 2469: 2454:Please help 2442: 2424:Nomenclature 2398: 2383:black powder 2376: 2358: 2339: 2320: 2294: 2241:, Colombia. 2224:Old San Juan 2191:construction 2183: 2179: 2175: 2171: 2167: 2165: 2066:Fifth column 2046:War resister 2041:Women in war 1936:Peacekeeping 1881:Arms control 1826: 1515:Mobilization 1510:Conscription 1468:Intelligence 1421:Organization 1067: 996:Encirclement 876:Radiological 812:Conventional 666:Subterranean 645: 573:Development: 572: 549: 511: 473: 436:Naval units: 435: 428:Signal corps 395: 373:Intelligence 358:Specialties: 357: 282:Organization 233:Early modern 149: 143:January 2013 140: 130: 123: 116: 109: 97: 85:Please help 80:verification 77: 10718:Categories: 10659:Disarmament 10576:World War I 10335:Cooperation 10249:Culminating 10173:Operational 10118:Envelopment 10038:Information 9957:Cold-region 9924:Battlespace 9782:Late modern 9762:Prehistoric 9684:Historical: 9621:Facilities: 9147:Armored car 9022:Naval fleet 8760:Combat arms 8755:Land units: 8712:Categories: 8695:Coast guard 8680:Gendarmerie 8603:Space force 8544:Categories: 8458:Recruitment 8178:Bush hammer 8113:Lime mortar 7992:Rustication 7777:Castle town 7634:Toll castle 7603:Lustschloss 7585:Kaiserpfalz 7515:Spur castle 7510:Rock castle 7451:Hill castle 7446:Cave castle 7406:Spider hole 7306:Bremer wall 7271:Barbed tape 7167:Barbed wire 6841:Witch tower 6811:Tower house 6801:Toll castle 6787:Shield wall 6707:Murder hole 6596:Guard tower 6213:Pincer gate 6160:Faussebraye 5745:. Academia. 5189:McGraw-Hill 4656:Afghanistan 4652:Leatherneck 4642:up to huge 4404:Stalin Line 4343:World War I 4280:blockhouses 4268:blockhouses 4245:blockhouses 4182:Suomenlinna 4178:archipelago 4160:, of which 4138:Suomenlinna 4117:which were 4069:battlefield 3937:Roman forts 3804:During the 3484:Pasig River 3472:Spanish Era 3470:During the 3455:Philippines 3394:Qin dynasty 3374: 1600 3351:Jinshanling 3152:Maharashtra 3122:Afghanistan 3087:Pataliputra 3018:British Raj 2939:Porta Nigra 2657:3200 BC in 2650:Nile Valley 2642:Mesopotamia 2636:in ancient 2592:Han dynasty 2572:Carcassonne 2534:breastworks 2418:World War I 2360:Roman forts 2051:War studies 1874:Non-warfare 1802:Appeasement 1767:Martial law 1606:War economy 1545:Transgender 1498:Recruitment 1258:Containment 1143:Culminating 1051:Operational 971:Envelopment 914:Air assault 795:Air cavalry 755:Air defence 735:Information 636:Cold-region 601:Battlespace 550:Historical: 396:Land units: 322:Space force 317:Coast guard 250:Late modern 211:Prehistoric 10765:Categories 10607:Categories 10453:War crimes 10438:Operations 10375:Government 10191:Blitzkrieg 10163:Withdrawal 10014:Underwater 9989:Amphibious 9931:Aerospace 9874:Electronic 9824:Camouflage 9819:Biological 9792:fourth-gen 9787:industrial 9616:Body armor 9604:Camouflage 9585:By country 9430:By country 9241:By country 9226:Artillery: 9140:By country 9057:Combat box 9027:Task force 8995:By country 8978:By country 8932:Field army 8927:Army group 8895:By country 8844:Air units: 8824:Submarines 8705:By country 8532:By country 8448:Technology 8332:Stone wall 8259:Repointing 8232:Techniques 8088:Fieldstone 8073:Cast stone 8027:Monumental 7802:Gatekeeper 7622:Ordensburg 7594:Landesburg 7401:Sentry gun 7356:Flak tower 7286:Blast wall 7206:Gun turret 7103:Sally port 7008:Kotta mara 6948:Couvreface 6912:Breastwork 6907:Blockhouse 6885:Abwurfdach 6836:Watchtower 6826:Wall tower 6782:Shell keep 6732:Portcullis 6727:Peel tower 6712:Neck ditch 6671:Landesburg 6619:Half tower 6577:Gate tower 6522:Drawbridge 6364:Battlement 6280:Wagon fort 6123:Chengqiang 5979:1857283937 5897:References 5676:0195170555 5568:. p. 5458:FilipiKnow 5165:22 October 5064:2013-05-04 5038:2013-05-04 5012:2013-05-04 4987:2013-05-04 4962:2013-05-04 4933:2013-05-04 4809:2021-01-23 4567:revetments 4539:minefields 4406:, and the 4353:, such as 4202:Star forts 4057:See also: 4017:(Cyprus), 3971:John Smith 3941:hill forts 3914:See also: 3867:concealed 3864:Yorubaland 3679:fortresses 3664:Intramuros 3565:Jolo, Sulu 3498:Intramuros 3478:, the old 3476:Intramuros 3365:since the 3331:See also: 3296:Portuguese 3264:See also: 3181:, Pakistan 3144:Sindhudurg 3063:Kalibangan 3034:Bangladesh 2838:See also: 2743:Long Walls 2695:Bronze Age 2687:Bronze Age 2623:Solnitsata 2615:Amnya Fort 2604:carnivores 2583:Early uses 2530:mechanical 2518:siegecraft 2405:Star forts 2364:hill forts 2184:stronghold 2111:War crimes 2101:Operations 2008:Foot drill 1978:Battle cry 1891:deterrence 1550:Harassment 1525:Specialism 1348:Technology 1343:Succession 1288:Liberation 1223:Asymmetric 1158:Empty fort 1069:Blitzkrieg 1038:Withdrawal 1001:Investment 780:Camouflage 775:Biological 713:Underwater 688:Amphibious 607:Aerospace 474:Air units: 451:Submarines 260:fourth-gen 255:industrial 243:napoleonic 113:newspapers 10474:Templates 10345:Mediation 10325:Alliances 10318:Diplomacy 10294:Offensive 10274:Defensive 10269:Deception 10239:Attrition 10123:Guerrilla 10071:Airbridge 9889:Loitering 9809:Artillery 9747:Diplomacy 9568:Equipment 9522:Torpedoes 9464:Land mine 9420:Anti-tank 9253:Field gun 9231:Artillery 9167:Gun truck 9152:Scout car 8990:Battalion 8883:Structure 8782:Artillery 8700:Logistics 8648:Engineers 8593:Air force 8327:Sculpture 8316:Footstone 8312:Headstone 8279:Brickwork 8264:Scabbling 8244:Flushwork 8140:Sandstone 8118:Limestone 8093:Flagstone 8056:Materials 8037:Sculpture 8002:Dry stone 7905:Guerrilla 7648:By design 7396:Revetment 7211:Land mine 7142:Star fort 6969:Crownwork 6964:Covertway 6897:Barricade 6538:Embrasure 6451:Chartaque 6381:Bergfried 6339:Arrowslit 6165:Gatehouse 6135:City gate 6096:Castellum 6062:Acropolis 5724:144422848 4892:Antiquity 4837:0261-6823 4712:companies 4610:in Iraq. 4531:Gibraltar 4388:radiation 4364:landmarks 4292:casemates 4284:magazines 4252:caponiers 4237:polygonal 4148:, Finland 4126:in 1554. 4027:Dubrovnik 4023:Palmanova 3991:New World 3926:Szprotawa 3885:stockades 3874:crossfire 3647:arrived. 3288:Sri Lanka 3286:Forts in 3260:Sri Lanka 3235:Amer Fort 3227:Rajasthan 3207:Old Delhi 3195:Jaisalmer 3079:Kaushambi 3055:Dholavira 3006:Dholavira 2866:Near East 2856:The term 2770:Heuneburg 2731:cyclopean 2663:Assyrians 2512:. Laying 2443:does not 2334:castellum 2322:phrourion 2317:cyclopean 2243:Cartagena 1998:War novel 1901:Grey-zone 1861:War games 1822:Overmatch 1772:War crime 1722:Desertion 1712:Ceasefire 1707:Armistice 1594:Logistics 1572:Mercenary 1560:Volunteer 1491:Personnel 1463:Engineers 1408:Sociology 1363:World war 1358:Total war 1338:Strategic 1328:Religious 1313:Political 1308:Perpetual 1283:Irregular 1198:Offensive 1173:Defensive 1168:Deception 1128:Attrition 981:Guerrilla 976:Formation 919:Airbridge 851:Loitering 765:Artillery 418:Artillery 368:Engineers 336:Irregular 307:Air force 10740:Category 10664:Pacifism 10594:Cold War 10551:Aircraft 10370:Related: 10221:Strategy 10206:Maneuver 10143:Swarming 9972:Mountain 9940:Airborne 9879:Infantry 9834:Chemical 9799:By type: 9727:Strategy 9550:Missiles 9478:Sea/Air: 9447:Infantry 9408:Missiles 9265:Howitzer 9081:Vehicles 9047:Squadron 9042:Flotilla 9037:Division 8973:Regiment 8949:Division 8849:Fighters 8812:Littoral 8802:Warships 8765:Infantry 8747:Branches 8633:Reserves 8618:Commando 8522:Uniforms 8433:Military 8426:Concepts 8415:Military 8295:Products 8249:Knapping 8042:Slipform 7930:Category 7920:See also 7807:Loophole 7695:Ringwork 7690:Ringfort 7615:Obstacle 7456:Hillfort 7376:Loophole 7174:Barbette 7149:Tenaille 7132:Sea fort 7062:Presidio 7022:Magazine 7003:Hornwork 6936:Cavalier 6931:Casemate 6924:Caponier 6767:Ringwork 6655:Detinets 6624:Hoarding 6529:Enceinte 6404:Bretèche 6349:Bartizan 6344:Barbican 6320:Alcazaba 6248:Stockade 6228:Ringfort 6208:Palisade 6180:Landwehr 6175:Hillfort 5841:15 March 5835:Archived 5787:Archived 5611:archived 5558:(1974). 5539:17 March 5533:Archived 5513:17 March 5486:Archived 5468:17 March 5462:Archived 5415:(1991). 5368:Sanskrit 5326:29757611 5058:Archived 5032:Archived 5006:Archived 4981:Archived 4956:Archived 4952:BBC News 4923:NBC News 4845:29544045 4829:AA Files 4738:and the 4708:platoons 4646:such as 4644:airbases 4533:and the 4500:used by 4461:brigades 4347:obsolete 4339:concrete 4186:Helsinki 4158:bastions 4146:Helsinki 4091:geometry 4084:ramparts 4035:Počitelj 4031:Ottomans 3930:bog iron 3767:Muhammad 3696:Mindanao 3548:, Manila 3500:, Manila 3431:and the 3413:Hangzhou 3276:Sigiriya 3211:Red Fort 3203:Red Fort 3146:, India. 3140:sea fort 3126:bastions 3111:Mundigak 3067:mudbrick 3065:exhibit 3050:Kot Diji 3030:Pakistan 2929:and the 2870:Hittites 2840:Casemate 2828:Bibracte 2809:Iron Age 2786:Bibracte 2774:mudbrick 2659:Scotland 2619:Provadia 2414:concrete 2394:ramparts 2327:garrison 2265:hillfort 2262:Iron Age 2188:military 2180:fastness 2176:fortress 2013:War song 1988:War film 1621:Materiel 1540:Children 1520:Training 1458:Medicine 1443:Doctrine 1398:Training 1333:Resource 1318:Princely 1268:Economic 1253:Conquest 1248:Colonial 1243:Cold war 1228:Blockade 1113:Strategy 1085:Maneuver 846:Infantry 802:Chemical 656:Mountain 616:Airborne 479:Fighters 446:Warships 401:Infantry 327:Reserves 275:Military 10751:Commons 10669:Détente 10632:Related 10524:Weapons 10492:Weapons 10458:Writers 10428:Battles 10408:Weapons 10113:Foxhole 10088:Cavalry 10076:Airdrop 10066:Airlift 10048:Tactics 10009:Surface 9899:Nuclear 9884:Lawfare 9829:Cavalry 9814:Barrage 9767:Ancient 9757:By era: 9732:Tactics 9709:Warfare 9390:Bayonet 9373:Grenade 9356:Bazooka 9297:Pistols 9246:Battery 9214:Weapons 9200:Weapons 9088:Ground: 9007:Platoon 9000:By type 8983:By type 8966:By type 8961:Brigade 8859:Command 8854:Bombers 8807:Surface 8775:Cavalry 8670:Medical 8628:Militia 8623:Frogman 8598:Marines 8537:Highest 8488:Officer 8468:Soldier 8443:History 8438:Service 8239:Flaming 8103:Granite 8047:Snecked 8012:Masonry 7997:Carving 7837:Vedette 7827:Schloss 7792:Festung 7787:Dungeon 7782:Château 7726:Castles 7534:By role 7391:Pillbox 7221:Outpost 7137:Station 7125:Schanze 7108:Sandbag 7093:Redoubt 7077:Ravelin 7045:Palanka 7029:Orillon 7015:Lunette 6957:Coupure 6902:Bastion 6892:Arsenal 6860:Zwinger 6772:Roundel 6762:Ricetto 6737:Postern 6722:Outwork 6646:Kremlin 6517:Curtain 6492:Citadel 6476:Chemise 6436:Caltrop 6354:Bastion 6327:Alcázar 6223:Rampart 6201:Oppidum 6194:Nuraghe 6140:Crannog 6114:Castros 6050:Ancient 6007:ICOFORT 5999:at the 5924:(ed.). 5914:: 5366:is the 5237:16 July 5194:16 July 4724:prisons 4664:sandbag 4622:sandbag 4587:expense 4480:terrain 4366:today. 4359:bunkers 4288:parapet 4170:Britain 4111:ravelin 4077:ditches 4065:cannons 4039:Vratnik 4015:Nicosia 3989:in the 3987:England 3983:Bermuda 3961:ditches 3945:castles 3889:British 3881:Ashanti 3869:ditches 3787:cavalry 3777:led by 3775:Muslims 3765:During 3681:called 3672:Igorots 3660:citadel 3583:Dapitan 3571:Masbate 3441:Beijing 3417:Nanjing 3304:British 3160:Shivaji 3137:Maratha 3091:Mathura 3059:Harrapa 3016:to the 2972:Hadrian 2951:Lincoln 2874:Ti'inik 2794:oppidum 2790:Gaulish 2747:Piraeus 2727:Mycenae 2667:palaces 2578:History 2564:monarch 2560:Castles 2464:removed 2449:sources 2387:ditches 2379:cannons 2350:monarch 2346:Castles 2313:Mycenae 2289:Utrecht 2195:warfare 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