394:
144:
these issues of micronutrient deficiencies, highlighting the importance of decreasing the number of those with iodine, vitamin A, and iron deficiencies. A significant statistic that led to these efforts was the discovery that approximately 1 in 3 people worldwide were at risk for either an iodine, vitamin A, or iron deficiency. Although it is recognized that food fortification alone will not combat this deficiency, it is a step towards reducing the prevalence of these deficiencies and their associated health conditions.
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3614:
2433:
3634:
515:
fortify a product, it must first be proven that the addition of this vitamin or mineral is beneficial to health, safe, and an effective method of delivery. The addition must also abide by all food and labeling regulations and support nutritional rationale. From a food developer's point of view, they also need to consider the costs associated with this new product and whether there will be a market to support the change.
3644:
3624:
3593:
2422:
775:
554:, stillbirth and miscarriage. But even mild deficiency can significantly affect the learning ability of populations. Today over 1 billion people in the world suffer from iodine deficiency, and 38 million babies born every year are not protected from brain damage due to IDD."—Kul Gautam, Deputy Executive Director, UNICEF, October 2007
527:, vitamin D and vitamin E. Mineral fortification programs include calcium, fluoride, iodine, iron, selenium and zinc. As of December 21, 2018, 81 countries required food fortification with one or more vitamins. The most commonly fortified vitamin – as used in 62 countries – is folate; the most commonly fortified food is wheat flour (
360:
which included six fundamental rules. In addition to establishing safety guidelines of food fortification, this policy aimed to ensure that food fortification was solely for when the supplemental micronutrient had a national deficiency and that the food chosen to provide that nutrient was consumed by
486:
There is a concern that micronutrients are legally defined in such a way that does not distinguish between different forms, and that fortified foods often have nutrients in a balance that would not occur naturally. For example, in the U.S., food is fortified with folic acid, which is one of the many
689:
was actually linked to curing rickets. This discovery led to the fortification of common foods such as milk, margarine, and breakfast cereals. This took the astonishing statistics of approximately 80–90% of children showing varying degrees of bone deformations due to vitamin D deficiency to being a
463:
added back. Vitamins A and D are both fat-soluble and non-water-soluble, so a person consuming skim milk without fats may not be able to absorb as much of these vitamins as one would be able to absorb from drinking whole milk. On the other hand, the nutrient added as a fortificant may have a higher
518:
The Food
Fortification Initiative lists all countries in the world that conduct fortification programs, and within each country, what nutrients are added to which foods, and whether those programs are voluntary or mandatory. Vitamin fortification programs exist in one or more countries for folate,
179:
There are also several advantages to approaching nutrient deficiencies among populations via food fortification as opposed to other methods. These may include, but are not limited to: treating a population without specific dietary interventions therefore not requiring a change in dietary patterns,
143:
The WHO and FAO, among many other nationally recognized organizations, have recognized that there are over 2 billion people worldwide who have a variety of micronutrient deficiencies. In 1992, 159 countries pledged at the FAO/WHO International
Conference on Nutrition to make efforts to help combat
514:
Many foods and beverages worldwide have been fortified, whether a voluntary action by the product developers or by law. Although some may view these additions as strategic marketing schemes to sell their product, there is a lot of work that must go into a product before simply fortifying it. To
351:
In the 1920s, food fortification emerged as a strategy in the United States to address and prevent the lack of micronutrients in the population's diet. Specifically, it was discovered in the 1930s and 1940s, that micronutrient deficiency is often linked to specific diseases and syndromes.
656:
Diseases associated with niacin deficiency include pellagra which consisted of signs and symptoms called the three D's-"dermatitis, dementia, and diarrhea." Others may include vascular or gastrointestinal diseases. Common diseases which present a high frequency of niacin deficiency include
62:
refers to "the practice of deliberately increasing the content of an essential micronutrient, i.e. vitamins and minerals (including trace elements) in a food, to improve the nutritional quality of the food supply and to provide a public health benefit with minimal risk to health", whereas
487:
naturally-occurring forms of folate, and which only contributes a minor amount to the folates occurring in natural foods. In many cases, such as with folate, it is an open question of whether or not there are any benefits or risks to consuming folic acid in this form.
3223:
107:
has iron, folic acid, niacin, riboflavin, and thiamine added back to it. Conversely, other fortified foods have micronutrients added to them that don't naturally occur in those substances. An example of this is orange juice, which often is sold with added
493:
Certain forms of micronutrients can be actively toxic in a sufficiently high dose, even if other forms are safe at the same or much higher doses. There are examples of such toxicity in both synthetic and naturally occurring forms of vitamins.
70:
Food fortification has been identified as the second strategy of four by the WHO and FAO to begin decreasing the incidence of nutrient deficiencies at the global level. As outlined by the FAO, the most commonly fortified foods are
38:
policy which aims to reduce the number of people with dietary deficiencies within a population. The predominant diet within a region can lack particular nutrients due to the local soil or from inherent deficiencies within the
446:
One factor that limits the benefits of food fortification is that isolated nutrients added back into a processed food that has had many of its nutrients removed, does not always result in the added nutrients being as
913:
Dwyer, Johanna T; Wiemer, Kathryn L; Dary, Omar; Keen, Carl L; King, Janet C; Miller, Kevin B; Philbert, Martin A; Tarasuk, Valerie; Taylor, Christine L; Gaine, P Courtney; Jarvis, Ashley B (2015-01-07).
413:
In addition to criticism of government-mandated fortification, food companies have been criticized for indiscriminate enrichment of foods for marketing purposes. Food safety worries led to legislation in
673:, it cannot be added to a wide variety of foods. Foods that it is commonly added to are margarine, vegetable oils and dairy products. During the late 1800s, after the discovery of curing conditions of
377:(P.L. 104–127, Sec. 415). Under the programs, grains and other commodities made available to countries selected for participation will be fortified with micronutrients (e.g., iron, vitamin A,
3218:
835:
747:
is not considered an essential mineral, it is useful in prevention of tooth decay and maintaining adequate dental health. In the mid-1900s it was discovered that towns with a high level of
1185:
478:
in cereal grains can also impact nutrient absorption, limiting the bioavailability of intrinsic and additional nutrients, and reducing the effectiveness of fortification programs.
751:
in their water supply was causing the residents' teeth to have both brown spotting and a strange resistance to dental caries. This led to the fortification of water supplies with
649:. Pellagra was seen amongst poor families who used corn as their main dietary staple. Although corn itself does contain niacin, it is not a bioavailable form unless it undergoes
573:
could be treated by the use of iodized salts. However, it was not until 1916 that the use of iodized salts could be tested in a research trial as a preventative measure against
623:, affect approximately 2500-3000 infants born in the US annually. Research trials have shown the ability to reduce the incidence of NTDs by supplementing pregnant mothers with
361:
enough of the population to make a change. This policy also emphasized the importance of clinical data, a shift from earlier policies which relied on dietary data alone. The
1623:
611:(as a fortification ingredient, folic acid) functions in reducing blood homocysteine levels, forming red blood cells, proper growth and division of cells and preventing
357:
192:
It indicates which of 197 countries worldwide have mandatory and voluntary food fortification in their datasets and country profiles. The website is maintained by the
1673:
Honein MA, Paulozzi LJ, Mathews TJ, Erickson JD, Wong LY (2001). "Impact of folic acid fortification of the US food supply on the occurrence of neural tube defects".
1936:
1598:
3386:
871:
55:
103:
Fortification is present in common food items in two different ways: adding back and addition. Flour loses nutritional value due to the way grains are processed;
1368:
615:(NTDs). In many industrialized countries, the addition of folic acid to flour has prevented a significant number of NTDs in infants. Two common types of NTDs,
180:
continuous delivery of the nutrient, does not require individual compliance, and potential to maintain nutrient stores more efficiently if consumed regularly.
1051:
3984:
3351:
1258:
373:, to establish micronutrient fortification programs under P.L. 480 food aid. Section 3013 replaces a pilot program similarly named and authorized in the
755:
in safe amounts (or reduction of naturally occurring levels) to retain the properties of resistance to dental caries but avoid the staining caused by
3381:
2837:
3341:
1797:
1151:
843:
2518:
140:
serve an important role in bodily development and growth. Deficiencies of these micronutrients may cause improper development or even disease.
3969:
3273:
1172:
685:, could also be cured by food. Their results showed that sunlight exposure and cod liver oil were the cure. It was not until the 1930s that
3526:
3240:
869:
World Health
Organization and Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Guidelines on food fortification with micronutrients.
3464:
2259:
1417:
645:) has been added to bread in the US since 1938 (when voluntary addition started), a program which substantially reduced the incidence of
324:
UK law (The Bread and Flour
Regulations 1998) requires that all flour (except wholemeal and some self-raising flours) be fortified with
3686:
188:
The subsections below describe fortifications in some jurisdictions around the world. A more comprehensive view is given by the online
67:
is defined as "synonymous with fortification and refers to the addition of micronutrients to a food which are lost during processing".
3302:
701:, and certain types of cancer (breast, prostate, colon and ovaries). It has also been associated with increased risks for fractures,
653:(treatment with alkali, traditional in Native American cultures) and therefore was not contributing to the overall intake of niacin.
125:(breeding crops to increase their nutritional value, which can include both conventional selective breeding, and genetic engineering)
657:
alcoholism, anorexia nervosa, HIV infection, gastrectomy, malabsorptive disorders, certain cancers and their associated treatments.
3346:
3208:
2145:
3316:
1627:
1649:
2015:
197:
95:. Undernutrition and nutrient deficiency is estimated globally to cause the deaths of between 3 and 5 million people per year.
1543:
3307:
3255:
3160:
175:-free products, low sodium, or any other products specifically designed for special dietary requirements from an individual).
3647:
3510:
3321:
3250:
3175:
2994:
1486:
888:
763:
set for fluoride ranges from 0.7 mg/day for infants aged 0–6 months and 10 mg/day for adults over the age of 19.
581:
for iodine is as low as 90 μg/day for children (4–8 years) and as high as 290 μg/day for breast-feeding mothers.
1602:
3498:
3376:
868:
2511:
3979:
3726:
3515:
3474:
3439:
3424:
3406:
3331:
3110:
1714:
1378:
1146:
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3282:
3459:
3366:
3230:
3145:
2908:
2309:
2252:
1960:
1062:
171:
To ensure the appropriate vitamin and mineral nutrient composition of foods for special dietary purposes (e.g.,
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3488:
3361:
3198:
3165:
1180:
578:
3780:
3264:
2654:
2504:
760:
352:
Consequently, the
Committee on Food and Nutrition suggested that micronutrients be added to flour. In 1980,
3974:
3627:
3493:
2138:
1373:
1127:"Global Fortification Data Exchange | GFDx – Providing actionable food fortification data all in one place"
353:
308:
law on food fortification has two components: mandatory (covering select staples) and voluntary (under the
147:
In Canada, the Food and Drug
Regulations have outlined specific criteria which justify food fortification:
151:
To replace nutrients which were lost during manufacturing of the product (e.g. the manufacturing of flour)
3547:
3245:
3203:
2557:
726:
550:
disorder (IDD) is the single greatest cause of preventable mental retardation. Severe deficiencies cause
1399:
Labeling, Institute of
Medicine (US) Committee on Use of Dietary Reference Intakes in Nutrition (2003).
280:
The four countries, also called the C-4, all legally require wheat flour to be fortified with vitamins B
3542:
2437:
2299:
2245:
2008:
498:, the active form of Vitamin A, is toxic in a much lower dose than other forms, such as beta carotene.
155:
3846:
3760:
3672:
3572:
3292:
1299:"Tara, Kain Tayo! Sangkap Pinoy 2/2 Mandatory Food Fortification - Emir's Balik Tanaw / In Hindsight"
51:
1209:
1052:"Recommendations on Wheat and Maize Flour Fortification Meeting Report: Interim Consensus Statement"
393:
4015:
3851:
3434:
2795:
2787:
2630:
1624:"International Council for the Control of Iodine Deficiency Disorders - History of salt iodization"
813:
722:
370:
1987:
1313:"Tara, Kain Tayo! Sangkap Pinoy part 1 / 2 food fortification - Emir's Balik Tanaw / In Hindsight"
4010:
3414:
3326:
2767:
2642:
2131:
1106:
589:
1344:
3905:
3482:
3402:
3297:
3120:
2999:
2095:
366:
312:
program). The latter has been criticized for covering only low nutritional-value food, namely,
418:
in 2004 restricting foods fortified with extra vitamins or minerals. Products banned include:
3504:
3454:
3449:
3193:
2941:
2001:
1791:
714:
201:
1233:
3745:
3617:
2931:
2760:
2615:
2185:
1480:
A. David Smith, "Folic acid fortification: the good, the bad, and the puzzle of vitamin",
8:
3577:
3336:
3034:
2349:
1572:
670:
612:
3633:
1326:
3235:
3188:
3130:
3014:
2686:
2465:
2205:
2063:
1779:
1736:
1709:
948:
915:
798:
738:
44:
1019:
577:. By 1924, it became readily available in the US. Currently in Canada and the US, the
3831:
3562:
3371:
3057:
2691:
2676:
2658:
2572:
2391:
2324:
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2048:
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1280:
997:
953:
935:
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378:
1783:
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than from foods, which is the case with folic acid used to increase folate intakes.
3884:
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3737:
3213:
3125:
3105:
2953:
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2539:
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2090:
2058:
2043:
1891:
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1723:
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1270:
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987:
943:
927:
793:
756:
160:
To ensure the nutritional equivalence of substitute foods (e.g. to make butter and
122:
43:; the addition of micronutrients to staples and condiments can prevent large-scale
1988:
Food fortification in the
Philippines: Policies, programmes, issues, and prospects
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2112:
2080:
2070:
1490:
875:
803:
706:
650:
490:
In many cases, the micronutrients added to foods in fortification are synthetic.
465:
3637:
1811:
1710:"Effectiveness of food fortification in the United States: the case of pellagra"
1479:
1400:
889:"ANNEX 4 - MICRONUTRIENT FORTIFICATION OF FOOD: TECHNOLOGY AND QUALITY CONTROL*"
600:. There is also a risk of various other growth and developmental abnormalities.
3702:
3552:
2716:
2681:
2577:
2475:
2470:
2406:
2401:
2386:
2154:
2075:
1036:
1020:"Overview: Rationale and elements of a successful food-fortification programme"
593:
528:
374:
362:
115:
Food fortification can also be categorized according to the stage of addition:
104:
92:
1911:
1312:
1298:
119:
Commercial and industrial fortification (wheat flour, corn meal, cooking oils)
4004:
3953:
3938:
3925:
3841:
3557:
3077:
2885:
2746:
2726:
2637:
2602:
2457:
2354:
2314:
2175:
2165:
2102:
1880:"The Vitamin D Deficiency Pandemic: a Forgotten Hormone Important for Health"
1775:
1686:
1458:
1284:
1107:"Country Fortification Dashboard – Global Fortification Data Exchange | GFDx"
939:
808:
788:
702:
562:
471:
419:
137:
35:
27:
896:
681:
had occurred, researchers were aiming to see if the disease, later known as
3948:
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3607:
3567:
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2895:
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2736:
2721:
2567:
2374:
2170:
2107:
2085:
2038:
2024:
1861:
1745:
1694:
1466:
1001:
992:
975:
957:
718:
698:
616:
566:
558:
540:
448:
1762:
Prousky J, Millman CG, Kirkland JB (2001). "Pharmacologic Use of Niacin".
1727:
1529:
931:
3900:
3597:
3183:
3140:
3072:
3052:
3029:
3004:
2808:
2803:
2781:
2774:
2731:
2701:
2671:
2527:
2480:
2426:
2364:
2319:
2304:
780:
620:
305:
40:
1520:
1503:
1259:"FORTIFICACIÓN DE HARINA DE TRIGO EN AMÉRICA LATINA Y REGIÓN DEL CARIBE"
3933:
3790:
3398:
3150:
3115:
3044:
2831:
2706:
2666:
2535:
2496:
2294:
1896:
1879:
1852:
1835:
1449:
1432:
639:
624:
382:
337:
34:. It can be carried out by food manufacturers, or by governments as a
3810:
3800:
3795:
3755:
3444:
3155:
3087:
3062:
3024:
2989:
2981:
2963:
2948:
2936:
2880:
2857:
2825:
2820:
2610:
2381:
2190:
2053:
686:
666:
551:
503:
499:
460:
456:
452:
423:
398:
313:
217:
161:
2237:
3664:
3419:
3009:
2958:
2814:
2754:
2582:
2552:
2396:
2359:
752:
748:
744:
678:
646:
431:
427:
329:
249:
165:
1764:
Journal of
Evidence-Based Complementary & Alternative Medicine
1761:
3785:
3750:
3710:
2875:
2592:
2562:
2344:
2289:
2215:
2210:
2123:
1126:
694:
682:
574:
570:
495:
475:
435:
415:
325:
275:
109:
1708:
Park YK, Sempos CT, Barton CN, Vanderveen JE, Yetley EA (2000).
1087:"Full GFDx Datasets – Global Fortification Data Exchange | GFDx"
3943:
3770:
3765:
3019:
2977:
2547:
2369:
2284:
2180:
1993:
710:
674:
608:
597:
172:
72:
1912:"Community Water Fluoridation | Division of Oral Health | CDC"
1402:
2973:
2625:
2339:
2220:
2200:
1672:
531:). Examples of foods and beverages that have been fortified:
406:
3592:
2421:
1210:"Derecho del Bienestar Familiar [DECRETO_1944_1996]"
916:"Fortification and Health: Challenges and Opportunities1234"
836:"Micronutrient Fortification and Biofortification Challenge"
774:
451:
as they would be in the original, whole food. An example is
402:
76:
31:
1707:
2870:
88:
84:
80:
693:
Diseases associated with a vitamin D deficiency include
56:
Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations
759:(a condition caused by excessive fluoride intake). The
1965:
National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research
1546:. Food Fortification Initiative. 2017. Archived from
973:
509:
1573:"Map: Count of Nutrients In Fortification Standards"
864:
862:
860:
770:
481:
224:
of 2002) be fortified with iron, thiamine (vitamin B
3985:
National Agriculture and Food Research Organization
3352:
2024 United Kingdom Shigatoxigenic E. coli outbreak
1424:
912:
519:niacin, riboflavin, thiamine, vitamin A, vitamin B
857:
16:Process of adding micronutrients to food products
4002:
1415:
1173:"Guías alimentarias para la población Argentina"
1152:Ministry of Justice and Human Rights (Argentina)
328:. Wheat flour must also be fortified with iron,
1430:
1757:
1755:
1017:
1013:
1011:
397:Manufacturers once proposed selling fortified
276:El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras and Nicaragua
3970:International Association for Food Protection
3680:
2512:
2253:
2139:
2009:
1873:
1871:
128:Home fortification (example: vitamin D drops)
3527:Spanish Agency for Food Safety and Nutrition
3342:2017–2018 South African listeriosis outbreak
3241:1985 Austrian diethylene glycol wine scandal
1796:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1431:McNulty, Helene; Pentieva, Kristina (2007).
3465:United Kingdom food information regulations
1752:
1473:
1008:
455:that has had the fat removed, and then had
30:(essential trace elements and vitamins) to
3687:
3673:
2519:
2505:
2260:
2246:
2146:
2132:
2016:
2002:
1868:
1536:
1501:
3303:2008 United States salmonellosis outbreak
1937:"Medical Testimonials about Fluoridation"
1895:
1877:
1851:
1735:
1519:
1448:
1274:
1035:
991:
947:
3347:2018 Australian strawberry contamination
3209:Morinaga Milk arsenic poisoning incident
2526:
1398:
1256:
974:Liyanage, C.; Hettiarachchi, M. (2011).
392:
316:, to enable them to be sold in schools.
3317:2011 United States listeriosis outbreak
1482:American Society for Clinical Nutrition
365:(P.L. 107–171, Sec. 3013) requires the
252:must by law be fortified with vitamin B
4003:
3332:2015 Mozambique funeral beer poisoning
2909:Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA)
1567:
1565:
1502:Richardson, D. P. (28 February 2007).
1327:"The Bread and Flour Regulations 1998"
908:
906:
709:, autoimmune and infectious diseases,
3668:
2500:
2267:
2241:
2127:
1997:
969:
967:
584:Diseases that are associated with an
441:
3694:
3623:
3511:Institute for Food Safety and Health
3251:Australian meat substitution scandal
3219:Moroccan oil poisoning disaster 1959
2995:Arsenic contamination of groundwater
1596:
1508:Proceedings of the Nutrition Society
1484:, Vol. 85, No. 1, 3-5. January 2007.
1437:Proceedings of the Nutrition Society
830:
828:
3643:
3499:Food Information and Control Agency
1562:
1345:"Nutritional Contribution Of Flour"
903:
190:Global Fortification Data Exchange.
183:
13:
2153:
1577:Global Fortification Data Exchange
964:
510:Examples of fortification in foods
14:
4027:
3980:Food and Agriculture Organization
3727:Acid-hydrolyzed vegetable protein
3516:International Food Safety Network
3440:International Food Safety Network
3161:Variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease
3111:Acid-hydrolyzed vegetable protein
2838:Shigatoxigenic and verotoxigenic
1981:
1715:American Journal of Public Health
1418:"Marmite made illegal in Denmark"
825:
761:tolerable upper intake level (UL)
569:. It was discovered in 1821 that
502:, a phased-out synthetic form of
482:Different forms of micronutrients
319:
3990:National Food and Drug Authority
3776:Hydrogenated starch hydrolysates
3642:
3632:
3622:
3613:
3612:
3601:
3591:
3521:Ministry of Food and Drug Safety
3357:Kobayashi red yeast rice scandal
3288:2008 Canada listeriosis outbreak
3283:ICA meat repackaging controversy
2432:
2431:
2420:
2023:
1601:. Salt Institute. Archived from
1416:Bruno Waterfield (24 May 2011).
1405:. National Academies Press (US).
773:
409:policies of the time forbade it.
354:The Food and Drug Administration
346:
3460:Quality Assurance International
3367:Food safety incidents in Taiwan
3337:2017 Brazil Operation Weak Meat
3231:1971 Iraq poison grain disaster
3146:Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon
1953:
1929:
1904:
1828:
1812:"Food Fortification Technology"
1804:
1701:
1666:
1642:
1616:
1590:
1495:
1409:
1392:
1361:
1337:
1319:
1305:
1291:
1276:10.4067/S0717-75182004000300009
1250:
1226:
1202:
1191:from the original on 2020-07-10
1165:
1139:
1119:
534:
3720:Artificial protein substitutes
3489:European Food Safety Authority
3362:Food safety incidents in China
3199:1858 Bradford sweets poisoning
3166:Water fluoridation controversy
2206:"Minerals" (Chemical elements)
1181:Ministry of Health (Argentina)
1099:
1079:
1044:
881:
713:and other wheezing disorders,
299:
1:
3781:Neohesperidin dihydrochalcone
1836:"A dose of vitamin D history"
1333:. The National Archives (UK).
819:
506:, is also known to be toxic.
194:Food Fortification Initiative
3975:Food and Drug Administration
3494:Food and Drug Administration
3176:Food contamination incidents
1374:British Nutrition Foundation
1315:– via www.youtube.com.
1301:– via www.youtube.com.
1263:Revista chilena de nutrición
660:
388:
211:
132:
7:
3548:Food and drink prohibitions
3322:Bihar school meal poisoning
3246:United Kingdom BSE outbreak
3204:1900 English beer poisoning
2558:Antibiotic use in livestock
2438:Category: Food preservation
1961:"The Story of Fluoridation"
840:Copenhagen Consensus Center
766:
732:
727:peripheral vascular disease
369:, in consultation with the
243:
220:, wheat flour must by law (
75:and cereal-based products;
10:
4034:
3543:Curing (food preservation)
2616:Monosodium glutamate (MSG)
1597:Salt, The (13 July 2013).
1037:10.1177/156482659801900202
736:
538:
156:public health intervention
3962:
3924:
3893:
3877:
3819:
3761:Aspartame-acesulfame salt
3735:
3719:
3700:
3662:
3586:
3573:Genetically modified food
3535:
3473:
3425:Food labeling regulations
3397:
3293:2008 Chinese milk scandal
3174:
3096:
3043:
2972:
2922:
2894:
2856:
2745:
2653:
2601:
2534:
2494:
2456:
2415:
2275:
2235:
2161:
2121:
2031:
1840:Nature Structural Biology
630:
603:
590:intellectual disabilities
358:Food Fortification Policy
91:and other beverages; and
52:World Health Organization
26:is the process of adding
3820:Natural food substitutes
3435:Food safety in Australia
2631:High-fructose corn syrup
1776:10.1177/2156587211399579
1687:10.1001/jama.285.23.2981
1489:18 December 2015 at the
1433:"Folate bioavailability"
1369:"Fortification - Page 3"
1257:David. L, Jorge (2004).
1234:"Alimentos Fortificados"
874:26 December 2016 at the
814:Micronutrient deficiency
723:congestive heart failure
371:Secretary of Agriculture
98:
87:; accessory food items;
3415:Acceptable daily intake
3327:2013 horse meat scandal
2768:Clostridium perfringens
1018:Darnton-Hill E (1998).
3906:List of food additives
3483:Centre for Food Safety
3298:2008 Irish pork crisis
3000:Benzene in soft drinks
2096:Discrimination testing
1650:"Site | Ohioline"
993:10.4038/cmj.v56i3.3607
980:Ceylon Medical Journal
556:
410:
367:Administrator of USAID
3505:Food Standards Agency
3455:Organic certification
3450:Nutrition facts label
3194:Esing Bakery incident
2982:environment pollution
2186:Essential fatty acids
1728:10.2105/AJPH.90.5.727
932:10.3945/an.114.007443
920:Advances in Nutrition
899:on September 2, 2016.
715:myocardial infarction
690:very rare condition.
561:has been used in the
544:
396:
202:Iodine Global Network
168:and cow's milk, etc.)
3746:Acesulfame potassium
3274:2006 North American
2932:Acesulfame potassium
2761:Campylobacter jejuni
2655:Intestinal parasites
2528:Consumer food safety
1504:"Food Fortification"
976:"Food fortification"
356:put into action its
248:Wheat flour sold in
236:), and folic acid (B
164:similar in content,
79:and dairy products;
3578:Conspiracy theories
3131:Heterocyclic amines
3035:Shellfish poisoning
2350:Modified atmosphere
1605:on 14 February 2013
1521:10.1079/PNS19900007
671:fat-soluble vitamin
613:neural tube defects
206:Micronutrient Forum
45:deficiency diseases
3832:Coffee substitutes
3236:Toxic oil syndrome
3189:Swill milk scandal
3015:Diethylstilbestrol
2687:Diphyllobothriasis
1897:10.1007/bf03391602
1878:Holick MF (2010).
1853:10.1038/nsb0202-77
1630:on 21 January 2012
1450:10.1079/PNS2004383
799:Dietary supplement
739:Water fluoridation
442:Limited absorption
411:
50:As defined by the
20:Food fortification
3998:
3997:
3920:
3919:
3914:
3913:
3738:sugar substitutes
3656:
3655:
3563:Food preservation
3372:Foodborne illness
2924:Sugar substitutes
2677:Cryptosporidiosis
2659:parasitic disease
2573:HGH controversies
2540:food contaminants
2452:
2451:
2446:
2445:
2325:Hurdle technology
2285:Burying in ground
2269:Food preservation
2229:
2228:
1681:(23): 2981–2986.
586:iodine deficiency
548:Iodine deficiency
4023:
3869:Salt substitutes
3859:Milk substitutes
3827:Cheese analogues
3806:Sodium cyclamate
3695:Artificial foods
3689:
3682:
3675:
3666:
3665:
3646:
3645:
3636:
3626:
3625:
3616:
3615:
3608:Drink portal
3606:
3605:
3604:
3596:
3595:
3507:(United Kingdom)
3256:Jack in the Box
3227:
3214:Minamata disease
3126:Food irradiation
3106:4-Hydroxynonenal
2954:Sodium cyclamate
2797:Escherichia coli
2789:Escherichia coli
2521:
2514:
2507:
2498:
2497:
2492:
2491:
2435:
2434:
2425:
2424:
2262:
2255:
2248:
2239:
2238:
2148:
2141:
2134:
2125:
2124:
2119:
2118:
2091:Sensory analysis
2018:
2011:
2004:
1995:
1994:
1976:
1975:
1973:
1971:
1957:
1951:
1950:
1948:
1947:
1933:
1927:
1926:
1924:
1923:
1908:
1902:
1901:
1899:
1875:
1866:
1865:
1855:
1832:
1826:
1825:
1823:
1822:
1808:
1802:
1801:
1795:
1787:
1759:
1750:
1749:
1739:
1705:
1699:
1698:
1670:
1664:
1663:
1661:
1655:. Archived from
1654:
1646:
1640:
1639:
1637:
1635:
1626:. Archived from
1620:
1614:
1613:
1611:
1610:
1594:
1588:
1587:
1585:
1583:
1569:
1560:
1559:
1557:
1555:
1540:
1534:
1533:
1523:
1499:
1493:
1477:
1471:
1470:
1452:
1428:
1422:
1421:
1413:
1407:
1406:
1396:
1390:
1389:
1387:
1386:
1377:. Archived from
1365:
1359:
1358:
1356:
1355:
1349:UK Flour Millers
1341:
1335:
1334:
1323:
1317:
1316:
1309:
1303:
1302:
1295:
1289:
1288:
1278:
1254:
1248:
1247:
1245:
1244:
1230:
1224:
1223:
1221:
1220:
1206:
1200:
1199:
1197:
1196:
1190:
1177:
1169:
1163:
1162:
1160:
1159:
1143:
1137:
1136:
1134:
1133:
1123:
1117:
1116:
1114:
1113:
1103:
1097:
1096:
1094:
1093:
1083:
1077:
1076:
1074:
1073:
1067:
1061:. Archived from
1056:
1048:
1042:
1041:
1039:
1015:
1006:
1005:
995:
971:
962:
961:
951:
910:
901:
900:
895:. Archived from
885:
879:
866:
855:
854:
852:
851:
842:. Archived from
832:
794:Food composition
783:
778:
777:
264:), folic acid (B
228:), riboflavin (B
184:Around the world
123:Biofortification
47:in these cases.
4033:
4032:
4026:
4025:
4024:
4022:
4021:
4020:
4016:Human nutrition
4001:
4000:
3999:
3994:
3958:
3916:
3915:
3910:
3889:
3873:
3837:Egg substitutes
3815:
3731:
3715:
3703:fat substitutes
3696:
3693:
3658:
3657:
3652:
3602:
3600:
3598:Food portal
3590:
3582:
3531:
3469:
3430:Food libel laws
3393:
3221:
3170:
3136:Modified starch
3098:Food processing
3092:
3039:
2968:
2918:
2914:Sodium benzoate
2890:
2852:
2847:Vibrio cholerae
2741:
2712:Gnathostomiasis
2697:Fasciolopsiasis
2649:
2597:
2588:Mercury in fish
2530:
2525:
2490:
2448:
2447:
2442:
2427:Food portal
2419:
2411:
2280:Biopreservation
2271:
2266:
2231:
2230:
2225:
2157:
2152:
2117:
2076:Processing aids
2027:
2022:
1984:
1979:
1969:
1967:
1959:
1958:
1954:
1945:
1943:
1935:
1934:
1930:
1921:
1919:
1910:
1909:
1905:
1876:
1869:
1846:(2): 77. 2002.
1834:
1833:
1829:
1820:
1818:
1810:
1809:
1805:
1789:
1788:
1760:
1753:
1706:
1702:
1671:
1667:
1659:
1652:
1648:
1647:
1643:
1633:
1631:
1622:
1621:
1617:
1608:
1606:
1595:
1591:
1581:
1579:
1571:
1570:
1563:
1553:
1551:
1550:on 4 April 2017
1542:
1541:
1537:
1500:
1496:
1491:Wayback Machine
1478:
1474:
1429:
1425:
1414:
1410:
1397:
1393:
1384:
1382:
1367:
1366:
1362:
1353:
1351:
1343:
1342:
1338:
1325:
1324:
1320:
1311:
1310:
1306:
1297:
1296:
1292:
1255:
1251:
1242:
1240:
1232:
1231:
1227:
1218:
1216:
1214:www.icbf.gov.co
1208:
1207:
1203:
1194:
1192:
1188:
1175:
1171:
1170:
1166:
1157:
1155:
1145:
1144:
1140:
1131:
1129:
1125:
1124:
1120:
1111:
1109:
1105:
1104:
1100:
1091:
1089:
1085:
1084:
1080:
1071:
1069:
1068:on May 13, 2009
1065:
1054:
1050:
1049:
1045:
1016:
1009:
972:
965:
911:
904:
887:
886:
882:
876:Wayback Machine
867:
858:
849:
847:
834:
833:
826:
822:
804:Food processing
779:
772:
769:
741:
735:
707:type 2 diabetes
663:
651:nixtamalization
643:
633:
606:
543:
537:
526:
522:
512:
484:
466:bioavailability
444:
391:
349:
341:
335:
322:
302:
295:
291:
287:
283:
278:
267:
263:
259:
255:
246:
239:
235:
231:
227:
214:
186:
135:
101:
93:infant formulas
17:
12:
11:
5:
4031:
4030:
4019:
4018:
4013:
4011:Food additives
3996:
3995:
3993:
3992:
3987:
3982:
3977:
3972:
3966:
3964:
3960:
3959:
3957:
3956:
3951:
3946:
3941:
3936:
3930:
3928:
3922:
3921:
3918:
3917:
3912:
3911:
3909:
3908:
3903:
3897:
3895:
3894:Related topics
3891:
3890:
3888:
3887:
3881:
3879:
3875:
3874:
3872:
3871:
3866:
3861:
3856:
3855:
3854:
3849:
3842:Meat analogues
3839:
3834:
3829:
3823:
3821:
3817:
3816:
3814:
3813:
3808:
3803:
3798:
3793:
3788:
3783:
3778:
3773:
3768:
3763:
3758:
3753:
3748:
3742:
3740:
3733:
3732:
3730:
3729:
3723:
3721:
3717:
3716:
3714:
3713:
3707:
3705:
3698:
3697:
3692:
3691:
3684:
3677:
3669:
3663:
3660:
3659:
3654:
3653:
3651:
3650:
3640:
3630:
3620:
3610:
3587:
3584:
3583:
3581:
3580:
3575:
3570:
3565:
3560:
3555:
3553:Food marketing
3550:
3545:
3539:
3537:
3536:Related topics
3533:
3532:
3530:
3529:
3524:
3518:
3513:
3508:
3502:
3496:
3491:
3486:
3479:
3477:
3471:
3470:
3468:
3467:
3462:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3442:
3437:
3432:
3427:
3422:
3417:
3411:
3409:
3395:
3394:
3392:
3391:
3390:
3389:
3384:
3379:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3271:
3262:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3180:
3178:
3172:
3171:
3169:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3121:Food additives
3118:
3113:
3108:
3102:
3100:
3094:
3093:
3091:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3049:
3047:
3041:
3040:
3038:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2986:
2984:
2970:
2969:
2967:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2946:
2945:
2944:
2934:
2928:
2926:
2920:
2919:
2917:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2900:
2898:
2892:
2891:
2889:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2862:
2860:
2854:
2853:
2851:
2850:
2843:
2835:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2793:
2785:
2778:
2771:
2764:
2757:
2751:
2749:
2747:Microorganisms
2743:
2742:
2740:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2717:Paragonimiasis
2714:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2682:Cyclosporiasis
2679:
2674:
2669:
2663:
2661:
2651:
2650:
2648:
2647:
2646:
2645:
2635:
2634:
2633:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2607:
2605:
2603:Food additives
2599:
2598:
2596:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2578:Lead poisoning
2575:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2544:
2542:
2532:
2531:
2524:
2523:
2516:
2509:
2501:
2495:
2489:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2462:
2460:
2454:
2453:
2450:
2449:
2444:
2443:
2441:
2440:
2429:
2416:
2413:
2412:
2410:
2409:
2407:Vacuum packing
2404:
2402:Tyndallization
2399:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2378:
2377:
2372:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2276:
2273:
2272:
2265:
2264:
2257:
2250:
2242:
2236:
2233:
2232:
2227:
2226:
2224:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2162:
2159:
2158:
2155:Food chemistry
2151:
2150:
2143:
2136:
2128:
2122:
2116:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2099:
2098:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2067:
2066:
2061:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2035:
2033:
2029:
2028:
2021:
2020:
2013:
2006:
1998:
1992:
1991:
1983:
1982:External links
1980:
1978:
1977:
1952:
1928:
1903:
1884:Health Reviews
1867:
1827:
1803:
1751:
1722:(5): 727–738.
1700:
1665:
1662:on 2005-10-26.
1641:
1615:
1599:"Iodized Salt"
1589:
1561:
1544:"Why fortify?"
1535:
1494:
1472:
1443:(4): 529–536.
1423:
1408:
1391:
1360:
1336:
1331:UK Legislation
1318:
1304:
1290:
1269:(3): 336–347.
1249:
1225:
1201:
1164:
1138:
1118:
1098:
1078:
1043:
1024:Food Nutr Bull
1007:
986:(3): 124–127.
963:
926:(1): 124–131.
902:
880:
856:
823:
821:
818:
817:
816:
811:
806:
801:
796:
791:
785:
784:
768:
765:
737:Main article:
734:
731:
662:
659:
641:
632:
629:
605:
602:
594:hypothyroidism
539:Main article:
536:
533:
529:enriched flour
524:
520:
511:
508:
483:
480:
472:Phytochemicals
443:
440:
390:
387:
375:1996 farm bill
363:2002 farm bill
348:
345:
339:
333:
321:
320:United Kingdom
318:
301:
298:
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
274:
265:
261:
257:
253:
245:
242:
237:
233:
229:
225:
213:
210:
185:
182:
177:
176:
169:
158:
152:
138:Micronutrients
134:
131:
130:
129:
126:
120:
105:enriched flour
100:
97:
54:(WHO) and the
28:micronutrients
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4029:
4028:
4017:
4014:
4012:
4009:
4008:
4006:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3983:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3968:
3967:
3965:
3961:
3955:
3954:Overnutrition
3952:
3950:
3947:
3945:
3942:
3940:
3939:Food security
3937:
3935:
3932:
3931:
3929:
3927:
3926:Food politics
3923:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3899:
3898:
3896:
3892:
3886:
3883:
3882:
3880:
3876:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3857:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3844:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3824:
3822:
3818:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3744:
3743:
3741:
3739:
3734:
3728:
3725:
3724:
3722:
3718:
3712:
3709:
3708:
3706:
3704:
3699:
3690:
3685:
3683:
3678:
3676:
3671:
3670:
3667:
3661:
3649:
3641:
3639:
3635:
3631:
3629:
3621:
3619:
3611:
3609:
3599:
3594:
3589:
3588:
3585:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
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3558:Food politics
3556:
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3523:(South Korea)
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3387:United States
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3308:2011 Germany
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3265:1996 Odwalla
3263:
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2896:Preservatives
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2727:Toxoplasmosis
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2638:Vegetable oil
2636:
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2487:
2486:Fortification
2484:
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2479:
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2472:
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2467:
2466:Manufacturing
2464:
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2355:Pascalization
2353:
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2315:Freeze-drying
2313:
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2196:Fortification
2194:
2192:
2189:
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2177:
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2172:
2171:Carbohydrates
2169:
2167:
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1773:
1770:(2): 91–101.
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846:on 2019-03-28
845:
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810:
809:Nutraceutical
807:
805:
802:
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797:
795:
792:
790:
789:Food additive
787:
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776:
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565:since before
564:
563:United States
560:
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421:
420:Rice Krispies
417:
408:
404:
400:
395:
386:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
359:
355:
347:United States
344:
342:
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317:
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311:
310:Sangkap Pinoy
307:
297:
273:
271:
251:
241:
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61:
60:fortification
57:
53:
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36:public health
33:
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3963:Institutions
3949:Malnutrition
3864:Phyllodulcin
3568:Food quality
3475:Institutions
3309:
3275:
3266:
3257:
3141:Nitrosamines
2904:Benzoic acid
2866:Chlorpyrifos
2845:
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2830:
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2796:
2788:
2780:
2773:
2766:
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2737:Trichuriasis
2722:Toxocariasis
2692:Enterobiasis
2568:Formaldehyde
2485:
2375:Potjevleesch
2310:Fermentation
2195:
2049:Microbiology
2025:Food science
1968:. Retrieved
1964:
1955:
1944:. Retrieved
1940:
1931:
1920:. Retrieved
1918:. 2018-02-21
1915:
1906:
1887:
1883:
1843:
1839:
1830:
1819:. Retrieved
1815:
1806:
1792:cite journal
1767:
1763:
1719:
1713:
1703:
1678:
1674:
1668:
1657:the original
1644:
1632:. Retrieved
1628:the original
1618:
1607:. Retrieved
1603:the original
1592:
1580:. Retrieved
1576:
1552:. Retrieved
1548:the original
1538:
1514:(1): 39–50.
1511:
1507:
1497:
1481:
1475:
1440:
1436:
1426:
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1401:
1394:
1383:. Retrieved
1379:the original
1372:
1363:
1352:. Retrieved
1348:
1339:
1330:
1321:
1307:
1293:
1266:
1262:
1252:
1241:. Retrieved
1237:
1228:
1217:. Retrieved
1213:
1204:
1193:. Retrieved
1179:
1167:
1156:. Retrieved
1150:
1147:"Ley 25.630"
1141:
1130:. Retrieved
1121:
1110:. Retrieved
1101:
1090:. Retrieved
1081:
1070:. Retrieved
1063:the original
1058:
1046:
1027:
1023:
983:
979:
923:
919:
897:the original
892:
883:
848:. Retrieved
844:the original
839:
742:
719:hypertension
699:osteoporosis
692:
664:
655:
634:
617:spina bifida
607:
583:
567:World War II
559:Iodised salt
557:
545:
541:Iodised salt
535:Iodized salt
517:
513:
492:
489:
485:
470:
449:bioavailable
445:
412:
350:
323:
309:
303:
296:, and iron.
279:
270:Decreto 1944
269:
268:) and iron (
247:
232:), niacin (B
221:
215:
205:
193:
189:
187:
178:
154:To act as a
146:
142:
136:
114:
102:
69:
64:
59:
49:
41:staple foods
23:
19:
18:
3901:Food safety
3736:Artificial
3701:Artificial
3648:WikiProject
3485:(Hong Kong)
3222: [
3184:Devon colic
3058:Breast milk
3030:Nonylphenol
3005:Bisphenol A
2942:controversy
2809:Hepatitis E
2804:Hepatitis A
2782:Enterovirus
2775:Cronobacter
2732:Trichinosis
2702:Fasciolosis
2672:Anisakiasis
2643:controversy
2536:Adulterants
2481:Foodservice
2330:Irradiation
2044:Engineering
1941:www.ada.org
1916:www.cdc.gov
1890:: 267–283.
893:www.fao.org
781:Food portal
638:(a form of
621:anencephaly
523:, vitamin B
476:phytic acid
300:Philippines
260:, niacin (B
256:, vitamin B
4005:Categories
3934:Food power
3791:NutraSweet
3399:Regulation
3382:death toll
3151:Shortening
3116:Acrylamide
3045:Food fraud
3025:Mycotoxins
2858:Pesticides
2832:Salmonella
2707:Giardiasis
2667:Amoebiasis
2611:Flavorings
2295:Cold chain
2113:Technology
2081:Psychology
2071:Processing
1946:2018-05-01
1922:2018-05-01
1821:2016-03-30
1634:30 October
1609:2016-03-30
1582:4 February
1554:3 February
1385:2021-05-10
1354:2021-05-10
1243:2021-07-28
1219:2021-07-28
1195:2021-07-27
1158:2021-07-27
1132:2021-07-28
1112:2021-07-28
1092:2021-07-28
1072:2016-03-30
850:2017-06-14
820:References
625:folic acid
383:folic acid
332:(vitamin B
306:Philippine
272:of 1996).
222:Ley 25.630
204:, and the
65:enrichment
24:enrichment
3811:Sucralose
3801:Saccharin
3796:Nutrinova
3756:Aspartame
3445:ISO 22000
3407:watchdogs
3403:standards
3377:outbreaks
3278:outbreaks
3156:Trans fat
3068:Olive oil
2990:Aflatoxin
2964:Sucralose
2949:Saccharin
2937:Aspartame
2881:Malathion
2826:Rotavirus
2821:Norovirus
2476:Marketing
2471:Packaging
2382:Rillettes
2166:Additives
2054:Nutrition
1459:0029-6651
1285:0717-7518
940:2161-8313
757:fluorosis
743:Although
687:vitamin D
667:Vitamin D
661:Vitamin D
640:vitamin B
588:include:
552:cretinism
504:Vitamin K
500:Menadione
461:vitamin D
457:vitamin A
453:skim milk
424:Shreddies
399:junk food
389:Criticism
338:vitamin B
314:junk food
218:Argentina
212:Argentina
162:margarine
133:Rationale
3638:Cookbook
3618:Category
3420:E number
3312:outbreak
3269:outbreak
3260:outbreak
3010:Dieldrin
2959:Sorbitol
2815:Listeria
2755:Botulism
2583:Melamine
2553:Aldicarb
2397:Sugaring
2360:Pickling
2340:Jellying
2320:Freezing
2216:Vitamins
2211:Proteins
2176:Coloring
2103:Rheology
2064:clinical
1970:30 March
1862:11813006
1784:71468175
1746:10800421
1695:11410096
1487:Archived
1467:15831124
1186:Archived
1184:. 2016.
1002:22164753
958:25593151
872:Archived
767:See also
753:fluoride
749:fluoride
745:fluoride
733:Fluoride
679:beriberi
647:pellagra
627:by 72%.
474:such as
432:Ovaltine
428:Horlicks
330:thiamine
250:Colombia
244:Colombia
166:soy milk
3786:Neotame
3751:Alitame
3711:Olestra
3628:Commons
3501:(Spain)
3310:E. coli
3276:E. coli
3267:E. coli
3258:E. coli
3078:Seafood
2978:poisons
2876:Lindane
2840:E. coli
2799:O157:H7
2791:O104:H4
2593:Sudan I
2563:Cyanide
2392:Smoking
2387:Salting
2365:Potting
2345:Jugging
2335:Jamming
2290:Canning
2191:Flavors
2181:Enzymes
2108:Storage
2086:Quality
2039:Allergy
2032:General
1816:Fao.org
1737:1446222
1530:2190226
1059:Who.int
949:4288271
695:rickets
683:rickets
575:goiters
571:goiters
496:Retinol
436:Marmite
416:Denmark
326:calcium
110:calcium
73:cereals
58:(FAO),
3944:Famine
3878:Brands
3771:Glucin
3766:Dulcin
3083:Shrimp
3020:Dioxin
2974:Toxins
2548:3-MCPD
2436:
2370:Confit
2305:Drying
2300:Curing
2201:Lipids
1860:
1782:
1744:
1734:
1693:
1528:
1465:
1457:
1283:
1000:
956:
946:
938:
878:2006 .
725:, and
711:asthma
675:scurvy
665:Since
636:Niacin
631:Niacin
609:Folate
604:Folate
598:goiter
596:, and
434:, and
405:, but
381:, and
379:iodine
336:) and
173:gluten
3847:bacon
3226:]
3073:Prawn
3053:Bread
2626:Sugar
2221:Water
1990:(PDF)
1780:S2CID
1660:(PDF)
1653:(PDF)
1189:(PDF)
1176:(PDF)
1066:(PDF)
1055:(PDF)
669:is a
407:USFDA
99:Types
3885:Tang
3852:list
2621:Salt
2059:Diet
1972:2016
1858:PMID
1798:link
1742:PMID
1691:PMID
1675:JAMA
1636:2011
1584:2019
1556:2019
1526:PMID
1463:PMID
1455:ISSN
1281:ISSN
998:PMID
954:PMID
936:ISSN
677:and
619:and
459:and
403:beer
401:and
304:The
198:GAIN
85:oils
83:and
81:fats
77:milk
32:food
3088:Tea
3063:Egg
2871:DDT
1892:doi
1848:doi
1772:doi
1732:PMC
1724:doi
1683:doi
1679:285
1516:doi
1445:doi
1271:doi
1032:doi
988:doi
944:PMC
928:doi
579:RDA
385:).
288:, B
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