470:ฮผmol/day represent deficient niacin status and 5.8 to 17.5 ฮผmol/day represents low. According to the World Health Organization, an alternative mean of expressing urinary N1-methyl-nicotinamide is as mg/g creatinine in a 24-hour urine collection, with deficient defined as <0.5, low 0.5-1.59, acceptable 1.6-4.29, and high >4.3 Niacin deficiency occurs before the signs and symptoms of pellagra appear. Erythrocyte nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) concentrations potentially provide another sensitive indicator of niacin depletion, although definitions of deficient, low and adequate have not been established. Lastly, plasma tryptophan decreases on a low niacin diet because tryptophan converts to niacin. However, low tryptophan could also be caused by a diet low in this essential amino acid, so it is not specific to confirming vitamin status.
1100:(EFSA) refers to the collective set of information as Dietary Reference Values (DRV), with Population Reference Intake (PRI) instead of RDA, and Average Requirement instead of EAR. For the EU, AIs and ULs have the same definition as in the US, except that units are milligrams per megajoule (MJ) of energy consumed rather than mg/day. For women (including those pregnant or lactating), men and children the PRI is 1.6 mg per megajoule. As the conversion is 1 MJ = 239 kcal, an adult consuming 2390 kilocalories should be consuming 16 mg niacin. This is comparable to US RDAs (14 mg/day for adult women, 16 mg/day for adult men).
1538:(AHA) strongly advises against the use of non-prescription dietary supplement niacin rather than prescription niacin because of potentially serious side effects. For this reason and because the manufacture of dietary supplement niacin is not as well-regulated by the FDA as is prescription niacin, the AHA advises that supplemental niacin only be used under the supervision of a health care professional. More than 30 mg niacin consumed as a dietary supplement can cause skin flushing. Face, arms and chest skin turns a reddish color because of
50:
2626:
2586:
1104:
or 35 mg for teenagers and adults, less for children. The EFSA UL for adults is set at 10 mg/day โ about one-third of the US value. For all of the government ULs, the term applies to niacin as a supplement consumed as one dose, and is intended as a limit to avoid the skin flush reaction. This explains why for EFSA, the recommended daily intake can be higher than the UL.
2643:
1158:. In general, animal-sourced foods provide about 5โ10 mg niacin per serving, although dairy foods and eggs have little. Some plant-sourced foods such as nuts, legumes and grains provide about 2โ5 mg niacin per serving, although in some grain products this naturally present niacin is largely bound to
3087:"Men of the Year, outstanding in comprehensive science were three medical researchers who discovered that nicotinic acid was a cure for human pellagra: Drs. Tom Douglas Spies of Cincinnati General Hospital, Marion Arthur Blankenhorn of the University of Cincinnati, Clark Niel Cooper of Waterloo, Iowa."
1524:
Countries fortify foods with nutrients to address known deficiencies. As of 2020, 54 countries required food fortification of wheat flour with niacin or niacinamide; 14 also mandate fortification of maize flour, and 6 mandate fortification of rice. From country to country, niacin fortification ranges
383:
involving hyperpigmentation and thickening of the skin (see image), inflammation of the mouth and tongue, delirium, dementia, and if left untreated, death. Common psychiatric symptoms include irritability, poor concentration, anxiety, fatigue, loss of memory, restlessness, apathy, and depression. The
1533:
In the United States, niacin (the acid) is sold as a non-prescription dietary supplement with a range of 100 to 1000 mg per serving. These products often have a
Structure/Function health claim allowed by the US Food & Drug Administration (FDA). An example would be "Supports a healthy blood
1103:
ULs are established by identifying amounts of vitamins and minerals that cause adverse effects, and then selecting as an upper limit amounts that are the "maximum daily intake unlikely to cause adverse health effects". Regulatory agencies from different countries do not always agree. For the US, 30
452:
for niacin synthesis. The symptoms are similar to pellagra, including red, scaly rash and sensitivity to sunlight. Oral niacin or niacinamide is given as a treatment for this condition in doses ranging from 50 to 100 mg twice a day, with a good prognosis if identified and treated early. Niacin
430:
For treating deficiency, the World Health
Organization (WHO) recommends administering niacinamide (i.e. nicotinamide) instead of niacin, to avoid the flushing side effect commonly caused by the latter. Guidelines suggest using 300 mg/day for three to four weeks. Dementia and dermatitis show
469:
Plasma concentrations of niacin and niacin metabolites are not useful markers of niacin status. Urinary excretion of the methylated metabolite N1-methyl-nicotinamide is considered reliable and sensitive. The measurement requires a 24-hour urine collection. For adults, a value of less than 5.8
2647:
1638:
in 1937. He later identified the active ingredient, referring to it as "pellagra-preventing factor" and the "anti-blacktongue factor." It was also referred to as "vitamin PP", "vitamin P-P" and "PP-factor", all derived from the term "pellagra-preventive factor". In the late 1930s, studies by
1558:
has been set at 35 mg. At daily doses of as low as 30 mg, flushing has been reported, always starting in the face and sometimes accompanied by skin dryness, itching, paresthesia, and headache. Liver toxicity is the most serious toxic reaction and it occurs at doses >2 grams/day.
352:
1115:(%DV). For niacin labeling purposes 100% of the Daily Value is 16 mg. Prior to May 27, 2016, it was 20 mg, revised to bring it into agreement with the RDA. Compliance with the updated labeling regulations was required by January 1, 2020, for manufacturers with
1506:
diets can provide adequate amounts if products such as nutritional yeast, peanuts, peanut butter, tahini, brown rice, mushrooms, avocado and sunflower seeds are included. Fortified foods and dietary supplements can also be consumed to ensure adequate intake.
1107:
Both the DRI and DRV describe amounts needed as niacin equivalents (NE), calculated as 1 mg NE = 1 mg niacin or 60 mg of the essential amino acid tryptophan. This is because the amino acid is utilized to synthesize the vitamin.
1093:(ULs). In lieu of an RDA, Adequate Intakes (AIs) are identified for populations for which there is not enough evidence to identify a dietary intake level that is sufficient to meet the nutrient requirements of most people. (see table).
294:. Nicotinamide is recommended as a treatment for niacin deficiency because it can be administered in remedial amounts without causing the flushing, considered an adverse effect. In the past, the group was loosely referred to as
1515:
Niacin naturally found in food is susceptible to destruction from high heat cooking, especially in the presence of acidic foods and sauces. It is soluble in water, and so may also be lost from foods boiled in water.
2399:
2330:
1166:, making it only about 30% bioavailable. Fortified food ingredients such as wheat flour have niacin added, which is bioavailable. Among whole food sources with the highest niacin content per 100 grams:
1546:
blood vessels, accompanied by sensations of heat, tingling and itching. These signs and symptoms are typically transient, lasting minutes to hours; they are considered unpleasant rather than toxic.
241:, a disease caused by niacin deficiency. Signs and symptoms of pellagra include skin and mouth lesions, anemia, headaches, and tiredness. Many countries mandate its addition to wheat flour or other
1593:
Corn (maize) became a staple food in the southeast United States and in parts of Europe. A disease that was characterized by dermatitis of sunlight-exposed skin was described in Spain in 1735 by
1119:
10 million or more in annual food sales, and by
January 1, 2021, for manufacturers with lower volume food sales. A table of the old and new adult daily values is provided at
1625:
was assigned to study pellagra by the
Surgeon General of the United States. His studies confirmed a corn-based diet as the culprit, but he did not identify the root cause.
2838:
2334:
441:
nutritional disorder resulting in niacin deficiency. It is named after an
English family with a genetic disorder that resulted in a failure to absorb the essential
388:(NAD+) to suppress the creation of neurotoxic tryptophan metabolites; B) inhibition of mitochondrial ATP generation resulting in cell damage; C) activation of the
392:(PARP) pathway, as PARP is a nuclear enzyme involved in DNA repair, but in the absence of NAD+ can lead to cell death; D) reduced synthesis of neuro-protective
407:
Niacin deficiency is rarely seen in developed countries, and it is more typically associated with poverty, malnutrition or malnutrition secondary to chronic
80:
2646:. United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, USDA Branded Food Products Database v.3.6.4.1. January 17, 2017. Archived from
431:
improvement within a week. Because deficiencies of other B-vitamins may be present, the WHO recommends a multi-vitamin in addition to the niacinamide.
2359:
1643:, Marion Blankenhorn, and Clark Cooper confirmed that niacin cured pellagra in humans. The prevalence of the disease was greatly reduced as a result.
1763:"Discoveries of nicotinamide riboside as a nutrient and conserved NRK genes establish a Preiss-Handler independent route to NAD+ in fungi and humans"
1576:
2307:
Bressani R, Gomez-Brenes R, Scrimshaw NS (1961). "Effect of processing on distribution and in vitro availability of niacin of corn (Zea mays)".
1650:
with nicotinic acid began, a headline in the popular press said "Tobacco in Your Bread." In response, the
Council on Foods and Nutrition of the
384:
biochemical mechanisms for the observed deficiency-caused neurodegeneration are not well understood, but may rest on A) the requirement for
2933:
318:
263:
3073:
2762:
2483:"Overview on Dietary Reference Values for the EU population as derived by the EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies"
1670:, to avoid the perception that vitamins or niacin-rich foods contain nicotine, or that cigarettes contain vitamins. The resulting name
1695:
J. Laguna and K.J. Carpenter found in 1951, that niacin in corn is biologically unavailable and can be released only in very alkaline
2603:
2728:
2249:
1827:
Dietary
Reference Intakes for Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B6, Folate, Vitamin B12, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline
1089:
in 2015) updated
Estimated Average Requirements (EARs) and Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) for niacin in 1998, as well as
2499:
2426:
1972:
3836:
3084:
2533:
1749:
Vitamin B3... potentially includes three different molecular forms: nicotinic acid, niacinamide, and nicotinamide riboside
3210:
2482:
2181:
2156:
2123:
1834:
1742:
393:
385:
310:
259:
188:
1867:. Micronutrient Information Center, Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR. October 8, 2018
3853:
1666:
for use primarily by non-scientists. It was thought appropriate to choose a name to dissociate nicotinic acid from
191:(NAD). NAD is required for human life and people are unable to make it within their bodies without either vitamin B
3525:
2563:
2968:
Evans BK, Feinstein AR (September 1994). "Joseph
Goldberger: an unsung hero of American clinical epidemiology".
2873:
1563:
has been reported at doses between 3-9 grams/day with needs for liver transplantation. Other reactions include
1097:
1111:
For U.S. food and dietary supplement labeling purposes, the amount in a serving is expressed as a percent of
1090:
397:
2812:
2609:
2569:
2454:
1651:
1086:
389:
2897:
Casal G (1945). "The natural and medical history of the principality of the
Asturias". In Major RH (ed.).
2370:
423:
of niacin during maize meal or flour production. For this reason, people who consume corn as tortillas or
19:
This article is about a class of chemically related vitamers sometimes called niacin. For other uses, see
3534:
3516:
2087:
World Health Organization (2000). Pellagra And Its Prevention And Control In Major Emergencies (Report).
2130:
Niacin or nicotinate, together with its amide form nicotinamide, defines the group of vitamin B3 complex
1754:
3890:
3885:
1564:
1535:
2088:
2517:"Federal Register May 27, 2016 Food Labeling: Revision of the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels"
3347:
2674:
1655:
126:
3841:
2758:
2516:
256:
20:
3203:
3012:
1895:
1120:
2925:
2172:
Penberthy W, Kirkland J (2020). "Niacin". In Marriott B, Birt D, Stallings V, Yates A (eds.).
2113:
1732:
2199:"The biochemical pathways of central nervous system neural degeneration in niacin deficiency"
449:
291:
180:
2981:
2285:
3802:
3582:
3306:
2147:
Suter P, Russell R (2018). "Chapter 326: Vitamin and Trace Mineral Deficiency and Excess".
415:(corn) as a staple food, as maize is low in digestible niacin. A cooking technique called
325:
and calcium mobilization. NAD also plays a critical role in human metabolism, acting as a
8:
3880:
3696:
2787:
1560:
1543:
279:
2703:
3475:
3370:
2993:
2277:
2225:
2198:
2016:
1999:
1951:
1647:
1621:= skin). In time, the disease was more closely linked specifically to corn. In the US,
454:
234:
3058:
2736:
1779:
1762:
3762:
3737:
3196:
3174:
3137:
3110:
3080:
2985:
2879:
2869:
2269:
2230:
2177:
2152:
2119:
2060:
2021:
1943:
1938:
1921:
1830:
1784:
1738:
1640:
1622:
1183:
92:
2997:
2281:
2176:(11 ed.). London, United Kingdom: Academic Press (Elsevier). pp. 209โ224.
1955:
3772:
3747:
3667:
3164:
3133:
3106:
3053:
2977:
2541:
2261:
2220:
2210:
2092:
2052:
2011:
1976:
1933:
1774:
1602:
3447:
3442:
3437:
1864:
3777:
3334:
3319:
2056:
1696:
1635:
1348:
1317:
1268:
1136:
434:
420:
416:
401:
215:
132:
3425:
3420:
3415:
3410:
3038:
2644:"Niacin content per 100 grams; select food subset, abridged list by food groups"
2265:
3847:
3767:
3480:
3293:
1898:. Office of Dietary Supplements, US National Institutes of Health. June 3, 2020
1628:
1247:
1159:
1140:
1075:** Not possible to establish; source of intake should be formula and food only
314:
219:
2250:"Pellagra encephalopathy following B-complex vitamin treatment without niacin"
3874:
3616:
3606:
3591:
3311:
2630:
2590:
2215:
1734:
Biochemical, Physiological, and Molecular Aspects of Human Nutrition - E-Book
1572:
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222:
85:
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3249:
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3701:
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3621:
3601:
3596:
3457:
3385:
3375:
3365:
3223:
3178:
2956:
Studi clinici ed esperimentali sulla natura, causa e terapia delle pellagra
2273:
2234:
2064:
1947:
1788:
1704:
1614:
1594:
1588:
1539:
1327:
1236:
1195:
1163:
275:
267:
252:
176:
2989:
2248:
Pitsavas S, Andreou C, Bascialla F, Bozikas VP, Karavatos A (March 2004).
2025:
1822:
145:
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3611:
3432:
3324:
3169:
3152:
1703:
11. This explains why a Latin-American culture that used alkali-treated (
1457:
1359:
1257:
1112:
334:
287:
242:
206:
Niacin (the nutrient) can be manufactured by plants and animals from the
3692:
3684:
3677:
3634:
3561:
3507:
3489:
3405:
3380:
3354:
3329:
3288:
2675:"USDA National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference Legacy: Niacin"
2534:"Daily Value Reference of the Dietary Supplement Label Database (DSLD)"
2097:
1632:
1597:. He attributed the cause to poor diet. In northern Italy it was named
1437:
1369:
1132:
445:
442:
438:
408:
380:
330:
322:
211:
207:
196:
40:
3013:"Dr. Joseph Goldberger and the War on Pellagra | Ashes on the Potomac"
3797:
3789:
3706:
3672:
3498:
3467:
3397:
3274:
3264:
3241:
458:
457:, because of metabolic diversion of its precursor tryptophan to form
107:
2040:
113:
3575:
3039:"The isolation and identification of the anti-blacktongue factor J"
1707:) cornmeal to make tortilla was not at risk for niacin deficiency.
1667:
1503:
1151:
376:
372:
356:
346:
326:
238:
168:
1829:. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. pp. 123โ149.
1073:* Adequate intake for infants, as an RDA has yet to be established
282:
effects or side effects as niacin, i.e., when niacin takes on the
3259:
3219:
3188:
2629:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
2589:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
1405:
1379:
271:
164:
2866:
Goodman & Gilman's the pharmacological basis of therapeutics
2604:"Industry Resources on the Changes to the Nutrition Facts Label"
3732:
3719:
3649:
3036:
2247:
1477:
1415:
1338:
1206:
1155:
424:
230:
172:
2082:
2080:
2078:
2076:
2074:
419:, that is, pretreating with alkali ingredients, increases the
49:
2901:(3 ed.). Springfield: Charles C Thomas. pp. 607โ12.
2682:
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service
2306:
1610:
1426:
1226:
412:
249:
210:
tryptophan. Niacin is obtained in the diet from a variety of
199:. Nicotinamide riboside was identified as a form of vitamin B
2459:
National Institutes of Health, Office of Dietary Supplements
351:
2863:
2455:"Nutrient Recommendations: Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI)"
2071:
1487:
1467:
1447:
1306:
1295:
1147:
1116:
226:
54:
Structure of nicotinamide, one of the vitamers of vitamin B
3037:
Elvehjem CA, Madden RJ, Strongandd FM, Woolley DW (1938).
2500:"Tolerable Upper Intake Levels For Vitamins And Minerals"
2427:"Tolerable Upper Intake Levels for Vitamins and Minerals"
2360:"Nutrient reference values for Australia and New Zealand"
2086:
233:, lesser amounts in nuts, legumes and seeds. Niacin as a
1700:
2864:
Goodman LS, Hardman JG, Limbird LE, Gilman AG (2001).
2704:"Nutritional Yeast Flakes (two tablespoons = 16 grams"
3153:"Raw versus processed corn in niacin-deficient diets"
1975:. Food Fortification Initiative. 2017. Archived from
1820:
2788:"Map: Count of Nutrients In Fortification Standards"
2149:
Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 20th Ed
411:. It also tends to occur in areas where people eat
2196:
2190:
1919:
1760:
321:(NADP), are utilized in transfer reactions within
2171:
852:Tolerable upper limit of Nicotinic acid (mg/day)
3872:
2111:
1890:
1888:
1886:
1884:
1882:
359:, which is caused by a chronic lack of vitamin B
3150:
2432:. European Food Safety Authority. February 2006
2393:
2391:
2324:
2322:
2254:International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine
1730:
855:Tolerable upper limit of Nicotinamide (mg/day)
2967:
2165:
1922:"Pellagra: dermatitis, dementia, and diarrhea"
1920:Hegyi J, Schwartz RA, Hegyi V (January 2004).
274:activity, nicotinamide does not have the same
3204:
2915:, Imp. Regia Stamperia, 1840โ43, vol. I, III.
2669:
2667:
2665:
2449:
2447:
2397:
1879:
2388:
2367:National Health and Medical Research Council
2319:
2197:Fu L, Doreswamy V, Prakash R (August 2014).
2146:
1967:
1965:
1896:"Niacin Fact Sheet for Health Professionals"
3126:Journal of the American Medical Association
3099:Journal of the American Medical Association
2477:
2475:
2041:"Niacin requirements for genomic stability"
2032:
1915:
1913:
1187:Serving = 2 Tbsp (16 g) contains 56 mg
464:
319:nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate
264:nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate
3330:Calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol)
3211:
3197:
2662:
2444:
1528:
473:
371:deficiency in the diet causes the disease
48:
3168:
3151:Laguna J, Carpenter KJ (September 1951).
3057:
2224:
2214:
2096:
2015:
1997:
1962:
1937:
1816:
1814:
1812:
1810:
1808:
1806:
1804:
1802:
1800:
1798:
1778:
1761:Bieganowski P, Brenner C (May 14, 2004).
1737:. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 541.
1726:
1724:
1722:
1720:
245:, thereby reducing the risk of pellagra.
3030:
2759:"Effects of Cooking on Vitamins (Table)"
2556:
2538:Dietary Supplement Label Database (DSLD)
2472:
2354:
2352:
2038:
1910:
1085:The U.S. Institute of Medicine (renamed
350:
2982:10.7326/0003-4819-121-5-199409010-00010
2936:from the original on September 30, 2007
2805:
2505:. European Food Safety Authority. 2006.
2421:
2419:
2417:
427:are at less risk of niacin deficiency.
404:directly due to the niacin deficiency.
3873:
2868:(10 ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.
2782:
2780:
2564:"Changes to the Nutrition Facts Label"
2509:
2328:
1795:
1717:
827:
305:
3192:
3004:
2896:
2765:from the original on October 16, 2012
2349:
2142:
2140:
2138:
1859:
1857:
1855:
1853:
1519:
843:
835:
824:
340:
167:family that includes three forms, or
112:
2636:
2414:
1926:International Journal of Dermatology
255:(niacinamide) is a component of the
16:Class of chemically related vitamers
2831:
2817:U.S. Food & Drug Administration
2777:
2369:. September 9, 2005. Archived from
1510:
13:
3526:2-Methylnaphthalene-1,4-diamine (K
3218:
2792:Global Fortification Data Exchange
2135:
2115:Metabolic Interaction in Infection
1850:
1309:depending on what part, how cooked
1298:depending on what part, how cooked
1271:depending on what part, how cooked
1260:depending on what part, how cooked
225:, meat, poultry, red fish such as
14:
3902:
3079:Volume I. 2003. Appendix D, p. 2
3010:
2958:(Bologna: Fava e Garagnani, 1869)
394:brain-derived neurotrophic factor
386:nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
311:Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
260:nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
189:nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
187:are converted within the body to
3138:10.1001/jama.1942.02830100053014
3111:10.1001/jama.1942.02830100049011
2624:
2584:
1939:10.1111/j.1365-4632.2004.01959.x
1731:Stipanuk MH, Caudill MA (2013).
1631:was extracted from the liver by
1131:Niacin is found in a variety of
3144:
3117:
3090:
3066:
2961:
2948:
2918:
2905:
2899:Classic Descriptions of Disease
2890:
2857:
2751:
2721:
2696:
2596:
2526:
2492:
2398:Health Canada (July 20, 2005).
2300:
2241:
2112:Silvestre R, Torrado E (2018).
2105:
1525:from 1.3 to 6.0 mg/100 g.
820:European Food Safety Authority
453:synthesis is also deficient in
3535:4-Amino-3-methyl-1-naphthol (K
3517:4-Amino-2-methyl-1-naphthol (K
2174:Present Knowledge in Nutrition
1991:
1821:Institute of Medicine (1998).
1098:European Food Safety Authority
661:* Adequate Intake for infants
183:. All three forms of vitamin B
159:, colloquially referred to as
1:
3124:"Niacin and Nicotinic Acid".
3059:10.1016/S0021-9258(18)74164-1
2913:Vocabolario Milanese-Italiano
1780:10.1016/s0092-8674(04)00416-7
1710:
1554:The daily limit for vitamin B
1150:from various animal sources,
1091:Tolerable upper intake levels
928:Tolerable upper intake level
687:2 mg/d preformed niacin*
679:Tolerable upper intake level
505:2 mg/d preformed niacin*
398:tropomyosin receptor kinase B
266:(NADP+). Although niacin and
2610:Food and Drug Administration
2570:Food and Drug Administration
2203:Neural Regeneration Research
2057:10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2011.11.008
1998:Jaconello P (October 1992).
1652:American Medical Association
1087:National Academy of Medicine
390:poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase
7:
3097:"Niacin and Niacin Amide".
2813:"Structure/Function Claims"
2400:"Dietary Reference Intakes"
2266:10.2190/29XV-1GG1-U17K-RGJH
2000:"Niacin versus niacinamide"
1549:
925:RDA for niacin (mg NE/day)
828:Adequate Intake (mg NE/MJ)
494:RDI for niacin (mg NE/day)
218:, with highest contents in
10:
3907:
3132:(10): 823. March 7, 1942.
3105:(10): 819. March 7, 1942.
2843:American Heart Association
2329:LaRosa CJ (January 2020).
1586:
1582:
1536:American Heart Association
1126:
486:Australia and New Zealand
344:
286:group, it does not reduce
18:
3831:
3815:
3788:
3560:
3551:
3466:
3396:
3325:25-hydroxycholecalciferol
3273:
3240:
3231:
2839:"Cholesterol Medications"
2151:. New York: McGraw-Hill.
2118:. Springer. p. 364.
2089:World Health Organization
1072:
938:
927:
924:
921:
854:
851:
848:
760:
741:
689:
678:
675:
672:
660:
581:
507:
496:
493:
490:
144:
139:
125:
120:
106:
101:
91:
79:
67:
62:
47:
38:
30:
3157:The Journal of Nutrition
2926:"Definition of Pellagra"
2216:10.4103/1673-5374.139475
2039:Kirkland JB (May 2012).
1656:Food and Nutrition Board
796:Lactating females <18
676:RDA of niacin (mg NE/d)
479:Dietary recommendations
465:Measuring vitamin status
1589:Pellagra ยง History
1529:As a dietary supplement
1062:Lactating females 19โ50
1051:Lactating females 14โ18
807:Lactating females 18โ50
774:Pregnant females <18
650:Lactating females 19โ50
639:Lactating females 14โ18
628:Lactating females 14โ50
474:Dietary recommendations
270:are identical in their
21:Niacin (disambiguation)
2735:. 2000. Archived from
2708:NutritionData.Self.com
2402:. Government of Canada
1121:Reference Daily Intake
1040:Pregnant females 19โ50
1029:Pregnant females 14โ18
785:Pregnant females 18โ50
617:Pregnant females 19โ50
606:Pregnant females 14โ18
595:Pregnant females 14โ50
497:Upper level of intake
364:
313:(NAD), along with its
3348:Dihydroergocalciferol
2729:"Vitamin B3 (Niacin)"
1587:Further information:
448:, tryptophan being a
354:
181:nicotinamide riboside
3803:Dehydroascorbic acid
3307:7-Dehydrocholesterol
1646:In 1942, when flour
1534:lipid profile." The
400:; or, E) changes to
3697:Pyridoxal phosphate
2845:. November 10, 2018
2650:on February 2, 2017
2614:. December 21, 2018
2376:on January 21, 2017
1565:glucose intolerance
1561:Fulminant hepatitis
944:Infants 6โ12 months
918:
821:
669:
513:Infants 7โ12 months
487:
480:
375:, characterized by
306:Mechanism of action
179:(niacinamide), and
3858:Never to phase III
3371:Dihydrotachysterol
3170:10.1093/jn/45.1.21
3075:White Rose History
3072:Ruth Hanna Sachs,
1690:
1682:
1678:
1520:Food fortification
1418:, baked, with skin
933:Infants 0โ6 months
916:
819:
673:Age group (years)
667:
502:Infants 0โ6 months
485:
478:
455:carcinoid syndrome
365:
341:Vitamin deficiency
235:dietary supplement
175:(nicotinic acid),
3891:CYP3A4 inhibitors
3886:CYP2D6 inhibitors
3868:
3867:
3811:
3810:
3763:Adenosylcobalamin
3738:Dihydrofolic acid
3547:
3546:
3085:978-0-9710541-9-6
2954:Cesare Lombroso,
2739:on August 4, 2020
2331:"Hartnup Disease"
2045:Mutation Research
1688:
1680:
1676:
1674:was derived from
1641:Tom Douglas Spies
1623:Joseph Goldberger
1496:
1495:
1388:
1387:
1278:
1277:
1184:Nutritional yeast
1083:
1082:
1079:
1078:
914:
913:
817:
816:
665:
664:
402:genome expression
237:is used to treat
151:
150:
93:Biological target
63:Class identifiers
3898:
3773:Hydroxocobalamin
3748:Levomefolic acid
3668:Pantothenic acid
3558:
3557:
3481:Phylloquinone (K
3238:
3237:
3213:
3206:
3199:
3190:
3189:
3183:
3182:
3172:
3148:
3142:
3141:
3121:
3115:
3114:
3094:
3088:
3070:
3064:
3063:
3061:
3043:
3034:
3028:
3027:
3025:
3023:
3008:
3002:
3001:
2965:
2959:
2952:
2946:
2945:
2943:
2941:
2922:
2916:
2909:
2903:
2902:
2894:
2888:
2887:
2861:
2855:
2854:
2852:
2850:
2835:
2829:
2828:
2826:
2824:
2809:
2803:
2802:
2800:
2798:
2784:
2775:
2774:
2772:
2770:
2755:
2749:
2748:
2746:
2744:
2725:
2719:
2718:
2716:
2714:
2700:
2694:
2693:
2691:
2689:
2679:
2671:
2660:
2659:
2657:
2655:
2640:
2634:
2628:
2627:
2623:
2621:
2619:
2600:
2594:
2588:
2587:
2583:
2581:
2579:
2560:
2554:
2553:
2551:
2549:
2544:on April 7, 2020
2540:. Archived from
2530:
2524:
2523:
2521:
2513:
2507:
2506:
2504:
2496:
2490:
2489:
2487:
2479:
2470:
2469:
2467:
2465:
2451:
2442:
2441:
2439:
2437:
2431:
2423:
2412:
2411:
2409:
2407:
2395:
2386:
2385:
2383:
2381:
2375:
2364:
2356:
2347:
2346:
2344:
2342:
2333:. Archived from
2326:
2317:
2316:
2304:
2298:
2297:
2295:
2293:
2288:on July 10, 2012
2284:. Archived from
2245:
2239:
2238:
2228:
2218:
2194:
2188:
2187:
2169:
2163:
2162:
2144:
2133:
2132:
2109:
2103:
2102:
2101:. WHO/NHD/00.10.
2100:
2084:
2069:
2068:
2036:
2030:
2029:
2019:
1995:
1989:
1988:
1986:
1984:
1979:on April 4, 2017
1969:
1960:
1959:
1941:
1917:
1908:
1907:
1905:
1903:
1892:
1877:
1876:
1874:
1872:
1861:
1848:
1847:
1845:
1843:
1818:
1793:
1792:
1782:
1758:
1752:
1751:
1728:
1654:approved of the
1603:Lombard language
1511:Food preparation
1392:
1391:
1282:
1281:
1170:
1169:
919:
915:
822:
818:
698:4 mg/d NE*
670:
666:
516:4 mg/d NE*
488:
484:
481:
477:
396:or its receptor
379:, sun-sensitive
367:Severe vitamin B
135:
116:
52:
28:
27:
3906:
3905:
3901:
3900:
3899:
3897:
3896:
3895:
3871:
3870:
3869:
3864:
3863:
3848:Clinical trials
3827:
3807:
3784:
3778:Methylcobalamin
3758:
3729:
3716:
3688:
3664:
3645:
3631:
3586:
3572:
3553:
3543:
3538:
3529:
3520:
3511:
3502:
3493:
3490:Menaquinones (K
3484:
3462:
3392:
3358:
3344:
3335:Calcitroic acid
3320:Cholecalciferol
3315:
3303:
3285:
3269:
3233:
3227:
3217:
3187:
3186:
3149:
3145:
3123:
3122:
3118:
3096:
3095:
3091:
3071:
3067:
3041:
3035:
3031:
3021:
3019:
3017:history.nih.gov
3009:
3005:
2966:
2962:
2953:
2949:
2939:
2937:
2930:MedicineNet.com
2924:
2923:
2919:
2910:
2906:
2895:
2891:
2876:
2862:
2858:
2848:
2846:
2837:
2836:
2832:
2822:
2820:
2819:. December 2017
2811:
2810:
2806:
2796:
2794:
2786:
2785:
2778:
2768:
2766:
2757:
2756:
2752:
2742:
2740:
2727:
2726:
2722:
2712:
2710:
2702:
2701:
2697:
2687:
2685:
2677:
2673:
2672:
2663:
2653:
2651:
2642:
2641:
2637:
2625:
2617:
2615:
2602:
2601:
2597:
2585:
2577:
2575:
2562:
2561:
2557:
2547:
2545:
2532:
2531:
2527:
2519:
2515:
2514:
2510:
2502:
2498:
2497:
2493:
2485:
2481:
2480:
2473:
2463:
2461:
2453:
2452:
2445:
2435:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2424:
2415:
2405:
2403:
2396:
2389:
2379:
2377:
2373:
2362:
2358:
2357:
2350:
2340:
2338:
2337:on July 8, 2020
2327:
2320:
2305:
2301:
2291:
2289:
2246:
2242:
2209:(16): 1509โ13.
2195:
2191:
2184:
2170:
2166:
2159:
2145:
2136:
2126:
2110:
2106:
2085:
2072:
2037:
2033:
1996:
1992:
1982:
1980:
1971:
1970:
1963:
1918:
1911:
1901:
1899:
1894:
1893:
1880:
1870:
1868:
1863:
1862:
1851:
1841:
1839:
1837:
1819:
1796:
1759:
1755:
1745:
1729:
1718:
1713:
1636:Conrad Elvehjem
1591:
1585:
1557:
1552:
1531:
1522:
1513:
1497:
1399:
1389:
1330:, white, canned
1318:Sunflower seeds
1289:
1279:
1239:, light, canned
1186:
1177:
1160:polysaccharides
1137:processed foods
1129:
1074:
476:
467:
435:Hartnup disease
421:bioavailability
417:nixtamalization
370:
362:
349:
343:
308:
299:
280:lipid-modifying
276:pharmacological
216:processed foods
202:
194:
186:
157:
131:
97:enzyme cofactor
74:
58:
57:
34:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3904:
3894:
3893:
3888:
3883:
3866:
3865:
3862:
3861:
3860:
3859:
3856:
3845:
3839:
3833:
3832:
3829:
3828:
3826:
3825:
3819:
3817:
3813:
3812:
3809:
3808:
3806:
3805:
3800:
3794:
3792:
3786:
3785:
3783:
3782:
3781:
3780:
3775:
3770:
3768:Cyanocobalamin
3765:
3756:
3752:
3751:
3750:
3745:
3740:
3735:
3727:
3724:
3723:
3722:
3714:
3711:
3710:
3709:
3704:
3699:
3686:
3682:
3681:
3680:
3675:
3670:
3662:
3659:
3658:
3657:
3652:
3643:
3639:
3638:
3637:
3629:
3626:
3625:
3624:
3619:
3614:
3609:
3604:
3599:
3594:
3584:
3580:
3579:
3578:
3570:
3566:
3564:
3555:
3549:
3548:
3545:
3544:
3542:
3541:
3536:
3532:
3527:
3523:
3518:
3514:
3509:
3505:
3500:
3496:
3491:
3487:
3482:
3478:
3476:Naphthoquinone
3472:
3470:
3464:
3463:
3461:
3460:
3455:
3454:
3453:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3430:
3429:
3428:
3423:
3418:
3413:
3402:
3400:
3394:
3393:
3391:
3390:
3389:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3368:
3360:
3356:
3352:
3351:
3350:
3342:
3339:
3338:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3313:
3309:
3301:
3298:
3297:
3296:
3294:Ergocalciferol
3291:
3283:
3279:
3277:
3271:
3270:
3268:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3246:
3244:
3235:
3229:
3228:
3216:
3215:
3208:
3201:
3193:
3185:
3184:
3143:
3116:
3089:
3065:
3029:
3003:
2970:Ann Intern Med
2960:
2947:
2917:
2911:F. Cherubini,
2904:
2889:
2874:
2856:
2830:
2804:
2776:
2750:
2733:VivaHealth.org
2720:
2695:
2661:
2635:
2595:
2574:. May 27, 2016
2555:
2525:
2508:
2491:
2471:
2443:
2413:
2387:
2348:
2318:
2299:
2240:
2189:
2182:
2164:
2157:
2134:
2124:
2104:
2070:
2051:(1โ2): 14โ20.
2031:
1990:
1973:"Why fortify?"
1961:
1909:
1878:
1849:
1835:
1794:
1773:(4): 495โ502.
1753:
1743:
1715:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1629:Nicotinic acid
1584:
1581:
1555:
1551:
1548:
1530:
1527:
1521:
1518:
1512:
1509:
1494:
1493:
1490:
1484:
1483:
1480:
1474:
1473:
1470:
1464:
1463:
1460:
1454:
1453:
1450:
1444:
1443:
1440:
1434:
1433:
1430:
1423:
1422:
1419:
1412:
1411:
1408:
1402:
1401:
1396:
1390:
1386:
1385:
1382:
1376:
1375:
1372:
1366:
1365:
1362:
1356:
1355:
1352:
1345:
1344:
1341:
1335:
1334:
1331:
1324:
1323:
1320:
1314:
1313:
1310:
1303:
1302:
1299:
1292:
1291:
1286:
1280:
1276:
1275:
1272:
1265:
1264:
1261:
1254:
1253:
1250:
1244:
1243:
1240:
1233:
1232:
1229:
1223:
1222:
1219:
1213:
1212:
1209:
1203:
1202:
1199:
1192:
1191:
1188:
1180:
1179:
1174:
1168:
1144:packaged foods
1128:
1125:
1081:
1080:
1077:
1076:
1070:
1069:
1066:
1063:
1059:
1058:
1055:
1052:
1048:
1047:
1044:
1041:
1037:
1036:
1033:
1030:
1026:
1025:
1022:
1019:
1015:
1014:
1011:
1008:
1004:
1003:
1000:
997:
993:
992:
989:
986:
982:
981:
978:
975:
971:
970:
967:
964:
960:
959:
956:
953:
949:
948:
945:
941:
940:
937:
934:
930:
929:
926:
923:
917:United States
912:
911:
908:
905:
901:
900:
897:
894:
890:
889:
886:
883:
879:
878:
875:
872:
868:
867:
864:
861:
857:
856:
853:
850:
846:
845:
842:
838:
837:
834:
830:
829:
826:
815:
814:
811:
808:
804:
803:
800:
797:
793:
792:
789:
786:
782:
781:
778:
775:
771:
770:
767:
763:
762:
759:
756:
752:
751:
748:
744:
743:
740:
737:
733:
732:
729:
726:
722:
721:
718:
715:
711:
710:
707:
704:
700:
699:
696:
692:
691:
688:
685:
681:
680:
677:
674:
663:
662:
658:
657:
654:
651:
647:
646:
643:
640:
636:
635:
632:
629:
625:
624:
621:
618:
614:
613:
610:
607:
603:
602:
599:
596:
592:
591:
588:
584:
583:
580:
577:
573:
572:
569:
566:
562:
561:
558:
555:
551:
550:
547:
544:
540:
539:
536:
533:
529:
528:
525:
522:
518:
517:
514:
510:
509:
506:
503:
499:
498:
495:
492:
475:
472:
466:
463:
368:
360:
345:Main article:
342:
339:
315:phosphorylated
307:
304:
297:
223:packaged foods
200:
192:
184:
155:
149:
148:
142:
141:
137:
136:
129:
123:
122:
121:External links
118:
117:
110:
104:
103:
99:
98:
95:
89:
88:
83:
77:
76:
72:
69:
65:
64:
60:
59:
55:
53:
45:
44:
36:
35:
32:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3903:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3884:
3882:
3879:
3878:
3876:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3851:
3849:
3846:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3834:
3830:
3824:
3823:Multivitamins
3821:
3820:
3818:
3814:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3798:Ascorbic acid
3796:
3795:
3793:
3791:
3787:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3761:
3760:
3759:
3753:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3731:
3730:
3725:
3721:
3718:
3717:
3712:
3708:
3705:
3703:
3700:
3698:
3694:
3691:
3690:
3689:
3683:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3665:
3660:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3647:
3646:
3640:
3636:
3633:
3632:
3627:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3617:Prosultiamine
3615:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3607:Fursultiamine
3605:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3592:Acefurtiamine
3590:
3589:
3588:
3581:
3577:
3574:
3573:
3568:
3567:
3565:
3563:
3559:
3556:
3550:
3540:
3533:
3531:
3524:
3522:
3515:
3513:
3506:
3504:
3497:
3495:
3488:
3486:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3473:
3471:
3469:
3465:
3459:
3456:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3435:
3434:
3431:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3408:
3407:
3404:
3403:
3401:
3399:
3395:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3363:
3361:
3359:
3353:
3349:
3346:
3345:
3340:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3304:
3299:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3286:
3281:
3280:
3278:
3276:
3272:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
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3108:
3104:
3100:
3093:
3086:
3082:
3078:
3076:
3069:
3060:
3055:
3052:(1): 137โ49.
3051:
3047:
3046:J. Biol. Chem
3040:
3033:
3018:
3014:
3007:
2999:
2995:
2991:
2987:
2983:
2979:
2976:(5): 372โ75.
2975:
2971:
2964:
2957:
2951:
2935:
2931:
2927:
2921:
2914:
2908:
2900:
2893:
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2844:
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2793:
2789:
2783:
2781:
2764:
2761:. Beyondveg.
2760:
2754:
2738:
2734:
2730:
2724:
2709:
2705:
2699:
2683:
2676:
2670:
2668:
2666:
2649:
2645:
2639:
2632:
2631:public domain
2613:
2611:
2605:
2599:
2592:
2591:public domain
2573:
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2565:
2559:
2543:
2539:
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2200:
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2183:9780323661621
2179:
2175:
2168:
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2158:9781259644030
2154:
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2125:9783319749327
2121:
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2058:
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2046:
2042:
2035:
2027:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1994:
1978:
1974:
1968:
1966:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1916:
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1897:
1891:
1889:
1887:
1885:
1883:
1871:September 16,
1866:
1860:
1858:
1856:
1854:
1838:
1836:9780309065542
1832:
1828:
1824:
1817:
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1744:9780323266956
1740:
1736:
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1727:
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1723:
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1716:
1708:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1693:
1691:
1684:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1658:'s new names
1657:
1653:
1649:
1644:
1642:
1637:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1590:
1580:
1578:
1577:macular cysts
1574:
1573:macular edema
1570:
1569:hyperuricemia
1566:
1562:
1547:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1526:
1517:
1508:
1505:
1501:
1491:
1489:
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1256:
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1246:
1245:
1241:
1238:
1235:
1234:
1230:
1228:
1225:
1224:
1220:
1218:
1217:Peanut butter
1215:
1214:
1210:
1208:
1205:
1204:
1200:
1197:
1194:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1182:
1181:
1175:
1172:
1171:
1167:
1165:
1164:glycopeptides
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1124:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1109:
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1099:
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1088:
1071:
1067:
1064:
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1060:
1056:
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1045:
1042:
1039:
1038:
1034:
1031:
1028:
1027:
1023:
1020:
1017:
1016:
1012:
1009:
1006:
1005:
1001:
998:
995:
994:
990:
987:
985:Females 14โ18
984:
983:
979:
976:
973:
972:
968:
965:
962:
961:
957:
954:
951:
950:
946:
943:
942:
935:
932:
931:
920:
909:
906:
903:
902:
898:
895:
892:
891:
887:
884:
881:
880:
876:
873:
870:
869:
865:
862:
859:
858:
847:
840:
839:
832:
831:
823:
812:
809:
806:
805:
801:
798:
795:
794:
790:
787:
784:
783:
779:
776:
773:
772:
768:
765:
764:
757:
754:
753:
749:
746:
745:
738:
736:Females 14โ18
735:
734:
730:
727:
724:
723:
719:
716:
713:
712:
708:
705:
702:
701:
697:
694:
693:
686:
683:
682:
671:
659:
655:
652:
649:
648:
644:
641:
638:
637:
633:
630:
627:
626:
622:
619:
616:
615:
611:
608:
605:
604:
600:
597:
594:
593:
589:
586:
585:
578:
575:
574:
570:
567:
564:
563:
559:
556:
553:
552:
548:
545:
542:
541:
537:
534:
531:
530:
526:
523:
520:
519:
515:
512:
511:
504:
501:
500:
489:
483:
482:
471:
462:
460:
456:
451:
447:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
405:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
382:
378:
374:
358:
353:
348:
338:
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
303:
301:
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
265:
261:
258:
254:
251:
246:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
221:
217:
213:
209:
204:
198:
190:
182:
178:
174:
170:
166:
162:
158:
147:
143:
138:
134:
130:
128:
124:
119:
115:
111:
109:
105:
102:Clinical data
100:
96:
94:
90:
87:
84:
82:
78:
70:
66:
61:
51:
46:
43:
42:
37:
29:
26:
22:
3816:Combinations
3743:Folinic acid
3702:Pyridoxamine
3673:Dexpanthenol
3641:
3622:Sulbutiamine
3602:Benfotiamine
3597:Allithiamine
3499:Menadione (K
3458:Tocofersolan
3386:Paricalcitol
3376:Calcipotriol
3366:Alfacalcidol
3362:D analogues
3312:Previtamin D
3160:
3156:
3146:
3129:
3125:
3119:
3102:
3098:
3092:
3074:
3068:
3049:
3045:
3032:
3022:February 20,
3020:. Retrieved
3016:
3006:
2973:
2969:
2963:
2955:
2950:
2938:. Retrieved
2929:
2920:
2912:
2907:
2898:
2892:
2865:
2859:
2847:. Retrieved
2842:
2833:
2821:. Retrieved
2816:
2807:
2795:. Retrieved
2791:
2767:. Retrieved
2753:
2741:. Retrieved
2737:the original
2732:
2723:
2711:. Retrieved
2707:
2698:
2686:. Retrieved
2681:
2652:. Retrieved
2648:the original
2638:
2616:. Retrieved
2607:
2598:
2576:. Retrieved
2567:
2558:
2546:. Retrieved
2542:the original
2537:
2528:
2511:
2494:
2462:. Retrieved
2458:
2434:. Retrieved
2404:. Retrieved
2378:. Retrieved
2371:the original
2366:
2339:. Retrieved
2335:the original
2312:
2309:Food Technol
2308:
2302:
2292:November 27,
2290:. Retrieved
2286:the original
2257:
2253:
2243:
2206:
2202:
2192:
2173:
2167:
2148:
2129:
2114:
2107:
2048:
2044:
2034:
2007:
2003:
1993:
1981:. Retrieved
1977:the original
1929:
1925:
1900:. Retrieved
1869:. Retrieved
1840:. Retrieved
1826:
1770:
1766:
1756:
1748:
1733:
1705:nixtamalized
1694:
1686:
1675:
1671:
1664:niacin amide
1663:
1659:
1645:
1627:
1618:
1606:
1598:
1595:Gaspar Casal
1592:
1553:
1544:subcutaneous
1540:vasodilation
1532:
1523:
1514:
1498:
1400:(mg / 100g)
1290:(mg / 100g)
1178:(mg / 100g)
1139:, including
1130:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1095:
1084:
849:Age (years)
468:
433:
429:
406:
366:
309:
295:
283:
268:nicotinamide
253:nicotinamide
247:
205:
177:nicotinamide
160:
153:
152:
140:Legal status
39:
25:
3844:from market
3655:Niacinamide
3612:Octotiamine
3433:Tocotrienol
3163:(1): 21โ8.
2654:January 23,
2260:(1): 91โ5.
2098:10665/66704
1438:Rice, white
1370:Rice, brown
1198:, yellowfin
1113:Daily Value
1007:Females 19+
996:Males 14โ18
755:Females 19+
747:Males 14โ18
695:7โ12 months
576:Females 14+
363:in the diet
355:A man with
335:Krebs cycle
288:cholesterol
243:food grains
146:In Wikidata
3881:B vitamins
3875:Categories
3733:Folic acid
3693:Pyridoxine
3678:Pantethine
3635:Riboflavin
3508:Various (K
3406:Tocopherol
3381:Tacalcitol
3289:Ergosterol
3255:ฮฒ-Carotene
3250:ฮฑ-Carotene
2875:0071354697
2010:(7): 990.
1932:(1): 1โ5.
1842:August 29,
1711:References
1648:enrichment
1633:biochemist
1500:Vegetarian
922:Age group
684:0โ6 months
491:Age group
446:tryptophan
443:amino acid
439:hereditary
409:alcoholism
381:dermatitis
331:glycolysis
323:DNA repair
290:nor cause
262:(NAD) and
208:amino acid
197:tryptophan
75:deficiency
41:Drug class
3854:Phase III
3842:Withdrawn
3707:Pyritinol
3587:analogues
3265:Tretinoin
3011:Kraut A.
2769:April 30,
1699:water of
1613:-like or
1601:from the
1542:of small
1349:Mushrooms
1141:fortified
1018:Males 19+
766:Males 19+
587:Males 14+
459:serotonin
450:precursor
296:vitamin B
257:coenzymes
220:fortified
203:in 2004.
154:Vitamin B
108:Drugs.com
71:Vitamin B
31:Vitamin B
3576:Thiamine
3220:Vitamins
3179:14880960
2998:13226008
2940:June 18,
2934:Archived
2884:46548349
2823:June 30,
2763:Archived
2464:June 30,
2436:June 18,
2406:June 20,
2380:June 19,
2315:: 450โ4.
2282:29070525
2274:15242145
2235:25317166
2065:22138132
1983:April 4,
1956:33877664
1948:14693013
1902:June 29,
1865:"Niacin"
1823:"Niacin"
1789:15137942
1679:cotinic
1668:nicotine
1599:pellagra
1550:Toxicity
1380:Hot dogs
1360:Cod fish
1152:seafoods
377:diarrhea
373:pellagra
357:pellagra
347:Pellagra
333:and the
329:in both
327:coenzyme
317:variant
292:flushing
239:pellagra
169:vitamers
81:ATC code
3554:soluble
3260:Retinol
3234:soluble
2990:8042827
2797:July 4,
2743:May 12,
2713:May 13,
2688:May 12,
2618:May 16,
2578:May 16,
2548:May 16,
2488:. 2017.
2341:July 6,
2226:4192966
2091:(WHO).
2026:1393911
2017:1336277
1617:-like;
1583:History
1429:(maize)
1406:Avocado
1395:Source
1351:, white
1339:Almonds
1285:Source
1269:Chicken
1207:Peanuts
1173:Source
1127:Sources
833:Females
825:Gender
668:Canada
300:complex
272:vitamin
165:vitamin
163:, is a
133:D009536
3837:WHO-EM
3720:Biotin
3650:Niacin
3552:Water
3177:
3083:
2996:
2988:
2882:
2872:
2849:May 8,
2684:. 2018
2280:
2272:
2233:
2223:
2180:
2155:
2122:
2063:
2024:
2014:
1954:
1946:
1833:
1787:
1741:
1672:niacin
1660:niacin
1575:, and
1478:Cheese
1416:Potato
1398:Amount
1288:Amount
1258:Turkey
1248:Salmon
1176:Amount
1156:spices
1154:, and
425:hominy
284:-amide
231:salmon
173:niacin
161:niacin
114:Niacin
3452:Delta
3448:Gamma
3438:Alpha
3426:Delta
3421:Gamma
3411:Alpha
3042:(PDF)
2994:S2CID
2678:(PDF)
2612:(FDA)
2608:U.S.
2572:(FDA)
2568:U.S.
2520:(PDF)
2503:(PDF)
2486:(PDF)
2430:(PDF)
2374:(PDF)
2363:(PDF)
2278:S2CID
1952:S2CID
1687:vitam
1615:serum
1611:holly
1504:vegan
1274:7-12
1263:7-12
1252:10.0
1242:10.1
1231:10.4
1227:Bacon
1221:13.1
1211:14.3
1201:22.1
1133:whole
939:ND**
904:15โ17
893:11โ14
841:Males
554:14โ18
437:is a
413:maize
250:amide
212:whole
3443:Beta
3416:Beta
3232:Fat
3175:PMID
3081:ISBN
3024:2017
2986:PMID
2942:2007
2880:OCLC
2870:ISBN
2851:2020
2825:2020
2799:2020
2771:2019
2745:2020
2715:2020
2690:2020
2656:2017
2620:2020
2580:2020
2550:2020
2466:2020
2438:2018
2408:2018
2382:2018
2343:2020
2294:2009
2270:PMID
2231:PMID
2178:ISBN
2153:ISBN
2120:ISBN
2061:PMID
2022:PMID
2004:CMAJ
1985:2017
1944:PMID
1904:2020
1873:2019
1844:2018
1831:ISBN
1785:PMID
1767:Cell
1739:ISBN
1697:lime
1662:and
1619:pell
1607:agra
1502:and
1492:0.1
1488:Tofu
1482:0.1
1472:0.1
1468:Milk
1462:0.1
1458:Eggs
1452:0.4
1448:Kale
1442:0.5
1432:1.0
1427:Corn
1421:1.4
1410:1.7
1384:2.0
1374:2.5
1364:2.5
1354:3.6
1343:3.6
1333:5.8
1328:Tuna
1322:7.0
1312:4-8
1307:Pork
1301:4-8
1296:Beef
1237:Tuna
1196:Tuna
1190:350
1162:and
1148:meat
1135:and
1117:US$
1096:The
974:9โ13
910:700
899:500
888:350
882:7โ10
877:220
866:150
844:1.6
836:1.3
725:9โ13
543:9โ13
248:The
229:and
227:tuna
214:and
127:MeSH
86:A11H
3224:A11
3165:doi
3134:doi
3130:118
3107:doi
3103:118
3054:doi
3050:123
2978:doi
2974:121
2262:doi
2221:PMC
2211:doi
2093:hdl
2053:doi
2049:733
2012:PMC
2008:147
1934:doi
1775:doi
1771:117
1068:35
1057:30
1046:35
1035:30
1024:35
1013:35
1002:30
991:30
980:20
969:15
963:4โ8
958:10
952:1โ3
947:4*
871:4โ6
860:1โ3
813:35
802:30
791:35
780:30
769:16
761:35
750:16
742:30
731:20
720:15
714:4โ8
709:10
703:1โ3
690:ND
656:35
645:30
623:35
612:30
590:16
571:35
565:19+
560:30
549:20
538:15
532:4โ8
527:10
521:1โ3
508:ND
195:or
68:Use
3877::
3850::
3757:12
3695:,
3173:.
3161:45
3159:.
3155:.
3128:.
3101:.
3048:.
3044:.
3015:.
2992:.
2984:.
2972:.
2932:.
2928:.
2878:.
2841:.
2815:.
2790:.
2779:^
2731:.
2706:.
2680:.
2664:^
2606:.
2566:.
2536:.
2474:^
2457:.
2446:^
2416:^
2390:^
2365:.
2351:^
2321:^
2313:15
2311:.
2276:.
2268:.
2258:34
2256:.
2252:.
2229:.
2219:.
2205:.
2201:.
2137:^
2128:.
2073:^
2059:.
2047:.
2043:.
2020:.
2006:.
2002:.
1964:^
1950:.
1942:.
1930:43
1928:.
1924:.
1912:^
1881:^
1852:^
1825:.
1797:^
1783:.
1769:.
1765:.
1747:.
1719:^
1701:pH
1692:.
1689:in
1685:+
1683:id
1681:ac
1677:ni
1609:=
1579:.
1571:,
1567:,
1146:,
1123:.
1065:17
1054:17
1043:18
1032:18
1021:16
1010:14
999:16
988:14
977:12
936:2*
810:17
799:17
788:18
777:18
758:14
739:14
728:12
634:โ
631:17
601:โ
598:18
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