20:
265:
90:
215:
393:. He insisted the prisoners should be released immediately and suggested that they should work a couple of years for their former employers as a forced labor. Linder's humane writings were deeply condemned by the Whites; he was seen as a Red associate, and soon the hatred became so hard that he had to flee the country.
255:
alone was responsible for more than 500 executions at the
Hennala prison camp in Lahti. At least 200 of his victims were women and the youngest of them were only 14 years old. 104 of the 1,482 children held in prison camps died. Most of them died of starvation or disease but some 20 were executed,
76:
took control of the camps in
September with most prisoners being released by late 1918 and the camps were officially closed in 1921. The camps affected the minds of many Finnish people much more deeply than the war itself and influenced post-war politics in Finland. Conditions at the camps were
314:
Prisoners got a half a plate of soup, muddy water with a shred of cabbage, and some fat during the days and a small piece of bread with a stinky brown herring during the evenings. Soon we ate every plant we could find from the yard and the roots too. Some found angleworms and in
Tampere, a
299:
in
Finland causing food shortages through the country. These shortages were particularly bad in the camps since there was no central administration for delivering supplies and prisoners were not allowed to receive deliveries from their families before the end of August. Many died from
405:
and difficult to justify as time passed after the end of the Civil War. The
Finnish government, who were struggling to process the large number of cases against prisoners, were under pressure to resolve the issue as quickly as possible.
245:
Mass executions finally ceased by
Mannerheim's order and the Political Offence Court was established in late May to process the Red prisoners. It was composed of 145 separate courts which handled more than 75,000 cases. The
205:
Finally, as the war ended on 15 May, around 80,000 Reds were held in more than 60 small camps. During the next two months all prisoners were transferred to 13 main camps, located mostly in the southern parts of country.
250:
made a decision to keep the prisoners detained until each person's guilt could be examined. Capital punishment was given for 555 Reds but only 113 were executed, as it was possible to plea for mercy. The
Estonian-born
241:
and looting, who were mostly given death penalties. The second group consisted of all other Red Guard members and associates, who were given prison sentences. The third group was categorized as innocent and released.
425:
until they were officially closed in 1921. The last 100 Red prisoners were transferred to
Tammisaari camp, with the last 50 Reds being released in 1927. Tammisaari was turned into a penitentiary for
60:
across
Finland. They were composed of 13 main camps and more than 60 smaller sub-camps operated by the White Army during the summer of 1918. Conditions were very poor and camps suffered from high
237:. Courts-martial divided the prisoners into three groups: The first group included Red Guard leaders and members of the Red administration as well as all Reds accused of war crimes like murders,
315:
half-rotten horse was eaten raw. One prisoner got sausage in a packet from home. He ate it all, but then threw it up in big pieces. Others immediately started eating the thrown-up sausage.
965:
383:, one of the wealthiest men in Finland. He made a visit to the Suomenlinna camp to see some of his employees and was shocked. Linder wrote a letter to the Swedish language newspaper
421:. In late 1918, five camps were closed. At the end of 1919, the number of prisoners was 4,000, and 3,000 were pardoned in January 1920. The remaining Civil War camps functioned as
376:. A common rumor says that some foreign powers demanded Finland to improve the conditions of the prison camps or they would postpone their recognition of Finland's independence.
171:. Before the battle, captured Reds had mostly been shot by the Whites, but after the collapse of Tampere the number of prisoners became too large to continue the executions.
174:
In late April, as White victory was imminent, thousands of Red refugees (including fighters, officials, sympathizers and their families) headed east towards the border with
501:
344:
Poor conditions were exacerbated as the camps were mainly run by the White Army who had little-to-no sympathy for their prisoners. Guards and administrators held a
194:
founded at the
Fellman mansion premises in Lahti. Women and children were mainly released, but 10,900 male refugees and Red Guard members were moved to the
1218:
994:
380:
292:
which, during the summer, an average of 30 prisoners died every day, making the total number of deceased up to 3,000 with a mortality rate of 34%.
164:
1260:
1172:
1196:
1099:
831:
1023:
1240:
137:
1070:
1019:
946:
827:
362:...such a death rate was never seen before and nothing like that could have happened even during the times of Czarist Russia.
136:
also established a number of small camps in southern Finland in a similar fashion. Around 500 White prisoners were held at a
876:
77:
totally ignored for decades by the White interpretation of the history of the Civil War, with the Finnish government paying
450:
1140:
896:
1116:
430:
365:
78:
155:
were taken by either side. By March, the Whites began to win a number of victories against the Reds and advanced into
360:, who was chief physician of the Tammisaari camp, made a secret report of the prison camps. According to his report ″
163:
on 5 April 1918, some 11,000 Reds fell into the hands of the Whites and the first large camp was established in the
304:
and the quality of the food available in the camps was often extremely poor. Viljo Sohkanen, who was held at the
1250:
1213:
1245:
991:
234:
1255:
410:
233:. The mass executions had started in February under the instructions given by the Commander-in-Chief
563:
373:
305:
1050:
321:
General hygiene was abysmal and there were frequent outbreaks of various fatal diseases such as
1169:
476:
285:
125:
372:. It is assumed that the report negatively influenced the general attitude to acknowledge the
1193:
1094:
121:
409:
In September, management of the camps was transferred from the White Army to the government
808:
ca. 2,000 male prisoners (April–May 1918), ca. 1,000 female prisoners (June–September 1918)
133:
105:
57:
53:
8:
542:
348:
mentality, which meant they had no desire to improve conditions even if it was possible.
195:
179:
1076:
446:
426:
391:″the Red Madness has turned into a White Terror as people are dropping dead like flies″
191:
73:
485:
289:
1080:
1066:
1015:
823:
481:
385:
357:
338:
247:
199:
160:
109:
46:
943:
19:
1058:
402:
284:
ranging from between 5% and 20% during their existence. The most infamous camp was
152:
113:
42:
873:
1222:
1200:
1176:
1144:
1103:
998:
950:
880:
854:
322:
61:
1062:
229:), more than 5,000 capitulated Reds were executed by the decisions of the local
1137:
369:
277:
230:
1051:"Red Orphans' Fatherland: Children in the Civil War of 1918 and its Aftermath"
506:
183:
151:
of the Finnish Civil War was largely static for the first two months, and few
1234:
1055:
Lived Nation as the History of Experiences and Emotions in Finland, 1800-2000
175:
38:
1225:
p. 29. (in Finnish) University of Helsinki 2000. Retrieved 10 February 2015.
264:
631:
521:
301:
269:
93:
89:
65:
56:
and their families, including 4,700 women and 1,500 children, were held in
593:
429:
until it was finally closed in 1940. In 1973, the Finnish government paid
159:. In late March, the number of Red prisoners was only 4,000 but after the
785:
744:
568:
296:
156:
24:
198:. Around 10,000 more prisoners were taken by the Whites after the major
422:
281:
214:
148:
1179:
War Victims of Finland 1914–1922 Database. Retrieved 10 February 2015.
330:
326:
252:
69:
178:. More than 30,000 were captured by the White troops and the German
1057:. Palgrave Studies in the History of Experience. pp. 163–185.
789:
748:
671:
667:
572:
334:
141:
28:
1106:(in Swedish) Hufvudstdsbladet Archive. Retrieved 10 February 2015.
1012:
War in Peace: Paramilitary Violence in Europe after the Great War
767:
526:
364:″ Tigerstedt's report was leaked to the Swedish press by Finnish
345:
219:
168:
129:
117:
112:
were established at the beginning of the war in January 1918, in
64:– a total of 12,000 to 14,000 prisoners died in captivity due to
128:. They were hastily assembled and used public buildings such as
649:
612:
433:
to 11,600 persons imprisoned in the camps after the civil war.
418:
414:
1203:(in Finnish) Labor Museum Werstas. Retrieved 10 February 2015.
953:(in Finnish) University of Tampere. Retrieved 9 February 2015.
726:
689:
547:
413:. At the same time, nearly 40,000 prisoners were released on
238:
209:
190:. Around 22,000 of them were held for a couple of weeks in a
187:
97:
857:
MANNERHEIM – War of Independence. Retrieved 9 February 2015.
1170:
Vuosina 1914-22 sotaoloissa surmansa saaneiden nimitiedosto
1147:(in Finnish) The Labor Archive. Retrieved 10 February 2015.
708:
1001:(in Finnish) Lahti Art Museum. Retrieved 9 February 2015.
225:
Before the establishment of the Political Offence Court (
120:. These camps were mainly to hold 5,000 soldiers of the
218:
Two Red Guard members in front of a firing squad in
820:
The Finnish Civil War 1918: History, Memory, Legacy
401:Conditions at the camps were becoming increasingly
132:, schools, and churches to hold the prisoners. The
968:Pala Suomen historiaa. Retrieved 9 February 2015.
883:University of Tampere. Retrieved 9 February 2015.
368:and it soon spread to other Nordic countries and
1232:
1117:"Hjalmar Linder – ihmisyyden ääni keväällä 1918"
496:a labor camp for political prisoners until 1940
16:Prisons operated by the White Finns to hold POWs
897:"Story of children lost in Finland's civil war"
441:The number of prisoners is based on the book ″
850:
848:
846:
280:were particularly high, with average deaths
1119:(in Finnish). Suomen Kuvalehti. 26 May 2008
1215:Vankina valkoisten – Oulun vankileiri 1918
1189:
1187:
1185:
1035:
1033:
1031:
1014:, p. 80–81. Oxford University Press 2013.
805:ca. 1,000 Russian soldiers until July 1918
453:Internet Database unless otherwise cited.
276:Conditions in the camps were terrible and
210:Executions and the Political Offence Court
1048:
978:
976:
974:
930:
928:
918:
916:
914:
891:
889:
843:
436:
356:In August, the Finnish medical scientist
379:Another famous case was the businessman
263:
256:the youngest being only 9-year-old boy.
213:
88:
18:
1182:
1028:
1233:
971:
961:
959:
925:
911:
886:
341:which spread through Finland in July.
1261:White terror in the Finnish Civil War
869:
867:
865:
863:
818:Tepora, Tuomas & Roselius, Aapo:
583:a sub-camp for Helsinki Prison Camp,
1010:Gerwarth, Robert & Horne, John:
874:The Victims of the Finnish Civil War
798:a sub-camp for Helsinki Prison Camp
759:a sub-camp for Helsinki Prison Camp
681:a sub-camp for Helsinki Prison Camp
295:The Civil War had greatly disrupted
956:
922:Tepora & Roselius, pp. 116–117.
417:, and in October, 10,000 more were
13:
1039:Tepora & Roselius, p. 113–115.
982:Tepora & Roselius, p. 108–110.
860:
822:. Brill Academic Publishers 2014.
14:
1272:
1194:Punaisten muistomerkit – Helsinki
585:a labor camp until 14 March 1919
558:a labor camp until October 1919
451:War Victims of Finland 1914–1922
84:
1206:
1163:
1150:
1131:
1109:
1087:
1042:
1004:
1241:Finnish Civil War prison camps
985:
937:
934:Tepora & Roselius, p. 111.
899:. Finland Times. 29 March 2014
537:a labor camp until early 1919
449:. Casualties are based on the
35:Finnish Civil War prison camps
1:
944:Suomi 1917–1918 – Vankileirit
837:
700:a labor camp until July 1919
259:
81:to former prisoners in 1973.
774:
771:
755:
752:
733:
730:
715:
712:
696:
693:
677:
656:
653:
638:
635:
623:consisted of four sub-camps
619:
616:
600:
597:
579:
576:
554:
551:
533:
530:
513:
510:
492:
489:
351:
308:, described the conditions:
7:
1063:10.1007/978-3-030-69882-9_7
396:
235:Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim
10:
1277:
812:
445:″ (1971) by the historian
337:. The most lethal was the
268:A piece of bread from the
124:who had been stationed in
1158:Vankileirit Suomessa 1918
1049:Kaarninen, Mervi (2021).
628:Lappeenranta prison camp
443:Vankileirit Suomessa 1918
411:State Correctional Office
782:Katajanokka prison camp
741:Santahamina prison camp
604:a labor camp until 1921
966:Prison camps in Finland
564:Suomenlinna prison camp
502:Hämeenlinna prison camp
374:Independence of Finland
306:Suomenlinna prison camp
52:Around 80,000 captured
1138:Vuoden 1918 kronologia
590:Riihimäki prison camp
477:Tammisaari prison camp
437:List of the main camps
319:
273:
222:
126:Grand Duchy of Finland
101:
31:
1251:Prisoner-of-war camps
1160:, p. 111. Tammi 1971.
1156:Paavolainen, Jaakko:
664:Isosaari prison camp
310:
267:
217:
182:between the towns of
122:Imperial Russian Army
116:-controlled northern
106:prisoner of war camps
92:
58:prisoner of war camps
45:during and after the
37:were operated by the
22:
992:Fellmanin pelto 1918
764:Mikkeli prison camp
465:Number of prisoners
646:Kuopio prison camp
609:Vyborg prison camp
543:Hennala prison camp
522:Tampere prison camp
427:political prisoners
270:Hennala prison camp
196:Hennala prison camp
180:Baltic Sea Division
94:Hennala prison camp
1246:Finnish war crimes
1221:2016-08-04 at the
1212:Ala-Häivälä, Kai:
1199:2017-02-10 at the
1175:2011-07-28 at the
1143:2017-12-29 at the
1102:2013-06-27 at the
997:2017-12-22 at the
949:2014-02-22 at the
879:2015-02-14 at the
723:Vaasa prison camp
686:Turku prison camp
447:Jaakko Paavolainen
274:
223:
192:concentration camp
102:
74:Finnish government
32:
1093:Linder, Hjalmar:
1072:978-3-030-69881-2
1020:978-019-96549-1-8
828:978-900-42436-6-8
802:
801:
705:Oulu prison camp
386:Hufvudstadsbladet
358:Robert Tigerstedt
339:Spanish influenza
227:Valtiorikosoikeus
200:Battle of Viipuri
161:Battle of Tampere
110:Finnish Civil War
47:Finnish Civil War
23:Prisoners of the
1268:
1256:Internment camps
1226:
1210:
1204:
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1180:
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1161:
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1148:
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1128:
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1096:Nog med blodbad!
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923:
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904:
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871:
858:
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456:
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403:common knowledge
366:Social Democrats
153:prisoners of war
43:prisoners of war
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1275:
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323:relapsing fever
278:mortality rates
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140:high school in
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62:mortality rates
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5:
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381:Hjalmar Linder
370:United Kingdom
353:
350:
261:
258:
231:Courts-martial
211:
208:
86:
83:
68:, disease and
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9:
6:
4:
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919:
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855:Red Prisoners
851:
849:
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825:
821:
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803:
797:
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176:Soviet Russia
172:
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165:Kalevankangas
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145:
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85:Establishment
82:
80:
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67:
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59:
55:
50:
48:
44:
40:
36:
30:
26:
21:
1214:
1208:
1165:
1157:
1152:
1133:
1121:. Retrieved
1111:
1095:
1089:
1054:
1044:
1024:Google Books
1011:
1006:
987:
939:
901:. Retrieved
832:Google Books
819:
632:Lappeenranta
442:
440:
408:
400:
390:
384:
378:
361:
355:
343:
320:
313:
311:
302:malnutrition
294:
275:
244:
226:
224:
204:
173:
167:district of
146:
103:
66:malnutrition
51:
34:
33:
27:fortress in
1123:10 February
786:Katajanokka
745:Santahamina
577:ca. 10,000
569:Suomenlinna
552:ca. 10,900
531:ca. 10,000
507:Hämeenlinna
468:Casualties
431:reparations
423:labor camps
297:agriculture
184:Hämeenlinna
157:Red Finland
79:reparations
39:White Finns
25:Suomenlinna
1235:Categories
903:9 February
838:References
753:ca. 3,000
636:ca. 3,000
580:ca. 1,400
534:ca. 1,400
286:Tammisaari
282:per capita
260:Conditions
134:Red Guards
104:The first
54:Red Guards
49:in 1918.
1081:236703369
594:Riihimäki
462:Location
352:Awareness
331:dysentery
327:pneumonia
253:Hans Kalm
149:frontline
70:execution
1219:Archived
1197:Archived
1173:Archived
1141:Archived
1100:Archived
995:Archived
947:Archived
877:Archived
790:Helsinki
749:Helsinki
678:ca. 340
672:Helsinki
668:Isosaari
573:Helsinki
482:Dragsvik
419:pardoned
397:Closures
335:smallpox
142:Helsinki
41:to hold
29:Helsinki
813:Sources
768:Mikkeli
617:10,350
527:Tampere
511:11,482
389:saying
346:revenge
220:Varkaus
169:Tampere
138:Swedish
130:prisons
118:Finland
108:of the
1079:
1069:
1018:
826:
713:2,100
694:3,300
654:2,639
650:Kuopio
613:Vyborg
598:8,495
555:1,187
514:2,464
493:2,997
490:8,689
486:Ekenäs
415:parole
290:Ekenäs
248:Senate
72:. The
1077:S2CID
727:Vaasa
690:Turku
548:Lahti
471:Note
459:Camp
239:arson
188:Lahti
114:White
98:Lahti
1125:2015
1067:ISBN
1016:ISBN
905:2015
824:ISBN
772:778
731:924
709:Oulu
697:176
657:476
639:692
620:834
601:981
333:and
186:and
147:The
1059:doi
775:11
756:13
734:15
716:49
288:in
96:in
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1184:^
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973:^
958:^
927:^
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862:^
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830:.
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670:,
571:,
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325:,
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