2287:"FrĂ„n senare tid vet man genom slĂ€ktforskning att den svenska kustbefolkningen har varit starkt endogam i sin fortplantning, pĂ„ sĂ„ sĂ€tt att Ă€kta makar kom frĂ„n familjer som levde nĂ€ra varandra, ofta i samma by. SĂ„ var fallet överallt bland allmogen, Ă€ven den finska, och man gissar att antalet blandĂ€ktenskap mellan kontrahenter frĂ„n olika sprĂ„kgrupper under den tid som kyrkoböcker har förts har hĂ„llit sig stadigt under en procentenhet. NĂ€r befolkningstalet har uppnĂ„tt en viss storlek och nĂ€ringslivet stabiliserats Ă€r det lĂ€tt att finna sin Ă€ktenskapliga partner pĂ„ nĂ€ra hĂ„ll. Invandringstiden tycks dĂ€remot ha varit en tid dĂ„ ett stort antal blandĂ€ktenskap ingicks mellan svenskar och finnar i de kustnĂ€ra bygderna. FörhĂ„llandena mĂ„ste ha varit mycket rörliga och den manliga övervikten bland inflyttarna stor. Forskarna har rĂ€knat ut att om blandningsprocenten var ca 20 procent â d.v.s. om bara vart femte Ă€ktenskap var ett blandĂ€ktenskap â skulle det ha tagit fyra till fem generationer innan de gemensamma dragen utgjorde 60 procent av de tvĂ„ gruppernas totala genuppsĂ€ttning. Om blandningsprocenten dĂ€remot var endast 10 procent â bara vart tionde Ă€ktenskap var svensk-finskt â skulle det ha tagit Ă„tta till nio generationer att uppnĂ„ samma resultat. Med tanke pĂ„ att kolonisationstiden varade ungefĂ€r frĂ„n 1150 till 1300, eller kanske 1350, och generationerna var kortare Ă€n i dag, Ă€r bĂ„da alternativen möjliga. Mest troligt Ă€r det att blandĂ€ktenskap var mycket vanliga i kolonisationens tidigaste fas. Det stora upptagandet av finska ortnamn tyder pĂ„ detta, liksom ocksĂ„ den finskpĂ„verkade satsintonation som de finlandssvenska dialekterna uppvisar. Man fĂ„r sĂ„lunda sannolikt rĂ€kna med en hög andel finnar, inte bara in sĂ€rskilda byar eller "finnbölen", utan ocksĂ„ i de svenska bosĂ€ttningarna som familjemedlemmar och tjĂ€nstefolk. SprĂ„ksituationen kan sĂ„lunda under den tidiga kolonisationsfasen och tiderna dĂ€refter betraktas som blandsprĂ„kig. Först sĂ„ smĂ„ningom smĂ€lter det finska inslaget ihop med det svenska och det exogama samhĂ€llet sluter sig och blir endogamt".
851:. Historian Tarkiainen (2008) presents that from the late Middle Ages onwards until relatively recent times, Swedish-speaking peasants tended to select their marriage partners from the same parish, often from the same village as themselves. This tends to be the rule among traditional peasant communities everywhere. As tightly knit peasant communities tend to assimilate potential newcomers very quickly, this has meant that most marriages within the Swedish-speaking peasantry during this period were contracted with members of the same language group. During the time of early immigration by Swedes to the coastal regions (approximately between 1150 and 1350), the situation was different and according to a study from the 1970s (as referenced by Tarkiainen, 2008) the intermarriage rate between local Finns and Swedish newcomers was considerable. According to Tarkiainen, in the areas of initial Swedish immigration, the local Finns were assimilated into the Swedish-speaking population.
2342:"In Finland this question (Swedish nationality) has been subjected to much discussion. The Finnish majority tries to deny the existence of a Swedish nationality. An example of this is the fact that the statutes always use the concept "Swedish-speaking" instead of Swedish", "The wording of the Finnish Constitution (Art. 14.1): "Finnish and Swedish shall be the national languages of the republic" has been interpreted by linguist and constitution-writing politician E.N. SetÀlÀ and others as meaning that these languages are the State languages of Finland instead of the languages of the both nationalities of Finland", "It is not correct to call a nationality a linguistic group or minority, if it has developed culture of its own. If there is not only a community of language, but also of other characteristics such as folklore, poetry and literature, folk music, theater, behavior, etc."
2143:"In Finland this question (Swedish nationality) has been subjected to much discussion. The Finnish majority tries to deny the existence of a Swedish nationality. An example of this is the fact that the statutes always use the concept 'Swedish-speaking' instead of 'Swedish'". "The concept of nation has a different significance as meaning of a population group or an ethnic community, irrespectively of its organization. For instance, the Swedes of Finland, with their distinctive language and culture form a nationality which under the Finnish constitution shall enjoy equal rights with the Finnish nationality". "It is not correct to call a nationality a linguistic group or minority if it has developed a culture of its own. If there is not only a community of language but also of other characteristics such as folklore, poetry and literature, folk music, savvy, behavior, etc."
2161:"To define a person as Swedish-speaking says nothing about whether he or she has Finland-Swedish identity". "McRae distinguishes a gap in Finland between the formal 'linguistic peace' and the practical 'linguistic instability' which put the Finland-Swedes in a 'sociological, psychological and political' minority position. Consistent with this, Allardt (2000:35) claims that the most serious contemporary problem for the Finland Swedes is the members of the group themselves: their 'submissiveness' and willingness to 'conceal their Finland-Swedishness' in the face of the majority. Furthermore, the Finland-Swedes' relations to Sweden are considered a sensitive issue in Finland. Höckerstedt (2000:8â9) argues that an emphasis on the 'Swedish' part of the Finland-Swedish identity is 'taboo-laden' and regarded as unpatriotic."
1199:. This has caused a heated debate among Swedish-speaking Finns. The current language act of Finland has been criticized as inadequate instrument to protect the linguistic rights of Swedish-speaking Finns in practice. The criticism was partly legitimized by the report (2008) conducted by Finnish government which showed severe problems in the practical implementation of the language act. The recent administrative reforms in Finland have caused harsh criticism in the Swedish-speaking media and created fear over the survival of Swedish as an administrative language in Finland. A special status in the form partial self-determination and fixed protection for Swedish language in Swedish-speaking municipalities have been proposed in Finland's Swedish-speaking media.
991:
and the other
Finnish-speaking (only families living in those municipalities where Swedish was at least a co-official language were included in this study). 67.7% of the children from these bilingual families were registered as Swedish-speaking. The proportion of those who attended schools where Swedish was the language of instruction was even higher. The Finnish authorities classify a person as a Swedish- or Finnish-speaker based only upon that person's (or parent's) own choice, which can be changed at any time. It is only possible to be registered either as Swedish- or Finnish-speaking, not both as in Canada, for example. It is significantly more common nowadays than it used to be for children from bilingual families to be registered as Swedish-speaking.
2278:"Ăstra Nyland var vid 1200-talets mitt ett Ă€nnu jungfruligt omrĂ„de Ă€n vĂ€stra Nyland. Landskapet hade karaktĂ€ren av en ofantlig, nĂ€stan obebudd ödemark med en havskust som endast sporadiskt, vid tiden för strömnings och laxfiske, besöktest av finnar frĂ„n Tavastland samnt troligen Ă€ven av samer" "Efter kolonisationen fick kusten nĂ€stan helsvensk bosĂ€ttning; bynamnen Ă€r till 70â100% av svensk ursprung. Enligt berĂ€kningar av Saulo Kepsu (Kepsu, Saulo, Uuteen Maahan, Helsinki 2005) Ă€r bynamnen mest svenskdominerade i vĂ€ster (Pojo-Karistrakten) och i öster (BorgĂ„-PernĂ„) med en svacka i mellersta Nyland)" "Finska ortnamn Ă€r ovanligt fĂ„ inom Sibbo, vilket tyder pĂ„ att omrĂ„det var praktiskt taget folktomt nĂ€r svenskarna kom"
2224:"For the mainland provinces, the Finnish-speaking parties and leadership studiously avoided self-government for Swedish speakers but instead offered cultural concessionsâmost notably administrative autonomy for Swedish schools and a Swedish dioceseâthat were sufficient to satisfy moderate Swedish-speakers and to discourage activists from striving for more. As our previous analysis has suggested at several points, a retrospective view of subsequent language development strongly suggest that the centre-oriented Swedish-speaking leadership made a flawed decision in accepting this settlement, though whether more could have been achieved at that point by harder bargaining is difficult to assess".
1169:
1319:
the city in which they live, or because their partners are
Swedish-speaking. About one quarter of immigrants in the Helsinki area would choose to integrate in Swedish if they had the option. According to a report by Finland's Swedish think tank, Magma, there is a widespread perception among immigrants that they are more easily integrated in the Swedish-speaking community than in the majority society. However, some immigrants also question whether they ever will be fully accepted as Finland Swedes. Swedish-speaking immigrants also have their own association, Ifisk, and in the capital region there is a publicly financed project named
1011:
172:
761:
political view emphasized the equality of the
Swedish nationality next to the Finnish-speaking nationality and the fact the national languages of Finland were the languages of the respective nationalities of the country, not the languages of the state itself. The concept of minority, although de facto the case for Swedish speakers, was perceived as being against the spirit of the constitution. However, gradually after the Second World War, the concept of minority has been increasingly applied to Swedish speakers, even within the Finland-Swedish political discourse.
2179:"Den svenska kolonisationen av vÀstra Nyland skedde etappvis. De första invandrarna torde ha kommit till Egentliga Finland under missionstiden, nÀr ett antal svenskar slog sig ner i Karisnejdens kustland, dÀr vissa Äldriga ortnamn med början pÄ rots (t.ex. RÄdsböle) vittnar om deras bosÀttning. Dessa namn syftar pÄ Roslagen. Den andra vÄgen, som sökte sig till central bygden vid Pojovikens vattensystem, kom troligen under andra korstÄget pÄ 1200-talet. Den förde sig inflyttare frÄm flera hÄll in Sverige och Àgde rum i skuggan av en militÀroperation mot Tavastland."
1188:
municipality is defined as bilingual, and when it falls below 6%, the municipality becomes monolingual. In bilingual municipalities, all civil servants must have satisfactory language skill in either
Finnish or Swedish (in addition to native-level skill in the other language). Both languages can be used in all communications with the civil servants in such a town. Public signs (such as street and traffic signs, as illustrated) are in both languages in bilingual towns and municipalities with the name in the majority language being on the top.
2206:"Many scholars were drawn into this debate, and a later writer notes "a correlation between the scholar's mother-tongue and his view on the age and continuity of Scandinavian settlements of the country" (HÀmÀlÀinen, 1966), whereas Finnish writers tended to deny or minimize the presence of Swedish speakers before the historically documented expeditions of the twelfth century, Swedish-speaking scholars have found archeological and philological evidence for a continuous Swedish or Germanic presence in Finland from pre-historic times."
440:. During the 14th century, the population expansion from Sweden proper increasingly took the form of organised mass migration: the new settlers came in large numbers in large ships from various parts of Sweden's Eastern coast, from SmÄland to HÀlsingland. Their departure from Sweden proper to Finland was encouraged and organized by the Swedish authorities. The coast of Ostrobothnia received large-scale Swedish settlements during the 13th and 15th centuries, in parallel with events that resulted in Swedish expansion to
1278:, most of them are fluent in both Swedish and Finnish. Although in some municipalities Swedish is the only official language, Finnish is the dominant language in most towns and at most employers in Finland. In areas with a Finnish-speaking majority, Finnish is most often used when interacting with strangers and known Finnish speakers. However, 50% of all Swedish speakers live in areas in which Swedish is the majority language and in which they can use Swedish in all or most contexts (see demographics below).
63:
924:
710:
1477:
1533:
1491:
2233:"In towns, however, the linguistic balance started to change in the 20th century. The most significant changes have taken place in the past few decades, when new native speakers of Finnish moved into the towns in large numbers. The capital region of Helsinki has been affected the most by this development. Gradually, what were formerly profoundly Swedish-speaking parishes in the countryside have become densely populated towns with a majority of Finnish-speaking inhabitants"
2242:"However, this does not mean that Swedes would have inhabited only settled areas that were completely unpopulated. Indeed, it is probable that no such areas were available. We can assume that the rest of the coastal area was inhabited by Finns at the time when the Swedish settlers arrived in the country. Our assumption is based on place names: the Swedish place names on the coast include numerous Finnish substrate namesâincontrovertible proof of early Finnish settlement."
1161:
2170:" Den svenska kolonisationen av Finland och omrÄdets införlivande med Sverige hör till detta sammanhang. Sveriges jord rÀckte inte under denna expansiva tid till för befolkningen i Sverige. Skaror av svenskar sökte sig nytt land i Finlands kustomrÄden, och fann dÀr nya boplatser. För första gÄngen smalt de inte samman med den infödda befolkningen, eftersom det svenska storsamhÀllet verkade för svenskarnas nationella och sprÄkliga fortbestÄnd i landet".
2152:"Less well known internationally is the 6 percent minority of ethnic Swedes in Finland. While we never hear of 'Sami-speaking Norwegians', 'Hebrew-speaking Palestinians' etc., one often stumbles on the term 'Swedish-speaking Finns' to denote a certain group of ethnic Swedes. This is a way of denying the group their ethnic identity. Admittedly, something similar is practised in Turkey, where the Kurds are called 'Mountain Turks' in official quarters"
93:
1547:
1463:
4266:
1449:
4203:
2314:"The subpopulation LMO (Larsmo, Swedish-speaking) differed significantly from all the other populations". "The geographical substructure among the Finnish males was notable when measured with the ΊST values, reaching values as high as ΊST=0.227 in the Yfiler data. This is rather extreme, given that, e.g., subpopulations Larsmo and Kymi are separated by mere 400 km, with no apparent physical dispersal barriers between them".
1505:
1435:
111:
1519:
1000:
1148:
934:
765:
language for those parts of the country where
Swedish speakers made up the local majority. The Finnish-speaking parties and leadership studiously avoided self-government for Swedish speakers in the Finnish mainland. Of the broader wishes of the Swedish-speaking political movement only cultural concessionsâmost notably administrative autonomy for Swedish schools and a Swedish
2333:"The identity of the Swedish minority is however clearly Finnish (Allardt 1997:110). But their identity is twofold: They are both Finland Swedes and Finns (Ivars 1987)." (Die IdentitÀt der schwedischen Minderheit ist jedoch eindeutig finnisch (Allardt 1997:110). Ihre IdentitÀt ist aber doppelt: sie sind sowohl Finnlandschweden als auch Finnen (Ivars 1987).)
516:"Whereas Finnish-speaking scholars tended to deny or minimize the presence of Swedish-speakers before the historically documented Swedish expeditions starting from the 12th century, Swedish-speaking scholars have found archeological and philological evidence for a continuous and Swedish or Germanic presence in Finland from pre-historic times."
2188:"Den svenska kolonisationen hade en uppenbar masskaraktĂ€r och var styrd uppifrĂ„n, frĂ€mst av kronan, vilket framgĂ„r av att hemmanen var kronohemman. Folk kom inte lĂ€ngre i allmogefarkoster utan skeppades över pĂ„ större fraktfartyg, och tydligen frĂ„n alla hĂ„ll inom Sveariket â Ă
tminstone frÄn Uppland, SmÄland, GÀstrikland och HÀlsingland.
2351:"Nyland has always been characterised as an area of medieval colonisation conducted by the Swedes. Previously this colonisation has been seen as an immigration of independents peasants. As a new result a significant noble impact has been verified both in the colonisation activity itself and the establishing of parish churches as well".
1115:(1809â1917) the Finnish language was promoted by the Russian authorities as a way to sever the cultural and emotional ties with Sweden and to counter the threat of a reunion with Sweden. Consequently, the Finnish language began to replace Swedish in the administrative and cultural sphere during the later part of the 19th century.
2197:"FrĂ„n Sideby i söder till Karleby i norr, en strĂ€cka pĂ„ omkring 300 kilometerm gĂ„r en obruten kedja av svenska hemman, byar och samhĂ€llen och detta kustland strĂ€cker sig som en circa 30 kilometer bred zon inĂ„t landet". "Ăsterbottens bosĂ€ttningshistoria har sin parallel i kolonisationen av Norrlandskusten under samma epok".
829:
native
Finnish speakers up until the early modern age. Whether the Finnish settlements prior to the arrival of the Swedes have been permanent or seasonal is debated. According to another toponymic study, some Finnish villages and farms on the south-western coast and the archipelago became Swedish-speaking by assimilation.
2215:"Den nationella rörelsen i Finland, fennomanin, som utgick frÄn Friedrich Hegels tankar, strÀvade efter att skapa en enad finsk nation för att stÀrka Finlands stÀllning. Nationens grÀnser skulle sammanfalla med dess folks grÀnser, och alltsÄ ocksÄ dess sprÄks grÀnser. MÄlet var bland annat en förfinskning av Finland"
2378:"DÀr Ahlberg anser att det Àr statens plikt och skyldighet att implementera vÄr finlÀndska, teoretiska tvÄsprÄkighet ocksÄ i praktiken, bland annat via olika specialarrangemang i olika regioner, anser Wideroos att det lurar en risk i att lyfta ut speciella regioner ur sitt nationella och finlandssvenska sammanhang"
915:, Ostrobothnia, differed significantly from the Finnish-speaking sub-populations in the country in terms of Y-STR variation. This study however was comparing one small Swedish-speaking municipality of 4652 inhabitants to Finnish-speaking provinces and only tells about the origin of two different Y-DNA haplotypes.
2396:"Svenska riksdagsgruppens ordförande Ulla-Maj Wideroos (SFP) sÀger att det finns en dold politisk agenda i Finland med mÄlet att försvaga det finlandssvenska.Wideroos sade i Slaget efter tolv i Radio Vega i dag att regeringens förvaltningsreformer enbart har som mÄl att slÄ sönder svensksprÄkiga strukturer".
1332:
Swedish speakers have migrated to many parts of the world. One study has shown they are more likely to emigrate than the rest of the
Finnish population. It is estimated that between the early 1870s and late 1920s, approximately 70,000 Swedish-speaking Finns emigrated to North America. In Minnesota, a
1187:
On the municipal level, this right is legally restricted to municipalities with a certain minimum of speakers of the minority language. All
Finnish communities and towns are classified as either monolingual or bilingual. When the proportion of the minority language increases to 8% (or 3000), then the
941:
According to a sociological study published in 1981, the
Swedish-speaking Finns meet the four major criteria for a separate ethnic group: self-identification of ethnicity, language, social structure, and ancestry. However, not all Swedish-speaking Finns are willing to self-identify as representatives
819:
During most of the 20th century, marriages across language borders tended to result in children becoming
Finnish speakers, and knowledge of Swedish declined. During the last decades the trend has been reversed: many bilingual families chose to register their children as Swedish speakers and put their
811:
An important contribution to the decline of Swedish speakers in Finland during the second half of the 20th century was that many Swedish speakers emigrated to Sweden. An estimated 30â50% of all Finnish citizens who moved to Sweden were Swedish-speaking Finns. Reliable statistics are not available, as
807:
According to official statistics, Swedish speakers made up 12.9% of the total population of Finland of 2.6 million in 1900. By 1950 their proportion had fallen to 8.6% of a total of 4 million people, and by 1990 they formed 5.9% of the country's 5 million people. This sharp decline has since levelled
788:, still mainly Swedish-speaking in the beginning of the 19th century, attracted Finnish-speaking workers, civil servants and university students from other parts of Finland, as did other Swedish-speaking areas. As a result, the originally unilingual Swedish-speaking coastal regions in the province of
569:
During the 19th century a national awakening occurred in Finland. It was supported by the Russian central administration for practical reasons, as a security measure to weaken Swedish influence in Finland. This trend was reinforced by the general wave of nationalism in Europe in the mid-19th century.
1318:
There is a small community of Swedish-speaking immigrants in Finland. Many of them come from Sweden, or have resided there (about 8,500 Swedish citizens live in Finland and around 30,000 residents in Finland were born in Sweden), while others have opted for Swedish because it is the main language in
1269:
Being a small minority usually leads to functional bilingualism. Swedish-speaking Finns are more fluent in Finnish than Finnish-speakers are in Swedish due to the practical matter of living in a predominantly Finnish-speaking country. In big cities with a significant Swedish-speaking population such
859:
Finland-Swedish folklore along the coast has been traditionally maritime-influenced. The folklore themes are typical in the Nordic context. Stories and tales involving the evil water-spirit are central. The origins of some of the tales have been German and French from which they have been adapted to
1118:
The rise of the Finnish language to an increasingly prevalent position in society was, at the outset, mainly a construct of eager promoters of the Finnish language from the higher strata of society, mainly with Swedish-speaking family backgrounds. A later development, especially at the beginning of
990:
Marriages between Swedish- and Finnish-speakers are nowadays very common. According to a study commissioned by the Swedish Assembly of Finland in 2005, 48.5% of all families with children where at least one of the parents was Swedish-speaking were bilingual in the sense of one parent being Swedish-
828:
The Finnish substrate toponyms (place names) within today's Swedish-speaking areas have been interpreted as indicative of earlier Finnish settlements in the area. A toponymical analysis from e.g. the Turunmaa archipelagoâtoday largely Swedish-speakingâsuggests the existence of a large population of
574:
their names and changed their everyday language to Finnish. This linguistic change had many similarities with the linguistic and cultural revival of 19th century Lithuania where many former Polish speakers expressed their affiliation with the Lithuanian nation by adopting Lithuanian as their spoken
764:
The Swedish nationality movement was effectively mobilized during the aftermath of Finnish independence and the civil war that shortly followed. The Swedish assembly of Finland was founded to protect the linguistic integrity of Swedish-speakers and seek fixed territorial guarantees for the Swedish
755:
who played a major role in the drafting the language act (1922) and the language paragraphs (1919) in the Finnish constitution, interpreted the language provisions so that they are not supposed to suggest the existence of two nationalities. According to this view Finland has two national languages
2115:
In a 2005 survey, 82% of the Swedish-speaking respondents felt the following best described their identity among the different choices provided: "Both belonging to a separate culture and being a Finn like others." (Swedish: BÄde att höra till en egen kultur, men ocksÄ att vara en finlÀndare bland
760:
and others) maintained that the Swedish population of Finland constituted a nationality of its own and the provisions of the constitution act were seen to support the view. The Finnish-speaking political circles denoted the cultural rights of Finland-Swedes as minority rights. The Finland-Swedish
2360:"FrÀlsestÄndets ursprung var till tvÄ tredjedel svenskt, till en tredjedel tyskt. NÄgon social rörelse som skulle ha fört kristnade finnar uppÄt till dessa poster fanns inte, dÄ jordegendomen inte var ett vilkor för en ledande stÀllning inom förvaltning, rÀttskipning och skatteadministration".
1087:
and the rising burgher class in the expanding cities. The Church required fluency in Finnish from clergymen serving in predominantly or totally Finnish-speaking parishes (most of the country); consequently clerical families tended to maintain a high degree of functional bilingualism. Clerical
906:
In a 2008 study a joint analysis was performed for the first time on Swedish and Finnish autosomal genotypes. Swedish-speakers from Ostrobothnia (reference population of the study representing 40% of all Swedish-speakers in Finland) did not differ significantly from the neighbouring, adjacent
726:
issue as to what language policy would best preserve Finland as a nation. This also explains why so many academically educated Swedish speakers changed to Finnish: it was motivated by ideology. Both parties had the same patriotic objectives, but their methods were completely the opposite. The
1266:, all students are required to pass an examination in the "other domestic language" on a level that enables them to be employed as civil servants in bilingual offices and communities. The actual linguistic abilities of those who have passed the various examinations however vary considerably.
1134:
Even though the proportional distribution of Swedish-speakers among different social strata closely reflects that of the general population, there is still a lingering conception of Swedish as a language of the historical upper class culture of Finland. This is reinforced by the fact that
2251:"Another indication of older Finnish settlement is evidenced by the fact that native speakers of Finnish named so many different types of places in the area that the substrate nomenclature seems to consist of names referring to village settlement rather than to names of natural features."
428:(ca. 1150) which, if it took place, served to expand Christianity and annex Finnish territories to the kingdom of Sweden. Simultaneously the growth of population in Sweden, together with lack of land, resulted in Swedish settlements in Southern and Western coastal areas of Finland. The
1104:(Viborg)) during the late Middle Ages tended to be of German origin. In the 19th century, a new wave of immigration came from German-speaking countries predominantly connected to commercial activities, which has formed a notable part of the grand bourgeoisie in Finland to this day.
3656:
1368:
has traditionally been the number one destination for Swedish-speaking emigrants. In one study covering the period 2000â2015, over half of the 26,000 Swedish-speaking Finns who had moved abroad moved to Sweden. There are about 200,000 Swedish-speaking Finns living in Sweden
1559:
In 2021, 1,432 Finland-Swedes moved abroad, which was the lowest amount since 1996. Emigration peaked during 2015â2018, when nearly 2,000 emigrated annually. They made up 20.1% of Finnish emigrants in 2021. Net migration of Swedish-speakers from Sweden was 256 in 2021.
2125:"At the same time the new generations are still proud of their special characteristics and of their culture as part of the Finnish people." ("Samanaikaisesti uudet sukupolvet ovat kuitenkin edelleen ylpeitÀ erityispiirteistÀÀn ja kulttuuristaan osana Suomen kansaa.")
1130:
and the aspiration to raise the Finnish language and Finnic culture from peasant status to the position of a national language and a national culture gave rise to negative portrayals of Swedish speakers as foreign oppressors of the peaceful Finnish-speaking peasant.
955:
Despite these varying viewpoints, the Swedish-speaking population in Finland in general have their own identity distinct from that of the majority, and they wish to be recognized as such. In speaking Swedish, Swedish-speaking Finns predominantly use the Swedish word
2369:"One factor for instability is that Finland's language legislation, unlike that of Belgium or Switzerland, is based on flexible rather than fixed linguistic territoriality, except in the Ă
land islands, where Swedish enjoys a permanently protected special status"
2323:
Finland has generally been regarded as an example of a monocultural and egalitarian society. However, Finland has a Swedish-speaking minority that meets the four major criteria of ethnicity, i.e. self-identification of ethnicity, language, social structure and
293:. Swedish-speakers comprise 5.2% of the total Finnish population or about 4.9% without Ă
land. The proportion has been steadily diminishing since the early 19th century, when Swedish was the mother tongue of approximately 15% of the population and considered a
2305:"Clear East-West duality was observed when the Finnish individuals were clustering using Geneland. Individuals from the Swedish-speaking part of Ostrobotnia clustered with Sweden when a joint analysis was performed on Swedish and Finnish autosomal genotypes".
734:
The majority of the populationâboth Swedish and Finnish speakersâwere farmers, fishermen and other workers. The farmers lived mainly in unilingual areas, while the other workers lived in bilingual areas such as Helsinki. This co-existence gave birth to
570:
As a result, under the influence of the German idea of one national language, a strong movement arose that promoted the use of the Finnish language in education, research and administration. Many influential Swedish-speaking families learned Finnish,
3664:
323:(literally 'Finland's-Swede'), which is used by the group itself, does not have an established English translation. The Society of Swedish Authors in Finland and the main political institutions for the Swedish-speaking minority, such as the
1143:
consisting of about 6000 persons, of which about two thirds are Swedish-speakers. Still the majority of the Swedish-speaking Finns have traditionally been farmers and fishermen from the Finnish coastal municipalities and archipelago.
4087:
308:
families tend to register their children as Swedish speakers. It is estimated that 70% of bilingual familiesâthat is, ones with one parent Finnish-speaking and the other Swedish-speakingâregister their children as Swedish-speaking.
756:
but only one nationality. This view was never shared in the Swedish-speaking political circles and paved the way for a linguistic conflict. Contrary to the Finnish-speaking view the leaders of the Swedish nationality movement (
1379:. Due to noticeable differences between Finland Swedish and Swedish as spoken in Sweden, Swedish-speaking Finns have been mistaken for non-native speakers and have been required to take language courses. Groups, particularly
946:, has defined the Swedish-speaking Finns as a people who express Finnish identity in the Swedish language. The issue is debated: an opposite view is still that the Swedish-speaking Finns are a sub-group of the ethnic Swedes,
2296:"En del av stoffet har har gÄtt vidare till finnarna och utgör ett element i vÀstra Finlands folklore. SÀrskilt nÀr det gÀller folksÄngerna har finlandssvenskarna haft en stor betydelse för den yngre finska folkpoesin".
1323:
aimed at facilitating integration of immigrants who know or wish to learn Swedish. Most if not all immigrants also wish to be fluent in Finnish due to the fact that it is the dominant language in Finnish society.
713:
The number of Swedish speakers in Finland 1880â2009 by province. The population in Vaasa province declined in the early 20th century due to emigration to North America and again in the 1960s due to emigration to
4009:
Trots sitt svenska modersmÄl blev han tvungen att av principskÀl gÄ en kurs i svenska för invandrare. Detta beskriver han som ett svÄrt slag, att han blev ifrÄgasatt dÄ det gÀllde identiteten som svensksprÄkig.
2260:"This seems to support our conception that there was a large population of native speakers of Finnish in the archipelago and that it remained Finnish-speaking for a longer period than was previously believed."
1380:
777:
The urbanization and industrialization that began in the late 19th century increased the interaction between people speaking different languages with each other, especially in the bigger towns. Helsinki
987:
In literature regarding to international law and minority rights, a view that the Swedish-speakers in Finland not only constitute an ethnic minority but a distinct nationality has also been presented.
512:
In 1966, the historian HÀmÀlÀinen (as referenced by McRae 1993) addressed the strong correlation between the scholar's mother-tongue and the views on the Scandinavian settlement history of Finland.
370:
as a way of depriving them their ethnic affiliation, reducing it to merely a matter of language and de-emphasising the "Swedish part" of Finland-Swedish identity, i.e. their relations to Sweden.
3542:
4091:
2694:
2269:"The Swedish colonization primarily focused on coastal areas and the archipelago, but eventually expanded as farms and villages that had previously been Finnish became Swedish-speaking".
2046:
739:âa Finnish slang with novel slang words of Finnish, local and common Swedish and Russian origin. Helsinki was primarily Swedish-speaking until the late 19th century, see further:
4122:
2783:
381:
became dominant before the independence of Finland in 1917, and the term has remained common to the present, despite later immigrants tending to use different terms such as
2134:"... Finland has a Swedish-speaking minority that meets the four major criteria of ethnicity, i.e. self-identification of ethnicity, language, social structure and ancestry
1123:). This was generally done throughout the entire society. In upper-class families it was predominantly in cadet branches of families that the name translations took place.
3403:
Jukka U. Palo et al. 2008. The effect of number of loci on geographical structuring and forensic applicability of Y-STR data in Finland. Int J Legal Med (2008)122:449â456.
3085:
1214:; the primary language in which lessons are taught depends upon the pupil's mother tongue. This language of instruction is officially and in general practice called the
456:
The origin of the Swedish-speaking population in the territory that today constitutes Finland was a subject of fierce debate in the early 20th century as a part of the
1191:
The Swedish-speaking areas in Finnish Mainland do not have fixed territorial protection, unlike the languages of several national minorities in Central Europe such as
528:
continuity in Finland. Current research has established that the Swedish-speaking population and Swedish place names in Finland date to the Swedish colonisation of
2387:"SprÄklagen frÄn 2004 tillÀmpas inte ordentligt, visar regeringen i en redogörelse. Myndigheterna uppvisar fortfarande stora brister i anvÀndningen av svenska"
1428:
From 1990 to 2021, a total of 50,034 Swedish-speaking Finns have emigrated abroad. 76.5% moved to other Nordic countries. The most popular destinations were;
820:
children in Swedish schools. One motive is the language skills needed during their professional lives. Population statistics do not recognize bilingualism.
2502:
1126:
Opposition to the Swedish language was partly based around historical prejudices and conflicts that had sprung up during the 19th century. The intensified
3550:
966:) when referring to all Finnish nationals. The purpose is to use a term that includes both themselves and Finnish-speaking Finns because the Swedish word
550:
The proportion of Swedish speakers in Finland has declined since the 18th century, when almost 20% spoke Swedish (these 18th-century statistics excluded
4169:
362:, the first of which is the sole form used on the institute's website. Some debators insist for the use of the more traditional English-language form,
3227:"Tavaststjerna i provinsialismernas snĂ„rskog.Det sverigesvenska förlagsargumentet i finlandssvensk sprĂ„kvĂ„rd Av CHARLOTTA AF HĂLLSTRĂM-REIJONEN, 2007"
2751:
2833:
Hedberg, C. 2004. The Finland-Swedish wheel of migration. Identity, networks and integration 1976â2000. Geographiska regionstudier 61.87pp.Uppsala.
3530:
3121:
1068:
Most noble families of the medieval period arrived directly from Sweden. A significant minority of the nobility had foreign origins (predominantly
495:
4371:
494:, used place names in trying to prove that the Swedish settlement in Finland dates back to prehistoric times. Their views were opposed mainly by
347:
1385:
1037:
was still the language of instruction from the secondary school upwards and in use among the educated class and priests. As Finland was part of
461:
1172:
Train timetable showing departing commuter trains at the Pasila railway station in Helsinki. Language was changing between Finnish and Swedish.
1096:
who immigrated in large numbers to the cities and towns of Sweden and Finland. As a result, the wealthier burghers in Sweden (and in cities as
520:
Since the late 20th century, several Swedish-speaking philologists, archaeologists and historians from Finland have criticized the theories of
476:
3736:
3686:
1259:
3966:
3850:
792:
were cut into two parts. There was a smaller migration in the opposite direction, and a few Swedish-speaking "islands" emerged in towns like
1184:. This means that members of the Swedish language minority have the right to communicate with the state authorities in their mother tongue.
898:, is celebrated in Finland; the day celebrates the Swedish-speaking population of Finland, their culture, and the bilinguality of Finland.
3437:
2714:
2669:
3814:
2793:
4191:
210:
More than 17,000 Swedish-speaking Finns live in officially monolingual Finnish municipalities, and are thus not represented on the map.
575:
language. As the educated class in Finland was almost entirely Swedish-speaking, the first generation of the Finnish nationalists and
242:. They maintain a strong identity and are seen either as a separate cultural, ethnic or linguistic group or, occasionally, a distinct
3244:
3162:
816:
of the Finnish-speakers has been somewhat faster than that of the Swedish-speakers until recent times, when the trend has reversed.
4130:
3044:
2090:
Swedish-speaking Finns, Finland-Swedes, Finland Swedes, Finnish Swedes, Fennoswedes or Swedes of Finland. The term Swedo-Finnish (
3590:
3504:
304:, the population of the minority group is stable, and may even be increasing slightly in total numbers since more parents from
3925:
3424:
3040:
Finlandssvenska bebyggelsenamn: namn pÄ landskap, kommuner, byar i Finland av svenskt ursprung eller med sÀrskild svensk form
2966:
2862:
3342:
A study by Lars Huldén, Professor of Scandinavian Philology (2001), referred in the doctoral dissertation by Felicia Markus
2567:
See (Swedish)(Finnish)"Folktingets undersökning om finlandssvenskarnas identitet â Identitet och framtid", Folktinget, 2005.
875:, the Finland-Swedish modernists of the early 20th century had a significant impact on the whole of Scandinavian modernism.
2926:
1418:) several times, with the 2017 attempt failing due to the ethnic group not being established in the country prior to 1900.
1192:
784:
in Swedish and predominantly used until the late 19th century), named after medieval settlers from the Swedish province of
3365:
843:
According to an interpretation based on the results of recent (2008) genome-wide SNP scans and on church records from the
769:âwere realized, which nevertheless were sufficient to prevent more thorough conflict between the ethno-linguistic groups.
481:
4199:
3643:"Finland bor stadigvarande ca 8 500 svenska medborgare. Dessa utgör en heterogen grupp med mÄnga olika typer av bakgrund"
943:
812:
the Swedish authorities, as opposed to their Finnish counterpart, do not register languages. Another reason is that the
3879:
1778:
927:
67:
3138:
3887:
3210:
3052:
2904:
2838:
860:
the Nordic milieu. (Finland)-Swedish folklore has also had a significant impact on the folklore of Finnish speakers.
3616:
3094:
1575:
1422:
419:
4065:
4032:
3531:
http://svenska.yle.fi/nyheter/sok.phpid=154463&lookfor=&sokvariant=arkivet&advanced=yes&antal=10
3414:
Markku T. HyyppÀ and Juhani MÀki: Social participation and health in a community rich in stock of social capital
4184:
3718:
3482:
2476:
2450:
2041:
1890:
1569:
433:
1168:
3572:
2424:
942:
of a distinct ethnicity. The major political organisation representing the Swedish-speakers in Finland, the
558:, which were ceded to Russia in 1743, and the northern parts of present-day Finland were counted as part of
4255:
1425:
is a Washington state, USA-based association which aims to preserve the ethnic group's emigration history.
1254:
in Swedish). Lessons in the "other domestic language" usually start in the third, fifth or seventh form of
1127:
1083:
form) was constituted most often of the wealthier strata of the peasantry with the closely linked medieval
891:
566:
was formed and Karelia was reunited with Finland, the share of Swedish speakers was 15% of the population.
545:
457:
2761:
1639:
2036:
2031:
1765:
1346:
1015:
895:
328:
294:
3914:
HjÀrnflykt eller inte?: En analys av den svensksprÄkiga flyttningen mellan Finland och Sverige 2000-2015
2986:
2958:
1338:
1787:
1782:
4177:
2116:
alla andra. Finnish: Kuulumista omaan kulttuuriin, mutta myös suomalaisena olemista muiden joukossa.)
740:
324:
4088:"11w1 -- Immigration and emigration by country of departure or arrival, sex and language, 1990-2021"
2920:
1119:
the 20th century, was the adoption or translation or modification of Swedish surnames into Finnish (
4243:
3743:
3693:
1655:
1010:
832:
According to another view (e.g. Tarkiainen 2008) the two major areas of Swedish language speakers (
752:
3956:
3840:
1896:
1088:
families in the whole seem to have been more fluent in Finnish than the burghers as whole. In the
4376:
3274:
2756:
2546:
1992:
1971:
1645:
1181:
1080:
1026:
972:, in Finland-Swedish usage, implies a Finnish-speaking Finn. In Sweden, this distinction between
2784:"Kysymykset: kuinka suuri osa suomenruotsalaisista on kaksikielisiÀ, siis niin ettÀ molemmat..."
1390:(Fris), an interest group, have campaigned for decades in Sweden for recognition as an official
3989:
3448:
2725:
2066:
1876:
1864:
1742:
1616:
1602:
1313:
1112:
563:
429:
263:
255:
3806:
1795:
1774:
4336:
4305:
4056:"Finlandssvenskarna fÄr inte nationell minoritetsstatus i Sverige - vÄr historia Àr för kort"
3394:
Population Genetic Association and Zygosity testing on preamplified Dna. 2008. Ulf Hannelius.
2852:
2788:
1902:
1828:
1672:
1660:
1621:
1608:
837:
533:
425:
171:
1605:, courtier and diplomat, and in Finland, he is considered one of the great Finnish statesmen
4300:
2617:
2608:
Andersson and Herberts., HĂ„kan and Kjell (1996). "The Case of the Swedish-Speaking Finns".
1255:
1046:
823:
3413:
3252:
2816:
1065:, Swedish also held sway, but in a more varying degree depending on regional differences.
8:
4331:
3990:"'Hörni klÀppar, sluta flajdas': Mark Levengood talade kring Àmnet 'SprÄk och identitet'"
1943:
1738:
1648:, soldier in the service of Imperial Russia, who also acted as Prime Minister of Bulgaria
1354:
4265:
2621:
2026:
1800:
1747:
451:
4315:
4280:
3912:
3279:
2633:
2428:
1924:
1834:
270:
1908:
1694:
1688:
1642:, architect and chairman of the committee in charge of rebuilding the city of Helsinki
1045:
was the language of the nobility, administration and education. Hence the two highest
868:
864:
4310:
4290:
4285:
3961:
3931:
3921:
3893:
3883:
3845:
3306:
3206:
3166:
3058:
3048:
2962:
2900:
2858:
2834:
2637:
2496:
2056:
2051:
1947:
1791:
1722:
1391:
1342:
1203:
504:
500:
290:
3957:"Finlandssvensk rusch till Sverige, men det Àr svÄrt locka unga till föreningslivet"
3594:
3508:
3355:
Christer Kuvaja & Arja Rantanen, Sibbo sockens historia fram till Ă„r 1868, 1998.
3201:
Haggrén, Georg; Halinen, Petri; Lavento, Mika; Raninen, Sami; Wessman, Anna (2015).
1716:
1592:
4207:
4112:
The Finns in America by Taru Spiegel, Reference Librarian. The Library of Congress.
3119:
Wickholm, Anna (2003). "Pörnullbacken â ett brandgravfĂ€lt eller brandgropgravar?".
2625:
2550:
2099:
2091:
1966:
1939:
1917:, Finnish inventor at the beginning of the 20th century, often referred to as the "
1852:
1822:
1140:
1084:
1042:
1030:
994:
813:
374:
278:
259:
231:
223:
135:
2899:. Finlands svenska historia. Vol. 1. Svenska litteratursÀllskapet i Finland.
1810:
1293:
41% live in officially bilingual towns and municipalities where Swedish dominates,
1290:
44% live in officially bilingual towns and municipalities where Finnish dominates,
470:
466:
301:
4348:
4221:
3186:
2786:[what percentage of Finnish-Swedes are bilingual, meaning that both...].
2002:
1977:
1962:
1914:
1816:
1753:
1728:
1700:
1633:
1076:
1022:
872:
485:
445:
247:
131:
1840:
746:
4295:
3373:
2014:
2008:
1930:
1806:
1734:
1612:
1482:
1034:
908:
736:
555:
521:
274:
204:
3997:
3617:"Befolkning efter sprĂ„k 31.12.2000â2011. Ă
lands statistik- och utredningsbyrÄ"
3184:
AhlbÀck, Olav (1954). "Den finlandssvenska bosÀttningens Àlder och ursprung".
1627:
1395:
1202:
Following an educational reform in the 1970s, both Swedish and Finnish became
785:
4365:
4248:
3935:
3897:
3543:"Förverkligandet av de sprÄkliga rÀttigheterna förutsÀtter konkreta ÄtgÀrder"
3310:
3170:
2061:
1997:
1956:
1918:
1846:
1682:
1496:
1403:
1350:
1120:
1038:
923:
709:
424:
The first Swedish arrivals in Finland have often been linked to the putative
62:
3226:
3062:
1303:
6% live in officially monolingual Finnish-speaking towns and municipalities.
1092:, commerce in the Swedish realm, including Finland, was dominated by German
3330:
2715:"Svenska Finlands folkting: Finlandssvenskarna 2005 â en statistik rapport"
2020:
1934:
1858:
1706:
1651:
1586:
1582:
1411:
1407:
1072:), but their descendants normally adopted Swedish as their first language.
878:
844:
728:
491:
20:
3873:
937:
Envelope stamp (not postage) issued by the Swedish People's party in 1922.
4231:
3620:
3077:
3038:
1759:
1538:
1196:
1160:
1108:
1089:
1058:
1004:
911:
According to a 2008 Y-DNA study, a Swedish-speaking reference group from
525:
286:
243:
147:
3591:"Den österbottniska kustregionen borde fÄ en specialstatus - Vasabladet"
1364:
For a number of reasons, including geographical and linguistic reasons,
1234:
in Swedish). The secondary language, as a school subject, is called the
824:
Historical relationship of the Swedish- and Finnish-speaking populations
4236:
2670:"Population 31.12. by Region, Language, Age, Sex, Year and Information"
2629:
2554:
1870:
1769:
1666:
1334:
1263:
757:
723:
571:
3642:
3136:
Meinander, C. F. (1983). "Om svenskarnes inflyttningar till Finland".
2806:
See, Finland-Swedish Think Tank Magma and Finland-Swedish Association.
1768:, Marshal and 6th President of Finland, commander-in-chief during the
4055:
4022:
2451:"Encyklopedi om invandring, integration och rasism: Finlandssvenskar"
1886:
1361:, Finland, was founded by Swedish-speaking Finns in the early 1900s.
1177:
1136:
1093:
576:
452:
Debate about the origin of the Swedish-speaking population in Finland
305:
3472:
Haggren & Jansson, 2005. New light on the colonisation of Nyland
2518:
Conflict and Compromise in Multilingual Societies: Finland, Volume 3
2454:
191: Bilingual municipalities with Swedish as the majority language
185: Bilingual municipalities with Finnish as the majority language
3505:"MÄngfaldspolitik sÀkrar mervÀrdet av tvÄsprÄkigheten - Vasabladet"
1819:, keyboard player, songwriter, producer (real name: Sebastian Teir)
1703:, mining engineer and businessman, best known as a founder of Nokia
1676:
1596:
1271:
1050:
907:
Finnish-speaking populations but formed a genetic cluster with the
881:
is perhaps the most renowned example of Finland-Swedish prose. Her
848:
719:
718:
The language issue was not primarily an issue of ethnicity, but an
559:
441:
3657:"SyntymĂ€valtio iĂ€n ja sukupuolen mukaan maakunnittain 1990 â 2012"
1297:
282:
3805:
Vento, Isak; Harjula, Mikael; Himmelroos, Staffan (25 May 2020).
3494:
Finland: Marginal Case of Bicommunalism?, Kenneth D. McRae, 1988.
3425:
Saari, Mirja: Schwedisch als die zweite Nationalsprache Finnlands
2071:
1552:
1510:
1468:
1415:
1069:
1062:
840:) were largely uninhabited at the time of the arrival of Swedes.
833:
793:
789:
766:
551:
529:
437:
251:
239:
98:
2047:
List of Swedish-speaking and bilingual municipalities of Finland
1258:
and are a part of the curriculum in all secondary education. In
1025:
in the 13th century, at a time when that realm was still in the
995:
Historical predominance of the Swedish language among the gentry
933:
887:
books have fascinated children and adults throughout the world.
863:
Finland-Swedish literature has a rich legacy. Under the lead of
4352:
4202:
4159:
1710:
1454:
1440:
1365:
1358:
1101:
1054:
912:
883:
867:, who also captivated audiences in the English-speaking world,
159:
116:
2425:"Appendix table 1. Population according to language 1980â2021"
4154:
1950:
1685:, scientist, Nobel laureate in physiology or medicine in 1967
1524:
1300:, of whose population about 90% was Swedish-speaking in 2010,
1275:
1097:
999:
801:
747:
The Swedish nationality and quest for territorial recognition
163:
3200:
179: Officially monolingual Finnish-speaking municipalities
3305:(in Swedish). Helsinki: Holger Schildts Förlagsaktiebolag.
2405:"Den österbottniska kustregionen borde fÄ en specialstatus"
1399:
1394:
group, in addition to the five existing recognized groups:
1147:
1057:, had Swedish as their language. In the two minor estates,
847:
period, Swedish-speaking peasantry has been overwhelmingly
797:
772:
536:
coastal regions of Finland in the 12th and 13th centuries.
3737:"p.105 Via svenska â Den svensksprĂ„kiga integrationsvĂ€gen"
2657:
The cultural rights of the Swedish ethnic group in Finland
1135:
Swedish-speakers are statistically overrepresented among "
250:, which encompasses both a standard language and distinct
4060:
4027:
3841:"Följ med HBL till finlandssvenska Larsmont i Minnesota!"
3687:"p.19 Via svenska â Den svensksprĂ„kiga integrationsvĂ€gen"
2699:
1376:
583:
Swedish-speakers as a percentage of Finland's population
336:
289:
off the west coast of Finland, where Swedish is the sole
197: Monolingual Swedish-speaking municipalities (Ă
land)
4164:
3769:
2953:
Ainiala, Terhi; Saarelma, Minna; Sjöblom, Paula (2008).
1867:, influential Fennoman philosopher and Finnish statesman
1563:
1414:. The issue has been debated in the Swedish Parliament (
751:
The Finnish-speaking parties, under the lead of Senator
436:
in the 13th century extended the Swedish settlements to
2607:
2483:. Kotus. Archived from the original on 22 February 2015
1630:, writer, film director, actor, producer and politician
579:
came predominantly from a Swedish-speaking background.
3804:
3787:
2952:
1980:, former Prime Minister and 13th President of Finland.
1341:, and in the northeastern part of the state including
3333:, edited by Ritva Liisa PitkÀnen and Janne Saarikivi.
3326:
3324:
3322:
3320:
2515:
2005:â the dialect of Swedish spoken by the Finland Swedes
1021:
Areas of modern-day Finland were integrated into the
2987:"Nimistö Suomen esihistorian tutkimuksen aineistona"
1075:
The clergy in the earlier part the formation of the
4155:
The Finland-Swedish information and cultural center
2897:
Sveriges Ăsterland: frĂ„n forntiden till Gustav Vasa
1946:and the main author of the original version of the
1164:
Many geographical places in Finland have two names.
854:
3317:
1675:, painter best known for his illustrations of the
539:
4023:"Blir finlandssvenskarna en minoritet i Sverige?"
3438:"Finlandssvenskarna 2005 â en statistisk rapport"
3331:Borrowing of Place Names in the Uralian Languages
1624:, Admiral, first governor of Ă
land and politician
300:According to a 2007 statistical analysis made by
4363:
3872:Alanen, Arnold Robert (2012). "Finland Swedes".
3300:
3205:(in Finnish). Helsinki: Gaudeamus. p. 340.
2531:Jacob, James E.; Beer, William R., eds. (1985).
2501:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
2032:Swedish unit of the Finnish Broadcasting Company
413:
3025:Conflict and Compromise in Multilingual Society
1286:Of the Swedish-speaking population of Finland,
348:Research Institute for the Languages of Finland
2695:"YLE Internytt: TvÄsprÄkigheten pÄ frammarsch"
1307:
4185:
3920:(in Swedish), Tankesmedjan Magma, p. 4,
3036:
2890:
2888:
2886:
2884:
2882:
2880:
2878:
2876:
2874:
1965:, composer, musicologist, and founder of the
1831:, romantic writer and Finland's national poet
1750:, vocalist of folk/black metal band Finntroll
1370:
1248:
1240:
1228:
1220:
984:is not widely understood and often not made.
979:
973:
967:
957:
947:
779:
318:
48:
41:
2651:
2649:
2647:
1111:, Sweden lost Finland to Russia. During the
218:(whose members are called by many namesâsee
3663:(in Finnish). Tilastokeskus. Archived from
3549:(in Swedish). 26 March 2009. Archived from
3301:Nikander, Gabriel; von Born, Ernst (1921).
2844:
1709:, painter, illustrator, writer, creator of
4192:
4178:
3159:Studier över finlandssvenska ortnamnstyper
2894:
2871:
1151:A Finnish/Swedish street sign in Helsinki.
61:
4053:
3412:Allardt and Starck, 1981; Bhopal, 1997).
3135:
2984:
2644:
2530:
1381:Finlandssvenskarnas riksförbund i Sverige
928:Unofficial flag of Swedish-speaking Finns
4165:Society of Swedish Literature in Finland
3118:
3045:Society of Swedish Literature in Finland
1790:, Arctic explorer, first to conquer the
1167:
1159:
1146:
1009:
998:
932:
922:
773:Developments since the late 19th century
727:language strife would continue up until
708:
366:, as they view the labelling of them as
170:
3987:
3838:
3183:
2850:
1691:, rally driver, two-time world champion
1663:, three times Prime Minister of Finland
460:. Some Finland-Swede scholars, such as
4372:Swedish-speaking population of Finland
4364:
3954:
3871:
3163:Svenska litteratursÀllskapet i Finland
3075:
2547:"Being Jewish in Contemporary Finland"
2481:Institute for the Languages of Finland
1794:and circumnavigate Eurasia; father of
333:Swedish-speaking population of Finland
216:Swedish-speaking population of Finland
32:Swedish-speaking population of Finland
4173:
4054:Söderlund, Linda (15 November 2017).
4020:
3910:
3834:
3832:
3156:
2980:
2978:
2948:
2946:
2023:â people of Finnish descent in Sweden
1953:relational database management system
1777:, explorer of the cliff dwellings of
1697:, Nobel laureate in economic sciences
1564:Notable Swedish-speakers from Finland
1206:. The school subjects are not called
405:are all used in academic literature.
4115:
4090:. Statistics Finland. Archived from
3719:"Invandrare intresserade av svenska"
3609:
3303:Den svenska nationaliteten i Finland
3037:Huldén, Lars; Martola, Nina (2001).
2927:Finnish Ministry for Foreign Affairs
2749:
1933:, software engineer, creator of the
1375:), according to Finnish broadcaster
808:off to more modest annual declines.
85:Regions with significant populations
4208:Swedes abroad and their descendants
3988:Fellman, Ulrika (17 October 2008).
3573:"Wideroos: Dold anti-svensk agenda"
3242:
1595:, industrialist and founder of the
13:
3880:Minnesota Historical Society Press
3839:Sundman, Sara (24 December 2017).
3829:
2975:
2943:
2921:"Main outlines of Finnish history"
2674:Tilastokeskuksen PxWeb-tietokannat
2659:(Europa Ethnica, 3â4 1999, p. 56).
2533:Language Policy and National Unity
1927:, journalist, historian and author
1669:, leading figure in Finnish design
68:Flag of the Swedish-speaking Finns
14:
4388:
4148:
4068:from the original on 17 June 2022
4035:from the original on 17 June 2022
3969:from the original on 17 June 2022
3955:Hakala, Heidi (16 October 2019).
3853:from the original on 18 June 2022
3767:
3100:from the original on 11 July 2020
2610:International Review of Education
1139:" families as well as within the
4264:
4201:
4106:
4080:
4047:
4014:
3981:
3948:
3904:
3865:
3817:from the original on 9 June 2022
1881:father of Swedish film criticism
1809:, singer-songwriter (real name:
1737:, ice hockey goaltender for the
1654:, Naval officer employed by the
1611:, ice hockey goaltender for the
1545:
1531:
1517:
1503:
1489:
1475:
1461:
1447:
1433:
1357:, Minnesota, a town named after
855:Culture, literature and folklore
219:
109:
91:
3807:"Den finlandssvenska diasporan"
3798:
3780:
3761:
3729:
3711:
3679:
3649:
3635:
3583:
3565:
3535:
3523:
3497:
3488:
3475:
3466:
3430:
3418:
3406:
3397:
3388:
3358:
3349:
3336:
3294:
3267:
3236:
3219:
3194:
3177:
3150:
3139:Historisk Tidskrift för Finland
3129:
3112:
3069:
3030:
3017:
3008:
2913:
2827:
2809:
2800:
2776:
2750:Holm, Carina (2 October 2010).
2743:
2707:
2687:
2662:
2601:
2592:
2583:
2570:
2399:
2390:
2381:
2372:
2363:
2354:
2345:
2336:
2327:
2317:
2308:
2299:
2290:
2281:
2272:
2263:
2254:
2245:
2236:
2227:
2218:
2209:
2200:
2191:
2182:
2173:
2164:
2155:
2146:
2137:
2128:
2119:
1576:Category:Swedish-speaking Finns
1423:Swedish-Finn Historical Society
1281:
1155:
1014:Finnish 17th century clergyman
962:(approximately translatable as
540:Nationalism and language strife
420:Swedish colonisation of Finland
262:and, to a lesser extent, other
3483:List of Finnish noble families
3078:"Where source criticism fails"
2561:
2539:
2524:
2516:Kenneth Douglas McRae (1997).
2509:
2469:
2443:
2417:
2109:
2106:) can be used as an attribute.
2084:
2042:List of Swedish-speaking Finns
1891:Finland national football team
1570:List of Swedish-speaking Finns
1003:Finnish 17th century nobleman
312:
281:and of about 26,000 people in
238:) is a linguistic minority in
16:Linguistic minority in Finland
1:
3427:. Retrieved 10 December 2006.
3372:. 3 July 2005. Archived from
2955:Nimistöntutkimuksen perusteet
2411:
1113:period of Russian sovereignty
414:Medieval Swedish colonisation
4021:BĂŒlow, Anneli (3 May 2017).
3447:(in Swedish). Archived from
3346:. Stockholm University 2004.
2792:(in Finnish). Archived from
2760:(in Swedish). Archived from
2724:(in Swedish). Archived from
2017:â the ethnic group of Swedes
2011:â the ethnic groups of Finns
892:Finnish Swedish Heritage Day
7:
2037:Swedish Assembly of Finland
1985:
1959:, industrialist and general
1679:(the Finnish national epic)
1327:
1308:Swedish-speaking immigrants
1016:Johannes Gezelius the elder
918:
901:
329:Swedish Assembly of Finland
277:of about 260,000 people in
10:
4393:
3086:Fennoscandia Archaeologica
2959:Finnish Literature Society
2854:Finland-Swedes in Michigan
1905:, 3rd President of Finland
1899:, 1st President of Finland
1573:
1567:
1311:
1204:compulsory school subjects
543:
417:
408:
18:
4345:
4324:
4273:
4262:
4214:
4127:The Swedish Film Database
3344:Living on the Other Shore
3157:Thors, Carl-Eric (1953).
2895:Tarkiainen, Kari (2008).
2857:. MSU Press. p. 21.
2589:Allardt and Starck, 1981.
2578:RuotsinkielisenÀ Suomessa
1640:Johan Albrecht Ehrenström
1180:country according to its
741:Fennicization of Helsinki
546:Finland's language strife
458:Finland's language strife
260:dialects spoken in Sweden
158:
153:
146:
141:
130:
125:
107:
89:
84:
79:
74:
60:
36:
4123:"Bengt Idestam-Almquist"
3275:"Population and Society"
3161:(in Swedish). Helsinki:
3043:(in Swedish). Helsinki:
2985:Kiviniemi, Eero (1980).
2957:(in Finnish). Helsinki:
2078:
1656:Russian-American Company
207:bilingual municipalities
19:Not to be confused with
2752:"Fler finlandssvenskar"
1993:Demographics of Finland
1972:Georg Henrik von Wright
1788:Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld
1783:Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld
1646:Johan Casimir Ehrnrooth
1372:Sverigefinlandssvenskar
1242:toinen kotimainen kieli
1236:other domestic language
1027:process of being formed
335:, but Swedish-speaking
23:, a minority in Sweden.
4160:Swedish People's Party
3076:Orrman, Elias (1993).
2851:Roinila, Mika (2012).
2580:. Helsinki 2012, p. 2.
2103:
2095:
2067:Finlandssvensk samling
1877:Bengt Idestam-Almquist
1865:Johan Vilhelm Snellman
1766:Carl Gustaf Mannerheim
1603:Gustaf Mauritz Armfelt
1371:
1339:Minneapolis-Saint Paul
1333:number settled on the
1314:Immigration to Finland
1250:andra inhemska sprÄket
1249:
1241:
1229:
1221:
1173:
1165:
1152:
1018:
1007:
980:
974:
968:
958:
948:
944:Swedish People's Party
938:
930:
780:
715:
564:Grand Duchy of Finland
518:
446:Estonia's coastal area
430:Second Swedish Crusade
387:Swedish-speaking Finns
368:Swedish-speaking Finns
352:Swedish-speaking Finns
325:Swedish People's Party
319:
264:Scandinavian languages
235:
227:
211:
49:
42:
3911:Kepsu, Kaisa (2016),
3788:"Lead Group's domain"
3203:Muinaisuutemme jÀljet
2789:Helsinki City Library
1903:Pehr Evind Svinhufvud
1897:Kaarlo Juho StÄhlberg
1829:Johan Ludvig Runeberg
1825:, poet and politician
1731:, classical violinist
1673:Akseli Gallen-Kallela
1661:Karl-August Fagerholm
1622:Hjalmar von Bonsdorff
1171:
1163:
1150:
1029:. At the time of the
1013:
1002:
936:
926:
712:
514:
426:First Swedish Crusade
331:, use the expression
256:mutually intelligible
174:
154:Related ethnic groups
3623:on 13 September 2014
3553:on 13 September 2012
3454:on 28 September 2007
3245:"Swedish in Finland"
2821:www.carlonordling.se
2731:on 28 September 2007
2477:"What is a dialect?"
1849:, classical composer
1779:Mesa Verde, Colorado
1256:comprehensive school
1047:estates of the realm
4094:on 9 September 2022
3996:(in Swedish) (14).
3878:. St. Paul, Minn.:
3768:Löcke, Gerd-Peter.
2796:on 9 November 2013.
2622:1996IREdu..42..384A
1944:software programmer
1796:Gustaf Nordenskiöld
1775:Gustaf Nordenskiöld
1762:, singer-songwriter
1739:Nashville Predators
1652:Arvid Adolf Etholén
584:
339:often use the term
285:, a self-governing
33:
3875:Finns in Minnesota
3749:on 17 October 2017
3699:on 17 October 2017
3547:Finnish Government
3280:Statistics Finland
2994:kotikielenseura.fi
2817:"carlonordling.se"
2764:on 31 October 2014
2757:Ă
bo UnderrÀttelser
2640:– via JSTOR.
2630:10.1007/BF00601099
2555:10.33134/HUP-17-10
2457:on 27 January 2012
2429:Statistics Finland
2104:suomenruotsalainen
1925:Zacharias Topelius
1835:Helene Schjerfbeck
1760:Isak Elliot Lundén
1585:, mathematician,
1174:
1166:
1153:
1019:
1008:
952:or "East Swedes".
939:
931:
716:
582:
385:. The expressions
271:Statistics Finland
236:suomenruotsalaiset
212:
50:suomenruotsalaiset
31:
4359:
4358:
3962:Hufvudstadsbladet
3927:978-952-5864-67-0
3846:Hufvudstadsbladet
3579:. 25 August 2009.
3255:on 9 October 2004
3125:(in Swedish) (4).
2968:978-951-746-992-0
2864:978-1-60917-325-8
2057:Fennoman movement
2052:Svecoman movement
1792:Northeast passage
1723:Pernilla Karlsson
1719:, realist painter
1392:national minority
1193:German in Belgium
707:
706:
477:Knut Hugo Pipping
391:Swedes of Finland
375:Finnish Americans
317:The Swedish term
295:prestige language
291:official language
273:, Swedish is the
169:
168:
4384:
4268:
4206:
4205:
4194:
4187:
4180:
4171:
4170:
4143:
4142:
4140:
4138:
4133:on 11 March 2014
4129:. Archived from
4119:
4113:
4110:
4104:
4103:
4101:
4099:
4084:
4078:
4077:
4075:
4073:
4051:
4045:
4044:
4042:
4040:
4018:
4012:
4011:
4006:
4004:
3985:
3979:
3978:
3976:
3974:
3952:
3946:
3945:
3944:
3942:
3919:
3908:
3902:
3901:
3869:
3863:
3862:
3860:
3858:
3836:
3827:
3826:
3824:
3822:
3802:
3796:
3795:
3784:
3778:
3777:
3765:
3759:
3758:
3756:
3754:
3748:
3742:. Archived from
3741:
3733:
3727:
3726:
3715:
3709:
3708:
3706:
3704:
3698:
3692:. Archived from
3691:
3683:
3677:
3676:
3674:
3672:
3653:
3647:
3646:
3639:
3633:
3632:
3630:
3628:
3619:. Archived from
3613:
3607:
3606:
3604:
3602:
3593:. Archived from
3587:
3581:
3580:
3569:
3563:
3562:
3560:
3558:
3539:
3533:
3527:
3521:
3520:
3518:
3516:
3507:. Archived from
3501:
3495:
3492:
3486:
3479:
3473:
3470:
3464:
3463:
3461:
3459:
3453:
3442:
3434:
3428:
3422:
3416:
3410:
3404:
3401:
3395:
3392:
3386:
3385:
3383:
3381:
3362:
3356:
3353:
3347:
3340:
3334:
3328:
3315:
3314:
3298:
3292:
3291:
3289:
3287:
3271:
3265:
3264:
3262:
3260:
3251:. Archived from
3240:
3234:
3233:
3231:
3223:
3217:
3216:
3198:
3192:
3191:
3181:
3175:
3174:
3154:
3148:
3147:
3133:
3127:
3126:
3116:
3110:
3109:
3107:
3105:
3099:
3082:
3073:
3067:
3066:
3034:
3028:
3021:
3015:
3012:
3006:
3005:
3003:
3001:
2991:
2982:
2973:
2972:
2950:
2941:
2940:
2938:
2936:
2931:. 9 January 2014
2917:
2911:
2910:
2892:
2869:
2868:
2848:
2842:
2831:
2825:
2824:
2813:
2807:
2804:
2798:
2797:
2780:
2774:
2773:
2771:
2769:
2747:
2741:
2740:
2738:
2736:
2730:
2719:
2711:
2705:
2704:
2691:
2685:
2684:
2682:
2680:
2666:
2660:
2653:
2642:
2641:
2605:
2599:
2596:
2590:
2587:
2581:
2574:
2568:
2565:
2559:
2558:
2543:
2537:
2536:
2528:
2522:
2521:
2513:
2507:
2506:
2500:
2492:
2490:
2488:
2473:
2467:
2466:
2464:
2462:
2453:. Archived from
2447:
2441:
2440:
2438:
2436:
2421:
2406:
2403:
2397:
2394:
2388:
2385:
2379:
2376:
2370:
2367:
2361:
2358:
2352:
2349:
2343:
2340:
2334:
2331:
2325:
2321:
2315:
2312:
2306:
2303:
2297:
2294:
2288:
2285:
2279:
2276:
2270:
2267:
2261:
2258:
2252:
2249:
2243:
2240:
2234:
2231:
2225:
2222:
2216:
2213:
2207:
2204:
2198:
2195:
2189:
2186:
2180:
2177:
2171:
2168:
2162:
2159:
2153:
2150:
2144:
2141:
2135:
2132:
2126:
2123:
2117:
2113:
2107:
2088:
2027:Diocese of BorgÄ
1967:Sibelius Academy
1940:Michael Widenius
1911:, modernist poet
1853:Krista Siegfrids
1823:Emil von Qvanten
1801:Gunnar Nordström
1748:Mathias LillmÄns
1609:Niklas BÀckström
1551:
1549:
1548:
1537:
1535:
1534:
1523:
1521:
1520:
1509:
1507:
1506:
1495:
1493:
1492:
1481:
1479:
1478:
1467:
1465:
1464:
1453:
1451:
1450:
1439:
1437:
1436:
1389:
1374:
1252:
1244:
1232:
1224:
1141:Finnish nobility
1085:Finnish nobility
1031:Late Middle Ages
983:
977:
971:
961:
951:
814:natural increase
783:
585:
581:
508:
489:
474:
438:Nyland (Uusimaa)
322:
279:mainland Finland
228:finlandssvenskar
202:
196:
190:
184:
178:
115:
113:
112:
97:
95:
94:
75:Total population
65:
52:
45:
43:finlandssvenskar
34:
30:
4392:
4391:
4387:
4386:
4385:
4383:
4382:
4381:
4362:
4361:
4360:
4355:
4349:Nordic diaspora
4341:
4320:
4269:
4260:
4210:
4200:
4198:
4151:
4146:
4136:
4134:
4121:
4120:
4116:
4111:
4107:
4097:
4095:
4086:
4085:
4081:
4071:
4069:
4052:
4048:
4038:
4036:
4019:
4015:
4002:
4000:
3986:
3982:
3972:
3970:
3953:
3949:
3940:
3938:
3928:
3917:
3909:
3905:
3890:
3870:
3866:
3856:
3854:
3837:
3830:
3820:
3818:
3803:
3799:
3786:
3785:
3781:
3770:"IFISK â IFISK"
3766:
3762:
3752:
3750:
3746:
3739:
3735:
3734:
3730:
3717:
3716:
3712:
3702:
3700:
3696:
3689:
3685:
3684:
3680:
3670:
3668:
3667:on 21 July 2012
3655:
3654:
3650:
3641:
3640:
3636:
3626:
3624:
3615:
3614:
3610:
3600:
3598:
3597:on 18 July 2011
3589:
3588:
3584:
3571:
3570:
3566:
3556:
3554:
3541:
3540:
3536:
3528:
3524:
3514:
3512:
3511:on 18 July 2011
3503:
3502:
3498:
3493:
3489:
3480:
3476:
3471:
3467:
3457:
3455:
3451:
3440:
3436:
3435:
3431:
3423:
3419:
3411:
3407:
3402:
3398:
3393:
3389:
3379:
3377:
3364:
3363:
3359:
3354:
3350:
3341:
3337:
3329:
3318:
3299:
3295:
3285:
3283:
3273:
3272:
3268:
3258:
3256:
3243:Jungner, Anna.
3241:
3237:
3229:
3225:
3224:
3220:
3213:
3199:
3195:
3187:Finsk Tidskrift
3182:
3178:
3155:
3151:
3134:
3130:
3117:
3113:
3103:
3101:
3097:
3080:
3074:
3070:
3055:
3035:
3031:
3027:, case Finland.
3022:
3018:
3013:
3009:
2999:
2997:
2989:
2983:
2976:
2969:
2951:
2944:
2934:
2932:
2925:thisisFINLAND (
2919:
2918:
2914:
2907:
2893:
2872:
2865:
2849:
2845:
2832:
2828:
2815:
2814:
2810:
2805:
2801:
2782:
2781:
2777:
2767:
2765:
2748:
2744:
2734:
2732:
2728:
2717:
2713:
2712:
2708:
2693:
2692:
2688:
2678:
2676:
2668:
2667:
2663:
2654:
2645:
2606:
2602:
2597:
2593:
2588:
2584:
2575:
2571:
2566:
2562:
2545:
2544:
2540:
2529:
2525:
2514:
2510:
2494:
2493:
2486:
2484:
2475:
2474:
2470:
2460:
2458:
2449:
2448:
2444:
2434:
2432:
2431:. 31 March 2022
2423:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2400:
2395:
2391:
2386:
2382:
2377:
2373:
2368:
2364:
2359:
2355:
2350:
2346:
2341:
2337:
2332:
2328:
2322:
2318:
2313:
2309:
2304:
2300:
2295:
2291:
2286:
2282:
2277:
2273:
2268:
2264:
2259:
2255:
2250:
2246:
2241:
2237:
2232:
2228:
2223:
2219:
2214:
2210:
2205:
2201:
2196:
2192:
2187:
2183:
2178:
2174:
2169:
2165:
2160:
2156:
2151:
2147:
2142:
2138:
2133:
2129:
2124:
2120:
2114:
2110:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2076:
2003:Finland Swedish
1988:
1983:
1978:Alexander Stubb
1963:Martin Wegelius
1915:Eric Tigerstedt
1909:Edith Södergran
1754:Magnus Lindberg
1729:Linda Lampenius
1701:Fredrik Idestam
1695:Bengt Holmström
1689:Marcus Grönholm
1634:Albert Edelfelt
1578:
1572:
1566:
1546:
1544:
1532:
1530:
1518:
1516:
1504:
1502:
1490:
1488:
1476:
1474:
1462:
1460:
1448:
1446:
1434:
1432:
1383:
1330:
1316:
1310:
1284:
1158:
1128:language strife
1077:Lutheran Church
1041:for 550 years,
997:
921:
904:
896:flag flying day
890:On 6 November,
873:Elmer Diktonius
869:Gunnar Björling
865:Edith Södergran
857:
826:
775:
749:
548:
542:
498:
479:
464:
454:
422:
416:
411:
315:
248:Finland Swedish
209:
208:
200:
198:
194:
192:
188:
186:
182:
180:
176:
132:Finland Swedish
110:
108:
92:
90:
70:
56:
55:
29:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4390:
4380:
4379:
4377:Finnish people
4374:
4357:
4356:
4346:
4343:
4342:
4340:
4339:
4334:
4328:
4326:
4322:
4321:
4319:
4318:
4313:
4308:
4303:
4298:
4293:
4288:
4283:
4277:
4275:
4271:
4270:
4263:
4261:
4259:
4258:
4256:United Kingdom
4253:
4252:
4251:
4241:
4240:
4239:
4229:
4224:
4218:
4216:
4212:
4211:
4197:
4196:
4189:
4182:
4174:
4168:
4167:
4162:
4157:
4150:
4149:External links
4147:
4145:
4144:
4114:
4105:
4079:
4064:(in Swedish).
4046:
4031:(in Swedish).
4013:
3980:
3965:(in Swedish).
3947:
3926:
3903:
3888:
3864:
3849:(in Swedish).
3828:
3813:(in Swedish).
3797:
3779:
3760:
3728:
3723:svenska.yle.fi
3710:
3678:
3648:
3634:
3608:
3582:
3577:svenska.yle.fi
3564:
3534:
3522:
3496:
3487:
3474:
3465:
3429:
3417:
3405:
3396:
3387:
3376:on 3 July 2005
3357:
3348:
3335:
3316:
3293:
3266:
3235:
3218:
3211:
3193:
3176:
3149:
3142:(in Swedish).
3128:
3122:Muinaistutkija
3111:
3068:
3053:
3029:
3016:
3007:
2974:
2967:
2961:. p. 68.
2942:
2912:
2905:
2870:
2863:
2843:
2826:
2808:
2799:
2775:
2742:
2706:
2686:
2661:
2643:
2616:(4): 384â388.
2600:
2591:
2582:
2569:
2560:
2538:
2523:
2508:
2468:
2442:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2407:
2398:
2389:
2380:
2371:
2362:
2353:
2344:
2335:
2326:
2316:
2307:
2298:
2289:
2280:
2271:
2262:
2253:
2244:
2235:
2226:
2217:
2208:
2199:
2190:
2181:
2172:
2163:
2154:
2145:
2136:
2127:
2118:
2108:
2096:finlandssvensk
2082:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2018:
2015:Swedish people
2012:
2009:Finnish people
2006:
2000:
1995:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1981:
1975:
1969:
1960:
1954:
1937:
1931:Linus Torvalds
1928:
1922:
1912:
1906:
1900:
1894:
1884:
1874:
1868:
1862:
1856:
1855:, pop musician
1850:
1844:
1838:
1832:
1826:
1820:
1814:
1807:Paradise Oskar
1804:
1798:
1785:
1772:
1763:
1757:
1751:
1745:
1735:Kevin Lankinen
1732:
1726:
1720:
1717:Eero JĂ€rnefelt
1714:
1704:
1698:
1692:
1686:
1680:
1670:
1664:
1658:
1649:
1643:
1637:
1631:
1625:
1619:
1613:Minnesota Wild
1606:
1600:
1593:Antti Ahlström
1590:
1579:
1568:Main article:
1565:
1562:
1557:
1556:
1542:
1528:
1514:
1500:
1486:
1483:United Kingdom
1472:
1458:
1444:
1443:32,867 (65.7%)
1345:and along the
1329:
1326:
1309:
1306:
1305:
1304:
1301:
1294:
1291:
1283:
1280:
1157:
1154:
996:
993:
920:
917:
903:
900:
856:
853:
825:
822:
774:
771:
748:
745:
737:Helsinki slang
705:
704:
701:
697:
696:
693:
689:
688:
685:
681:
680:
677:
673:
672:
669:
665:
664:
661:
657:
656:
653:
649:
648:
645:
641:
640:
637:
633:
632:
629:
625:
624:
621:
617:
616:
613:
609:
608:
605:
601:
600:
597:
593:
592:
589:
556:Kexholm County
544:Main article:
541:
538:
509:in the 1920s.
496:Heikki Ojansuu
453:
450:
418:Main article:
415:
412:
410:
407:
399:Finnish Swedes
395:Finland Swedes
364:Finland-Swedes
360:Finland-Swedes
341:Finland-Swedes
320:finlandssvensk
314:
311:
199:
193:
187:
181:
175:
167:
166:
156:
155:
151:
150:
144:
143:
139:
138:
128:
127:
123:
122:
121:60,000â107,000
119:
105:
104:
103:287,933 (2021)
101:
87:
86:
82:
81:
77:
76:
72:
71:
66:
58:
57:
54:
53:
46:
38:
37:
27:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4389:
4378:
4375:
4373:
4370:
4369:
4367:
4354:
4350:
4344:
4338:
4335:
4333:
4330:
4329:
4327:
4323:
4317:
4314:
4312:
4311:United States
4309:
4307:
4304:
4302:
4299:
4297:
4294:
4292:
4289:
4287:
4284:
4282:
4279:
4278:
4276:
4272:
4267:
4257:
4254:
4250:
4247:
4246:
4245:
4242:
4238:
4235:
4234:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4220:
4219:
4217:
4213:
4209:
4204:
4195:
4190:
4188:
4183:
4181:
4176:
4175:
4172:
4166:
4163:
4161:
4158:
4156:
4153:
4152:
4132:
4128:
4124:
4118:
4109:
4093:
4089:
4083:
4067:
4063:
4062:
4057:
4050:
4034:
4030:
4029:
4024:
4017:
4010:
3999:
3995:
3991:
3984:
3968:
3964:
3963:
3958:
3951:
3937:
3933:
3929:
3923:
3916:
3915:
3907:
3899:
3895:
3891:
3889:9780873518604
3885:
3881:
3877:
3876:
3868:
3852:
3848:
3847:
3842:
3835:
3833:
3816:
3812:
3808:
3801:
3793:
3789:
3783:
3775:
3774:www.ifisk.net
3771:
3764:
3745:
3738:
3732:
3725:. 9 May 2012.
3724:
3720:
3714:
3695:
3688:
3682:
3666:
3662:
3658:
3652:
3644:
3638:
3622:
3618:
3612:
3596:
3592:
3586:
3578:
3574:
3568:
3552:
3548:
3544:
3538:
3532:
3526:
3510:
3506:
3500:
3491:
3484:
3478:
3469:
3450:
3446:
3445:folktinget.fi
3439:
3433:
3426:
3421:
3415:
3409:
3400:
3391:
3375:
3371:
3370:folktinget.fi
3367:
3361:
3352:
3345:
3339:
3332:
3327:
3325:
3323:
3321:
3312:
3308:
3304:
3297:
3282:
3281:
3276:
3270:
3254:
3250:
3246:
3239:
3228:
3222:
3214:
3212:9789524953634
3208:
3204:
3197:
3190:(in Swedish).
3189:
3188:
3180:
3172:
3168:
3164:
3160:
3153:
3145:
3141:
3140:
3132:
3124:
3123:
3115:
3096:
3092:
3088:
3087:
3079:
3072:
3064:
3060:
3056:
3054:9789515830715
3050:
3046:
3042:
3041:
3033:
3026:
3023:McRae, 1993,
3020:
3011:
2995:
2988:
2981:
2979:
2970:
2964:
2960:
2956:
2949:
2947:
2930:
2928:
2922:
2916:
2908:
2906:9789515831552
2902:
2898:
2891:
2889:
2887:
2885:
2883:
2881:
2879:
2877:
2875:
2866:
2860:
2856:
2855:
2847:
2840:
2839:91-506-1788-5
2836:
2830:
2822:
2818:
2812:
2803:
2795:
2791:
2790:
2785:
2779:
2763:
2759:
2758:
2753:
2746:
2727:
2723:
2722:folktinget.fi
2716:
2710:
2703:(in Swedish).
2702:
2701:
2696:
2690:
2675:
2671:
2665:
2658:
2655:Tore Modeen,
2652:
2650:
2648:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2627:
2623:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2604:
2598:Bhopal, 1997.
2595:
2586:
2579:
2573:
2564:
2556:
2552:
2548:
2542:
2534:
2527:
2519:
2512:
2504:
2498:
2482:
2478:
2472:
2456:
2452:
2446:
2430:
2426:
2420:
2416:
2402:
2393:
2384:
2375:
2366:
2357:
2348:
2339:
2330:
2320:
2311:
2302:
2293:
2284:
2275:
2266:
2257:
2248:
2239:
2230:
2221:
2212:
2203:
2194:
2185:
2176:
2167:
2158:
2149:
2140:
2131:
2122:
2112:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2087:
2083:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2062:Fennicization
2060:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2022:
2019:
2016:
2013:
2010:
2007:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1998:Svenskfinland
1996:
1994:
1991:
1990:
1979:
1976:
1974:, philosopher
1973:
1970:
1968:
1964:
1961:
1958:
1957:Rudolf Walden
1955:
1952:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1932:
1929:
1926:
1923:
1920:
1919:Thomas Edison
1916:
1913:
1910:
1907:
1904:
1901:
1898:
1895:
1892:
1888:
1885:
1882:
1878:
1875:
1872:
1869:
1866:
1863:
1860:
1857:
1854:
1851:
1848:
1847:Jean Sibelius
1845:
1842:
1839:
1836:
1833:
1830:
1827:
1824:
1821:
1818:
1815:
1812:
1811:Axel Ehnström
1808:
1805:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1767:
1764:
1761:
1758:
1755:
1752:
1749:
1746:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1733:
1730:
1727:
1724:
1721:
1718:
1715:
1712:
1708:
1705:
1702:
1699:
1696:
1693:
1690:
1687:
1684:
1683:Ragnar Granit
1681:
1678:
1674:
1671:
1668:
1665:
1662:
1659:
1657:
1653:
1650:
1647:
1644:
1641:
1638:
1635:
1632:
1629:
1626:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1607:
1604:
1601:
1598:
1594:
1591:
1588:
1584:
1581:
1580:
1577:
1571:
1561:
1554:
1543:
1540:
1529:
1526:
1515:
1512:
1501:
1498:
1497:United States
1487:
1484:
1473:
1470:
1459:
1456:
1445:
1442:
1431:
1430:
1429:
1426:
1424:
1419:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1387:
1382:
1378:
1373:
1367:
1362:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1351:Lake Superior
1348:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1325:
1322:
1315:
1302:
1299:
1295:
1292:
1289:
1288:
1287:
1279:
1277:
1273:
1267:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1251:
1245:
1243:
1237:
1233:
1231:
1225:
1223:
1217:
1216:mother tongue
1213:
1209:
1205:
1200:
1198:
1194:
1189:
1185:
1183:
1179:
1176:Finland is a
1170:
1162:
1149:
1145:
1142:
1138:
1132:
1129:
1124:
1122:
1121:fennicization
1116:
1114:
1110:
1105:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1073:
1071:
1066:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1039:Sweden proper
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1023:Swedish realm
1017:
1012:
1006:
1001:
992:
988:
985:
982:
976:
970:
965:
960:
953:
950:
945:
935:
929:
925:
916:
914:
910:
899:
897:
893:
888:
886:
885:
880:
876:
874:
870:
866:
861:
852:
850:
846:
841:
839:
835:
830:
821:
817:
815:
809:
805:
803:
799:
795:
791:
787:
782:
770:
768:
762:
759:
754:
744:
742:
738:
732:
730:
725:
724:philosophical
721:
711:
702:
699:
698:
694:
691:
690:
686:
683:
682:
678:
675:
674:
670:
667:
666:
662:
659:
658:
654:
651:
650:
646:
643:
642:
638:
635:
634:
630:
627:
626:
622:
619:
618:
614:
611:
610:
606:
603:
602:
598:
595:
594:
590:
587:
586:
580:
578:
573:
567:
565:
561:
557:
553:
547:
537:
535:
531:
527:
523:
517:
513:
510:
506:
502:
497:
493:
487:
483:
478:
472:
468:
463:
459:
449:
447:
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
421:
406:
404:
403:Swedish Finns
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
383:Finland-Swede
380:
376:
371:
369:
365:
361:
357:
356:Swedish Finns
353:
349:
344:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
321:
310:
307:
303:
302:Fjalar FinnÀs
298:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
275:mother tongue
272:
269:According to
267:
265:
261:
257:
253:
249:
246:. They speak
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
221:
217:
206:
173:
165:
161:
157:
152:
149:
145:
140:
137:
133:
129:
124:
120:
118:
106:
102:
100:
88:
83:
78:
73:
69:
64:
59:
51:
47:
44:
40:
39:
35:
26:
22:
4226:
4135:. Retrieved
4131:the original
4126:
4117:
4108:
4096:. Retrieved
4092:the original
4082:
4070:. Retrieved
4059:
4049:
4037:. Retrieved
4026:
4016:
4008:
4001:. Retrieved
3993:
3983:
3971:. Retrieved
3960:
3950:
3939:, retrieved
3913:
3906:
3874:
3867:
3855:. Retrieved
3844:
3819:. Retrieved
3811:Politiikasta
3810:
3800:
3791:
3782:
3773:
3763:
3751:. Retrieved
3744:the original
3731:
3722:
3713:
3701:. Retrieved
3694:the original
3681:
3669:. Retrieved
3665:the original
3660:
3651:
3637:
3625:. Retrieved
3621:the original
3611:
3599:. Retrieved
3595:the original
3585:
3576:
3567:
3555:. Retrieved
3551:the original
3546:
3537:
3525:
3513:. Retrieved
3509:the original
3499:
3490:
3477:
3468:
3458:22 September
3456:. Retrieved
3449:the original
3444:
3432:
3420:
3408:
3399:
3390:
3378:. Retrieved
3374:the original
3369:
3366:"Folktinget"
3360:
3351:
3343:
3338:
3302:
3296:
3284:. Retrieved
3278:
3269:
3257:. Retrieved
3253:the original
3248:
3238:
3221:
3202:
3196:
3185:
3179:
3158:
3152:
3143:
3137:
3131:
3120:
3114:
3102:. Retrieved
3090:
3084:
3071:
3039:
3032:
3024:
3019:
3014:McRae, 1993.
3010:
2998:. Retrieved
2996:(in Finnish)
2993:
2954:
2933:. Retrieved
2924:
2915:
2896:
2853:
2846:
2829:
2820:
2811:
2802:
2794:the original
2787:
2778:
2766:. Retrieved
2762:the original
2755:
2745:
2735:22 September
2733:. Retrieved
2726:the original
2721:
2709:
2698:
2689:
2677:. Retrieved
2673:
2664:
2656:
2613:
2609:
2603:
2594:
2585:
2577:
2576:Folktinget:
2572:
2563:
2541:
2532:
2526:
2517:
2511:
2485:. Retrieved
2480:
2471:
2459:. Retrieved
2455:the original
2445:
2433:. Retrieved
2419:
2401:
2392:
2383:
2374:
2365:
2356:
2347:
2338:
2329:
2319:
2310:
2301:
2292:
2283:
2274:
2265:
2256:
2247:
2238:
2229:
2220:
2211:
2202:
2193:
2184:
2175:
2166:
2157:
2148:
2139:
2130:
2121:
2111:
2086:
2021:Sweden Finns
1935:Linux kernel
1880:
1861:, translator
1859:Janina Orlov
1841:André Linman
1707:Tove Jansson
1587:Fields Medal
1583:Lars Ahlfors
1558:
1513:1,352 (2.7%)
1499:1,446 (2.9%)
1485:1,720 (3.4%)
1471:1,872 (3.7%)
1457:3,437 (6.9%)
1427:
1420:
1412:Tornedalians
1408:Sweden Finns
1363:
1331:
1320:
1317:
1285:
1282:Demographics
1268:
1264:universities
1260:polytechnics
1247:
1246:in Finnish,
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845:early modern
842:
838:Ostrobothnia
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753:E. N. SetÀlÀ
750:
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729:World War II
717:
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549:
534:Ostrobothnia
526:Scandinavian
519:
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21:Sweden Finns
4337:New Zealand
4098:9 September
3998:Ă
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3994:Meddelanden
3792:delaktig.fi
3601:2 September
3515:2 September
2461:16 February
1948:open source
1921:of Finland"
1873:, architect
1803:, physicist
1628:Jörn Donner
1599:Corporation
1539:Netherlands
1384: [
1347:North Shore
1296:9% live in
1197:North Italy
1109:Finnish war
1090:Middle Ages
1081:High Church
1005:Gustaf Horn
949:östsvenskar
786:HĂ€lsingland
781:Helsingfors
720:ideological
499: [
492:Tor Karsten
480: [
465: [
313:Terminology
287:archipelago
244:nationality
148:Lutheranism
4366:Categories
4347:See also:
4301:Costa Rica
4237:Varangians
3627:6 December
3249:finland.fi
2487:31 October
2412:References
1871:Lars Sonck
1843:, musician
1770:Winter War
1756:, composer
1713:characters
1667:Kaj Franck
1574:See also:
1555:115 (0.2%)
1541:495 (1.0%)
1527:932 (1.9%)
1335:Iron Range
1312:See also:
1222:Ă€idinkieli
1107:After the
1100:(Ă
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975:finlÀndare
964:Finlanders
959:finlÀndare
849:endogamous
758:Axel Lille
572:fennicized
462:Ralf Saxén
434:Tavastians
379:Swede-Finn
4332:Australia
4316:Venezuela
4281:Argentina
3936:2342-7884
3898:918316682
3311:185183111
3171:470054426
2768:6 October
2638:144493718
2324:ancestry.
1889:, former
1887:Tim Sparv
1837:, painter
1781:; son of
1636:, painter
1230:modersmÄl
1178:bilingual
1137:old money
1094:merchants
577:Fennomans
377:the term
350:proposes
306:bilingual
258:with the
254:that are
126:Languages
4274:Americas
4066:Archived
4033:Archived
3967:Archived
3851:Archived
3815:Archived
3095:Archived
3063:48690289
2497:cite web
2435:5 August
1986:See also
1725:, singer
1677:Kalevala
1597:Ahlstrom
1355:Larsmont
1328:Diaspora
1321:Delaktig
1272:Helsinki
1079:(in its
1063:peasants
1059:burghers
919:Identity
902:Genetics
591:Percent
560:Norrland
522:Germanic
442:Norrland
252:dialects
142:Religion
4325:Oceania
4249:dialect
4244:Ukraine
4227:Finland
4222:Estonia
4137:1 March
4072:17 June
4039:17 June
4003:17 June
3973:17 June
3941:17 June
3857:18 June
3821:17 June
3753:24 July
3703:24 July
3661:Stat.fi
3557:17 June
3380:17 June
3286:17 June
3259:17 June
3104:16 June
3000:16 June
2935:16 June
2679:16 June
2618:Bibcode
2100:Finnish
2092:Swedish
2072:Yle FSR
1893:captain
1879:, the "
1741:of the
1615:of the
1553:Iceland
1511:Germany
1469:Denmark
1416:Riksdag
1212:Swedish
1208:Finnish
1055:priests
1049:, i.e.
1043:Swedish
794:Tampere
767:diocese
714:Sweden.
552:Karelia
409:History
240:Finland
232:Finnish
224:Swedish
136:Finnish
99:Finland
80:380,000
4353:Swedes
4306:Mexico
4291:Canada
4286:Brazil
4232:Russia
4215:Europe
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700:2020
695:5.4%
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3307:OCLC
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