476:
broken into factions, and hostility, recrimination and drunkenness, with threats of violence, became the norms. Nevertheless, Filchner still sought to continue the scientific work, in stations set up on the ice. On 10 August Vahsel died (of heart failure likely aggravated by the effects of syphilis) but the poisonous atmosphere continued under his replacement, first officer
Wilhelm Lorenzen. The ship was not freed until 26 November 1912, and when she finally arrived in South Georgia on 19 December, the expedition disintegrated. The opposing factions were kept apart before being transferred back to Germany separately. Filchner hoped that the expedition could be reconstituted for another attempt, but his backers in Germany summoned him home.
239:
456:. The site chosen by the captain was a berg attached to the barrier edge; Filchner was dubious, but Vahsel assured him that his ice pilot, Paul Björvik, had approved the site; Björvik would later deny giving any such advice. By 18 February building was nearly complete, but that night a violent tidal surge detached the berg containing the base and floated it away. A desperate salvage exercise saved all the personnel and most of the equipment and provisions, though some items were lost. Thereafter, Filchner tried for several more days to re-establish the base, but these efforts proved unavailing.
318:, with whom relations were difficult and often strained. After the journey, Tafel missed few opportunities for insulting Filchner and undermining his authority as a leader, accusing him of cowardice and questioning the accuracy of his maps. Filchner's military background and formal manner contributed to the problem; as Cornelia Lüdecke puts it in a biographical essay on Filchner, as an officer he was "trained to command and not to discuss". This was a trait that would also be apparent in Filchner's later expeditions.
500:("To the Sixth Continent: The Second German South Polar Expedition"). In this book Filchner barely mentions the interpersonal difficulties that marred and ultimately overwhelmed the expedition, instead producing a relatively straightforward account of its activities and achievements. In the absence of rebuttal, criticisms from his enemies citing his lack of leadership and deficient exploring ability would continue, unanswered, for decades. In 1924 Filchner published a book,
546:. His programme of work for the journey included the first major contribution to the magnetic survey of northern Tibet. He made many topographical measurements and produced detailed maps which transformed geographical knowledge of this region. To this information he added what he termed "cultural-political observations". Much of his work was carried out in secret, to avoid the attention of suspicious authorities. The journey became the subject of a film,
364:, began preparations for an Antarctic expedition. He would not only test Penck's theory, but would combine geographical discovery with scientific inquiry. Filchner's original plan envisaged two ships, with shore parties advancing inland respectively from Weddell and Ross Sea bases, to meet in the vicinity of the Pole. This proved too costly, so Filchner had to adopt a more modest, single-ship strategy, confining his operations to the Weddell Sea area.
465:
42:
275:. During these travels, Filchner observed much Russian activity and noted the differences between the Russians and the English in their interactions with the indigenous people: "The Russians manage, in their dealings with Asiatic peoples, to reach out to their hearts, whereas the English, in their relations with natives, make a show of their cultural superiority". Through these adventures, which he recounted in a popular book,
655:
his
Antarctic expedition, despite its circumstances, produced significant scientific and geographical results. Filchner's background and military training had instilled a somewhat inflexible attitude, not conducive to successful teamwork, and created difficulties with interpersonal relationships. These were exemplified by his falling-out with Tafel, and by his poor handling of the situation of divided command that arose on the
520:
397:
338:
156:, before leading a major scientific survey in Tibet and western China in 1903–05. In 1909 he was appointed to organise and lead the forthcoming German expedition to the Antarctic, with both scientific and geographical objectives involving extensive exploration of the continent's interior. During the expedition his ship became trapped in the
654:
Despite his outward formality of manner, Filchner demonstrated an imaginative and adventurous approach in the planning and execution of his various expeditions. In the course of his journeys he made important and lasting contributions to the cartography and magnetic measurements of
Central Asia, and
562:
to Leh. Whereas on the earlier journey he had largely paid his own way, this time the costs of the expedition were met by the German government. Filchner was required to link his new measurements with those of the earlier journey. There may have been national and commercial dimensions to this second
620:
In 1939 he planned to travel to
Afghanistan and Northern Iran, to carry out magnetic work there, but decided instead to go to Nepal. He conducted magnetic surveys in the western and south-eastern regions of the country, although the British in India were suspicious of his presence there. When the
537:
on the China–Tibetan border, where he spent the winter of 1926–27 in conditions of ill-health and poverty, while awaiting further funds and permission to proceed. In April 1927 he received letters of commendation allowing him to travel into Tibet, and in June he set out, his destination being the
475:
began its return journey, intending to try again the following season. By 15 March, the ship was firmly beset in the ice, drifting slowly northwards, and clearly trapped for the winter. By this time the expedition's morale had largely collapsed as a result of the Vahsel Bay fiasco; the party had
625:
broke out in
September 1939, Filchner decided to remain in Nepal, but in December 1940 his health failed, requiring him to seek medical treatment in India, where he was promptly interned. The circumstances of his confinement in India were not harsh, and he was allowed to continue working and to
567:
was planning to extend its services in the region. To navigate successfully, pilots would require accurate magnetic data in an area largely devoid of the natural geographical features that would enable navigation by sight. It is possible that
Filchner was paid by the airline for this purpose.
160:
ice, drifting for eight months and preventing
Filchner from establishing a land base, thus failing in its main objective. Although important scientific results were obtained, the expedition was disrupted by serious interpersonal disagreements and lasting animosities, which harmed Filchner's
646:("Findings"), a response to his long-time critics. This revealed for the first time details of the expedition's travails, but at Filchner's insistence, remained unpublished until 1985. Filchner continued to live in Zurich until his death, on 7 May 1957, at the age of 79.
659:. Murphy describes Filchner as "a bit stiff, something of a cold fish", and lacking the sense of humour and common touch which marked leaders such as Shackleton. Lüdecke points out the marked successes of his later expeditions, which gained lavish praise from the
204:; it appears that the family moved from Munich to Bayreuth shortly after Wilhelm's birth, but returned to Munich after his father's early death. As a boy, Wilhelm showed considerable artistic and musical talent, drawing inspiration from, amongst others,
479:
In
Germany a Court of Honour largely exonerated Filchner from blame for the debacle, but the experience had wearied him of the Antarctic, and he never returned. Instead, he decided he would resume his original field of work, in Central and East Asia.
504:("Storm over Asia: Experiences of a Secret Diplomatic Agent"), covering the history of Central Asia since the beginning of the 20th century. This is not an account of personal experiences; it is a semi-fictionalised life of Zerempil, a
532:
In 1926, Filchner resumed his prewar survey and observational work in
Central Asia. Assisted by a small grant from the German Foreign Office, he set out in January of that year. After many delays and obstructions, he reached the
246:
As a young officer in 1898, Filchner was given leave from the army to undertake a seven-week journey in Russia, but had to leave that country when he was suspected of acting as a spy. Two years later he made an expedition to the
383:, who had previous Antarctic experience, but was by reputation a somewhat difficult and truculent character, "greedy for power and an out-and-out schemer". Unwisely, Filchner agreed to sail under the German naval flag, placing
387:
and himself under naval regulations that gave the captain supreme decision-making authority on the ship. This created a situation of divided command, with serious consequences for
Filchner's authority on the expedition.
670:(1911) and the Technical University of Munich (1938), and was appointed to an honorary professorship at the University of Berlin. He is commemorated in the various Antarctic features that bear his name: the
583:
in Xinjiang in December 1936. It was unsafe territory, with a civil war raging. Filcher did not possess the necessary papers; he was arrested and his passport confiscated. He was detained by the warlord
141:(13 September 1877 – 7 May 1957) was a German army officer, scientist and explorer. He conducted several surveys and scientific investigations in China, Tibet and surrounding regions, and led the
352:
of the University of Berlin, who considered that the then largely unexplored Antarctic continent comprised two separate landmasses, East and West Antarctica, divided by a strait connecting the
307:. In 1903, with von Richthofen's recommendation, the army gave him leave to assume the leadership of a major scientific survey in Tibet and western China, extending to the upper reaches of the
433:
From the outset, progress was slow and uncertain. Brief periods of clear water were interspersed with spells of thick ice that impeded and sometimes prevented movement. However, by 29 January
690:
As well as many volumes of scientific results and books of maps, derived from his various travels, Filchner published popular travel books and expedition accounts. These works included
2072:
5004:
437:
had penetrated the Weddell Sea beyond James Weddell's most southerly point, reached in 1823, and the next day observed an ice-covered coast to the east. Filcher named this
588:, in harsh conditions for seven months, before his passport was returned and he was allowed to proceed. He then had to navigate the so-called "route of death" over the
311:
river. This was a potentially dangerous enterprise, and Filchner found it necessary at times to conceal his activities by disguising himself as a Muslim priest.
426:, arriving late in October. While the ship was reprovisioned, Filchner conducted a survey of the island's coasts. On 11 December 1911 the heavily laden
678:; Cape Filchner; the Filchner Trench in the Weddell Sea; and the Filchner–Ronne Ice Shelf. The Filchner Station operated as a German scientific base on
496:, Norway. In the years immediately following the war he devoted himself to writing. In 1922 he published his account of the Antarctic expedition,
295:
and other institutions. Between 1900 and 1903, he formed contacts with some of the leading travelling scientists of the day, including the Swede
216:. He might have made his life in the arts, but family traditions drew him towards a military career, and at the age of 15 he was enrolled in the
4166:
2489:
2356:
3127:
2170:
492:, Filchner served in the German army, mainly in military intelligence; in 1916 he was director of the marine interrogation service in
148:
As a young military officer, Filchner gained an early reputation for dash and daring, following his travel exploits in Russia and the
601:
181:
706:(English translation 1957). An English translation by William Barr of Filchner's 1922 account of the 1911–13 Antarctic expedition,
5547:
2762:
2770:
5122:
4128:
2541:
375:
4719:
4317:
3905:
361:
5511:
2346:
2276:
2203:
2180:
2101:
2038:
1941:
1922:
1901:
1880:
452:
After much prevarication from the captain, Filchner agreed to establish his shore base in a small inlet which he christened
418:, covering more than 10,000 nautical miles (12,000 mi; 19,000 km) and extending over four months. After a break in
196:
Wilhelm Filchner was born on 13 September 1877, the son of Eduard and Rosine Filchner. Sources place his birth variously at
3457:
2462:
2128:
666:
Filchner's work was recognised in 1937 by his award of the German National Prize. He received honorary doctorates from the
4322:
5623:
5405:
5086:
4908:
4798:
4567:
3156:
3105:
719:
558:
In the years 1934 to 1938, Filchner returned to the same region, this time following a route across northern Tibet from
5628:
4856:
4437:
4376:
327:
142:
5633:
4879:
2159:
2138:
2077:. 1st SCAR Workshop on the History of Antarctic Research. Bavarian Academy of Sciences and Humanities. pp. 55–61
2061:
1891:
2049:
441:(or "Luitpold Coast"), after the expedition's principal patron. Following the coastline, on 31 January, at 77°48'S,
5613:
4957:
1864:
5608:
5188:
5174:
5148:
4985:
2956:
2482:
2266:
2024:
172:
in China and Tibet, often in difficult and sometimes dangerous conditions, and was continuing this work when the
3879:
642:. In 1956 he broke his long silence concerning the events of the Antarctic expedition, and prepared an exposé,
5011:
4981:
3324:
3314:
2898:
2600:
592:
range. He arrived in Leh in September 1937, finishing his 3,500 km (2,175 miles) journey a month later in
292:
114:
4622:
4784:
4294:
3427:
304:
542:. Despite further privations and hold-ups, he reached Leh on 5 March 1928, before completing his journey at
4693:
4579:
4422:
3468:
2929:
2697:
5638:
5141:
4763:
4597:
4538:
4492:
2721:
2610:
2458:
667:
5618:
5501:
4226:
4200:
4193:
3644:
3545:
3537:
3520:
3138:
2684:
2536:
2475:
2191:
660:
3933:
176:
began, leaving him stranded in India. After years of internment, he returned to Europe and retired to
5324:
4934:
4630:
4429:
4214:
4096:
3899:
3781:
3632:
3481:
3419:
3406:
3279:
3005:
2657:
169:
5474:
5065:
5059:
4977:
4851:
4636:
4362:
4238:
4088:
3976:
3760:
300:
188:. He is also commemorated in the Antarctic, where a number of geographical features bear his name.
17:
2776:
5541:
5204:
4357:
4231:
4151:
3660:
3487:
2689:
550:("Monks, Dancers and Soldiers"), a valuable documentary of monastic and other life of that time.
238:
2384:
Wilhelm Filchner and Erich Przybyllok: Route-mapping and position-locating in unexplored regions
5479:
5045:
2977:
217:
110:
4312:
5484:
5453:
5258:
5211:
5110:
4914:
4833:
4776:
4525:
4519:
4369:
4327:
4289:
4269:
3864:
3639:
3475:
3385:
3367:
3284:
3255:
3245:
3133:
3070:
2844:
2360:
1914:
Spies of the Kaiser: German Covert Operations in Great Britain During the First World War Era
3525:
5603:
5598:
5338:
5330:
5273:
4861:
4725:
4651:
4643:
4443:
4383:
4342:
3955:
3946:
3817:
3812:
3716:
3580:
3337:
3299:
2906:
2676:
2644:
2588:
2568:
423:
4706:
3111:
3094:
2112:
8:
5459:
5381:
4846:
4769:
4685:
4466:
4458:
4407:
4047:
4005:
3500:
3463:
3352:
3116:
2986:
2789:
2594:
564:
360:
Seas. Filchner wished to investigate this question, and in 1909, with the support of the
260:
180:, where he died in 1957. During his lifetime he received numerous honours, including the
3099:
414:
in early May 1911. The first stage involved a comprehensive oceanographic study of the
5180:
5072:
5053:
4617:
4592:
4134:
4028:
3992:
3968:
3859:
3706:
3681:
3677:
3667:
3573:
3551:
3530:
3411:
3401:
3148:
3036:
2964:
2637:
2628:
2620:
2531:
2511:
2250:
2091:
2011:
2003:
1974:
279:("A Ride over the Pamirs"), Filchner gained an early reputation as a daring traveller.
5552:
5358:
5352:
5308:
5293:
5222:
5194:
5102:
5039:
4949:
4921:
4901:
4839:
4747:
4711:
4585:
4552:
4545:
4498:
4480:
4397:
4146:
4015:
3963:
3869:
3822:
3750:
3739:
3451:
3441:
3433:
3329:
3319:
3230:
3225:
3208:
3174:
3041:
3028:
2849:
2755:
2713:
2708:
2498:
2435:
2419:
2403:
2387:
2342:
2272:
2199:
2176:
2155:
2134:
2097:
2057:
2034:
1978:
1937:
1918:
1897:
1876:
1814:
576:
205:
5569:
5301:
4993:
4699:
4672:
4612:
4487:
4417:
4402:
4141:
4070:
4065:
4039:
4034:
3916:
3839:
3792:
3559:
3379:
3344:
3240:
3235:
3169:
3083:
2865:
2857:
2743:
2663:
2615:
2605:
2578:
2299:
2262:
2242:
2214:
2015:
1995:
1969:
1964:
1952:
1851:
699:
663:, when he worked alone without the constraint of maintaining a collegial approach.
622:
534:
213:
173:
2314:
5559:
5506:
5491:
5397:
5392:
5316:
5281:
5217:
5116:
5031:
4998:
4730:
4513:
4505:
4474:
4390:
4350:
4104:
4060:
4000:
3924:
3894:
3889:
3849:
3827:
3775:
3711:
3701:
3652:
3374:
3359:
3212:
3181:
3143:
2893:
2821:
2815:
2738:
2703:
2563:
2454:
2149:
1912:
1808:
675:
489:
248:
185:
165:
149:
4082:
1986:
Filchner, Wilhelm; Przybyllok, Erich (1913). "The German Antarctic Expedition".
1735:
152:
range. After further technical studies, he developed expertise in geography and
5533:
5516:
5469:
5428:
5418:
5387:
5246:
5236:
5128:
5078:
4943:
4893:
4866:
4811:
4607:
4602:
4451:
4304:
4158:
4120:
4077:
4010:
3984:
3938:
3911:
3884:
3854:
3797:
3755:
3745:
3625:
3618:
3515:
3495:
3307:
3267:
3198:
2994:
2969:
2924:
2888:
2882:
2874:
2834:
2829:
2803:
2783:
2551:
2432:
Wilhelm Filchner: Zum sechsten Erdteil: die zweite deutsche Südpolar-Expedition
1953:"Book Review: To the Sixth Continent: The Second German South Polar Expedition"
679:
671:
438:
415:
380:
349:
256:
2439:
2400:
Wilhelm Filchner: A Scientist in Tartary : from the Hoang-ho to the Indus
2304:
2287:
1855:
5592:
5496:
5438:
5433:
5423:
5373:
5368:
5344:
5288:
5165:
5159:
5154:
4753:
4664:
4657:
4412:
4207:
4186:
4054:
3832:
3802:
3770:
3765:
3602:
3508:
3391:
3186:
2999:
2949:
2942:
2934:
2839:
2748:
2583:
2391:
1818:
1323:
1187:
314:
Filchner's principal scientific assistant on this journey was the geographer
2423:
1387:
635:
5527:
5521:
5133:
5097:
4963:
4790:
4740:
4679:
4533:
4221:
4172:
4022:
3844:
3807:
3787:
3728:
3262:
3250:
3193:
3121:
3022:
2919:
2913:
2810:
2798:
2671:
2649:
2573:
2526:
2407:
2192:"Exploring and Mapping the Antarctic: Histories of Discovery and Knowledge"
1547:
1545:
1543:
1516:
597:
419:
315:
308:
2288:"Review: To the Sixth Continent: The Second German South Polar Expedition"
1826:
5564:
5464:
5412:
5230:
5017:
4805:
4180:
4112:
3874:
3733:
3696:
3596:
3588:
3396:
2732:
2030:
1429:
1359:
1151:
572:
509:
411:
353:
321:
209:
157:
1694:
1540:
5363:
5266:
5250:
5092:
5025:
4926:
4335:
4284:
4244:
3566:
3292:
3220:
3162:
2555:
2523:
2254:
1759:
1589:
1587:
512:. Filchner reissued the book in revised form in 1928, under the title
453:
296:
288:
264:
168:
he resumed his travels in Asia. He conducted two lengthy single-handed
153:
2007:
1656:
1654:
1623:
1562:
1560:
1477:
634:. In Zürich he maintained his academic interests through contacts at
464:
4885:
3722:
3274:
3057:
589:
585:
446:
2467:
2246:
2212:
1741:
1584:
1572:
631:
348:
Filchner's interest in the Antarctic was sparked by the theories of
177:
83:
4817:
1999:
1771:
1651:
1557:
969:
929:
630:
before returning to Europe in 1949, settling in the Swiss city of
593:
543:
357:
272:
251:, which included a well-publicised horseback ride, travelling from
201:
41:
796:
519:
337:
287:
Back in Germany, Filcher developed his knowledge of geography and
5444:
4824:
3089:
3065:
3053:
2119:
559:
505:
396:
268:
3611:
1506:
1504:
3690:
3015:
1783:
639:
502:
Sturm über Asien: Erlebnisse eines diplomatischen Geheimagenten
493:
197:
65:
1528:
3076:
1501:
580:
498:
Zum sechsten Erdteil: Die zweite deutsche Südpolar-Expedition
369:
2133:. Santa Barbara, CA; Denver, CO; Oxford, England: ABC-CLIO.
1841:
1522:
742:
740:
626:
travel to a limited extent. When the war ended, he lived in
2398:
2151:
German Exploration of the Polar World: A History, 1870-1940
1765:
1465:
627:
2430:
1985:
1483:
1435:
1393:
1365:
1329:
1301:
1289:
1257:
1241:
1193:
1157:
771:
769:
767:
765:
763:
761:
759:
757:
755:
332:
2093:
Dictionary of Falklands Biography including South Georgia
2090:
Lüdecke, Cornelia (2008). "Filchner, Wilhelm 1877–1957".
2056:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 69–71.
1713:
1711:
1709:
1347:
1335:
1079:
981:
957:
737:
704:
Route-mapping and position-locating in unexplored regions
539:
252:
2154:. Lincoln, NE and London: University of Nebraska Press.
1489:
1453:
1419:
1417:
710:, together with the 1985 exposé, was published in 1994.
4281:
2414:
1777:
1747:
1404:
1402:
1033:
1031:
919:
917:
902:
829:
827:
752:
1706:
1111:
692:
A Scientist in Tartary: from the Hoang Ho to the Indus
615:
610:
A Scientist in Tartary: From the Hoang-ho to the Indus
449:, marking the southernmost extent of the Weddell Sea.
322:
Antarctic: Second German Antarctic Expedition, 1911–13
2315:"Review: Wetterleuchten im Osten by Wilhelm Filchner"
2232:
2070:
2022:
1865:"German South Polar (Deutschland) Expedition 1911–12"
1700:
1682:
1660:
1641:
1629:
1611:
1599:
1593:
1578:
1566:
1551:
1441:
1414:
1311:
1163:
975:
951:
935:
888:
872:
854:
814:
802:
2130:
Exploring Polar Frontiers: A Historical Encyclopedia
1842:"A story of struggle and intrigue in Central Asia".
1399:
1175:
1123:
1067:
1043:
1028:
914:
824:
2382:
2233:"Review: Dr. Wilhelm Filchner's Journey in Tibet".
2113:"The Great Game: Myth or Reality? (research paper)"
2071:Hornik, Helmut; Lüdecke, Cornelia (2–3 June 2005).
1789:
1055:
571:In the course of his travels, Filchner crossed the
161:reputation as a leader and ended his polar career.
2312:
1723:
1534:
2050:"Wilhelm Filchner and Deutschland, 1911 and 1912"
1896:. Vol. 4. London and New York: I.B. Tauris.
1827:"Antarctic Explorers: Wilhelm Filchner 1877–1957"
1813:. Washington DC: US National Science Foundation.
604:. Filchner described this expedition in his book
5590:
2026:The Karakoram Highway and the Hunza Valley, 1998
1917:. Basingstoke and New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
527:
553:
2339:1912: The Year the World Discovered Antarctica
2122:, Kyrgyz Republic: University of Central Asia.
2483:
2357:"Wilhelm Filchner - scientist and adventurer"
1988:Bulletin of the American Geographical Society
430:began its journey south, to the Weddell Sea.
2089:
892:
775:
674:in South Georgia; the Filchner Mountains in
2355:
2261:
2196:The Routledge Handbook of the Polar Regions
1753:
746:
282:
2490:
2476:
2455:Newspaper clippings about Wilhelm Filchner
2359:. Alfred Wegener Institute. Archived from
2175:. Basingstoke, Hants: Palgrave Macmillan.
2023:Geerken, Horst H; Bräker, Annette (2017).
1950:
1844:Journal of the Royal Central Asian Society
1825:
1672:
1510:
1003:
860:
849:
791:
698:("A Researcher's Life") (1950); and, with
379:. Her captain was to be a naval officer,
2303:
2110:
1968:
908:
602:German National Prize for Art and Science
223:
182:German National Prize for Art and Science
5548:Pole of Inaccessibility research station
2096:. Ledbury, Herefordshire: David Tatham.
2047:
1910:
1742:Rafferty (Encyclopaedia Britannica) 2007
1471:
1117:
1105:
518:
463:
395:
336:
237:
233:
228:
5123:Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition
2268:Encyclopedia of the Antarctic, Volume 1
2219:Encyclopaedia Britannica online edition
2168:
1873:Encyclopedia of the Antarctic, Volume 1
1806:
1717:
1645:
483:
333:Background, objectives and preparations
14:
5591:
2336:
2147:
1889:
1688:
1617:
1605:
1447:
1423:
1377:
1353:
1341:
1317:
1305:
1253:
1237:
1225:
1221:
1209:
1205:
1169:
1145:
1129:
1085:
1073:
1018:
987:
963:
896:
876:
845:
833:
818:
787:
694:(English translation 1939); a memoir,
638:and the German Geodetic Commission at
373:was acquired, and her name changed to
4267:
2509:
2497:
2471:
2285:
2213:Rafferty, John P. (12 January 2007).
2126:
1934:Ordeal by Ice: Ships of the Antarctic
1931:
1676:
1495:
1459:
1408:
1381:
1285:
1273:
1269:
1181:
1141:
1101:
1097:
1049:
1037:
1014:
999:
947:
923:
2189:
1862:
1729:
1061:
1022:
46:Wilhelm Filchner in the early 1910's
4909:Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition
3106:Norse colonization of North America
2416:Wilhelm Filchner: Ein Forscherleben
1936:. Dobbs Ferry, NY: Sheridan House.
720:Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration
616:Second World War, retirement, death
608:(1938), translated into English as
24:
4438:United States Exploring Expedition
2271:. New York and London: Routledge.
2198:. London and New York: Routledge.
1875:. New York and London: Routledge.
328:Second German Antarctic Expedition
143:Second German Antarctic Expedition
25:
5650:
5512:Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station
4880:Australasian Antarctic Expedition
2448:
1810:Geographic Names of the Antarctic
596:. On his return, he learned that
516:("Weather Lights in the East").
124:Army officer, scientist, explorer
5406:Amundsen's South Pole expedition
4799:Amundsen's South Pole expedition
2172:Tibet in the Western Imagination
1523:Royal Central Asian Society 1927
40:
2074:Wilhelm Filchner and Antarctica
1766:WorldCat:A Scientist in Tartary
1666:
1635:
1371:
1295:
1279:
1263:
1247:
1231:
1215:
1199:
1135:
1091:
1008:
993:
941:
882:
685:
1970:10.1080/00040851.1995.12003140
1951:Cronenwett, Philip N. (1995).
1807:Alberts, Fred G., ed. (1981).
1484:WorldCat: Zum sechsten Erdteil
1436:Filchner & Przybyllok 1913
1394:Filchner & Przybyllok 1913
1366:Filchner & Przybyllok 1913
1330:Filchner & Przybyllok 1913
1302:Filchner & Przybyllok 1913
1290:Filchner & Przybyllok 1913
1258:Filchner & Przybyllok 1913
1242:Filchner & Przybyllok 1913
1194:Filchner & Przybyllok 1913
1158:Filchner & Przybyllok 1913
866:
839:
808:
781:
422:, the expedition departed for
400:Captain Richard Vahsel of the
293:Technical University of Munich
242:Aerial view of Pamir Mountains
115:Technical University of Munich
13:
1:
4785:Japanese Antarctic Expedition
4720:Scottish Antarctic Expedition
4268:
2148:Murphy, David Thomas (2002).
2127:Mills, William James (2003).
2029:. Translated by Bill McCann.
1869:Encyclopedia of the Antarctic
1867:. In Beau Riffenburgh (ed.).
725:
649:
554:Second Asian survey, 1934–37
528:Central Asian survey, 1926–28
391:
367:A ship, the Norwegian whaler
191:
5142:Soviet Antarctic Expeditions
4958:Shackleton–Rowett Expedition
4764:French Antarctic Expeditions
4694:Swedish Antarctic Expedition
4580:Belgian Antarctic Expedition
2698:Lady Franklin Bay Expedition
730:
7:
4227:Nuclear-powered icebreakers
3906:Austro-Hungarian Expedition
2771:Andrée's balloon expedition
2459:20th Century Press Archives
2341:. London: The Bodley Head.
2054:The Island of South Georgia
1893:The History of Central Asia
1778:WorldCat: Ein Forscherleben
713:
548:Mönche, Tänzer und Soldaten
439:"Prinzregent Luitpold Land"
362:Berlin Geographical Society
27:German explorer (1877–1957)
10:
5655:
5624:Explorers of the Himalayas
3428:Franklin's lost expedition
3128:Christian IV's expeditions
2510:
2111:Middleton, Robert (2019).
1957:Arctic and Alpine Research
1890:Baumer, Christoph (2018).
1799:
661:Royal Geographical Society
325:
267:, and returning by way of
132:Eduard and Rosine Filchner
5629:Germany and the Antarctic
5245:
4976:
4563:
4303:
4280:
4276:
4263:
3782:Great Northern Expedition
3676:
3458:Rae–Richardson expedition
3207:
3052:
2658:British Arctic Expedition
2550:
2522:
2518:
2505:
2305:10.1017/S0032247400013929
2194:. In Mark Nuttall (ed.).
2048:Headland, Robert (1984).
1911:Boghardt, Thomas (2004).
1856:10.1080/03068372708724985
1701:Geographical Journal 1934
1661:Hornik & Lüdecke 2005
1642:Hornik & Lüdecke 2005
1630:Hornik & Lüdecke 2005
1594:Geerken & Bräker 2017
1579:Geerken & Bräker 2017
1567:Hornik & Lüdecke 2005
1552:Geographical Journal 1934
976:Hornik & Lüdecke 2005
952:Hornik & Lüdecke 2005
936:Hornik & Lüdecke 2005
889:Hornik & Lüdecke 2005
873:Hornik & Lüdecke 2005
815:Hornik & Lüdecke 2005
803:Hornik & Lüdecke 2005
218:Prussian Military Academy
128:
120:
111:Prussian Military Academy
106:
98:
90:
72:
51:
39:
32:
5634:Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf
5066:British Antarctic Survey
5060:Captain Arturo Prat Base
4305:Antarctic/Southern Ocean
2241:(5): 416–420. May 1934.
2235:The Geographical Journal
668:University of Königsberg
579:deserts, and arrived at
538:Northern Indian town of
459:
301:Ferdinand von Richthofen
283:China and Tibet, 1903–05
5614:Explorers of Antarctica
5542:Pole of inaccessibility
5205:Antarctic Treaty System
3546:2nd Grinnell expedition
2313:Thompson, C.M. (1929).
2033:: BoD Books on Demand.
1790:WorldCat: Route mapping
682:between 1982 and 1999.
514:Wetterleuchten im Osten
291:through courses at the
277:Ein Ritt über den Pamir
5609:German polar explorers
2337:Turney, Chris (2012).
2286:Stone, Ian R. (1995).
1863:Barr, William (2007).
1535:Himalayan Journal 1929
708:To the Sixth Continent
524:
469:
404:
345:
243:
224:Traveller and explorer
5212:Transglobe Expedition
5111:Operation Deep Freeze
4520:Challenger expedition
3386:Coppermine expedition
2907:Drifting ice stations
2319:The Himalayan Journal
2190:Rack, Ursula (2018).
2169:Neuhaus, Tom (2012).
1932:Bryan, Rorke (2011).
1648:, p. unpaginated
600:had awarded him the
522:
468:Weddell sea ice, 1916
467:
399:
340:
241:
234:Russia and the Pamirs
229:Early travels in Asia
184:in 1937, and several
164:After service in the
1850:(4): 359–368. 1927.
1675:, pp. 416–417;
1380:, pp. 203–204;
1256:, pp. 197–198;
484:Post First World War
305:University of Berlin
5382:South magnetic pole
4048:Brusilov expedition
3157:Danish colonization
2595:North magnetic pole
1703:, pp. 418–420.
1554:, pp. 416–420.
1513:, pp. 416–417.
1498:, pp. 348–349.
1474:, pp. 94, 154.
1462:, pp. 229–230.
1356:, pp. 101–102.
1344:, pp. 199–200.
1332:, pp. 427–428.
1196:, pp. 425–427.
1088:, pp. 209–210.
990:, pp. 178–179.
966:, pp. 183–184.
565:Deutsche Luft Hansa
563:trip; the airline
186:honorary doctorates
5639:Explorers of Nepal
5073:Operation Windmill
5054:Operation Highjump
4029:Rusanov expedition
3934:A. E. Nordenskiöld
3678:North East Passage
3482:McClure expedition
1644:, pp. 54–55;
1396:, pp. 429–30.
1228:, pp. 100–101
525:
470:
405:
346:
244:
5619:Explorers of Asia
5586:
5585:
5582:
5581:
5578:
5577:
5040:Operation Tabarin
4902:Far Eastern Party
4748:Nimrod Expedition
4259:
4258:
4255:
4254:
3818:M. Pronchishcheva
3740:Siberian Cossacks
3209:Northwest Passage
2542:Research stations
2499:Polar exploration
2348:978-1-84792-174-1
2278:978-0-415-97024-2
2263:Riffenburgh, Beau
2215:"Ronne Ice Shelf"
2205:978-1-138-84399-8
2182:978-0-230-29970-2
2103:978-0-955-89850-1
2040:978-3-7448-1279-5
1943:978-1-57409-312-4
1924:978-1-349-51611-7
1903:978-1-78831-351-3
1882:978-0-415-97024-2
1632:, pp. 54–55.
696:Ein Forscherleben
341:Expedition ship,
206:Franz von Lenbach
136:
135:
62:13 September 1877
16:(Redirected from
5646:
5087:Ronne Expedition
4572:
4566:
4430:Dumont d'Urville
4278:
4277:
4265:
4264:
3813:V. Pronchishchev
2520:
2519:
2507:
2506:
2492:
2485:
2478:
2469:
2468:
2443:
2427:
2411:
2395:
2372:
2370:
2368:
2352:
2333:
2331:
2329:
2309:
2307:
2298:(178): 348–349.
2282:
2258:
2229:
2227:
2225:
2209:
2186:
2165:
2144:
2123:
2117:
2107:
2086:
2084:
2082:
2067:
2044:
2019:
1982:
1972:
1947:
1928:
1907:
1886:
1859:
1838:
1836:
1834:
1829:. South-Pole.com
1822:
1793:
1787:
1781:
1775:
1769:
1763:
1757:
1751:
1745:
1739:
1733:
1727:
1721:
1715:
1704:
1698:
1692:
1686:
1680:
1670:
1664:
1658:
1649:
1639:
1633:
1627:
1621:
1615:
1609:
1603:
1597:
1591:
1582:
1576:
1570:
1564:
1555:
1549:
1538:
1532:
1526:
1520:
1514:
1508:
1499:
1493:
1487:
1481:
1475:
1469:
1463:
1457:
1451:
1445:
1439:
1433:
1427:
1421:
1412:
1406:
1397:
1391:
1385:
1375:
1369:
1363:
1357:
1351:
1345:
1339:
1333:
1327:
1321:
1315:
1309:
1299:
1293:
1283:
1277:
1267:
1261:
1251:
1245:
1235:
1229:
1219:
1213:
1203:
1197:
1191:
1185:
1179:
1173:
1167:
1161:
1155:
1149:
1139:
1133:
1127:
1121:
1115:
1109:
1095:
1089:
1083:
1077:
1071:
1065:
1059:
1053:
1047:
1041:
1035:
1026:
1012:
1006:
997:
991:
985:
979:
973:
967:
961:
955:
945:
939:
933:
927:
921:
912:
906:
900:
893:Lüdecke DFB 2008
886:
880:
870:
864:
858:
852:
843:
837:
831:
822:
812:
806:
800:
794:
785:
779:
776:Lüdecke DFB 2008
773:
750:
747:Riffenburgh 2007
744:
700:Erich Przybyllok
623:Second World War
535:Kumbum Monastery
523:Kumbum Monastery
214:Siegfried Wagner
174:Second World War
170:magnetic surveys
139:Wilhelm Filchner
79:
61:
59:
44:
34:Wilhelm Filchner
30:
29:
21:
5654:
5653:
5649:
5648:
5647:
5645:
5644:
5643:
5589:
5588:
5587:
5574:
5249:
5241:
5117:McMurdo Station
4986:Modern research
4984:
4972:
4707:O. Nordenskjöld
4570:
4564:
4559:
4475:Ross expedition
4299:
4272:
4251:
3680:
3672:
3213:Northern Canada
3211:
3203:
3056:
3048:
2554:
2546:
2514:
2501:
2496:
2451:
2446:
2366:
2364:
2349:
2327:
2325:
2279:
2247:10.2307/1785726
2223:
2221:
2206:
2183:
2162:
2141:
2115:
2104:
2080:
2078:
2064:
2041:
1944:
1925:
1904:
1883:
1832:
1830:
1802:
1797:
1796:
1788:
1784:
1776:
1772:
1764:
1760:
1754:Wegener history
1752:
1748:
1740:
1736:
1728:
1724:
1716:
1707:
1699:
1695:
1687:
1683:
1673:Cronenwett 1995
1671:
1667:
1659:
1652:
1640:
1636:
1628:
1624:
1616:
1612:
1604:
1600:
1592:
1585:
1577:
1573:
1565:
1558:
1550:
1541:
1533:
1529:
1521:
1517:
1511:Cronenwett 1995
1509:
1502:
1494:
1490:
1482:
1478:
1470:
1466:
1458:
1454:
1446:
1442:
1434:
1430:
1422:
1415:
1407:
1400:
1392:
1388:
1376:
1372:
1364:
1360:
1352:
1348:
1340:
1336:
1328:
1324:
1316:
1312:
1304:, p. 427;
1300:
1296:
1288:, p. 229;
1284:
1280:
1272:, p. 263;
1268:
1264:
1252:
1248:
1240:, p. 197;
1236:
1232:
1224:, p. 197;
1220:
1216:
1208:, p. 196;
1204:
1200:
1192:
1188:
1180:
1176:
1168:
1164:
1156:
1152:
1144:, p. 228;
1140:
1136:
1128:
1124:
1116:
1112:
1104:, p. 261;
1100:, p. 228;
1096:
1092:
1084:
1080:
1072:
1068:
1060:
1056:
1048:
1044:
1036:
1029:
1017:, p. 260;
1013:
1009:
1002:, p. 228;
998:
994:
986:
982:
974:
970:
962:
958:
950:, p. 257;
946:
942:
934:
930:
922:
915:
907:
903:
887:
883:
871:
867:
859:
855:
848:, p. 178;
844:
840:
832:
825:
813:
809:
801:
797:
790:, p. 178;
786:
782:
774:
753:
745:
738:
733:
728:
716:
688:
676:Queen Maud Land
652:
618:
556:
530:
490:First World War
486:
462:
445:reached a vast
394:
335:
330:
324:
285:
249:Pamir Mountains
236:
231:
226:
194:
166:First World War
150:Pamir Mountains
86:
81:
77:
68:
63:
57:
55:
47:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5652:
5642:
5641:
5636:
5631:
5626:
5621:
5616:
5611:
5606:
5601:
5584:
5583:
5580:
5579:
5576:
5575:
5573:
5572:
5567:
5562:
5557:
5556:
5555:
5550:
5538:
5537:
5536:
5534:Vostok Station
5524:
5519:
5514:
5509:
5504:
5499:
5494:
5489:
5488:
5487:
5485:Cherry-Garrard
5482:
5477:
5472:
5467:
5462:
5450:
5449:
5448:
5441:
5436:
5431:
5426:
5421:
5416:
5402:
5401:
5400:
5395:
5390:
5378:
5377:
5376:
5371:
5366:
5361:
5349:
5348:
5347:
5335:
5334:
5333:
5325:Southern Cross
5321:
5320:
5319:
5306:
5305:
5304:
5291:
5286:
5285:
5284:
5271:
5270:
5269:
5255:
5253:
5247:Farthest South
5243:
5242:
5240:
5239:
5234:
5227:
5226:
5225:
5220:
5208:
5201:
5200:
5199:
5198:
5197:
5185:
5184:
5183:
5171:
5170:
5169:
5162:
5157:
5138:
5137:
5136:
5131:
5119:
5114:
5107:
5106:
5105:
5100:
5095:
5083:
5082:
5081:
5069:
5062:
5057:
5050:
5049:
5048:
5036:
5035:
5034:
5022:
5021:
5020:
5008:
5001:
4996:
4990:
4988:
4974:
4973:
4971:
4970:
4969:
4968:
4954:
4953:
4952:
4944:Ross Sea party
4940:
4931:
4930:
4929:
4924:
4919:
4905:
4898:
4897:
4896:
4891:
4876:
4871:
4870:
4869:
4864:
4859:
4854:
4849:
4844:
4830:
4829:
4828:
4821:
4814:
4809:
4795:
4794:
4793:
4781:
4780:
4779:
4774:
4760:
4759:
4758:
4744:
4737:
4736:
4735:
4728:
4716:
4715:
4714:
4709:
4704:
4690:
4689:
4688:
4683:
4669:
4668:
4667:
4662:
4648:
4647:
4646:
4641:
4638:Southern Cross
4631:Southern Cross
4627:
4626:
4625:
4620:
4615:
4610:
4605:
4600:
4595:
4590:
4575:
4573:
4561:
4560:
4558:
4557:
4556:
4555:
4543:
4542:
4541:
4536:
4531:
4516:
4511:
4510:
4509:
4496:
4490:
4471:
4470:
4469:
4456:
4455:
4454:
4449:
4434:
4433:
4432:
4420:
4415:
4410:
4405:
4400:
4395:
4394:
4393:
4381:
4380:
4379:
4377:Bellingshausen
4367:
4360:
4355:
4354:
4353:
4340:
4339:
4338:
4325:
4320:
4315:
4309:
4307:
4301:
4300:
4298:
4297:
4292:
4287:
4274:
4273:
4261:
4260:
4257:
4256:
4253:
4252:
4250:
4249:
4248:
4247:
4236:
4224:
4219:
4212:
4205:
4204:
4203:
4191:
4190:
4189:
4177:
4176:
4175:
4163:
4162:
4161:
4149:
4144:
4139:
4138:
4137:
4125:
4124:
4123:
4109:
4108:
4107:
4085:
4080:
4075:
4074:
4073:
4068:
4063:
4058:
4044:
4043:
4042:
4037:
4025:
4020:
4019:
4018:
4013:
4008:
4003:
3989:
3988:
3987:
3973:
3972:
3971:
3966:
3961:
3943:
3942:
3941:
3936:
3921:
3920:
3919:
3914:
3902:
3897:
3892:
3887:
3882:
3877:
3872:
3867:
3862:
3857:
3852:
3847:
3842:
3837:
3836:
3835:
3830:
3825:
3820:
3815:
3810:
3805:
3800:
3795:
3790:
3778:
3773:
3768:
3763:
3758:
3753:
3748:
3743:
3736:
3731:
3726:
3719:
3714:
3709:
3704:
3699:
3694:
3686:
3684:
3682:Russian Arctic
3674:
3673:
3671:
3670:
3665:
3664:
3663:
3649:
3648:
3647:
3642:
3628:
3623:
3622:
3621:
3607:
3606:
3605:
3593:
3592:
3591:
3578:
3577:
3576:
3564:
3563:
3562:
3557:
3542:
3541:
3540:
3528:
3523:
3518:
3513:
3512:
3511:
3506:
3498:
3493:
3478:
3473:
3472:
3471:
3466:
3454:
3449:
3448:
3447:
3439:
3424:
3423:
3422:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3371:
3370:
3357:
3356:
3355:
3342:
3341:
3340:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3312:
3311:
3310:
3297:
3296:
3295:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3271:
3270:
3265:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3217:
3215:
3205:
3204:
3202:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3190:
3189:
3184:
3172:
3167:
3166:
3165:
3153:
3152:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3124:
3119:
3117:Snæbjörn galti
3114:
3109:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3080:
3073:
3068:
3062:
3060:
3050:
3049:
3047:
3046:
3045:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3019:
3012:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2984:
2974:
2973:
2972:
2967:
2953:
2946:
2939:
2938:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2910:
2903:
2902:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2879:
2878:
2877:
2863:
2854:
2853:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2807:
2806:
2801:
2786:
2781:
2780:
2779:
2767:
2766:
2765:
2753:
2752:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2718:
2717:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2694:
2693:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2674:
2669:
2654:
2653:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2625:
2624:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2560:
2558:
2552:Farthest North
2548:
2547:
2545:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2516:
2515:
2503:
2502:
2495:
2494:
2487:
2480:
2472:
2466:
2465:
2450:
2449:External links
2447:
2445:
2444:
2428:
2412:
2396:
2374:
2373:
2353:
2347:
2334:
2310:
2283:
2277:
2259:
2230:
2210:
2204:
2187:
2181:
2166:
2160:
2145:
2139:
2124:
2108:
2102:
2087:
2068:
2062:
2045:
2039:
2020:
2000:10.2307/200593
1994:(6): 423–430.
1983:
1963:(4): 415–417.
1948:
1942:
1929:
1923:
1908:
1902:
1887:
1881:
1860:
1839:
1823:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1795:
1794:
1782:
1770:
1758:
1746:
1734:
1722:
1720:, p. 274.
1705:
1693:
1691:, p. 211.
1681:
1665:
1650:
1634:
1622:
1620:, p. 183.
1610:
1608:, p. 328.
1598:
1596:, p. 201.
1583:
1581:, p. 200.
1571:
1556:
1539:
1527:
1525:, p. 359.
1515:
1500:
1488:
1476:
1464:
1452:
1450:, p. 206.
1440:
1438:, p. 430.
1428:
1426:, p. 205.
1413:
1411:, p. 264.
1398:
1386:
1370:
1368:, p. 429.
1358:
1346:
1334:
1322:
1320:, p. 198.
1310:
1294:
1278:
1262:
1246:
1230:
1214:
1198:
1186:
1184:, p. 229.
1174:
1172:, p. 194.
1162:
1160:, p. 423.
1150:
1134:
1122:
1110:
1090:
1078:
1066:
1064:, p. 454.
1054:
1052:, p. 260.
1042:
1040:, p. 228.
1027:
1021:, p. 94;
1007:
1004:South-pole.com
992:
980:
968:
956:
940:
928:
926:, p. 257.
913:
909:Middleton 2019
901:
891:, p. 52;
881:
875:, p. 52;
865:
861:South-pole.com
853:
850:South-pole.com
838:
836:, p. 178.
823:
817:, p. 52;
807:
795:
792:South-pole.com
780:
751:
749:, p. 394.
735:
734:
732:
729:
727:
724:
723:
722:
715:
712:
687:
684:
680:Berkner Island
672:Filchner Rocks
651:
648:
644:Feststellungen
617:
614:
555:
552:
529:
526:
485:
482:
461:
458:
393:
390:
381:Richard Vahsel
350:Albrecht Penck
334:
331:
326:Main article:
323:
320:
284:
281:
257:Fergana Valley
235:
232:
230:
227:
225:
222:
193:
190:
134:
133:
130:
126:
125:
122:
118:
117:
108:
104:
103:
100:
96:
95:
92:
88:
87:
82:
80:(aged 79)
74:
70:
69:
64:
53:
49:
48:
45:
37:
36:
33:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5651:
5640:
5637:
5635:
5632:
5630:
5627:
5625:
5622:
5620:
5617:
5615:
5612:
5610:
5607:
5605:
5602:
5600:
5597:
5596:
5594:
5571:
5568:
5566:
5563:
5561:
5558:
5554:
5551:
5549:
5546:
5545:
5544:
5543:
5539:
5535:
5532:
5531:
5530:
5529:
5525:
5523:
5520:
5518:
5515:
5513:
5510:
5508:
5505:
5503:
5500:
5498:
5495:
5493:
5490:
5486:
5483:
5481:
5478:
5476:
5473:
5471:
5468:
5466:
5463:
5461:
5458:
5457:
5456:
5455:
5451:
5447:
5446:
5442:
5440:
5437:
5435:
5432:
5430:
5427:
5425:
5422:
5420:
5417:
5415:
5414:
5410:
5409:
5408:
5407:
5403:
5399:
5396:
5394:
5391:
5389:
5386:
5385:
5384:
5383:
5379:
5375:
5372:
5370:
5367:
5365:
5362:
5360:
5357:
5356:
5355:
5354:
5350:
5346:
5343:
5342:
5341:
5340:
5336:
5332:
5329:
5328:
5327:
5326:
5322:
5318:
5315:
5314:
5313:
5312:
5307:
5303:
5300:
5299:
5298:
5297:
5292:
5290:
5287:
5283:
5280:
5279:
5278:
5277:
5272:
5268:
5265:
5264:
5263:
5262:
5257:
5256:
5254:
5252:
5248:
5244:
5238:
5235:
5233:
5232:
5228:
5224:
5221:
5219:
5216:
5215:
5214:
5213:
5209:
5207:
5206:
5202:
5196:
5193:
5192:
5191:
5190:
5186:
5182:
5179:
5178:
5177:
5176:
5172:
5168:
5167:
5163:
5161:
5158:
5156:
5153:
5152:
5151:
5150:
5146:
5145:
5144:
5143:
5139:
5135:
5132:
5130:
5127:
5126:
5125:
5124:
5120:
5118:
5115:
5113:
5112:
5108:
5104:
5101:
5099:
5096:
5094:
5091:
5090:
5089:
5088:
5084:
5080:
5077:
5076:
5075:
5074:
5070:
5068:
5067:
5063:
5061:
5058:
5056:
5055:
5051:
5047:
5044:
5043:
5042:
5041:
5037:
5033:
5030:
5029:
5028:
5027:
5023:
5019:
5016:
5015:
5014:
5013:
5009:
5007:
5006:
5002:
5000:
4997:
4995:
4992:
4991:
4989:
4987:
4983:
4979:
4975:
4967:
4966:
4962:
4961:
4960:
4959:
4955:
4951:
4948:
4947:
4946:
4945:
4941:
4939:
4938:
4937:
4932:
4928:
4925:
4923:
4920:
4918:
4917:
4913:
4912:
4911:
4910:
4906:
4904:
4903:
4899:
4895:
4892:
4890:
4889:
4884:
4883:
4882:
4881:
4877:
4875:
4872:
4868:
4865:
4863:
4860:
4858:
4855:
4853:
4850:
4848:
4845:
4843:
4842:
4838:
4837:
4836:
4835:
4831:
4827:
4826:
4822:
4820:
4819:
4815:
4813:
4810:
4808:
4807:
4803:
4802:
4801:
4800:
4796:
4792:
4789:
4788:
4787:
4786:
4782:
4778:
4775:
4773:
4772:
4768:
4767:
4766:
4765:
4761:
4757:
4756:
4752:
4751:
4750:
4749:
4745:
4743:
4742:
4738:
4734:
4733:
4729:
4727:
4724:
4723:
4722:
4721:
4717:
4713:
4710:
4708:
4705:
4703:
4702:
4698:
4697:
4696:
4695:
4691:
4687:
4684:
4682:
4681:
4677:
4676:
4675:
4674:
4670:
4666:
4665:Discovery Hut
4663:
4661:
4660:
4656:
4655:
4654:
4653:
4649:
4645:
4642:
4640:
4639:
4635:
4634:
4633:
4632:
4628:
4624:
4621:
4619:
4616:
4614:
4611:
4609:
4606:
4604:
4601:
4599:
4596:
4594:
4591:
4589:
4588:
4584:
4583:
4582:
4581:
4577:
4576:
4574:
4569:
4562:
4554:
4551:
4550:
4549:
4548:
4544:
4540:
4537:
4535:
4532:
4530:
4529:
4524:
4523:
4522:
4521:
4517:
4515:
4512:
4507:
4503:
4502:
4497:
4494:
4491:
4489:
4485:
4484:
4479:
4478:
4477:
4476:
4472:
4468:
4465:
4464:
4463:
4462:
4457:
4453:
4450:
4448:
4447:
4442:
4441:
4440:
4439:
4435:
4431:
4428:
4427:
4426:
4425:
4421:
4419:
4416:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4406:
4404:
4401:
4399:
4396:
4392:
4389:
4388:
4387:
4386:
4382:
4378:
4375:
4374:
4373:
4372:
4368:
4366:
4365:
4361:
4359:
4356:
4352:
4349:
4348:
4347:
4346:
4341:
4337:
4334:
4333:
4332:
4331:
4326:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4311:
4310:
4308:
4306:
4302:
4296:
4293:
4291:
4288:
4286:
4283:
4282:
4279:
4275:
4271:
4266:
4262:
4246:
4243:
4241:
4237:
4235:
4234:
4230:
4229:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4217:
4213:
4211:
4210:
4206:
4202:
4199:
4198:
4197:
4196:
4195:A. Sibiryakov
4192:
4188:
4185:
4184:
4183:
4182:
4178:
4174:
4171:
4170:
4169:
4168:
4167:Glavsevmorput
4164:
4160:
4157:
4156:
4155:
4154:
4150:
4148:
4145:
4143:
4140:
4136:
4133:
4132:
4131:
4130:
4126:
4122:
4119:
4118:
4117:
4116:
4115:
4110:
4106:
4103:
4102:
4101:
4100:
4099:
4093:
4092:
4091:
4086:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4076:
4072:
4069:
4067:
4064:
4062:
4059:
4057:
4056:
4052:
4051:
4050:
4049:
4045:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4033:
4032:
4031:
4030:
4026:
4024:
4021:
4017:
4014:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3998:
3997:
3996:
3995:
3990:
3986:
3983:
3982:
3981:
3980:
3979:
3974:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3959:
3954:
3953:
3952:
3951:
3949:
3944:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3932:
3931:
3930:
3929:
3927:
3922:
3918:
3915:
3913:
3910:
3909:
3908:
3907:
3903:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3878:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3868:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3853:
3851:
3848:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3838:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3786:
3785:
3784:
3783:
3779:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3741:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3724:
3720:
3718:
3715:
3713:
3710:
3708:
3705:
3703:
3700:
3698:
3695:
3693:
3692:
3688:
3687:
3685:
3683:
3679:
3675:
3669:
3666:
3662:
3659:
3658:
3657:
3656:
3655:
3650:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3637:
3636:
3635:
3634:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3620:
3617:
3616:
3615:
3614:
3613:
3608:
3604:
3601:
3600:
3599:
3598:
3594:
3590:
3587:
3586:
3585:
3584:
3579:
3575:
3572:
3571:
3570:
3569:
3565:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3555:
3550:
3549:
3548:
3547:
3543:
3539:
3536:
3535:
3534:
3533:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3504:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3491:
3486:
3485:
3484:
3483:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3470:
3469:J. Richardson
3467:
3465:
3462:
3461:
3460:
3459:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3446:
3445:
3440:
3438:
3437:
3432:
3431:
3430:
3429:
3425:
3421:
3418:
3417:
3416:
3415:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3387:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3369:
3366:
3365:
3364:
3363:
3358:
3354:
3351:
3350:
3349:
3348:
3343:
3339:
3336:
3335:
3334:
3333:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3309:
3306:
3305:
3304:
3303:
3298:
3294:
3291:
3290:
3289:
3288:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3260:
3259:
3258:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3231:M. Corte-Real
3229:
3227:
3226:G. Corte-Real
3224:
3222:
3219:
3218:
3216:
3214:
3210:
3206:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3179:
3178:
3177:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3164:
3161:
3160:
3159:
3158:
3154:
3150:
3149:C. Richardson
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3131:
3130:
3129:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3107:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3085:
3081:
3079:
3078:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3063:
3061:
3059:
3055:
3051:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3031:
3027:
3026:
3025:
3024:
3020:
3018:
3017:
3013:
3011:
3010:
3009:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2990:
2985:
2983:
2982:
2981:
2975:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2962:
2961:
2960:
2959:
2958:Georgiy Sedov
2954:
2952:
2951:
2947:
2945:
2944:
2940:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2917:
2916:
2915:
2911:
2909:
2908:
2904:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2886:
2885:
2884:
2880:
2876:
2873:
2872:
2871:
2870:
2869:
2864:
2862:
2861:
2860:
2855:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2845:Riiser-Larsen
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2827:
2826:
2825:
2824:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2796:
2795:
2794:
2793:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2778:
2775:
2774:
2773:
2772:
2768:
2764:
2761:
2760:
2759:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2734:
2730:
2729:
2728:
2727:
2725:
2719:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2701:
2700:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2680:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2667:
2662:
2661:
2660:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2640:
2636:
2635:
2634:
2633:
2631:
2626:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2598:
2597:
2596:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2561:
2559:
2557:
2553:
2549:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2524:
2521:
2517:
2513:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2493:
2488:
2486:
2481:
2479:
2474:
2473:
2470:
2464:
2460:
2456:
2453:
2452:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2380:
2379:
2378:
2363:on 2004-05-14
2362:
2358:
2354:
2350:
2344:
2340:
2335:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2284:
2280:
2274:
2270:
2269:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2231:
2220:
2216:
2211:
2207:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2188:
2184:
2178:
2174:
2173:
2167:
2163:
2161:0-8032-3205-5
2157:
2153:
2152:
2146:
2142:
2140:1-57607-422-6
2136:
2132:
2131:
2125:
2121:
2114:
2109:
2105:
2099:
2095:
2094:
2088:
2076:
2075:
2069:
2065:
2063:0-521-25274-1
2059:
2055:
2051:
2046:
2042:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2027:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1949:
1945:
1939:
1935:
1930:
1926:
1920:
1916:
1915:
1909:
1905:
1899:
1895:
1894:
1888:
1884:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1840:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1811:
1805:
1804:
1791:
1786:
1779:
1774:
1767:
1762:
1755:
1750:
1743:
1738:
1732:, p. 40.
1731:
1726:
1719:
1714:
1712:
1710:
1702:
1697:
1690:
1685:
1679:, p. 228
1678:
1674:
1669:
1663:, p. 55.
1662:
1657:
1655:
1647:
1643:
1638:
1631:
1626:
1619:
1614:
1607:
1602:
1595:
1590:
1588:
1580:
1575:
1569:, p. 54.
1568:
1563:
1561:
1553:
1548:
1546:
1544:
1536:
1531:
1524:
1519:
1512:
1507:
1505:
1497:
1492:
1485:
1480:
1473:
1472:Boghardt 2004
1468:
1461:
1456:
1449:
1444:
1437:
1432:
1425:
1420:
1418:
1410:
1405:
1403:
1395:
1390:
1384:, p. 264
1383:
1379:
1374:
1367:
1362:
1355:
1350:
1343:
1338:
1331:
1326:
1319:
1314:
1308:, p. 198
1307:
1303:
1298:
1292:, p. 427
1291:
1287:
1282:
1276:, p. 229
1275:
1271:
1266:
1260:, p. 427
1259:
1255:
1250:
1244:, p. 427
1243:
1239:
1234:
1227:
1223:
1218:
1212:, p. 100
1211:
1207:
1202:
1195:
1190:
1183:
1178:
1171:
1166:
1159:
1154:
1147:
1143:
1138:
1132:, p. 97.
1131:
1126:
1120:, p. 69.
1119:
1118:Headland 1984
1114:
1107:
1106:Headland 1984
1103:
1099:
1094:
1087:
1082:
1076:, p. 95.
1075:
1070:
1063:
1058:
1051:
1046:
1039:
1034:
1032:
1025:, p. 454
1024:
1020:
1016:
1011:
1005:
1001:
996:
989:
984:
978:, p. 57.
977:
972:
965:
960:
953:
949:
944:
938:, p. 53.
937:
932:
925:
920:
918:
911:, p. 41.
910:
905:
899:, p. 178
898:
894:
890:
885:
879:, p. 178
878:
874:
869:
862:
857:
851:
847:
842:
835:
830:
828:
821:, p. 178
820:
816:
811:
805:, p. 52.
804:
799:
793:
789:
784:
777:
772:
770:
768:
766:
764:
762:
760:
758:
756:
748:
743:
741:
736:
721:
718:
717:
711:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
683:
681:
677:
673:
669:
664:
662:
658:
647:
645:
641:
637:
633:
629:
624:
613:
611:
607:
603:
599:
595:
591:
587:
582:
578:
574:
569:
566:
561:
551:
549:
545:
541:
536:
521:
517:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
491:
481:
477:
474:
466:
457:
455:
450:
448:
444:
440:
436:
431:
429:
425:
424:South Georgia
421:
417:
413:
409:
403:
398:
389:
386:
382:
378:
377:
372:
371:
365:
363:
359:
355:
351:
344:
339:
329:
319:
317:
312:
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
280:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
240:
221:
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
189:
187:
183:
179:
175:
171:
167:
162:
159:
155:
151:
146:
144:
140:
131:
127:
123:
121:Occupation(s)
119:
116:
112:
109:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
75:
71:
67:
54:
50:
43:
38:
31:
19:
5540:
5528:Pole of Cold
5526:
5452:
5443:
5411:
5404:
5380:
5351:
5337:
5331:Borchgrevink
5323:
5310:
5295:
5275:
5260:
5229:
5210:
5203:
5187:
5173:
5164:
5147:
5140:
5121:
5109:
5085:
5071:
5064:
5052:
5038:
5024:
5010:
5003:
4964:
4956:
4942:
4935:
4933:
4915:
4907:
4900:
4887:
4878:
4873:
4840:
4832:
4823:
4816:
4804:
4797:
4783:
4771:Pourquoi-Pas
4770:
4762:
4754:
4746:
4741:Orcadas Base
4739:
4731:
4718:
4712:C. A. Larsen
4700:
4692:
4678:
4671:
4658:
4650:
4644:Borchgrevink
4637:
4629:
4586:
4578:
4553:C. A. Larsen
4546:
4527:
4518:
4500:
4482:
4473:
4460:
4445:
4436:
4423:
4384:
4370:
4363:
4344:
4329:
4239:
4232:
4215:
4208:
4194:
4179:
4165:
4152:
4127:
4113:
4111:
4097:
4095:
4089:
4087:
4053:
4046:
4027:
3993:
3991:
3977:
3975:
3957:
3947:
3945:
3925:
3923:
3904:
3780:
3738:
3721:
3689:
3653:
3651:
3631:
3630:
3610:
3609:
3595:
3582:
3567:
3553:
3544:
3531:
3502:
3490:Investigator
3489:
3480:
3456:
3443:
3435:
3426:
3413:
3384:
3361:
3346:
3331:
3301:
3286:
3256:
3175:
3155:
3126:
3122:Erik the Red
3104:
3082:
3075:
3032:submersibles
3029:
3023:Arktika 2007
3021:
3014:
3007:
3004:
2988:
2979:
2976:
2957:
2955:
2948:
2941:
2912:
2905:
2881:
2867:
2866:
2858:
2856:
2822:
2820:
2791:
2788:
2777:S. A. Andrée
2769:
2756:
2731:
2723:
2720:
2696:
2678:
2665:
2656:
2638:
2629:
2627:
2593:
2431:
2415:
2399:
2383:
2376:
2375:
2365:. Retrieved
2361:the original
2338:
2326:. Retrieved
2322:
2318:
2295:
2292:Polar Record
2291:
2267:
2238:
2234:
2222:. Retrieved
2218:
2195:
2171:
2150:
2129:
2092:
2079:. Retrieved
2073:
2053:
2025:
1991:
1987:
1960:
1956:
1933:
1913:
1892:
1872:
1868:
1847:
1843:
1831:. Retrieved
1809:
1785:
1773:
1761:
1749:
1737:
1725:
1718:Alberts 1981
1696:
1684:
1668:
1646:Neuhaus 2012
1637:
1625:
1613:
1601:
1574:
1530:
1518:
1491:
1479:
1467:
1455:
1443:
1431:
1389:
1373:
1361:
1349:
1337:
1325:
1313:
1297:
1281:
1265:
1249:
1233:
1217:
1201:
1189:
1177:
1165:
1153:
1148:, p. 97
1137:
1125:
1113:
1108:, p. 69
1093:
1081:
1069:
1057:
1045:
1010:
995:
983:
971:
959:
954:, p. 53
943:
931:
904:
884:
868:
856:
841:
810:
798:
783:
707:
703:
695:
691:
689:
686:Publications
665:
656:
653:
643:
619:
609:
605:
598:Adolf Hitler
570:
557:
547:
531:
513:
501:
497:
487:
478:
472:
471:
451:
442:
434:
432:
427:
420:Buenos Aires
410:sailed from
407:
406:
401:
384:
374:
368:
366:
347:
342:
316:Albert Tafel
313:
286:
276:
245:
195:
163:
147:
138:
137:
78:(1957-05-07)
5604:1957 deaths
5599:1877 births
5231:Lake Vostok
5181:Tryoshnikov
5103:Schlossbach
4994:Christensen
4936:James Caird
4857:E. R. Evans
4623:Dobrowolski
4593:de Gerlache
4295:Expeditions
4181:Aviaarktika
4135:Samoylovich
4006:Kolomeitsev
3900:Middendorff
3860:Gedenshtrom
3280:I. Fyodorov
3042:Chilingarov
2930:E. Fyodorov
2537:Expeditions
2031:Norderstedt
1833:9 September
1689:Turney 2012
1618:Murphy 2002
1606:Baumer 2018
1448:Turney 2012
1424:Turney 2012
1378:Turney 2012
1354:Murphy 2002
1342:Turney 2012
1318:Turney 2012
1306:Turney 2012
1254:Turney 2012
1238:Turney 2012
1226:Murphy 2002
1222:Turney 2012
1210:Murphy 2002
1206:Turney 2012
1170:Turney 2012
1146:Murphy 2002
1130:Murphy 2002
1086:Turney 2012
1074:Murphy 2002
1019:Murphy 2002
988:Turney 2012
964:Turney 2012
897:Turney 2012
877:Turney 2012
846:Turney 2012
834:Turney 2012
819:Turney 2012
788:Turney 2012
657:Deutschland
488:During the
473:Deutschland
447:ice barrier
443:Deutschland
435:Deutschland
428:Deutschland
412:Bremerhaven
408:Deutschland
402:Deutschland
385:Deutschland
376:Deutschland
343:Deutschland
210:Franz Stuck
158:Weddell Sea
145:, 1911–13.
99:Citizenship
91:Nationality
5593:Categories
5454:Terra Nova
5359:Shackleton
5302:J. C. Ross
5261:Resolution
5251:South Pole
5026:New Swabia
4950:Mackintosh
4922:Shackleton
4841:Terra Nova
4834:Terra Nova
4568:Heroic Age
4528:Challenger
4488:J. C. Ross
4398:Bransfield
4330:Resolution
4245:icebreaker
4209:Chelyuskin
3950:expedition
3928:Expedition
3870:Matyushkin
3828:Kh. Laptev
3823:Chelyuskin
3717:Heemskerck
3707:Chancellor
3702:Willoughby
3697:Koch boats
3640:Stefansson
3574:McClintock
3538:Inglefield
3380:J. C. Ross
3287:Resolution
3139:Cunningham
3037:Sagalevich
2726:expedition
2685:Stephenson
2645:C. F. Hall
2632:expedition
2606:J. C. Ross
2569:Heemskerck
2556:North Pole
2440:1067264629
2367:13 October
2328:14 October
1677:Mills 2003
1496:Stone 1995
1460:Mills 2003
1409:Bryan 2011
1382:Bryan 2011
1286:Mills 2003
1274:Mills 2003
1270:Bryan 2011
1182:Mills 2003
1142:Mills 2003
1102:Bryan 2011
1098:Mills 2003
1050:Bryan 2011
1038:Mills 2003
1015:Bryan 2011
1000:Mills 2003
948:Bryan 2011
924:Bryan 2011
726:References
650:Assessment
636:ETH Zürich
577:Taklamakan
508:monk from
454:Vahsel Bay
392:Expedition
297:Sven Hedin
289:geophysics
265:Tajikistan
192:Early life
154:geophysics
76:7 May 1957
58:1877-09-13
5553:Tolstikov
5339:Discovery
5309:HMS
5294:HMS
5276:Adventure
5274:HMS
5259:HMS
5195:Tolstikov
4916:Endurance
4701:Antarctic
4686:Drygalski
4659:Discovery
4652:Discovery
4613:Arctowski
4526:HMS
4499:HMS
4493:Abernethy
4481:HMS
4459:USS
4446:Vincennes
4444:USS
4424:Astrolabe
4364:San Telmo
4345:Adventure
4343:HMS
4328:HMS
4323:Kerguelen
4285:Continent
4270:Antarctic
4147:Urvantsev
4105:Vilkitsky
3958:Jeannette
3956:USS
3948:Jeannette
3912:Weyprecht
3890:Pakhtusov
3840:Chichagov
3833:D. Laptev
3776:Permyakov
3751:Stadukhin
3746:Perfilyev
3723:Mangazeya
3661:H. Larsen
3626:Rasmussen
3581:HMS
3552:USS
3501:HMS
3488:HMS
3452:Collinson
3442:HMS
3434:HMS
3412:HMS
3360:HMS
3345:HMS
3330:HMS
3315:Mackenzie
3302:Discovery
3300:HMS
3285:HMS
3257:Discovery
3236:Frobisher
3199:Rasmussen
3112:Gunnbjörn
3058:Greenland
2987:USS
2978:USS
2850:Ellsworth
2792:Roosevelt
2722:Nansen's
2679:Discovery
2677:HMS
2664:HMS
2611:Abernethy
2579:Marmaduke
2392:216902051
2224:4 October
2081:4 October
1979:251152682
1819:497666264
1730:Rack 2018
1062:Barr 2007
1023:Barr 2007
731:Citations
606:Bismillah
590:Karakoram
586:Ma Hushan
303:from the
129:Parent(s)
107:Education
5565:A. Fuchs
5522:V. Fuchs
5502:McKinley
5465:E. Evans
5424:Bjaaland
5419:Amundsen
5369:Marshall
5282:Furneaux
5134:V. Fuchs
5098:E. Ronne
5093:F. Ronne
5032:Ritscher
4886:SY
4874:Filchner
4818:Framheim
4812:Amundsen
4618:Racoviță
4603:Amundsen
4598:Lecointe
4467:Ringgold
4461:Porpoise
4351:Furneaux
4187:Shevelev
4142:Begichev
4121:Amundsen
4083:Nagórski
4061:Brusilov
4055:Sv. Anna
3969:Melville
3939:Palander
3895:Tsivolko
3855:Sannikov
3850:Billings
3793:Chirikov
3712:Barentsz
3654:St. Roch
3645:Bartlett
3619:Amundsen
3603:Sverdrup
3503:Resolute
3392:Franklin
3320:Kotzebue
3187:Sverdrup
3170:Scoresby
3144:Lindenov
2995:Plaisted
2980:Nautilus
2925:Shirshov
2899:Belyakov
2894:Baydukov
2868:Nautilus
2830:Amundsen
2790:SS
2749:Sverdrup
2744:Johansen
2714:Brainard
2709:Lockwood
2564:Barentsz
2424:73360240
2377:WorldCat
2265:(2007).
714:See also
612:(1939).
594:Srinigar
544:Dehradun
416:Atlantic
309:Hwang Ho
273:Sinkiang
202:Bayreuth
18:Filchner
5570:Messner
5517:Hillary
5497:Balchen
5445:Polheim
5439:Wisting
5317:Crozier
5289:Weddell
5267:J. Cook
5237:Kapitsa
5218:Fiennes
5160:Klenova
5129:Hillary
5079:Ketchum
5005:BANZARE
4980:·
4825:Polheim
4791:Shirase
4777:Charcot
4587:Belgica
4506:Crozier
4418:Morrell
4413:Weddell
4391:Lazarev
4336:J. Cook
4290:History
4240:Arktika
4216:Krassin
4201:Voronin
4173:Schmidt
4159:Ushakov
4098:Vaygach
4066:Albanov
4035:Rusanov
4016:Kolchak
4011:Matisen
3985:Makarov
3964:De Long
3865:Wrangel
3845:Lyakhov
3798:Malygin
3756:Dezhnev
3583:Pandora
3554:Advance
3521:Kennedy
3516:Belcher
3509:Kellett
3496:McClure
3420:Beechey
3414:Blossom
3407:Simpson
3375:Crozier
3368:Hoppner
3325:J. Ross
3293:J. Cook
3241:Gilbert
3134:J. Hall
3100:Ingólfr
3090:Naddodd
3084:Vikings
3071:Brendan
3066:Pytheas
3054:Iceland
3008:Arktika
3000:Herbert
2965:Badygin
2935:Krenkel
2920:Papanin
2889:Chkalov
2875:Wilkins
2840:Wisting
2784:F. Cook
2690:Markham
2650:Bessels
2639:Polaris
2630:Polaris
2601:J. Ross
2584:Carolus
2532:History
2461:of the
2457:in the
2408:8693414
2255:1785726
2120:Bishkek
2016:4033913
1800:Sources
560:Lanzhou
354:Weddell
269:Kashgar
261:Murghab
255:in the
102:Germany
5480:Bowers
5475:Wilson
5434:Hassel
5429:Helmer
5398:Mackay
5388:Mawson
5353:Nimrod
5311:Terror
5296:Erebus
5223:Burton
5018:Rymill
4894:Mawson
4888:Aurora
4867:Lashly
4852:Wilson
4755:Nimrod
4732:Scotia
4539:Murray
4514:Cooper
4501:Terror
4483:Erebus
4452:Wilkes
4403:Palmer
4371:Vostok
4318:Bouvet
4242:-class
4222:Gakkel
4090:Taymyr
4071:Konrad
4040:Kuchin
3978:Yermak
3885:Lavrov
3803:Ovtsyn
3788:Bering
3766:Ivanov
3729:Hudson
3691:Pomors
3668:Cowper
3633:Karluk
3532:Isabel
3526:Bellot
3476:Austin
3444:Terror
3436:Erebus
3332:Griper
3308:Clerke
3268:Baffin
3251:Hudson
3182:Nansen
3095:Garðar
3016:Barneo
2883:ANT-25
2859:Italia
2835:Nobile
2804:Henson
2763:Amedeo
2739:Nansen
2704:Greely
2574:Hudson
2512:Arctic
2438:
2422:
2406:
2390:
2345:
2275:
2253:
2202:
2179:
2158:
2137:
2100:
2060:
2037:
2014:
2008:200593
2006:
1977:
1940:
1921:
1900:
1879:
1817:
640:Munich
632:Zürich
506:Buryat
494:Bergen
299:, and
212:, and
198:Munich
178:Zürich
94:German
84:Zürich
66:Munich
5560:Crary
5507:Dufek
5470:Oates
5460:Scott
5393:David
5374:Adams
5345:Barne
5166:Mirny
5155:Somov
4965:Quest
4862:Crean
4847:Scott
4726:Bruce
4680:Gauss
4673:Gauss
4547:Jason
4534:Nares
4408:Davis
4385:Mirny
4358:Smith
4313:Roché
4233:Lenin
4153:Sadko
4078:Wiese
4023:Sedov
3994:Zarya
3917:Payer
3880:Litke
3875:Anjou
3808:Minin
3771:Vagin
3761:Popov
3734:Poole
3589:Young
3402:Dease
3347:Hecla
3338:Parry
3263:Bylot
3246:Davis
3221:Cabot
3194:Peary
3176:Jason
3163:Egede
3077:Papar
2989:Skate
2970:Wiese
2950:NP-37
2943:NP-36
2823:Norge
2811:Sedov
2799:Peary
2757:Jason
2672:Nares
2666:Alert
2621:Hayes
2589:Parry
2527:Ocean
2251:JSTOR
2116:(PDF)
2012:S2CID
2004:JSTOR
1975:S2CID
628:Poona
581:Hotan
460:Drift
370:Bjorn
5492:Byrd
5413:Fram
5364:Wild
5046:Marr
5012:BGLE
4999:Byrd
4927:Wild
4806:Fram
4608:Cook
4129:AARI
4114:Maud
4001:Toll
3926:Vega
3612:Gjøa
3597:Fram
3560:Kane
3397:Back
3362:Fury
3353:Lyon
3275:Munk
2914:NP-1
2816:Byrd
2733:Fram
2724:Fram
2616:Kane
2436:OCLC
2420:OCLC
2404:OCLC
2388:OCLC
2369:2019
2343:ISBN
2330:2019
2273:ISBN
2226:2019
2200:ISBN
2177:ISBN
2156:ISBN
2135:ISBN
2098:ISBN
2083:2019
2058:ISBN
2035:ISBN
1938:ISBN
1919:ISBN
1898:ISBN
1877:ISBN
1835:2019
1815:OCLC
575:and
573:Gobi
510:Urga
358:Ross
356:and
73:Died
52:Born
5189:3rd
5175:2nd
5149:1st
4982:IGY
4978:IPY
3568:Fox
3464:Rae
3030:Mir
3006:NS
2463:ZBW
2300:doi
2243:doi
1996:doi
1965:doi
1852:doi
540:Leh
271:in
263:in
259:to
253:Osh
200:or
5595::
4094:/
2434:.
2418:.
2402:.
2386:.
2321:.
2317:.
2296:31
2294:.
2290:.
2249:.
2239:83
2237:.
2217:.
2118:.
2052:.
2010:.
2002:.
1992:45
1990:.
1973:.
1961:27
1959:.
1955:.
1871:.
1848:14
1846:.
1708:^
1653:^
1586:^
1559:^
1542:^
1503:^
1416:^
1401:^
1030:^
916:^
895:;
826:^
754:^
739:^
702:,
220:.
208:,
113:,
4571:"
4565:"
4508:)
4504:(
4495:)
4486:(
2491:e
2484:t
2477:v
2442:.
2426:.
2410:.
2394:.
2371:.
2351:.
2332:.
2323:1
2308:.
2302::
2281:.
2257:.
2245::
2228:.
2208:.
2185:.
2164:.
2143:.
2106:.
2085:.
2066:.
2043:.
2018:.
1998::
1981:.
1967::
1946:.
1927:.
1906:.
1885:.
1858:.
1854::
1837:.
1821:.
1792:.
1780:.
1768:.
1756:.
1744:.
1537:.
1486:.
863:.
778:.
60:)
56:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
