Fergana Valley - Knowledge

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V-shaped leg arrangement echoing Greek symbols of speed and victory. Detailed anatomical features, such as visible ribs and dynamic muscle contractions, showcase a profound understanding of equine biomechanics. The lifelike depiction extends to aerodynamic adaptations like flat ears, a streamlined mane, and a fanned tail, enhancing balance and stability at high speeds. Decorative swirls symbolize the horse's power and celestial nature, reflecting the cultural reverence for horses and the era's craftsmanship. Integrating elements of movement and triumph, this sculpture connects deeply to ancient narratives of success and achievement, offering insights into the historical and artistic context of its time.

1742: 1860: 2793: 1341: 611: 265: 2016: 3791: 1460: 922: 1623: 1189: 2275:(London, 2003). There were few Kipchak-Uzbeks in Fergana, although they had at various times held political power in the region. In 1924, however, Soviet policy decreed that all settled Turks in Central Asia would thenceforth be known as "Uzbeks," (although the language chosen for the new Republic was not Kipchak but Qarluq) and the Fergana Valley is now seen as an Uzbek heartland. 3325:"... Like his father, Olōğ Beg was entirely integrated into the Persian Islamic cultural circles, and during his reign Persian predominated as the language of high culture, a status that it retained in the region of Samarqand until the Russian revolution 1917 Ḥoseyn Bāyqarā encouraged the development of Persian literature and literary talent in every way possible ..." 1152:: "The Son of Heaven on hearing all this reasoned thus: Fergana (Dayuan) and the possessions of Bactria and Parthia are large countries, full of rare things, with a population living in fixed abodes and given to occupations somewhat identical with those of the Chinese people, but with weak armies, and placing great value on the rich produce of China" ( 809:) in less shielded areas. In March the temperature reaches 20 °C (68 °F), and then rapidly rises to 35 °C (95 °F) in June, July and August. During the five months following April precipitation is rare, but increases in frequency starting in October. Snow and frost, down to −20 °C (−4 °F), occurs in December and January. 3316: 155: 295:, the valley is ethnically diverse and relations among the countries are tense. Ethnic enclaves of Uzbeks in Kyrgyz sovereign territory, restricted right of movement, lack of agreement about border demarcation and disputes over access to family members and places of economic activity contribute to tension at the borders. 2168:

Eleventh Edition (1911) gives the full information from the 1897 census, the only one held in the Russian Empire before 1917, and helps illuminate a situation rendered obscure by the vagaries of Soviet Nationalities policy in the 1920s and 1930s. The population numbered 1,571,243 in 1897, and of that

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The Hellenistic settlements, such as Alexandria Eschate, serve as vibrant examples of cultural and artistic exchanges that occurred following Alexander the Great's conquests. Among the artifacts that highlight this fusion is the Ferghana horse sculpture from the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom, dating back to

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are all known to exist, but only the last two have ever been extracted in significant quantities. In the late 19th century there were a few small oil-wells in Fergana, but these no longer function. In the Tsarist period the only industrial enterprises were some seventy or eighty factories engaged in

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With the breakup of the Soviet Union in 1991 and the establishment of independent republics, borders have been strongly enforced, though the impact of the new international borders was minor until 1998–2000. Uzbekistan regularly closes its borders with Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan, strangling trade and

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David J. Roxburgh. The Persian Album, 1400-1600: From Dispersal to Collection. Yale University Press, 2005. pg 130: "Persian literature, especially poetry, occupied a central in the process of assimilation of Timurid elite to the Perso-Islamicate courtly culture, and so it is not surprising to find

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The most complicated border negotiations in the Central Asia region involve the Fergana Valley where multiple enclaves struggle to exist. Three countries share in the tangled border region; Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan all have historic and economic claims to the region's transport routes

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were imported and in part re-exported to Kashgaria and Bokhara. The total trade of Fergana reached an annual value of nearly £3.5 million in 1911. Nowadays it suffers from the same depression that affects all trade that either originates in or has to pass through Uzbekistan. The only significant

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The Ferghana horse sculpture, a ceremonial gilt bronze finial from the 4th-1st century BCE, exemplifies the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom's artistic synthesis of Greek and Scythian influences. Capturing a horse in the suspension phase of a gallop, the sculpture symbolizes peak speed and power, with its

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The economy centers around extensive cotton cultivation, a practice initiated by the Soviets, complemented by a diverse array of grains, fruits, and vegetables. Additionally, the region has a rich heritage in stock breeding, leatherwork, and a progressively expanding mining industry, including

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in the south. The valley is approximately 300 kilometres (190 mi) long and up to 70 kilometres (43 mi) wide, forming an area covering 22,000 square kilometres (8,500 sq mi). Its position makes it a separate geographic zone. The valley owes its fertility to two rivers, the

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was apparently burnt to the ground by the Yuezhi around 145 BC. Pushed by these twin forces, the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom reoriented itself around lands in what is now Afghanistan, while the new invaders were partially assimilated into the Hellenistic culture left in Fergana Valley.

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in which hundreds of protestors were killed by troops. There was violence again in 2010 in the Kyrgyz part of the valley, heated by ethnic tensions, worsening economic conditions due to the global economic crisis, and political conflict over the ouster of Kyrgyz President

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in 751, which resulted in a victory for the Abbasids and the disengagement of China from Central Asia. Two antecedent battles in 715 and 717 had seen the Chinese prevail over Arab forces. A series of Arab, Persian, and later Turkic Muslim rulers reigned over the Fergana.

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in what is now northern Afghanistan, and southern Tajikistan and Uzbekistan. The Kushan conquered most of what is now northern India and Pakistan, driving east through Fergana. Kushan power also consolidated long-distance trade, linking Central Asia to both

647:. The streams, and their numerous mountain effluents, not only supply water for irrigation, but also bring down vast quantities of sand, which is deposited alongside their courses, more especially alongside the Syr Darya where it cuts its way through the 1771:

was made a part of it. This blocked the valley's natural outlet and the routes to Samarkand and Bukhara, but none of these borders was of any great significance so long as Soviet rule lasted. The whole region was part of a single economy geared to

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invaded Kushan territory from the southwest. Fergana remained under shifting local and Transoxian rulers thereafter. For periods in the 4th and 5th centuries, the Sassanid Empire directly controlled Transoxiana and Fergana, led by the conquests of

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to the north and east. It was forcibly settled by exiled Greeks from the Anatolian coast, who had rebelled or otherwise given Persia trouble. Eventually, it had a significant Greek community. The capital of the region was known to the Greeks as

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in 715 deposed the ruler, and installed a new king Alutar on the throne. The Chinese sent 10,000 troops under Zhang Xiaosong to Ferghana. He defeated Alutar and the Arab occupation force at Namangan and reinstalled Ikhshid on the throne.

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is kept open in a limited way to help irrigation, however inter-ethnic disputes in border regions often turn into national border disputes. Even during the summer there are border conflicts over water, as there is not enough to share.

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times, out of some 1,200,000 ha (3,000,000 acres) of cultivated land, about two thirds were under constant irrigation and the remaining third under partial irrigation. The soil was considered by the authors of the article in the

1819:'s secularization legislation in Uzbekistan, together with his decision to close the borders with Kyrgyzstan in 2003. This devastated the local economy by preventing the importation of cheap Chinese consumer goods. The deposition of 1161:

Agricultural activities of the Dayuan reported by Zhang Qian included cultivation of grain and grapes for wine-making. The area of Fergana was thus the theater of the first major interaction between an urbanized culture speaking

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The one significant element that is missing when looking at modern accounts of the region are the Sarts. This term Sart was abolished by the Soviets as derogatory, but in fact there was a clear distinction between long-settled,

1907:, vegetables and fruit. Gardening was conducted with a high degree of skill and success. Large numbers of horses, cattle and sheep were kept, and a good many camels are bred. Over 6,900 ha (17,000 acres) were planted with 1947:

cotton cleaning. Leather, saddlery, paper and cutlery were the principal products of the domestic or cottage industries. This was not greatly added to in Soviet times, when industrialisation was concentrated in the cities of

2709:. By establishing political units on a mono-ethnic basis in a region where various peoples have historically lived side by side, the Soviet process of national delimitation sowed the seeds of today's inter-ethnic tensions. 3765:

Beisembiev T. "Annotated indices to the Kokand Chronicles". Tokyo: Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa, Tokyo University of Foreign Studies. Studia Culturae Islamica. № 91, 2008, 889 pp.,

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The Fergana valley was ruled by a series of Muslim states in the medieval period. For much of this period local and southwestern rulers divided the valley into a series of small states. From the 16th century, the

1582:. Islamic proselytizers from the Fergana Valley such as al-Firghani الفرغاني, al-Andijani الأندجاني, al-Namangani النمنگاني, al-Khojandi الخوجندي spread Islam into parts of present-day Russia, China, and India. 1539:

population, so that at the time of Timur's reign the Barlas had become thoroughly Turkicized in terms of language and habits. Additionally, by adopting Islam, the Central Asian Turks and Mongols also adopted the

3088:"The province of Sogdia was to Asia what Macedonia was to Greece: a buffer between a brittle civilization and the restless barbarians beyond, whether the Scyths of Alexander's day and later or the 1796:, unable to take the more direct route through Uzbekistan, have to cross a high mountain pass between the two cities instead, along a terrible road. Communications between the Kyrgyzstan cities of 2685:

Notes: 1). The bulk of the population of every region lies in the valley, despite the land area. 2). Population references for 2014 by respective national agencies. (Kyrghyz)(Uzbek),(Tajik 2013)

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which had dominated Central Asia since the early days of Islamic influence. Persian literature was instrumental in the assimilation of the Timurid elite to the Perso-Islamic courtly culture.

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who came dominated the Ferghana Valley until their defeat by Tang in 750. At the same time, the Abbasids defeated the Umayyads and sent their forces to Central Asia. This was leading to the

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Until the late 19th century, Fergana, like everywhere else in Central Asia, was dependent on the camel, horse and donkey for transport, while roads were few and bad. The Russians built a

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conquered the valley at the end of the 19th century, and it became part of the Soviet Union in the 1920s. Its three Soviet republics gained independence in 1991. The area largely remains

2153: 3663: 1848:, and 2000 more were injured. Between 100,000 and 300,000 refugees, predominantly of Uzbek ethnic origin, attempted to flee to Uzbekistan, causing a major humanitarian crisis. 1204:

formed from the same Yuezhi who had conquered the Hellenistic Fergana. The Kushan spread out in the 1st century AD from the Yuezhi confederation in the territories of ancient

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in Xinjiang, traders would have found welcome relief in the fertile abundance of Fergana, as well as the possibility of purchasing further high-quality silk manufactured in

3033: 1003:, leading to the first known contacts between China and the West around 220 BC. Several statuettes and representations of Greek soldiers have been found north of the 2945: 2697:

After the collapse of the Soviet Union, border negotiations left substantial Uzbek populations stranded outside of Uzbekistan. In south-western Kyrgyzstan, a

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Beisembiev T. K. Kokandskaia istoriografiia : Issledovanie po istochnikovedeniiu Srednei Azii XVIII-XIX vekov. Almaty, TOO "PrintS", 2009, 1263 pp.,

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in Kyrgyzstan in April 2005, coupled with the arrest of a group of prominent local businessmen brought underlying tensions to a head in the region around

2204:. The governing class was primarily Russian, who also constituted much of the merchants and industrial working class. However, another merchant class in 883:; after an extended campaign putting down Sogdian resistance and founding military outposts manned by his Greek veterans, Alexander united Sogdiana with 3047: 3606: 3395: 2268: 652: 741: 3494: 1982:

which captured the imagination of the Chinese during the Han dynasty, but in fact these were almost certainly bred on the Steppe, either west of

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China and the expansion of Muslim power. The Umayyads waged several wars against the Sogdian and Turkic population. They were defeated by the

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and a settled, population in the main body of the valley, roughly reflect the borders as drawn after 1924. One exception is the town of

1873: 1702:. The area amounted to some 53,000 km (20,463 sq mi), of which 17,600 km (6,795 sq mi) are in the Pamirs. 1133:(Ta-Yuan), possibly descendants of Greeks colonists (Dayuan may be a transliteration of "Great Ionians"). The area was renowned for its 948:"The Furthest", probably renaming Cyropolis. This was in the southwestern part of the Fergana Valley, on the southern bank of the river 3777:

Beisembiev T. "The Life of Alimqul: A Native Chronicle of Nineteenth Century Central Asia". Published 2003. Routledge (UK), 280 pages,

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Beisembiev T.K. "Ta'rikh-i SHakhrukhi" kak istoricheskii istochnik. Alma Ata: Nauka, 1987. 200 p. Summaries in English and French.

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The Dayuan were identified by the Chinese as unusual in features, with a sophisticated urban civilization, similar to that of the

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History of civilizations of Central Asia, Volume II. The development of sedentary and nomadic civilizations: 700 B.C. to A.D. 250

2135: 1729:, this led to a revolt which was far more widespread than that of 1898, and which was not entirely suppressed by the time of the 1289: 917:

The Ceremonial Gilt Bronze Finial, Ferghana Horse, dates back to the 4th-1st Century BCE: A V-Shaped Symbol of Speed and Victory.

3852: 3154: 3017: 211: 3771: 3234: 3185: 3027: 1610:, Kokand was capital of a territory stretching over modern eastern Uzbekistan and Tajikistan, southern Kazakhstan and all of 675: 3240: 1990:, and merely brought to Fergana for sale. In the 19th century, a considerable trade carried on with Russia: raw cotton, raw 1602:, establishing a state in the eastern part of the Fergana Valley. He built a citadel to be his capital in the small town of 3417:

Akchurina, Viktoria; Lavorgna, Anita (2014). "Islamist movements in the Fergana Valley: a new threat assessment approach".

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cut off the eastern end of the Fergana Valley, as well as the slopes surrounding it. This was compounded in 1928 when the

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Map of part of southern Central Asia in the 8th century C.E., showing Fergana Valley (here spelled ‘Farghana’, top right)

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Conflicts over water have contributed to border disputes. For instance, the border between Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan in

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in the 1920s the routes to Kashgaria and the Pamirs were mere bridle-paths over the mountains, crossing them by lofty

1922:, from which 120,000 to 200,000 young trees were distributed free every year amongst the inhabitants of the province. 3782: 3759: 3210: 1277: 3178:

Through the Jade Gate to Rome: A Study of the Silk Routes during the Later Han Dynasty, First to Second Centuries CE

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breeding, formerly a prosperous industry, had decayed, despite the encouragement of a state farm at New Marghelan.

1812:, near Osh. There has been no further ethnic violence, and things appeared to have quieted down for several years. 1713:

against the Russians. However, after about 20 Russians had been killed, Khalfa was captured and executed. When the

1994:, tobacco, hides, sheepskins, fruit and cotton and leather goods were exported, and manufactured wares, textiles, 795: 1918:

Nearly 400,000 ha (1,000,000 acres) were covered with forests. The government maintained a forestry farm at

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Confluence of Naryn and Kara Darya seen from space (false color). Many irrigated agricultural fields can be seen.

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with Samarkand and Tashkent in the early 1870s. A new impulse was given to trade by the extension (1898) of the

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ruled Fergana, replaced by the Janid dynasty of Bukhara in 1599. In 1709 Shaybanid emir Shahrukh of the Minglar

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dynasty Muslim rulers of the valley. During demise of Samanids in 10th century, Fergana Valley was conquered by

817: 3909: 3904: 3899: 1319: 1117: 564: 3387: 1832: 556: 365:, often intermixed and not matching modern borders. Historically there have also been substantial numbers of 3388:"United Nations News Centre - UN asks for $ 71 million in relief appeal after ethnic violence in Kyrgyzstan" 1776:

on a massive scale, and the overarching political structures meant that crossing borders was not a problem.

3359:"For ethnography in political geography: Experiencing and re-imagining Ferghana Valley boundary closures". 2694:

and natural resources. Negotiations between the three countries are often tense and are prone to conflict.

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for goods and people traveling from China to the Middle East and Europe. After crossing the passes from

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The Fergana Valley is an intermountain depression in Central Asia, between the mountain systems of the

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However, the valley is a religiously conservative region which was particularly hard-hit by President

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The Valley is now divided between Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan. In Tajikistan it is part of

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Chinese chroniclers date its towns to more than 2,100 years ago, as a path between Greek, Chinese,

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from the south. After 155 BC, the Yuezhi were pushed into Fergana by the alliance of the powerful

3843: 2142: 1555:, added the valley to a newly consolidated empire in the late 14th century, ruling the area from 1163: 521: 500: 3309: 2267:

in the mid-16th century. That this difference existed and was felt in Fergana is attested to in

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in April 2010. In June 2010, about 200 people have been reported to be killed during clashes in

670:, originally to depths estimated at 6 to 7 kilometres (3.7 to 4.3 mi), largely filled with 2857: 1094: 1090: 1044: 1040: 976: 802: 452: 3092:, Turks and Mongols who eventually poured south to wreck the thin veneer of Iranian society" ( 3714:(Moscow) 2002 pp527–539 (Also available in English in Vol. II of the original edition of the 2887: 2398: 1229:

The Kushans ruled the area as part of their larger empire until the 3rd century AD, when the

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ruled it until the first quarter of 8th century when it was subjugated by the Tang dynasty

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History of Civilizations of Central Asia: The crossroads of civilizations: A.D. 250 to 750

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3,413 m (11,200 ft), both passable all the year round, lead from Marghelan to

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and published around 126 BC, the region of Fergana is presented as the country of the

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or Rock of Ariamazes, a fortress in Sogdiana, was captured in 327 BC by the forces of

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In 1911, the province was divided into five districts, the chief towns of which were

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Located in an arid region, the Fergana valley owes its fertility to two rivers, the

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Not all the inhabitants of the area were happy with this state of affairs. In 1898

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As early as 500 BC, the western sections of the Fergana Valley formed part of the

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Fergana valley in context, showing main mountain ranges and principal settlements

247: 141: 124: 64: 3264:, The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition, 2001-05 Columbia University Press, ( 2989: 2930:

Globalizing Central Asia: Geopolitics and the Challenges of Economic Development

2118:, 4,267 m (14,000 ft). Other passes leading out of the valley are the 833:

from the west, remained at the boundaries of a number of classical era empires.

760:) were discovered. The most numerous are insect fossils which include the large 154: 3726: 3696: 3093: 2878: 2842: 2821: 2782: 2614: 2588: 2335: 2331: 2256: 2240: 2205: 2146: 1722: 1579: 1575: 1532: 1471: 1407: 1387: 1383: 1367: 1361: 1233: 1174: 1107: 643:. Numerous other tributaries of these rivers exist in the valley including the 583: 470: 433: 346: 338: 79: 49: 3628: 1531:- "Land of Mongols") and intermingled to a considerable degree with the local 716:

In the south of the valley, in the spurs of the Turkestan ridge, there is the

3893: 3875: 3862: 3819:. Vol. 10 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 270–271. 3810: 3797: 3438: 2452: 2264: 2224: 2216:

in Fergana. The majority of the population were Muslims (1,039,115 in 1897).

2201: 2197: 2181: 2149:), giving the region a direct railroad connection to the rest of Uzbekistan. 2075: 2063: 1816: 1804:

pass through difficult mountainous country. Ethnic tensions also flared into

1491: 1201: 1134: 859:. The independent and warlike Sogdiana formed a border region insulating the 778: 533: 382: 378: 362: 226: 213: 2353:

oblasts, with Osh being the main town for the southern part of the country.

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During the 8th century, Fergana was the location of fierce rivalry between

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B. Spuler, "Central Asia in the Mongol and Timurid periods", published in

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Fergana Valley (highlighted), post-1991 national territories colour-coded.

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Bernard, P. (1994a): "Alexander and his successors in Central Asia." In:

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were active in the Fergana Valley. When the Tsarist regime extended the

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By the time of Ahmad's death in 864 or 865, he was the ruler of most of

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and pastoral, partly agricultural and settled. The other nations were

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Historically the Fergana Valley was an important staging-post on the

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were given rule over the city by Abdallah, the governor of Khurasan.

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to be admirably cultivated, the principal crops having been cotton,

1459: 1398:, Ghassan ibn 'Abbad, as a reward for his support against the rebel 3734: 2747: 2645: 2378: 2338: 2296: 2193: 2172:

The population was estimated at 1,796,500 in 1906; two-thirds were

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between 659 and 790. It was attacked by the Tibetan Empire in 715.

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This article incorporates text from a publication now in the

3453: 3144: 3135:, pp. 88–97. Harmatta, János, ed., 1994. Paris: UNESCO Publishing. 987:

extended his control to Sogdiana. There are indications that from

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The climate of this valley is dry and continental, being mostly a

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The most famous export from the region were the 'blood-sweating'

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After the Mongol conquest of Central Asia, the Barlas settled in

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region, which was ruled from further west and owed fealty to the

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causing immense difficulties for those who live in the region.

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invaded Transoxiana and Fergana in 1219 during his conquest of

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and the Chinese civilization, which led to the opening up the

960:. Supplemented by Alexander's veterans, it was later ruled by 3671: 2955: 2699:

conflict over land between Kyrgyz and Uzbeks exploded in 1990

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After 250 BC, the city probably remained in contact with the

334: 314:. The valley's history stretches back over 2,300 years, when 3151:, C. Michael Hogan, the Megalithic Portal, ed. Andy Burnham" 2138:, 3,962 m (13,000 ft), across the Alai Mountains. 2130:, 3,657 m (12,000 ft), leading to the glen of the 2106:, 3,720 m (12,205 ft); (open all the year round), 1566:, the Fergana played a significant part in the flowering of 1007:, on the doorstep to China, and are today on display in the 3336:

Baysanghur commissioned a new edition of Firdawsi's Shanama

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The area has also been subject to informal radicalization.

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from the north and east, invaded urban civilization of the

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into Fergana as far as Andijan, and by the opening of the

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and Afghanistan in the South. Its southern limits, in the

1502:

of the Mongol Empire. The Fergana became part of a larger

1390:—was granted authority over the city of Fergana by Caliph 952:(ancient Jaxartes), at the location of the modern city of 3830: 3284:"Consolidation & expansion of the Indo-Timurids", in 2535: 2509: 2504: 2393: 2350: 2300: 2228: 2095: 2067: 1995: 1841: 1801: 1437:. Eastern part of Fergana later was under suzerenaity of 3745:Общественный и Государственный Строй Кокандского Ханства 2231:, which had a majority Uzbek population but ended up in 1574:, heir to Timur and famous conqueror and founder of the 1015:(Boardman). Of the Greco-Bactrians, the Greek historian 2287:, capital of the province (8,977 inhabitants in 1897); 991:

the Greco-Bactrians may have led expeditions as far as

3603:"Central Asia: Border Disputes and Conflict Potential" 3063:

Independent Sogdiana: Lane Fox (1973, 1986:533) notes

1911:, and some 140,000 ha (350,000 acres) were under 3840: 2417:

Regions wholly or partially within the Fergana Valley

1767:

became a fully-fledged republic, and the area around

526: 505: 2952:: topography and hydrography of the Ferghana valley. 2862: 2788: 1406:, who ruled in Samarkand, Ahmad and another brother 1177:, installing a king there. Later the Han set up the 929:, woollen wall hanging, 3rd-2nd century BC, Sampul, 770:

with a wingspan over 20 cm. Unusual small reptiles,

457: 2986:"Petroleum Potential of Fergana Intermontane Basin" 2892: 2832: 2039:or post-road linking Andijan, Kokand, Margilan and 1047:(c. 120 BC), when confronted with invasions by the 484: 3347:Jihad: The Rise of Militant Islam in Central Asia. 2169:number 707,132 were women and 286,369 were urban. 2007:plant in Andizhan sends cars all over Uzbekistan. 1070:, eventually settling on the northern bank of the 678:. Some of the sediments are marine carbonates and 549: 3416: 1039:by the Chinese, remained an integral part of the 3891: 3222: 2311:(13,686 in 1897) were also towns of importance. 1260:Sassanid rule of Fergana was interrupted by the 666:that forms the valley is characterized by block 3801: 3480: 3459: 2972: 2259:tribe speaking a Turkic dialect much closer to 2062:Until Soviet times and the construction of the 1514:, were remnants of the original Mongol army of 1224: 3681:. 11 September 2014; retrieved 6 October 2014. 3495:"ADB loan for Ferghana Valley electrification" 1382:and the Fergana Valley from the West. In 819, 1023:they extended their empire even as far as the 3015: 2003:international export is cotton, although the 1674:(Victoria Lake) to the Chinese frontier; and 101: 86: 3605:. International Crisis Group. Archived from 1570:Central Asian Islam. Its most famous son is 690:associated with these faults form traps for 655:ridge and forms the valley. This expanse of 131: 116: 56: 3022:(in Russian). Москва: ПИН РАН. p. 91. 2341:, while in Kyrgyzstan it contains parts of 2278: 1755:In 1924, the new boundaries separating the 1208:on either side of the middle course of the 71: 39: 3841:Fine arts of Fergana Valley and Uzbekistan 2326:. In Uzbekistan it is divided between the 1445:conquered the western part of the valley. 983:, especially when the Greco-Bactrian king 538: 3229:. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 274–280. 3205:(Vol.2). Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company. 3048:"Splendeurs des oasis dOuzbekistan, p.12" 3011: 3009: 3007: 2145:was completed in 2016 (together with the 1441:. Karakhanid rule lasted till 1212, when 1425:. Samarkand and Fergana went to his son, 1298:, who submitted as vassal to the Chinese 1294:The Kingdom of Ferghana was ruled by the 894: 3302: 3145:The Megalithic Portal and Megalith Map. 2927: 2159: 2031:, in the far west of the Fergana Valley. 2014: 1858: 1740: 1621: 1458: 1352:Samanid, Karakhanid and Khwarezmid rules 1339: 1187: 920: 912: 816: 698:, which has been discovered in 52 small 609: 605: 306:, which run from the east, joining near 263: 2122:, 3,798 m (12,460 ft), S. of 1717:spread across the Russian Empire, some 1290:Protectorate General to Pacify the West 276:in Central Asia lies mainly in eastern 3892: 3707:Vol. IV S-Z (Leiden & London) 1934 3583:from the original on 24 September 2014 3557:from the original on 24 September 2014 3531:from the original on 24 September 2014 3375:Central Eurasia -- Prize or Quicksand? 3004: 2356:Cities in the Fergana Valley include: 1779: 1494:, and this region became known as the 1221:China and the Roman Empire in Europe. 825:, Ferghana valley, 3rd millennium BCE. 176:22,000 km (8,500 sq mi) 3036:from the original on 8 November 2023. 2901: 2871: 2841: 2114:, 3,536 m (11,600 ft), and 1642:. It was bounded by the provinces of 1547:Heir to one of these confederations, 1448: 1402:. Following the death of his brother 1173:The Han later captured Dayuan in the 674:that range in age as far back as the 463: 429:. In other regional languages, it is 3398:from the original on 29 October 2013 3175: 2082:, 4,389 m (14,400 ft) and 836: 3157:from the original on 2 October 2013 2243:Turkic peoples, speaking a form of 1634:, formed in 1876 out of the former 1374:, pushed into what was then called 1179:Protectorate of the Western Regions 537: 516: 413:and some small known oil reserves. 87: 13: 3505:from the original on 28 April 2017 3377:Oxford University Press, pp 46-48. 2688: 2251:, and those who called themselves 1792:traveling to the Tajik capital of 635:, which unite in the valley, near 440:, Фарғона водийси, فەرغانە ۋادىيسى 14: 3921: 3824: 3641:from the original on 12 July 2019 3082: 2263:, who arrived in the region with 2164:The information contained in the 2154:Pap-Namangan-Andijon railway line 1788:People in the Tajikistan city of 1617: 1542:Persian literary and high culture 1525:(which then became also known as 1272:Hepthalite rule was ended by the 1170:from the 1st century BC onwards. 720:, in which more than 15 thousand 280:, but also extends into southern 3836:Satellite picture by Google Maps 3789: 3712:Работы по Исторической Географии 3243:from the original on 28 May 2016 2791: 153: 3661:Water Pressures in Central Asia 3653: 3629:"U.S. ONLINE TRAINING FOR OSCE" 3621: 3595: 3569: 3543: 3517: 3492: 3486: 3410: 3380: 3367: 3352: 3349:New York: Yale University Press 3339: 3329: 3278: 3255: 3216: 3195: 3169: 3138: 3125: 3103: 1736: 1598:declared independence from the 1510:nomadic confederation known as 1313: 872:, named after Cyrus the Great. 711: 686:are upthrusts and overthrusts. 597: 421:It is alternatively spelled as 3831:Ferghana.Ru Information Agency 3493:Ltd, DVV Media International. 3057: 3040: 2978: 2936: 2921: 2812: 2219:The divisions revealed by the 2102:, and then over the passes of 2078:. For instance, the passes of 1854: 1808:, most notably in the town of 1372:Arab Muslim conquest of Persia 1320:Muslim conquest of Transoxiana 1255: 1118:Records of the Grand Historian 1101: 925:Probable Greek soldier in the 577: 568: 560: 333:civilisations. It was home to 1: 3659:International Crisis Group. " 2915: 2271:'s recent translation of the 2247:Turkic that is very close to 2110:, 3,505 m (11,500 ft), 1833:May 2005 unrest in Uzbekistan 964:before secession of Bactria. 341:, tying the region to modern 3431:10.1080/17440572.2014.924406 2156:is going to be electrified. 2010: 1646:in the North and Northwest, 1248:against the Kushans and the 1225:Sassanid (3rd-5th centuries) 7: 3481:Kropotkin & Bealby 1911 3460:Kropotkin & Bealby 1911 3312:, Online Edition, 2006/7, ( 3203:A History of Chinese Muslim 2973:Kropotkin & Bealby 1911 2893: 2863: 2833: 2720: 2208:were commonly known as the 1929: 1283: 1276:in mid of 6th century. The 1267: 550: 527: 506: 485: 458: 10: 3926: 3687: 3201:Shouyi Bai et al. (2003). 2928:Laurelle, Marlene (2015). 2843:[ɸaɾʁɒˈnaʋɒdijˈsɪ] 1630:Fergana was a province of 1452: 1355: 1317: 1287: 1125:, based on the travels of 1105: 898: 840: 812: 785: 704: 291:Encompassing three former 117: 18: 3223:Ahmad Hasan Dani (1999). 2903:[ʋɔˈdijɪɸɐɾʁɔˈna] 2882: 2873:[ɸerɢɑnɑ́ɵrɵːnʏ́] 2852: 2825: 2442:Wholly within the Valley 2439:Population density (/km) 1745:Soviet negotiations with 1694:(on the left bank of the 1429:, leading to a series of 1183: 1035:The Fergana area, called 968:the 4th-1st century BCE. 829:Fergana, on the route to 676:Permian-Triassic boundary 587: 495: 474: 447: 437: 322:at its southwestern end. 243: 203: 185: 180: 172: 168:300 km (190 mi) 164: 152: 102: 72: 57: 35: 30: 3805:; Bealby, John (1911). " 3394:. Un.org. 18 June 2010. 2805: 2279:Administrative divisions 1958: 1690:in exchange for part of 1141:against them in 104 BC. 1043:until after the time of 662:The central part of the 21:Fergana (disambiguation) 3816:Encyclopædia Britannica 3345:Rashid, Ahmed. (2002). 3286:Encyclopædia Britannica 2166:Encyclopædia Britannica 2143:Angren-Pap railway line 1875:Encyclopædia Britannica 1164:Indo-European languages 766:from the extinct order 718:Madygen fossil locality 465:[ɸerɢɑnɑørøːny] 416: 3716:Encyclopaedia of Islam 3705:Encyclopaedia of Islam 3176:Hill, John E. (2009). 3149:Silk Road, North China 3016:A. V. Lopatin (2012). 2322:, with the capital at 2303:(37,397 in 1900); but 2299:(61,906 in 1897); and 2090:and the Pamirs, while 2032: 1864: 1752: 1698:), which was given to 1662:) in the East, and by 1627: 1626:Khan's Palace, Kokand. 1479: 1478:in the Fergana Valley. 1348: 1197: 1095:Alexandria on the Oxus 1091:Greco-Bactrian Kingdom 1051:from the east and the 1045:Demetrius I of Bactria 1041:Greco-Bactrian Kingdom 1033: 977:Greco-Bactrian Kingdom 937: 918: 895:Hellenistic settlement 826: 803:cool semi-arid climate 776:with long scales, and 615: 353:, populated by ethnic 269: 132: 40: 16:Valley in Central Asia 3910:Valleys of Uzbekistan 3905:Valleys of Tajikistan 3900:Valleys of Kyrgyzstan 3876:40.90083°N 71.75778°E 3853:Enclaves of the World 3373:Weisbrode, K. (2001) 2307:(42,855 in 1900) and 2160:Historical demography 2018: 1862: 1744: 1654:in the Northeast, by 1625: 1462: 1356:Further information: 1343: 1191: 1155:Book of the Later Han 1021: 924: 916: 820: 705:Further information: 664:geological depression 622:in the north and the 613: 606:Geography and geology 267: 3310:Encyclopædia Iranica 3153:. Megalithic.co.uk. 2045:Transcaspian railway 1934:Coal, iron, sulfur, 1093:. The Greek city of 1086:, just north of the 1062:and the neighboring 944:founded the city of 345:and South Asia. The 19:For other uses, see 3872: / 3462:, pp. 270–271. 3361:Political Geography 3098:Alexander the Great 2738:Great Fergana Canal 2707:reoccurring in 2010 2212:, from the town of 1780:Post Soviet breakup 1707:Muhammed Ali Khalfa 1344:The tomb of Ali at 1264:, possibly Turkic. 942:Alexander the Great 881:Alexander the Great 861:Achaemenid Persians 707:Mingbulak oil field 588:فِ عَر قًا نَ پٌ دِ 578:Fèi ěr gàn nà péndì 565:traditional Chinese 316:Alexander the Great 227:40.9008°N 71.7578°E 223: / 3881:40.90083; 71.75778 3846:2020-04-07 at the 3677:2020-06-03 at the 3666:2016-05-20 at the 3499:railwaygazette.com 3319:2009-02-24 at the 3295:2008-04-26 at the 3271:2008-06-30 at the 3119:2008-04-19 at the 2992:on 27 October 2009 2948:2011-09-28 at the 2295:(86,704 in 1900); 2291:(49,682 in 1900); 2057:Trans-Aral Railway 2033: 1865: 1753: 1731:Russian Revolution 1628: 1600:Khanate of Bukhara 1592:Khanate of Bukhara 1564:Northern Silk Road 1480: 1474:, was a native of 1449:Mongol–Turkic rule 1370:, rising from the 1358:Anarchy at Samarra 1349: 1250:Hephthalite Empire 1198: 1192:Ancient cities of 1027:(Chinese) and the 989:Alexandria Eschate 956:, in the state of 946:Alexandria Eschate 938: 919: 909:Alexandria Eschate 827: 616: 557:simplified Chinese 507:Ferganskaya dolina 462:, فەرعانا ۅرۅۅنۉ, 320:Alexandria Eschate 270: 3772:978-4-86337-001-2 3609:on 14 August 2014 3363:: 6222–640. 2006. 3236:978-81-208-1540-7 3187:978-1-4392-2134-1 3100:(1973) 1986:301). 3029:978-5-903825-14-1 2891: 2861: 2831: 2714:Jalal-Abad Region 2701:into large-scale 2683: 2682: 1838:Kurmanbek Bakiyev 1774:cotton production 1686:were assigned to 1656:Chinese Turkestan 1650:in the West, and 1632:Russian Turkestan 1608:Khanate of Kokand 1588:Shaybanid dynasty 1551:, founder of the 1427:Nasr I of Samanid 1307:Umayyad Caliphate 1278:Turkic Khaganates 1112:According to the 1074:in the region of 1019:too writes that: 1001:Chinese Turkestan 863:from the nomadic 853:Achaemenid Empire 843:Achaemenid Empire 837:Achaemenid Empire 792:cool arid climate 548: 525: 504: 496:Ферганская долина 483: 456: 337:, founder of the 262: 261: 103:Ферганская долина 3917: 3887: 3886: 3884: 3883: 3882: 3877: 3873: 3870: 3869: 3868: 3865: 3820: 3803:Kropotkin, Peter 3795: 3793: 3792: 3743:S. Soodanbekov, 3682: 3657: 3651: 3650: 3648: 3646: 3640: 3633: 3625: 3619: 3618: 3616: 3614: 3599: 3593: 3592: 3590: 3588: 3573: 3567: 3566: 3564: 3562: 3547: 3541: 3540: 3538: 3536: 3521: 3515: 3514: 3512: 3510: 3490: 3484: 3478: 3463: 3457: 3451: 3450: 3425:(3–4): 320–336. 3414: 3408: 3407: 3405: 3403: 3384: 3378: 3371: 3365: 3364: 3356: 3350: 3343: 3337: 3333: 3327: 3306: 3300: 3282: 3276: 3259: 3253: 3252: 3250: 3248: 3220: 3214: 3199: 3193: 3191: 3173: 3167: 3166: 3164: 3162: 3142: 3136: 3129: 3123: 3107: 3101: 3086: 3080: 3061: 3055: 3054: 3052: 3044: 3038: 3037: 3013: 3002: 3001: 2999: 2997: 2988:. Archived from 2982: 2976: 2970: 2953: 2940: 2934: 2933: 2925: 2909: 2905: 2900: 2896: 2886: 2884: 2875: 2870: 2866: 2856: 2854: 2845: 2840: 2836: 2834:Fargʻona vodiysi 2830:romanized: 2829: 2827: 2816: 2801: 2796: 2795: 2753:Meskhetian Turks 2733:Fergana massacre 2421: 2420: 2269:Timur Beisembiev 1877:Eleventh Edition 1496:Chagatai Khanate 1455:Seljuk Sultanate 1376:Greater Khorasan 857:Darius the Great 599: 589: 579: 570: 562: 553: 543: 541: 540: 530: 520: 518: 509: 499: 497: 488: 478: 476: 467: 461: 451: 449: 439: 438:Farg‘ona vodiysi 293:Soviet Republics 238: 237: 235: 234: 233: 232:40.9008; 71.7578 228: 224: 221: 220: 219: 216: 157: 145: 137: 135: 128: 120: 119: 113: 105: 104: 98: 90: 89: 83: 75: 74: 68: 60: 59: 53: 45: 43: 42:Fargʻona vodiysi 28: 27: 3925: 3924: 3920: 3919: 3918: 3916: 3915: 3914: 3890: 3889: 3880: 3878: 3874: 3871: 3866: 3863: 3861: 3859: 3858: 3848:Wayback Machine 3827: 3790: 3788: 3722:Other authors: 3690: 3685: 3679:Wayback Machine 3672:CrisisGroup.org 3668:Wayback Machine 3658: 3654: 3644: 3642: 3638: 3631: 3627: 3626: 3622: 3612: 3610: 3601: 3600: 3596: 3586: 3584: 3575: 3574: 3570: 3560: 3558: 3549: 3548: 3544: 3534: 3532: 3523: 3522: 3518: 3508: 3506: 3491: 3487: 3479: 3466: 3458: 3454: 3415: 3411: 3401: 3399: 3386: 3385: 3381: 3372: 3368: 3358: 3357: 3353: 3344: 3340: 3334: 3330: 3321:Wayback Machine 3307: 3303: 3297:Wayback Machine 3283: 3279: 3273:Wayback Machine 3260: 3256: 3246: 3244: 3237: 3221: 3217: 3200: 3196: 3192:pp. 29, 318–350 3188: 3174: 3170: 3160: 3158: 3143: 3139: 3130: 3126: 3121:Wayback Machine 3108: 3104: 3087: 3083: 3075:, according to 3065:Quintus Curtius 3062: 3058: 3050: 3046: 3045: 3041: 3030: 3014: 3005: 2995: 2993: 2984: 2983: 2979: 2971: 2956: 2950:Wayback Machine 2941: 2937: 2926: 2922: 2918: 2913: 2912: 2908: 2898: 2894:vodiyi Farg‘ona 2868: 2838: 2826:Фарғона водийси 2817: 2813: 2808: 2797: 2790: 2787: 2763:Pamir Mountains 2723: 2705:; the violence 2703:ethnic violence 2691: 2689:Border disputes 2419: 2281: 2273:Life of Alimqul 2162: 2094:is reached via 2021:Syr Darya river 2013: 1980:Heavenly Horses 1961: 1932: 1857: 1782: 1751:, Fergana, 1921 1739: 1715:1905 Revolution 1620: 1562:Located on the 1553:Timurid dynasty 1537:Turkic-speaking 1470:founder of the 1457: 1451: 1400:Rafi' ibn Laith 1394:'s governor of 1364: 1354: 1334:Battle of Talas 1322: 1316: 1292: 1286: 1270: 1258: 1237:Sassanid Empire 1227: 1186: 1135:Heavenly Horses 1110: 1104: 927:Sampul tapestry 911: 905:Hellenistic era 897: 855:at the time of 845: 839: 815: 788: 744:) and animals ( 742:Neocalamitaceae 714: 709: 608: 598:Фыйрганна Пенды 486:Vodiyi Farghona 459:Ferghana öröönü 419: 379:Bukharan Jewish 312:Syr Darya river 248:Syr Darya river 231: 229: 225: 222: 217: 214: 212: 210: 209: 160: 148: 139: 133: 122: 107: 92: 77: 62: 47: 41: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 3923: 3913: 3912: 3907: 3902: 3856: 3855: 3850: 3838: 3833: 3826: 3825:External links 3823: 3822: 3821: 3811:Chisholm, Hugh 3786: 3775: 3763: 3752: 3741: 3738: 3727:Rahmon Nabiyev 3720: 3719: 3708: 3697:Vasily Bartold 3689: 3686: 3684: 3683: 3652: 3620: 3594: 3568: 3542: 3516: 3485: 3483:, p. 271. 3464: 3452: 3409: 3379: 3366: 3351: 3338: 3328: 3301: 3277: 3254: 3235: 3215: 3194: 3186: 3168: 3137: 3124: 3102: 3094:Robin Lane Fox 3081: 3056: 3039: 3028: 3003: 2977: 2975:, p. 270. 2954: 2935: 2932:. p. 126. 2919: 2917: 2914: 2911: 2910: 2907: 2906: 2876: 2864:Fergana öröönü 2853:Фергана өрөөнү 2846: 2818: 2810: 2809: 2807: 2804: 2803: 2802: 2786: 2785: 2783:Yaghnob Valley 2780: 2775: 2770: 2765: 2760: 2755: 2750: 2745: 2740: 2735: 2730: 2724: 2722: 2719: 2690: 2687: 2681: 2680: 2678: 2675: 2672: 2669: 2667: 2665: 2661: 2660: 2657: 2654: 2651: 2648: 2643: 2638: 2635: 2634: 2631: 2628: 2625: 2622: 2617: 2612: 2609: 2608: 2605: 2602: 2599: 2596: 2591: 2586: 2580: 2579: 2576: 2573: 2570: 2567: 2562: 2557: 2551: 2550: 2547: 2544: 2541: 2538: 2533: 2528: 2525: 2524: 2521: 2518: 2515: 2512: 2507: 2502: 2499: 2498: 2495: 2492: 2489: 2486: 2481: 2476: 2473: 2472: 2469: 2466: 2463: 2460: 2455: 2450: 2444: 2443: 2440: 2437: 2434: 2431: 2428: 2425: 2418: 2415: 2414: 2413: 2412: 2411: 2403: 2402: 2401: 2396: 2391: 2383: 2382: 2381: 2376: 2371: 2366: 2280: 2277: 2206:West Turkestan 2161: 2158: 2147:Kamchiq Tunnel 2012: 2009: 1960: 1957: 1931: 1928: 1856: 1853: 1781: 1778: 1738: 1735: 1723:military draft 1619: 1618:Russian Empire 1616: 1580:Medieval India 1576:Mughal dynasty 1472:Mughal dynasty 1450: 1447: 1388:Asad ibn Saman 1384:Ahmad ibn Asad 1368:Samanid Empire 1362:Samanid Empire 1353: 1350: 1318:Main article: 1315: 1312: 1288:Main article: 1285: 1282: 1269: 1266: 1257: 1254: 1226: 1223: 1185: 1182: 1175:Han-Dayuan war 1108:Han-Dayuan war 1106:Main article: 1103: 1100: 1078:in modern-day 896: 893: 841:Main article: 838: 835: 814: 811: 787: 784: 713: 710: 639:, to form the 607: 604: 603: 602: 601: 600: 591: 554: 551:Wadiye Firġana 531: 528:Vâdiye Ferġâna 510: 489: 468: 448:Фергана өрөөнү 441: 418: 415: 347:Russian Empire 339:Mughal dynasty 310:, forming the 274:Fergana Valley 260: 259: 245: 241: 240: 207: 201: 200: 187: 183: 182: 178: 177: 174: 170: 169: 166: 162: 161: 158: 150: 149: 147: 146: 134:Ferğana añğary 129: 114: 99: 84: 69: 58:Фергана өрөөнү 54: 36: 33: 32: 31:Fergana Valley 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3922: 3911: 3908: 3906: 3903: 3901: 3898: 3897: 3895: 3888: 3885: 3854: 3851: 3849: 3845: 3842: 3839: 3837: 3834: 3832: 3829: 3828: 3818: 3817: 3812: 3808: 3804: 3799: 3798:public domain 3787: 3784: 3783:0-7007-1114-7 3780: 3776: 3773: 3769: 3764: 3761: 3760:9965-482-84-5 3757: 3753: 3750: 3746: 3742: 3739: 3736: 3732: 3728: 3725: 3724: 3723: 3717: 3713: 3709: 3706: 3702: 3701: 3700: 3698: 3695: 3680: 3676: 3673: 3669: 3665: 3662: 3656: 3637: 3634:. p. 8. 3630: 3624: 3608: 3604: 3598: 3582: 3578: 3572: 3556: 3552: 3546: 3530: 3526: 3520: 3504: 3500: 3496: 3489: 3482: 3477: 3475: 3473: 3471: 3469: 3461: 3456: 3448: 3444: 3440: 3436: 3432: 3428: 3424: 3420: 3413: 3397: 3393: 3389: 3383: 3376: 3370: 3362: 3355: 3348: 3342: 3332: 3326: 3322: 3318: 3315: 3311: 3305: 3298: 3294: 3291: 3287: 3281: 3274: 3270: 3267: 3263: 3258: 3242: 3238: 3232: 3228: 3227: 3219: 3212: 3211:7-101-02890-X 3208: 3204: 3198: 3189: 3183: 3180:. BookSurge. 3179: 3172: 3156: 3152: 3150: 3141: 3134: 3128: 3122: 3118: 3115: 3111: 3106: 3099: 3095: 3091: 3085: 3078: 3074: 3070: 3066: 3060: 3049: 3043: 3035: 3031: 3025: 3021: 3020: 3012: 3010: 3008: 2991: 2987: 2981: 2974: 2969: 2967: 2965: 2963: 2961: 2959: 2951: 2947: 2944: 2939: 2931: 2924: 2920: 2904: 2895: 2889: 2883:водии Фарғона 2880: 2877: 2874: 2865: 2859: 2850: 2847: 2844: 2835: 2823: 2820: 2819: 2815: 2811: 2800: 2794: 2789: 2784: 2781: 2779: 2776: 2774: 2771: 2769: 2766: 2764: 2761: 2759: 2756: 2754: 2751: 2749: 2746: 2744: 2741: 2739: 2736: 2734: 2731: 2729: 2726: 2725: 2718: 2715: 2710: 2708: 2704: 2700: 2695: 2686: 2679: 2676: 2673: 2670: 2668: 2666: 2663: 2662: 2658: 2655: 2652: 2649: 2647: 2644: 2642: 2639: 2637: 2636: 2632: 2629: 2626: 2623: 2621: 2618: 2616: 2613: 2611: 2610: 2606: 2603: 2600: 2597: 2595: 2592: 2590: 2587: 2585: 2582: 2581: 2577: 2574: 2571: 2568: 2566: 2563: 2561: 2558: 2556: 2553: 2552: 2548: 2545: 2542: 2539: 2537: 2534: 2532: 2529: 2527: 2526: 2522: 2519: 2516: 2513: 2511: 2508: 2506: 2503: 2501: 2500: 2496: 2493: 2490: 2487: 2485: 2482: 2480: 2477: 2475: 2474: 2470: 2467: 2464: 2461: 2459: 2456: 2454: 2451: 2449: 2446: 2445: 2441: 2438: 2435: 2432: 2429: 2426: 2423: 2422: 2410: 2407: 2406: 2404: 2400: 2397: 2395: 2392: 2390: 2387: 2386: 2384: 2380: 2377: 2375: 2372: 2370: 2367: 2365: 2362: 2361: 2359: 2358: 2357: 2354: 2352: 2348: 2344: 2340: 2337: 2333: 2329: 2325: 2321: 2317: 2312: 2310: 2306: 2305:Old Marghelan 2302: 2298: 2294: 2290: 2286: 2276: 2274: 2270: 2266: 2265:Shaibani Khan 2262: 2258: 2255:, who were a 2254: 2250: 2246: 2242: 2236: 2234: 2230: 2226: 2222: 2217: 2215: 2211: 2207: 2203: 2199: 2198:Bukharan Jews 2195: 2191: 2187: 2183: 2179: 2175: 2170: 2167: 2157: 2155: 2150: 2148: 2144: 2139: 2137: 2133: 2129: 2125: 2121: 2117: 2113: 2109: 2105: 2101: 2097: 2093: 2089: 2085: 2081: 2077: 2073: 2069: 2065: 2064:Pamir Highway 2060: 2058: 2054: 2050: 2046: 2042: 2038: 2030: 2026: 2022: 2017: 2008: 2006: 2001: 1997: 1993: 1989: 1985: 1981: 1976: 1974: 1970: 1966: 1956: 1954: 1950: 1945: 1941: 1937: 1927: 1925: 1921: 1916: 1914: 1910: 1906: 1902: 1898: 1894: 1890: 1886: 1882: 1878: 1876: 1870: 1861: 1852: 1849: 1847: 1843: 1839: 1834: 1830: 1826: 1822: 1818: 1813: 1811: 1807: 1806:riots in 1990 1803: 1799: 1795: 1791: 1786: 1777: 1775: 1770: 1766: 1762: 1758: 1750: 1749: 1743: 1734: 1732: 1728: 1724: 1720: 1716: 1712: 1709:proclaimed a 1708: 1703: 1701: 1697: 1693: 1689: 1685: 1681: 1677: 1673: 1669: 1665: 1661: 1657: 1653: 1649: 1645: 1641: 1637: 1633: 1624: 1615: 1613: 1609: 1605: 1601: 1597: 1593: 1589: 1583: 1581: 1577: 1573: 1569: 1565: 1560: 1558: 1554: 1550: 1545: 1543: 1538: 1534: 1530: 1529: 1524: 1519: 1517: 1513: 1509: 1506:empire. This 1505: 1501: 1497: 1493: 1489: 1485: 1482:Mongol ruler 1477: 1473: 1469: 1465: 1461: 1456: 1446: 1444: 1443:Khwarezmshahs 1440: 1436: 1432: 1428: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1411: 1409: 1405: 1401: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1381: 1377: 1373: 1369: 1363: 1359: 1347: 1342: 1338: 1335: 1331: 1327: 1321: 1311: 1308: 1303: 1301: 1297: 1291: 1281: 1279: 1275: 1265: 1263: 1253: 1251: 1247: 1243: 1238: 1235: 1232: 1222: 1220: 1215: 1211: 1207: 1203: 1202:Kushan Empire 1195: 1190: 1181: 1180: 1176: 1171: 1169: 1165: 1159: 1157: 1156: 1151: 1147: 1142: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1128: 1124: 1120: 1119: 1115: 1109: 1099: 1096: 1092: 1089: 1085: 1081: 1077: 1073: 1069: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1054: 1050: 1046: 1042: 1038: 1032: 1030: 1026: 1020: 1018: 1014: 1010: 1006: 1002: 998: 994: 990: 986: 982: 978: 973: 969: 965: 963: 959: 955: 951: 947: 943: 935: 932: 928: 923: 915: 910: 906: 902: 892: 890: 886: 882: 878: 873: 871: 866: 862: 858: 854: 850: 844: 834: 832: 824: 819: 810: 808: 804: 800: 797: 793: 783: 781: 780: 779:Sharovipteryx 775: 774: 769: 765: 764: 759: 755: 751: 747: 743: 739: 735: 731: 727: 723: 719: 708: 703: 701: 697: 693: 689: 685: 681: 677: 673: 669: 665: 660: 658: 654: 650: 646: 642: 638: 634: 630: 625: 621: 612: 595: 592: 585: 582: 581: 580: 574: 566: 558: 555: 552: 546: 535: 532: 529: 523: 514: 511: 508: 502: 493: 490: 487: 481: 475:Водии Фарғона 472: 469: 466: 460: 454: 445: 442: 435: 432: 431: 430: 428: 424: 414: 412: 408: 404: 400: 396: 392: 386: 384: 380: 376: 372: 368: 364: 363:Kyrgyz people 360: 356: 352: 348: 344: 340: 336: 332: 328: 323: 321: 317: 313: 309: 305: 301: 296: 294: 289: 287: 284:and northern 283: 279: 275: 266: 257: 253: 249: 246: 242: 236: 208: 206: 202: 199: 195: 191: 188: 184: 179: 175: 171: 167: 163: 156: 151: 143: 136: 130: 126: 118:Фергана пынди 115: 111: 100: 96: 85: 81: 73:водии Фaрғонa 70: 66: 55: 51: 44: 38: 37: 34: 29: 26: 22: 3857: 3814: 3744: 3730: 3721: 3715: 3711: 3704: 3691: 3655: 3643:. Retrieved 3623: 3611:. Retrieved 3607:the original 3597: 3585:. Retrieved 3577:"Tajikistan" 3571: 3559:. Retrieved 3551:"Uzbekistan" 3545: 3533:. Retrieved 3525:"Kyrgyzstan" 3519: 3507:. Retrieved 3498: 3488: 3455: 3422: 3419:Global Crime 3418: 3412: 3400:. Retrieved 3391: 3382: 3374: 3369: 3360: 3354: 3346: 3341: 3331: 3324: 3304: 3280: 3261: 3257: 3245:. Retrieved 3225: 3218: 3202: 3197: 3177: 3171: 3159:. Retrieved 3148: 3140: 3132: 3127: 3105: 3097: 3084: 3059: 3042: 3018: 2994:. Retrieved 2990:the original 2980: 2938: 2929: 2923: 2814: 2711: 2696: 2692: 2684: 2355: 2316:Soghd Region 2313: 2282: 2272: 2237: 2218: 2209: 2171: 2165: 2163: 2151: 2140: 2061: 2036: 2034: 1986:or north of 1979: 1977: 1962: 1933: 1917: 1874: 1866: 1850: 1821:Askar Akayev 1814: 1787: 1783: 1754: 1746: 1737:Soviet Union 1704: 1629: 1584: 1561: 1546: 1526: 1520: 1516:Genghis Khan 1504:Turco-Mongol 1500:Golden Horde 1484:Genghis Khan 1481: 1468:Turco-Mongol 1412: 1378:, including 1365: 1346:Shakhimardan 1326:Tang dynasty 1323: 1314:Islamic Rule 1304: 1293: 1271: 1259: 1228: 1199: 1172: 1160: 1153: 1143: 1122: 1116: 1111: 1034: 1022: 979:centered on 974: 970: 966: 939: 877:Sogdian Rock 874: 846: 828: 821:Two snakes, 806: 798: 789: 777: 771: 761: 715: 712:Paleontology 661: 617: 576: 426: 422: 420: 389:deposits of 387: 385:minorities. 324: 297: 290: 273: 271: 25: 3879: / 3694:turcologist 3692:By Russian 2799:Asia portal 2768:Shohimardon 2758:Mount Imeon 2674:16,000,000 2436:Population 2405:Tajikistan 2385:Kyrgyzstan 2360:Uzbekistan 2241:Persianised 2221:1897 census 2190:Kashgarians 2116:Shart-davan 2104:Terek-davan 2084:Tenghiz-bai 2059:in (1906). 1855:Agriculture 1831:during the 1725:to include 1688:Afghanistan 1528:Moghulistan 1439:Karakhitays 1435:Karakhanids 1415:Transoxiana 1380:Transoxiana 1262:Hepthalites 1256:Hepthalites 1231:Zoroastrian 1219:Han dynasty 1114:Han dynasty 1102:Han dynasty 1088:Hellenistic 1076:Transoxiana 940:In 329 BC, 831:Tarim Basin 773:Longisquama 768:Titanoptera 750:crustaceans 696:natural gas 584:Xiao'erjing 539:وادئ فرغانہ 517:وادی فرغانه 343:Afghanistan 230: / 205:Coordinates 88:وادی فرغانه 3894:Categories 3867:71°45′28″E 3864:40°54′03″N 3710:"Фергана" 3587:26 October 3561:26 October 3535:26 October 3247:19 October 3090:White Huns 3079:, iii.8.3. 2916:References 2653:2,867,400 2627:3,896,395 2601:3,253,528 2584:Uzbekistan 2572:2,349,000 2555:Tajikistan 2543:1,199,900 2531:Osh Region 2491:1,260,617 2484:Jalal-Abad 2479:Jalal-Abad 2448:Kyrgyzstan 2433:Area (km) 2399:Jalal-Abad 2347:Jalal-abad 2233:Kyrgyzstan 2134:, and the 2088:Karateghin 2080:Kara-kazyk 2029:Tajikistan 2023:bridge at 1846:Jalal-Abad 1765:Tajik ASSR 1761:Kyrgyz SSR 1612:Kyrgyzstan 1606:. As the 1453:See also: 1210:Oxus River 1127:Zhang Qian 1084:Uzbekistan 1080:Tajikistan 1011:museum at 985:Euthydemus 958:Tajikistan 899:See also: 758:amphibians 730:Ginkgoales 688:Anticlines 668:subsidence 645:Sokh River 633:Kara Darya 371:Kashgarian 304:Kara Darya 286:Tajikistan 282:Kyrgyzstan 278:Uzbekistan 256:Kara Darya 218:71°45′28″E 215:40°54′03″N 198:Kyrgyzstan 194:Tajikistan 190:Uzbekistan 3645:19 August 3613:14 August 3447:145354771 3439:1744-0580 3073:Gaugamela 2888:romanized 2858:romanized 2773:Silk Road 2743:Kayragach 2210:Andijanis 2184:, partly 2011:Transport 1965:Silk Road 1949:Samarkand 1940:rock-salt 1920:Marghelan 1757:Uzbek SSR 1660:Kashgaria 1648:Samarkand 1644:Syr-darya 1557:Samarkand 1523:Turkistan 1508:Mongolian 1392:Al-Ma'mun 1246:Khosrau I 1242:Shapur II 1214:Amu Darya 1168:Silk Road 1150:Parthians 1146:Bactrians 1056:Scythians 1005:Tian Shan 962:Seleucids 950:Syr Darya 887:into one 870:Cyropolis 865:Scythians 763:Gigatitan 692:petroleum 672:sediments 657:quicksand 641:Syr Darya 620:Tien Shan 545:romanized 522:romanized 501:romanized 480:romanized 453:romanized 407:rock-salt 181:Geography 3844:Archived 3807:Ferghana 3735:Tashkent 3675:Archived 3664:Archived 3636:Archived 3581:Archived 3555:Archived 3529:Archived 3509:27 April 3503:Archived 3402:26 March 3396:Archived 3317:Archived 3293:Archived 3269:Archived 3241:Archived 3161:26 March 3155:Archived 3117:Archived 3034:Archived 2996:26 March 2946:Archived 2943:grida.no 2748:Kipchaks 2721:See also 2671:123,759 2646:Namangan 2641:Namangan 2517:322,164 2505:Osh City 2465:548,247 2430:Capital 2424:Country 2379:Namangan 2339:viloyati 2328:Namangan 2297:Namangan 2194:Kipchaks 2128:Isfairam 2053:Tashkent 2049:Orenburg 1988:Tashkent 1973:Margilan 1930:Industry 1924:Silkworm 1794:Dushanbe 1748:basmachi 1568:medieval 1492:Chagatai 1488:Khwarazm 1423:Khwarazm 1396:Khorasan 1386:—son of 1296:Ikhshids 1284:Ikhshids 1274:Gokturks 1268:Gokturks 1009:Xinjiang 934:Xinjiang 849:Sogdiana 728:plants ( 726:Triassic 637:Namangan 631:and the 427:Ferghana 423:Farghana 331:Parthian 327:Bactrian 318:founded 308:Namangan 302:and the 186:Location 3813:(ed.). 3800:: 3749:Bishkek 3703:"Sart" 3688:Sources 3392:Un News 3262:"Timur" 3114:XI.XI.I 2890:: 2860:: 2664:Totals 2620:Fergana 2615:Fergana 2594:Andijan 2589:Andijan 2569:25,400 2565:Khujand 2540:29,200 2488:33,700 2462:17,000 2427:Region 2409:Khujand 2369:Fergana 2364:Andijan 2336:Fergana 2332:Andijan 2324:Khujand 2320:vilayat 2289:Andijan 2285:Fergana 2257:Kipchak 2214:Andijan 2186:nomadic 2132:Surkhab 2092:Kashgar 2041:Khujand 2025:Khujand 1984:Bukhara 1969:Kashgar 1953:Bukhara 1944:naphtha 1905:tobacco 1901:lucerne 1869:Tsarist 1829:Qorasuv 1825:Andijan 1817:Karimov 1798:Bishkek 1790:Khujand 1769:Khujand 1727:Muslims 1700:Bukhara 1676:Khignan 1664:Bukhara 1652:Zhetysu 1636:khanate 1590:of the 1476:Andijan 1431:Samanid 1419:Bukhara 1330:Turgesh 1234:Persian 1206:Bactria 1194:Bactria 1060:Xiongnu 993:Kashgar 981:Bactria 954:Khujand 936:Museum. 889:satrapy 885:Bactria 813:History 801:) or a 786:Climate 746:insects 722:fossils 649:Khujand 590:‎ 547:: 524:: 513:Persian 503:: 492:Russian 482:: 455:: 411:naphtha 375:Kipchak 367:Russian 239: 110:Russian 95:Persian 3809:". In 3794: 3781: 3770: 3758: 3751:, 2000 3737:, 1973 3445: 3437: 3233: 3209: 3184: 3110:Strabo 3077:Arrian 3069:Bessus 3026: 2849:Kyrgyz 2778:Vorukh 2650:7,101 2624:7,005 2598:4,303 2520:5,300 2458:Batken 2453:Batken 2389:Batken 2374:Kokand 2343:Batken 2293:Kokand 2261:Kazakh 2253:Uzbeks 2249:Uyghur 2245:Qarluq 2225:Kyrgyz 2202:Romani 2182:Kyrgyz 2126:; the 2124:Kokand 2120:Jiptyk 2112:Archat 2108:Taldyk 2100:Gulcha 2076:passes 2072:Khorog 2005:Daewoo 1942:, and 1936:gypsum 1913:cotton 1897:millet 1889:barley 1719:Jadids 1692:Darvaz 1684:Wakhan 1680:Roshan 1672:Zorkul 1668:Pamirs 1640:Kokand 1604:Kokand 1596:Uzbeks 1533:Turkic 1512:Barlas 1466:, the 1184:Kushan 1131:Dayuan 1068:Dayuan 1049:Yuezhi 1037:Dayuan 1029:Phryni 1017:Strabo 1013:Urumqi 997:Ürümqi 931:Urumqi 907:, and 901:Dayuan 796:Köppen 754:fishes 734:cycads 700:fields 684:faults 682:. The 594:Dungan 575:: 573:pinyin 569:費爾干納盆地 567:: 561:费尔干纳盆地 559:: 444:Kyrgyz 403:gypsum 399:sulfur 383:Romani 351:Muslim 244:Rivers 165:Length 142:Kazakh 138: 125:Dungan 121: 106: 91: 76: 65:Kyrgyz 61: 46: 3639:(PDF) 3632:(PDF) 3443:S2CID 3051:(PDF) 2879:Tajik 2822:Uzbek 2806:Notes 2728:Barak 2560:Sughd 2309:Chust 2178:Uzbek 2174:Sarts 2136:Kavuk 2066:from 2037:trakt 2000:sugar 1959:Trade 1909:vines 1893:maize 1881:wheat 1810:Uzgen 1711:jihad 1572:Babur 1549:Timur 1464:Babur 1408:Yahya 1123:Shiji 1064:Wusun 1053:Sakas 1025:Seres 738:ferns 680:clays 629:Naryn 471:Tajik 434:Uzbek 359:Tajik 355:Uzbek 335:Babur 300:Naryn 252:Naryn 80:Tajik 50:Uzbek 3779:ISBN 3768:ISBN 3756:ISBN 3647:2014 3615:2014 3589:2014 3563:2014 3537:2014 3511:2017 3435:ISSN 3404:2014 3314:LINK 3290:LINK 3266:LINK 3249:2015 3231:ISBN 3207:ISBN 3182:ISBN 3163:2014 3024:ISBN 2998:2014 2899:IPA: 2869:IPA: 2839:IPA: 2677:113 2659:Yes 2656:353 2633:Yes 2630:483 2607:Yes 2604:652 2523:Yes 2349:and 2334:and 2200:and 2176:and 2152:The 2141:The 2098:and 2019:The 1998:and 1992:silk 1951:and 1885:rice 1844:and 1827:and 1800:and 1759:and 1696:Panj 1682:and 1535:and 1421:and 1366:The 1360:and 1305:The 1300:Tang 1244:and 1200:The 1148:and 1082:and 1072:Oxus 995:and 875:The 823:Sokh 694:and 653:Ajar 624:Alay 534:Urdu 417:Name 395:iron 391:coal 381:and 361:and 329:and 272:The 254:and 173:Area 3670:", 3427:doi 3323:): 3288:, ( 3071:at 2578:No 2575:92 2549:No 2546:41 2536:Osh 2514:50 2510:Osh 2497:No 2494:33 2471:No 2468:28 2394:Osh 2351:Osh 2318:or 2301:Osh 2229:Osh 2096:Osh 2070:to 2068:Osh 2055:or 1996:tea 1867:In 1842:Osh 1802:Osh 1638:of 1578:in 1404:Nuh 1212:or 1158:). 1139:war 1121:or 999:in 807:BSk 799:BWk 724:of 425:or 3896:: 3747:, 3733:, 3729:, 3699:: 3579:. 3553:. 3527:. 3501:. 3497:. 3467:^ 3441:. 3433:. 3423:15 3421:. 3390:. 3239:. 3112:, 3096:, 3032:. 3006:^ 2957:^ 2897:, 2885:, 2881:: 2867:, 2855:, 2851:: 2837:, 2828:, 2824:: 2345:, 2330:, 2235:. 2196:, 2192:, 2027:, 1975:. 1955:. 1938:, 1915:. 1903:, 1899:, 1895:, 1891:, 1887:, 1883:, 1733:. 1678:, 1614:. 1559:. 1518:. 1417:, 1252:. 903:, 891:. 756:, 752:, 748:, 740:, 736:, 732:, 702:. 596:: 586:: 571:; 563:; 542:, 536:: 519:, 515:: 498:, 494:: 477:, 473:: 450:, 446:: 436:: 409:, 405:, 401:, 397:, 393:, 377:, 373:, 369:, 357:, 288:. 196:, 192:, 3785:. 3774:. 3762:. 3718:) 3649:. 3617:. 3591:. 3565:. 3539:. 3513:. 3449:. 3429:: 3406:. 3299:) 3275:) 3251:. 3213:. 3190:. 3165:. 3147:" 3053:. 3000:. 2051:- 1658:( 1031:. 805:( 794:( 651:- 258:) 250:( 144:) 140:( 127:) 123:( 112:) 108:( 97:) 93:( 82:) 78:( 67:) 63:( 52:) 48:( 23:.

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