866:
1022:
formal definition of fetal death. Only 11 areas specifically use the term 'stillbirth', often synonymously with late fetal death; however, they are split between whether stillbirths are "irrespective of the duration of pregnancy", or whether some age or weight constraint is applied. A movement in the U.S. has changed the way that stillbirths are documented through vital records. Previously, only the deaths were reported. However, 27 states have enacted legislation that offers some variation of a birth certificate as an option for parents who choose to pay for one. Parents may not claim a tax exemption for stillborn infants, even if a birth certificate is offered. To claim an exemption, the birth must be certified as live, even if the infant only lives for a very brief period.
850:
465:β A short umbilical cord (<30 cm) can affect the fetus in that fetal movements can cause cord compression, constriction, and rupture. A long umbilical cord (>72 cm) can affect the fetus depending on the way the fetus interacts with the cord. Some fetuses grasp the umbilical cord but it is yet unknown as to whether a fetus is strong enough to compress and stop blood flow through the cord. Also, an active fetus, one that frequently repositions itself in the uterus can accidentally entangle itself with the cord. A hyperactive fetus should be evaluated with ultrasound to rule out cord entanglement.
840:"Fetal death" means death prior to the complete expulsion or extraction from its mother of a product of human conception, irrespective of the duration of pregnancy and which is not an induced termination of pregnancy. The death is indicated by the fact that after such expulsion or extraction, the fetus does not breathe or show any other evidence of life, such as beating of the heart, pulsation of the umbilical cord, or definite movement of voluntary muscles. Heartbeats are to be distinguished from transient cardiac contractions; respirations are to be distinguished from fleeting respiratory efforts or gasps.
64:
671:
433:
4435:
5578:
5602:
643:, and may respond by unusually high periods of kicking or struggling, to free the umbilical cord. These are sporadic if constriction is due to a change in the fetus' or mother's position, and may become worse or more frequent as the fetus grows. Extra attention should be given if mothers experience large increases in kicking from previous childbirths, especially when increases correspond to position changes.
5590:
784:
451:β Prolapse of the umbilical cord happens when the fetus is not in a correct position in the pelvis. Membranes rupture and the cord is pushed out through the cervix. When the fetus pushes on the cervix, the cord is compressed and blocks blood and oxygen flow to the fetus. The mother has approximately 10 minutes to get to a doctor before there is any harm done to the fetus.
883:
onwards. In the
Perinatal Registry, gestational duration of both liveborn and stillborn children is available. They register all liveborn and stillborn children from 22, 24 or 28 weeks of gestation and onwards (dependent on the report: fetal, neonatal or perinatal mortality). Therefore, data from these institutions on (still)births cannot be compared simply one-on-one.
712:. How the diagnosis of stillbirth is communicated by healthcare workers may have a long-lasting and deep impact on parents. People need to heal physically after a stillbirth just as they do emotionally. In Ireland, for example, people are offered a 'cuddle cot', a cooled cot which allows them to spend a number of days with their child before burial or cremation.
292:
32% in South Asia. Stillbirth rates have declined, though more slowly since the 2000s. According to UNICEF, the total number of stillbirths declined by 35%, from 2.9 million in 2000 to 1.9 million in 2021. It is estimated that if the stillbirth rate for each country stays at the 2021 level, 17,5 million babies will be stillborn by 2030.
1017:
The CDC states that, in the US, a stillbirth is typically defined as the loss of a fetus during or after the 20th week of pregnancy. Stillbirths can further be classified as early (occurring between week 20 and week 27 of pregnancy), late (occurring between week 28 and week 36 of pregnancy), and term
882:
In the
Netherlands, stillbirth is defined differently by the Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS) and the Dutch Perinatal Registry (Stichting PRN). The birth and mortality numbers from the CBS include all livebirths, regardless of gestational duration, and all stillbirths from 24 weeks of gestation and
873:
Since 1 January 1995, stillbirths occurring in the
Republic of Ireland must be registered; stillbirths that occurred before that date can also be registered but evidence is required. For the purposes of civil registration, s.1 of the Stillbirths Registration Act 1994 refers to "...a child weighing at
774:
in the mother. Further psycho-social effects on parents include apprehension, anger, feelings of worthlessness and not wanting to interact with other people, with these reactions sometimes carried over into pregnancies that occur after the stillbirth. Men also suffer psychologically after stillbirth,
765:
impact is often underestimated. In the early 20th century, when a stillbirth occurred, the baby was taken and discarded and the parents were expected to immediately let go of the attachment and try for another baby. In many countries, parents are expected by friends and family members to recover from
733:
in the United States is approximately 1 in 160 births, which is roughly 26,000 stillbirths each year. In
Australia, England, Wales, and Northern Ireland, the rate is approximately 1 in every 200 births; in Scotland, 1 in 167. Rates of stillbirth in the United States have decreased by about two-thirds
1021:
The federal guidelines recommend reporting those fetal deaths whose birth weight is over 12.5 oz (350 g), or those more than 20 weeks gestation. Forty-one areas use a definition very similar to the federal definition, thirteen areas use a shortened definition of fetal death, and three areas have no
986:
Registration of stillbirths can be made by a relative or certain other persons involved with the stillbirth but it is not compulsory to do so. Registration takes place with the
District Registrar for the Registration District where the still-birth occurred or for the District in which the mother is
291:
Worldwide in 2021, there were an estimated 1.9 million stillbirths that occurred after 28 weeks of pregnancy (about 1 for every 72 births). More than three-quarters of estimated stillbirths in 2021 occurred in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia, with 47% of the global total in sub-Saharan Africa and
2485:
There is probably no health outcome with a greater number of conflicting, authoritative, legally mandated definitions. The basic WHO definition of fetal death is the intrauterine death of any conceptus at any time during pregnancy. However, for practical purposes, legal definitions usually require
720:
In single stillbirths, common practice is to induce labor for the health of the mother due to possible complications such as exsanguination. Induction and labor can take 48 hours. In the case of various complications such as preclampsia, infections, multiples (twins), emergency
Cesarean may occur.
946:"still-born child" means a child which has issued forth from its mother after the twenty-fourth week of pregnancy and which did not at any time after being completely expelled from its mother breathe or show any other signs of life, and the expression "still-birth" shall be construed accordingly
891:
The registration of stillbirths has been required in
England and Wales from 1927 and in Scotland from 1939 but is not required in Northern Ireland. Sometimes a pregnancy is terminated deliberately during a late phase, for example due to congenital anomaly. UK law requires these procedures to be
615:
at greater than or equal to 28 completed weeks' gestation be classified as a stillbirth. The WHO uses the ICD-10 definitions of "late fetal deaths" as their definition of stillbirth. Other organisations recommend that any combination of greater than 16, 20, 22, 24 or 28 weeks gestational age or
1009:
collects statistical information on "live births, fetal deaths, and induced termination of pregnancy" from 57 reporting areas in the United States. Each reporting area has different guidelines and definitions for what is being reported; many do not use the term "stillbirth" at all. The federal
481:β This term refers to the twisting of the umbilical around itself. Torsion of the umbilical cord is very common (especially in equine stillbirths) but it is not a natural state of the umbilical cord. The umbilical cord can be untwisted at delivery. The average cord has three twists.
304:
have been performed. A rarely used term to describe these is "sudden antenatal death syndrome", or SADS, a phrase coined in 2000. Many stillbirths occur at full term to apparently healthy mothers, and a postmortem evaluation reveals a cause of death in about 40% of autopsied cases.
2486:
recorded fetal deaths to attain some gestational age (16, 20, 22, 24, or 28 weeks) or birth weight (350, 400, 500, or 1000 g). In the US states, there are eight different definitions by combinations of gestational age and weight, and at least as many in Europe.
1031:, some states restricted women's access to abortion, even when the pregnancy is nonviable. Legal restrictions on medications and procedures that have been used for abortions may also impact treatment options for women undergoing a miscarriage or stillbirth.
908:"still-born" and "still-birth" shall apply to any child which has issued forth from its mother after the twenty fourth week of pregnancy and which did not at any time after being completely expelled from its mother, breathe or show any other signs of life.
531:
It is unknown how much time is needed for a fetus to die. Fetal behavior is consistent and a change in the fetus' movements or sleep-wake cycles can indicate fetal distress. A decrease or cessation in sensations of fetal activity may be an indication of
661:
Some maternal factors are associated with stillbirth, including being age 35 or older, having diabetes, having a history of addiction to illegal drugs, being overweight or obese, and smoking cigarettes in the three months before getting pregnant.
982:"still-birth" means the complete expulsion or extraction from its mother after the twenty-fourth week of pregnancy of a child which did not at any time after being completely expelled or extracted breathe or show any other evidence of life.
459:β These twins share the same placenta and the same amniotic sac and therefore can interfere with each other's umbilical cords. When entanglement of the cords is detected, it is highly recommended to deliver the fetuses as early as 31 weeks.
975:
922:
s.2 of the 1953 Act requires that registration of a birth takes place within 42 days of the birth except where an inquest takes place or the child has been "found exposed" in which latter case the time limit runs from the time of finding.
954:
Except so far as otherwise provided by this section or as may be prescribed, the provisions of this Part of this Act shall, so far as applicable, apply to still-births in like manner as they apply to births of children born
987:
resident. A stillbirth certificate will be issued to the registrant with further copies only available to those obtaining official consent for their issue. Registration may be made within three months of the still-birth.
3667:
5640:
1010:
guidelines suggest (at page 1) that fetal death and stillbirth can be interchangeable terms. The CDC definition of "fetal death" is based on the definition promulgated by the World Health
Organization in 1950 (see
865:
4274:
4255:
5444:
913:
901:
627:(early pregnancy loss). The word miscarriage is often used incorrectly to describe stillbirths. The term is mostly used in a human context; however, the same phenomenon can occur in all species of
3476:
3032:"Global, regional, national, and selected subnational levels of stillbirths, neonatal, infant, and under-5 mortality, 1980β2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015"
804:
In
Australia, stillbirth is defined as a baby born with no signs of life that weighs more than 400 grams, or more than 20 weeks in gestation. They legally must have their birth registered.
3729:
Bythell M, Bell R, Taylor R, Zalewski S, Wright C, Rankin J, Ward Platt MP (April 2008). "The contribution of late termination of pregnancy to stillbirth rates in
Northern England, 1994-2005".
5633:
3314:
Stillbirth is defined within Australia as fetal death (no signs of life), whether antepartum or intrapartum, at β₯20 weeks of gestation or β₯400 g birthweight, if gestational age is unknown.
300:
As of 2016, there is no international classification system for stillbirth causes. The causes of a large percentage of stillbirths is unknown, even in cases where extensive testing and an
962:
Unlike the registers for births, marriages, civil partnerships and deaths, the register of still-births is not open to public access and issue of extracts requires the permission of the
4211:
5626:
939:
3675:
1865:
Saccone G, Berghella V, Sarno L, Maruotti GM, Cetin I, Greco L, et al. (February 2016). "Celiac disease and obstetric complications: a systematic review and metaanalysis".
6331:
2874:
2856:
2632:
857:
In Germany, a stillbirth is defined as the birth of a child of at least 500g weight without blood circulation or breath. Details for burial vary amongst the federal states.
2760:
738:
2725:
5449:
3008:
1018:(occurring during or after week 37 of pregnancy). In the US, approximately 21,000 babies are stillborn annually, and stillbirth affects around 1 in 175 births.
3188:"From grief, guilt pain and stigma to hope and pride - a systematic review and meta-analysis of mixed-method research of the psychosocial impact of stillbirth"
1911:
1688:"Classification systems for causes of stillbirth and neonatal death, 2009β2014: an assessment of alignment with characteristics for an effective global system"
1567:
1234:
1267:
1002:
of 2002 specifies that any breathing, heartbeat, pulsating umbilical cord or confirmed voluntary muscle movement indicate live birth rather than stillbirth.
3468:
1166:
471:β The umbilical cord can wrap around an extremity, the body or the neck of the fetus. When the cord is wrapped around the neck of the fetus, it is called a
1994:"An Individual Participant Data Meta-analysis of Maternal Going-to-Sleep Position, Interactions with Fetal Vulnerability, and the Risk of Late Stillbirth"
1199:
2676:
3952:
276:
may be carried out. Following a stillbirth, women are at higher risk of another one; however, most subsequent pregnancies do not have similar problems.
1910:
Banks E, Meirik O, Farley T, Akande O, Bathija H, Ali M, et al. (WHO study group on female genital mutilation and obstetric outcome) (June 2006).
2831:
1092:
1027:
745:
care can be of low quality or unavailable. Reliable estimates calculate that, yearly, about 2.6 million stillbirths occur worldwide during the
1014:). Researchers are learning more about the long term psychiatric sequelae of traumatic birth and believe the effects may be intergenerational
3382:
869:
At one time, this Angels' Plot was one of the few burial grounds for stillborn babies that was consecrated by the Catholic Church in Ireland.
828:
Beginning in 1959, "the definition of a stillbirth was revised to conform, in substance, to the definition of fetal death recommended by the
6014:
2263:"Non-reassuring fetal status: Case definition & guidelines for data collection, analysis, and presentation of immunization safety data"
2778:
6029:
6019:
4424:
959:
In the general case, s.14 of the Act requires that a birth has to be registered within 21 days of the birth or of the child being found.
5500:
3413:
1006:
770:
are among the more common results. A stillbirth can have significant psychological effects on the parents, notably causing feelings of
3030:
Wang H, Bhutta ZA, Coates MM, Coggeshall M, Dandona L, Diallo K, et al. (GBD 2015 Child Mortality Collaborators) (October 2016).
1784:
2870:
2852:
5559:
3944:
775:
although they are more likely to hide their grief and feelings and try to act strong, with the focus on supporting their partner.
5606:
5482:
3335:"Stillbirth: Case definition and guidelines for data collection, analysis, and presentation of maternal immunization safety data"
2796:
927:
6009:
5520:
2041:
Lamont K, Scott NW, Jones GT, Bhattacharya S (June 2015). "Risk of recurrent stillbirth: systematic review and meta-analysis".
475:. These entanglements can cause constriction of blood flow to the fetus. These entanglements can be visualized with ultrasound.
3648:
3443:
3166:
1538:
1352:
360:
3172:
2745:
5912:
3426:
256:
Worldwide prevention of most stillbirths is possible with improved health systems. Around half of stillbirths occur during
3850:
1133:
5454:
4305:
2186:
767:
536:
or death, though it is not entirely uncommon for a healthy fetus to exhibit such changes, particularly near the end of a
1802:
766:
the loss of an unborn baby very soon after it happens. Societally-mediated complications such as financial hardship and
5917:
5594:
5564:
6341:
5695:
5459:
4607:
3713:
3000:
1950:
999:
3596:
Elferink-Stinkens PM, Van Hemel OJ, Brand R, Merkus JM (January 2001). "The Perinatal Database of the Netherlands".
1559:
1226:
6238:
6213:
6004:
4792:
2361:
Kayode GA, Grobbee DE, Amoakoh-Coleman M, Adeleke IT, Ansah E, de Groot JA, Klipstein-Grobusch K (September 2016).
246:
136:
2893:"Maternal and fetal risk factors for stillbirth in Northern Tanzania: A registry-based retrospective cohort study"
1460:
1259:
6305:
6255:
5823:
5618:
5161:
4984:
4758:
4417:
1158:
919:
The above definitions apply within those Acts thus other legislation will not necessarily be in identical terms.
3895:
2624:
1780:
A phenomenological exploration of stillbirth and the effects of ritualization on maternal anxiety and depression
654:
and drug use may reduce the risk of a stillbirth. Umbilical cord constriction may be identified and observed by
4447:
1912:"Female genital mutilation and obstetric outcome: WHO collaborative prospective study in six African countries"
1191:
963:
750:
874:
least 500 grammes, or having reached a gestational age of at least 24 weeks who shows no signs of life."
700:
is recommended at this point. In many cases, the pregnant woman will find the idea of carrying the dead fetus
5997:
5542:
5510:
5408:
500:
After a stillbirth there is a 2.5% risk of another stillbirth in the next pregnancy (an increase from 0.4%).
3821:
2853:"Statistical bulletin: Live Births, Stillbirths and Infant Deaths, Babies Born in 2009 in England and Wales"
1424:
Devall AJ, Melo P, Coomarasamy A (2022-03-01). "Progesterone for the prevention of threatened miscarriage".
6233:
6156:
5974:
5922:
5487:
5403:
4741:
207:
17:
5733:
2827:
2658:"Evaluation of Fetal Death: Definition of Fetal Death, Frequency of Fetal Death, Diagnosis of Fetal Death"
441:
6223:
6128:
6065:
5016:
4959:
4523:
3774:"Stillbirth registration and perceptions of infant death, 1900-60: the Scottish case in national context"
2120:
581:
37:
2161:
1084:
245:, and poor health in the mother. Risk factors include a mother's age over 35, smoking, drug use, use of
6070:
6060:
5951:
5946:
5582:
5547:
5537:
4577:
4459:
4410:
33:
3696:
van El C, Henneman L (January 2018). "Cell-Free DNA-Based Noninvasive Prenatal Testing and Society.".
3333:
Tavares Da Silva F, Gonik B, McMillan M, Keech C, Dellicour S, Bhange S, et al. (December 2016).
2574:"Reducing stillbirths: prevention and management of medical disorders and infections during pregnancy"
249:, and first pregnancy. Stillbirth may be suspected when no fetal movement is felt. Confirmation is by
6100:
5809:
5805:
5765:
5340:
5210:
5168:
5029:
4030:
Cacciatore J (2010). "The unique experiences of women and their families after the death of a baby".
3105:
3079:
Heazell AE, Siassakos D, Blencowe H, Burden C, Bhutta ZA, Cacciatore J, et al. (February 2016).
926:
Extracts from the register of stillbirths are restricted to those who have obtained consent from the
833:
829:
709:
689:
608:
592:
during ultrasound examination to ensure that there is no compromise of oxygen and nutrient delivery.
577:
426:
3999:
849:
489:β If a pregnant woman gets trapped in a building fire, the smoke and fumes can kill an unborn child.
6166:
6087:
5552:
5076:
4892:
4859:
4751:
4316:
1686:
Leisher SH, Teoh Z, Reinebrant H, Allanson E, Blencowe H, Erwich JJ, et al. (September 2016).
4397:
3393:
3288:
Lahra MM, Gordon A, Jeffery HE (March 2007). "Chorioamnionitis and fetal response in stillbirth".
2261:
Gravett C, Eckert LO, Gravett MG, Dudley DJ, Stringer EM, Mujobu TB, et al. (December 2016).
1968:
639:
When the umbilical cord is constricted (q.v. "accidents" above), the fetus experiences periods of
6262:
6228:
5833:
5753:
5743:
5690:
5505:
5359:
5151:
4844:
4109:
2421:
1992:
Cronin RS, Li M, Thompson JM, Gordon A, Raynes-Greenow CH, Heazell AE, et al. (April 2019).
447:
273:
214:
163:
123:
4212:"Dobbs-era Abortion Bans and Restrictions: Early Insights about Implications for Pregnancy Loss"
6143:
5961:
5870:
5853:
5418:
5286:
5276:
5141:
4864:
4797:
4772:
4708:
4582:
4012:
684:
does not present an immediate health risk to the pregnant woman, and labour will usually begin
616:
350 g, 400 g, 500 g or 1000 g birth weight may be considered a stillbirth.
63:
4356:
3919:
3498:
Ravelli AC, Tromp M, Eskes M, Droog JC, van der Post JA, Jager KJ, et al. (August 2011).
2891:
Chuwa FS, Mwanamsangu AH, Brown BG, Msuya SE, Senkoro EE, Mnali OP, et al. (2017-08-15).
2498:
761:
The way people view stillbirths has changed dramatically over time; however, its economic and
670:
568:
to assist in detecting any changes. Fetal distress or death can be confirmed or ruled out via
6077:
5785:
5398:
5200:
5004:
4679:
4268:
4264:
1050:
513:
have chronic medical conditions such as diabetes, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, etc.
4367:
1841:
1618:
1594:
1289:
6115:
6105:
5907:
5863:
5413:
5364:
4684:
4674:
4602:
4597:
4572:
4557:
4552:
2904:
2700:
2121:"Excessive fetal movements are a sign of fetal compromise which merits further examination"
1645:
Lawn JE, Blencowe H, Waiswa P, Amouzou A, Mathers C, Hogan D, et al. (February 2016).
1494:
Lawn JE, Blencowe H, Waiswa P, Amouzou A, Mathers C, Hogan D, et al. (February 2016).
701:
685:
596:
345:
1778:
8:
6326:
6300:
6283:
6133:
5989:
5899:
4917:
4874:
4839:
4746:
4726:
3186:
Burden C, Bradley S, Storey C, Ellis A, Heazell AE, Downe S, et al. (January 2016).
2657:
2554:
1461:"After a Stillbirth, an Autopsy Can Provide Answers. Too Few of Them Are Being Performed"
545:
411:
401:
341:
327:
313:
222:
4390:
G. J. Barker-Benfield, "Stillbirth and Sensibility The Case of Abigail and John Adams",
3149:
2908:
6346:
6336:
6218:
6174:
6151:
6041:
5818:
5515:
5244:
5098:
4869:
4854:
4161:
4134:
4065:
3987:
3798:
3773:
3754:
3705:
3573:
3548:
3524:
3499:
3359:
3334:
3265:
3238:
3214:
3187:
3118:
3056:
3031:
2985:
2950:
2927:
2892:
2600:
2573:
2471:
2446:
2389:
2362:
2338:
2311:
2287:
2262:
2238:
2211:
2076:
2018:
1993:
1942:
1714:
1687:
1441:
1406:
1358:
730:
620:
455:
396:
372:
281:
269:
159:
103:
3609:
3096:
3047:
2804:
1930:
1663:
1646:
1512:
1495:
599:
to identify, early on, pregnant women who may be at high risk of having a stillbirth.
6051:
5969:
5939:
5880:
5858:
5675:
5335:
5254:
5178:
5156:
4669:
4587:
4438:
4327:
4166:
4057:
3803:
3789:
3746:
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3709:
3644:
3640:
3613:
3578:
3529:
3364:
3305:
3270:
3219:
3162:
3122:
3110:
3061:
2972:
2932:
2737:
2605:
2529:
2476:
2394:
2343:
2292:
2243:
2143:
2068:
2023:
1934:
1892:
1822:
1754:
1719:
1668:
1517:
1445:
1398:
1362:
1348:
688:
after two weeks, so the pregnant woman may choose to wait and bear the fetal remains
651:
640:
355:
285:
277:
143:
79:
4185:
4069:
3758:
2080:
1410:
6293:
6120:
5780:
5721:
5685:
4897:
4664:
4659:
4156:
4146:
4083:
4047:
4039:
3793:
3785:
3738:
3701:
3636:
3605:
3568:
3560:
3519:
3511:
3354:
3346:
3297:
3260:
3250:
3209:
3199:
3145:
3100:
3092:
3051:
3043:
2980:
2962:
2922:
2912:
2595:
2585:
2466:
2458:
2384:
2374:
2333:
2323:
2282:
2274:
2233:
2223:
2135:
2094:
2058:
2050:
2013:
2005:
1946:
1926:
1882:
1874:
1814:
1746:
1709:
1699:
1658:
1507:
1433:
1390:
1340:
1313:
628:
486:
350:
261:
5648:
3500:"Ethnic differences in stillbirth and early neonatal mortality in The Netherlands"
3447:
3350:
2278:
1394:
6250:
6036:
5928:
5848:
5393:
5249:
5113:
5071:
4932:
4907:
4831:
4721:
4703:
4649:
4533:
4321:
3239:"The impact of pregnancy loss on men's health and wellbeing: a systematic review"
3156:
2917:
2009:
1344:
1055:
1045:
788:
771:
746:
697:
503:
In the United States, highest rates of stillbirths happen in pregnant women who:
494:
406:
387:
265:
195:
4402:
4014:
3974:
3417:
2879:
Stillbirths per 1,000 live births have increased from 5.1 in 2010 to 5.2 in 2011
2803:. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. 13 December 2011. Archived from
995:
In the United States, there is no standard definition of the term 'stillbirth'.
816:, a stillbirth is defined as a birth of a child of at least 500g weight without
432:
74:
is often used to diagnose stillbirth and medical conditions that raise the risk.
27:
Death of a fetus before or during delivery, resulting in delivery of a dead baby
5875:
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5263:
5239:
5183:
5061:
5056:
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5034:
4912:
4696:
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4513:
3871:
3846:
3301:
2523:
2139:
1878:
1818:
1437:
1125:
589:
549:
533:
421:
230:
5445:
The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women
4332:
4299:
4295:
4291:
4287:
4151:
4043:
3255:
3204:
2967:
2951:"Meeting abstracts from the International Stillbirth Alliance Conference 2017"
2726:"Communication skills in Obstetrics: what can we learn from bereaved parents?"
2590:
2572:
Menezes EV, Yakoob MY, Soomro T, Haws RA, Darmstadt GL, Bhutta ZA (May 2009).
2555:"Umbilical Cord Complications: Overview, Cord Length, Single Umbilical Artery"
2379:
2228:
2210:
Haws RA, Yakoob MY, Soomro T, Menezes EV, Darmstadt GL, Bhutta ZA (May 2009).
1704:
792:
6320:
5814:
5654:
5474:
5388:
5349:
5325:
5234:
5118:
5051:
4922:
4826:
4787:
4644:
4479:
3515:
2976:
2828:"Department of Neonatal Medicine Protocol Book: Royal Prince Alfred Hospital"
2462:
1539:"Ending preventable stillbirths An Executive Summary for The Lancet's Series"
234:
218:
4283:
2328:
2212:"Reducing stillbirths: screening and monitoring during pregnancy and labour"
1750:
1335:
Bamber AR (2022). "Macerated Stillbirth". In Khong TY, Malcomson RD (eds.).
5934:
5775:
5303:
5298:
5039:
4939:
4884:
4612:
4491:
4486:
4170:
4061:
3807:
3750:
3617:
3582:
3533:
3368:
3309:
3274:
3223:
3114:
3065:
2936:
2741:
2609:
2533:
2480:
2398:
2347:
2296:
2247:
2147:
2072:
2027:
1938:
1896:
1826:
1758:
1723:
1672:
1521:
1402:
1040:
762:
647:
607:
There are a number of definitions for stillbirth. To allow comparison, the
584:. If the fetus is alive but inactive, extra attention will be given to the
561:
552:, is recommended in the event of any type of any change in the strength or
4052:
3158:
Understanding reproductive loss: perspectives on life, death and fertility
2119:
Heazell AE, Stacey T, O'Brien LM, Mitchell EA, Warland J (February 2018).
6278:
6180:
6046:
5748:
5293:
5229:
5066:
5009:
4949:
4944:
4782:
4731:
4592:
4351:
3564:
3549:"Determinants of stillbirths in katsina, Nigeria: a hospital-based study"
817:
624:
612:
472:
203:
191:
130:
88:
84:
4434:
4013:
National Research Council (US) Committee on National Statistics (2009).
1887:
6245:
6186:
6024:
4691:
4631:
4562:
1737:
Collins JH (February 2002). "Umbilical cord accidents: human studies".
1465:
655:
565:
436:
Entanglement of cord in twin pregnancy at the time of Caesarean section
416:
384:
257:
250:
149:
96:
92:
71:
4247:
4133:
Haupt WF, Hansen HC, Janzen RW, Firsching R, Galldiks N (2015-04-16).
3412:
3383:"History, Vital Statistics β Stillbirth Database (Survey number 3234)"
3328:
3326:
3324:
3322:
2447:"Terms in reproductive and perinatal epidemiology: 2. Perinatal terms"
2054:
611:
uses the ICD-10 definitions and recommends that any baby born without
6191:
5650:
5081:
4954:
4814:
4804:
4639:
4617:
4544:
4362:
3595:
3080:
2063:
705:
692:. After two weeks, the pregnant woman is at risk of developing blood
569:
553:
537:
391:
187:
112:
3598:
European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology
5984:
5464:
5281:
5195:
5173:
5093:
4994:
4902:
4809:
4736:
4654:
4474:
4376:
3319:
2884:
2360:
1383:
Best Practice & Research. Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology
623:(the baby was born alive, even if they died shortly thereafter) or
585:
380:
366:
331:
317:
242:
226:
3945:"House Report 107-186 β Born-Alive Infants Protection Act of 2001"
3332:
5707:
5383:
5354:
5330:
5312:
5108:
5088:
3425:(1997 Revision ed.). National Center for Health Statistics.
1647:"Stillbirths: rates, risk factors, and acceleration towards 2030"
1496:"Stillbirths: rates, risk factors, and acceleration towards 2030"
813:
742:
573:
557:
497:
after 28 weeks of pregnancy may be a risk factor for stillbirth.
376:
336:
309:
301:
238:
4310:
3982:(1997 Revision ed.). National Center for Health Statistics.
2677:"Vaginal Bleeding During Late Pregnancy - Women's Health Issues"
2118:
940:
Registration of Births, Deaths and Marriages (Scotland) Act 1965
5711:
5221:
5103:
4927:
4849:
4508:
4503:
4498:
4278:
4259:
783:
753:
which records worldwide deaths from various causes until 2015.
680:
541:
3847:"Births and Deaths Registration (Northern Ireland) Order 1976"
3078:
2871:"Release: Characteristics of Birth 1, England and Wales, 2011"
2797:"Placental, pregnancy conditions account for most stillbirths"
2761:"Cooling 'cuddle cot' allows extra time with stillborn babies"
544:
than earlier in pregnancy for the fetus to move about. Still,
6095:
5842:
4983:
4518:
4469:
1864:
1685:
1339:. Cham: Springer International Publishing. pp. 345β368.
708:
birth is not recommended unless complications develop during
199:
190:, depending on the source. It results in a baby born without
183:
108:
4186:"She was denied an abortion in Texas - then she almost died"
2040:
976:
Births and Deaths Registration (Northern Ireland) Order 1976
5188:
2522:
Raines DA, Cooper DB (2022). "Braxton Hicks Contractions".
693:
210:, where the baby dies a short time after being born alive.
4132:
3631:
Bakketeig LS, BergsjΓΈ P (208). "Perinatal epidemiology.".
3029:
2890:
2260:
1800:
737:
The vast majority of stillbirths worldwide (98%) occur in
268:. Otherwise, depending on how far along the pregnancy is,
4999:
3728:
3546:
2416:
2414:
2412:
2410:
2408:
1644:
1493:
5450:
Declaration on the elimination of violence against women
4016:
The U.S. Vital Statistics System: A National Perspective
3390:
Statistics Canada (Canada's National Statistical Agency)
3185:
2723:
522:
have multiple children at a time (twins, triplets, etc.)
3547:
Suleiman BM, Ibrahim HM, Abdulkarim N (February 2015).
2571:
2209:
2187:"Fetal development: Month-By-Month Stages of Pregnancy"
1909:
3589:
3497:
3136:
Cooper JD (1980). "Parental Reactions to Stillbirth".
2779:"Preparing for labour and birth with a stillborn baby"
2405:
1991:
832:". The definition of "fetal death" promulgated by the
820:, e.g. blood circulation, breath or muscle movements.
6332:
Pathology of pregnancy, childbirth and the puerperium
5140:
4392:
Early American Studies, An Interdisciplinary Journal,
3081:"Stillbirths: economic and psychosocial consequences"
1423:
556:
of fetal movement, especially a complete cease; most
4237:
3896:"What is birth registration and why does it matter?"
3072:
2656:
Mattingly PJ, Joy S (2022-02-15). Talavera F (ed.).
1858:
2873:. Office for National Statistics. 31 October 2012.
3287:
3154:
2701:"Vaginal Birth: Is It Possible After a C-Section?"
2625:"Studies identify stillbirth risk factors, causes"
2553:Beall MH, Ross MG (2021-10-16). Talavera F (ed.).
749:. Stillbirths were previously not included in the
194:. A stillbirth can often result in the feeling of
4432:
4209:
3236:
2651:
2649:
2422:"Stillbirth: Definition, Causes & Prevention"
2363:"Predicting stillbirth in a low resource setting"
2354:
1426:Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Reproductive Medicine
1260:"How do health care providers manage stillbirth?"
904:(as amended), section 12 contains the definition:
6318:
2855:. Office for National Statistics. 21 June 2012.
2724:Nuzum D, Meaney S, O'Donohue K (February 2017).
1801:Warland J, Mitchell EA, O'Brien LM (June 2017).
135:Mother's age over 35, smoking, drug use, use of
32:"Stillborn" redirects here. For other uses, see
3630:
2528:. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing.
2499:"halden fgr experiments: Topics by Science.gov"
213:Often the cause is unknown. Causes may include
3695:
3237:Due C, Chiarolli S, Riggs DW (November 2017).
2646:
1842:"Tobacco, Alcohol, and Drugs During Pregnancy"
1381:Robinson GE (January 2014). "Pregnancy loss".
5634:
4418:
3290:American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology
2316:The Indian Journal of Radiology & Imaging
1867:American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology
1533:
1531:
1221:
1219:
1217:
1186:
1184:
634:
540:when there is considerably less space in the
519:have previously lost a child during pregnancy
308:About 10% of cases are believed to be due to
4110:"Convention on the Rights of the Child text"
3976:State Definitions and Reporting Requirements
3504:Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health
3419:State Definitions and Reporting Requirements
2655:
2521:
2451:Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health
2444:
1783:(Thesis). University of Nebraska - Lincoln.
1730:
1153:
1151:
1079:
1077:
1075:
1073:
1071:
1028:Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization
3674:. Belfast, Northern Ireland. Archived from
3662:
3660:
3633:International Encyclopedia of Public Health
3155:Earle S, Komaromy C, Layne L, eds. (2012).
1489:
1487:
1485:
1483:
1254:
1252:
1192:"What are the risk factors for stillbirth?"
912:A similar definition is applied within the
5641:
5627:
5501:International Center for Research on Women
4425:
4411:
4088:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
4029:
3446:. Initiative-regenbogen.de. Archived from
3414:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
3408:
3406:
2993:
2717:
2674:
2099:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
1796:
1794:
1776:
1640:
1638:
1528:
1376:
1374:
1372:
1316:. Center of Disease Control and Prevention
1214:
1181:
1007:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
202:in the mother. The term is in contrast to
62:
4160:
4150:
4051:
3797:
3572:
3523:
3358:
3264:
3254:
3213:
3203:
3106:1983/4be97bfc-b656-4731-ac50-d7ba35fb9efc
3104:
3055:
2984:
2966:
2926:
2916:
2819:
2758:
2599:
2589:
2552:
2470:
2388:
2378:
2337:
2327:
2286:
2237:
2227:
2062:
2017:
1903:
1886:
1807:Seminars in Fetal & Neonatal Medicine
1713:
1703:
1662:
1511:
1159:"What are possible causes of stillbirth?"
1148:
1120:
1118:
1116:
1114:
1112:
1110:
1068:
619:The term is often used in distinction to
173:1.9 million (1 for every 72 total births)
3657:
2877:from the original on 12 September 2013.
1803:"Novel strategies to prevent stillbirth"
1480:
1380:
1249:
864:
848:
782:
669:
431:
206:, which is an early pregnancy loss, and
3403:
1966:
1791:
1736:
1635:
1369:
928:Registrar General for England and Wales
914:Births and Deaths Registration Act 1953
902:Births and Deaths Registration Act 1926
853:Monument to stillborn babies in Germany
791:, a Buddhist patron deity of children,
595:Some researchers have tried to develop
14:
6319:
4394:Spring 2012, Vol. 10 Issue 1, pp 2β29.
3135:
2859:from the original on 10 February 2013.
2445:Nguyen RH, Wilcox AJ (December 2005).
2309:
1337:Keeling's Fetal and Neonatal Pathology
1334:
1107:
950:s.21(1) of the same Act requires that:
860:
756:
704:and will elect to have labor induced.
270:medications may be used to start labor
5622:
5220:
4406:
3771:
2622:
1772:
1770:
1768:
1589:
1587:
1585:
1458:
978:, as amended contains the definition:
942:(as amended) contains the definition:
361:intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy
260:, with this being more common in the
5913:Infant respiratory distress syndrome
5589:
5483:Office of Research on Women's Health
3955:from the original on 16 October 2006
3700:. Academic Press. pp. 235β249.
3479:from the original on 7 February 2009
1839:
1136:from the original on 19 October 2022
895:
778:
186:death at or after 20 or 28 weeks of
5601:
5521:Society for Women's Health Research
5455:International Day of the Girl Child
3698:Noninvasive Prenatal Testing (NIPT)
3150:10.1093/oxfordjournals.bjsw.a054495
3011:from the original on 5 October 2016
1570:from the original on 5 October 2016
1270:from the original on 5 October 2016
1237:from the original on 5 October 2016
1202:from the original on 5 October 2016
1169:from the original on 5 October 2016
1095:from the original on 5 October 2016
969:
111:death at or after 20 / 28 weeks of
24:
5918:Transient tachypnea of the newborn
5565:Birth control in the United States
4183:
3706:10.1016/B978-0-12-814189-2.00014-1
3138:The British Journal of Social Work
2825:
1969:"What Is Umbilical Cord Prolapse?"
1765:
1619:"Stillbirths and stillbirth rates"
1582:
25:
6358:
5696:Twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome
5460:Commission on the Status of Women
4470:External female genitalia (vulva)
4233:
4210:Ranji U, Salganicoff A, Sobel L.
2635:from the original on May 24, 2013
1000:Born-Alive Infants Protection Act
916:(as amended), contained in s.41.
886:
6214:Vertically transmitted infection
5600:
5588:
5577:
5576:
4793:Assisted reproductive technology
4433:
4398:Lancet series on stillbirth 2016
4019:. National Academies Press (US).
3790:10.1111/j.1468-0289.2009.00478.x
3743:10.1111/j.1471-0528.2008.01668.x
3641:10.1016/B978-012373960-5.00199-4
3432:from the original on 2017-08-29.
3175:from the original on 2017-03-19.
2675:Bunce EE, Heine RP (June 2021).
1787:from the original on 2016-10-18.
990:
739:low- and middle-income countries
247:assisted reproductive technology
137:assisted reproductive technology
6306:Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder
6256:Group B streptococcal infection
5824:Intrauterine growth restriction
4759:Breastfeeding and mental health
4203:
4177:
4126:
4102:
4076:
4023:
4006:
3967:
3937:
3912:
3888:
3864:
3853:from the original on 2013-05-23
3839:
3814:
3765:
3722:
3689:
3624:
3540:
3491:
3461:
3436:
3375:
3281:
3230:
3179:
3129:
3023:
2943:
2863:
2845:
2834:from the original on 2009-05-20
2789:
2771:
2752:
2693:
2668:
2616:
2565:
2546:
2515:
2491:
2438:
2303:
2254:
2203:
2179:
2154:
2112:
2087:
2034:
1985:
1960:
1833:
1679:
1611:
1552:
1452:
1417:
724:
507:are of low socioeconomic status
5649:Conditions originating in the
3822:"National Records of Scotland"
2162:"Fetal Movements in Pregnancy"
1328:
1306:
1282:
1227:"How is stillbirth diagnosed?"
964:Registrar General for Scotland
877:
751:Global Burden of Disease Study
272:or a type of surgery known as
13:
1:
5998:Vitamin K deficiency bleeding
5409:Social determinants of health
3610:10.1016/s0301-2115(00)00295-5
3351:10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.03.044
3097:10.1016/S0140-6736(15)00836-3
3048:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31575-6
2279:10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.03.043
1931:10.1016/S0140-6736(06)68805-3
1664:10.1016/S0140-6736(15)00837-5
1513:10.1016/S0140-6736(15)00837-5
1395:10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2013.08.012
1061:
892:registered as "stillbirths".
602:
493:A pregnant woman sleeping on
6157:Periventricular leukomalacia
5975:Persistent fetal circulation
5923:Meconium aspiration syndrome
5404:Gender disparities in health
4742:Mother-to-child transmission
3826:National Records of Scotland
3635:. Elsevier. pp. 45β53.
3243:BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
3192:BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
2955:BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
2918:10.1371/journal.pone.0182250
2578:BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
2367:BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
2216:BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
2010:10.1016/j.eclinm.2019.03.014
1692:BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
1459:Edeib D (29 November 2022).
1345:10.1007/978-3-030-84168-3_15
799:
793:memorialize stillborn babies
665:
526:
323:Other risk factors include:
208:sudden infant death syndrome
7:
6066:Intraventricular hemorrhage
5017:Pelvic inflammatory disease
4960:Hormone replacement therapy
4524:Reproductive system disease
4135:"Coma and cerebral imaging"
3778:The Economic History Review
3668:"Registering a still-birth"
3001:"How common is stillbirth?"
2759:McAuliffe NI (9 May 2016).
2681:MSD Manual Consumer Version
2623:WebMD (December 14, 2011).
1925:(9525). London: 1835β1841.
1777:Cacciatore J (2007-01-01).
1034:
1011:
933:
715:
582:electronic fetal monitoring
38:Stillbirth (disambiguation)
10:
6363:
6071:Germinal matrix hemorrhage
6061:Velamentous cord insertion
5952:Bronchopulmonary dysplasia
5511:Black Women's Health Study
4578:Complications of pregnancy
4032:Social Work in Health Care
3920:"Registering a stillbirth"
3469:"Registering a stillbirth"
3302:10.1016/j.ajog.2006.10.900
3161:. Ashgate Publishing Ltd.
2310:Kinare A (November 2008).
2140:10.1016/j.mehy.2017.12.024
1967:Brennan D (5 March 2021).
1879:10.1016/j.ajog.2015.09.080
1819:10.1016/j.siny.2017.01.005
1438:10.1016/j.ogrm.2022.01.005
1290:"Stillbirth (UNICEF Data)"
844:
807:
635:Constricted umbilical cord
510:are aged 35 years or older
34:Stillborn (disambiguation)
31:
6271:
6206:
6165:
6142:
6114:
6101:Necrotizing enterocolitis
6086:
5983:
5960:
5898:
5891:
5832:
5810:Large for gestational age
5806:Small for gestational age
5798:
5762:
5730:
5704:
5672:
5661:
5572:
5529:
5488:Women's Health Initiative
5473:
5435:
5426:
5375:
5341:Major depressive disorder
5209:
5169:Intimate partner violence
5131:
5030:Female genital mutilation
5025:
4974:
4883:
4825:
4771:
4717:
4630:
4543:
4532:
4458:
4445:
4342:
4241:
4152:10.1186/s40064-015-0869-y
4044:10.1080/00981380903158078
3256:10.1186/s12884-017-1560-9
3205:10.1186/s12884-016-0800-8
2968:10.1186/s12884-017-1457-7
2591:10.1186/1471-2393-9-S1-S4
2380:10.1186/s12884-016-1061-2
2229:10.1186/1471-2393-9-S1-S5
1705:10.1186/s12884-016-1040-7
1130:World Health Organization
974:In Northern Ireland, the
834:World Health Organization
830:World Health Organization
823:
609:World Health Organization
427:female genital mutilation
295:
288:are known complications.
169:
155:
142:
129:
118:
102:
78:
70:
61:
57:Fetal death, fetal demise
53:
48:
6342:Medical aspects of death
5077:Gynaecological disorders
4893:Culture and menstruation
4860:Contraceptive prevalence
4752:Compulsory sterilization
3516:10.1136/jech.2009.095406
2463:10.1136/jech.2004.023465
1739:Seminars in Perinatology
1560:"Stillbirth: Other FAQs"
900:For the purposes of the
448:Prolapsed umbilical cord
442:umbilical cord accidents
371:maternal consumption of
182:is typically defined as
148:No fetal movement felt,
6263:Neonatal conjunctivitis
5754:Single umbilical artery
5744:Umbilical cord prolapse
5691:Placental insufficiency
5664:complicating pregnancy,
5360:Urinary tract infection
5152:Abuse during childbirth
3772:Davis G (August 2009).
2961:(1): 1β47. 2017-09-01.
2329:10.4103/0971-3026.43848
1751:10.1053/sper.2002.29860
1012:section above on Canada
836:in 1950 is as follows:
729:The average stillbirth
564:recommend the use of a
351:chromosomal aberrations
274:dilation and evacuation
215:pregnancy complications
164:dilation and evacuation
124:pregnancy complications
6239:ureaplasma urealyticum
5947:WilsonβMikity syndrome
5871:Brachial plexus injury
5277:Cardiovascular disease
4865:Contraceptive security
4798:In vitro fertilization
4709:Postpartum confinement
4583:Hyperemesis gravidarum
3849:. Legislation.gov.uk.
3473:citizensinformation.ie
1085:"Stillbirth: Overview"
984:
957:
948:
910:
870:
854:
796:
675:
437:
6187:Congenital hypertonia
6078:Anemia of prematurity
5786:Shoulder presentation
5399:Healthcare inequality
5201:Gender discrimination
5005:Human papilloma virus
4680:Vesicovaginal fistula
4084:"What is Stillbirth?"
3007:. 23 September 2014.
2730:Irish Medical Journal
2095:"What is Stillbirth?"
1840:Rice A (2018-03-12).
1566:. 23 September 2014.
1314:"What is Stillbirth?"
1266:. 23 September 2014.
1233:. 23 September 2014.
1198:. 23 September 2014.
1165:. 23 September 2014.
1091:. 23 September 2014.
1051:Smoking and pregnancy
980:
952:
944:
938:Section 56(1) of the
906:
868:
852:
787:In Japan, statues of
786:
673:
463:Umbilical cord length
435:
237:, infections such as
6192:Congenital hypotonia
6106:Meconium peritonitis
5908:Intrauterine hypoxia
5864:Subgaleal hemorrhage
5506:Nurses' Health Study
5414:Reproductive justice
5365:Urinary incontinence
4985:Sexually transmitted
4840:Intrauterine devices
4685:Rectovaginal fistula
4675:Obstetrical fistulae
4603:Gestational diabetes
4598:Obstetrical bleeding
4573:Adolescent pregnancy
4558:Gravidity and parity
4553:Unintended pregnancy
3565:10.4081/pr.2015.5615
3296:(3): 229.e1β229.e4.
3042:(10053): 1725β1774.
516:are African-American
402:placental abruptions
385:pharmaceutical drugs
346:pulmonary hypoplasia
225:, problems with the
6301:Neonatal withdrawal
6284:Perinatal mortality
6134:Sclerema neonatorum
5990:hematologic disease
5419:Women's empowerment
5287:Alzheimer's disease
4918:Cloth menstrual pad
4875:Fertility awareness
4845:Oral contraceptives
4727:Perinatal mortality
4090:. 29 September 2022
3924:www.nidirect.gov.uk
3672:www.nidirect.gov.uk
2909:2017PLoSO..1282250C
2312:"Fetal environment"
861:Republic of Ireland
757:Society and culture
648:high blood pressure
546:medical examination
412:radiation poisoning
328:bacterial infection
314:high blood pressure
223:birth complications
6234:mycoplasma hominis
6219:Neonatal infection
6175:Gray baby syndrome
6152:Perinatal asphyxia
6042:Hyperbilirubinemia
5819:Postterm pregnancy
5666:labour or delivery
5516:Cartwright Inquiry
5427:Politics, research
5245:Endometrial cancer
5099:Sexual intercourse
4870:Planned parenthood
4855:Male contraceptive
4343:External resources
3091:(10018): 604β616.
2767:. Dublin, Ireland.
2128:Medical Hypotheses
1657:(10018): 587β603.
1506:(10018): 587β603.
871:
855:
797:
676:
456:Monoamniotic twins
438:
397:postdate pregnancy
373:recreational drugs
356:growth restriction
160:Induction of labor
6314:
6313:
6202:
6201:
6052:Neonatal jaundice
5970:Pneumopericardium
5940:Pneumomediastinum
5881:Klumpke paralysis
5859:Caput succedaneum
5794:
5793:
5662:Maternal factors
5616:
5615:
5496:
5495:
5321:
5320:
5272:
5271:
5255:Papanicolaou test
5211:Non-communicable
5179:Sexual harassment
5157:Domestic violence
5127:
5126:
4970:
4969:
4767:
4766:
4670:Retained placenta
4588:Ectopic pregnancy
4386:
4385:
4368:search/Stillbirth
3650:978-0-12-373960-5
3553:Pediatric Reports
3399:on 1 August 2004.
3345:(49): 6057β6068.
3168:978-1-4094-2810-7
2457:(12): 1019β1021.
2273:(49): 6084β6092.
2055:10.1136/bmj.h3080
1998:eClinicalMedicine
1956:on 12 March 2012.
1354:978-3-030-84168-3
998:In the U.S., the
896:England and Wales
779:Legal definitions
734:since the 1950s.
629:placental mammals
469:Cord entanglement
177:
176:
144:Diagnostic method
43:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
6354:
6294:Infant mortality
6129:Erythema toxicum
6121:thermoregulation
6088:Gastrointestinal
5896:
5895:
5892:Affected systems
5769:
5737:
5722:Chorioamnionitis
5715:
5686:Placenta praevia
5679:
5670:
5669:
5643:
5636:
5629:
5620:
5619:
5604:
5603:
5592:
5591:
5580:
5579:
5433:
5432:
5218:
5217:
5138:
5137:
5132:Non-reproductive
4981:
4980:
4898:Feminine hygiene
4665:Cesarian section
4660:Obstructed labor
4541:
4540:
4456:
4455:
4437:
4427:
4420:
4413:
4404:
4403:
4239:
4238:
4227:
4226:
4224:
4222:
4207:
4201:
4200:
4198:
4196:
4181:
4175:
4174:
4164:
4154:
4130:
4124:
4123:
4121:
4120:
4106:
4100:
4099:
4097:
4095:
4080:
4074:
4073:
4055:
4027:
4021:
4020:
4010:
4004:
4003:
3997:
3993:
3991:
3983:
3981:
3971:
3965:
3964:
3962:
3960:
3941:
3935:
3934:
3932:
3931:
3916:
3910:
3909:
3907:
3906:
3892:
3886:
3885:
3883:
3882:
3868:
3862:
3861:
3859:
3858:
3843:
3837:
3836:
3834:
3833:
3818:
3812:
3811:
3801:
3769:
3763:
3762:
3726:
3720:
3719:
3693:
3687:
3686:
3684:
3683:
3664:
3655:
3654:
3628:
3622:
3621:
3593:
3587:
3586:
3576:
3544:
3538:
3537:
3527:
3495:
3489:
3488:
3486:
3484:
3465:
3459:
3458:
3456:
3455:
3440:
3434:
3433:
3431:
3424:
3410:
3401:
3400:
3398:
3392:. Archived from
3387:
3379:
3373:
3372:
3362:
3330:
3317:
3316:
3285:
3279:
3278:
3268:
3258:
3234:
3228:
3227:
3217:
3207:
3183:
3177:
3176:
3153:
3133:
3127:
3126:
3108:
3076:
3070:
3069:
3059:
3027:
3021:
3020:
3018:
3016:
2997:
2991:
2990:
2988:
2970:
2947:
2941:
2940:
2930:
2920:
2888:
2882:
2881:
2867:
2861:
2860:
2849:
2843:
2842:
2840:
2839:
2823:
2817:
2816:
2814:
2812:
2793:
2787:
2786:
2775:
2769:
2768:
2756:
2750:
2749:
2748:on 1 March 2017.
2744:. Archived from
2721:
2715:
2714:
2712:
2711:
2697:
2691:
2690:
2688:
2687:
2672:
2666:
2665:
2653:
2644:
2643:
2641:
2640:
2620:
2614:
2613:
2603:
2593:
2569:
2563:
2562:
2550:
2544:
2543:
2541:
2540:
2519:
2513:
2512:
2510:
2509:
2495:
2489:
2488:
2474:
2442:
2436:
2435:
2433:
2432:
2426:Cleveland Clinic
2418:
2403:
2402:
2392:
2382:
2358:
2352:
2351:
2341:
2331:
2307:
2301:
2300:
2290:
2258:
2252:
2251:
2241:
2231:
2207:
2201:
2200:
2198:
2197:
2191:Cleveland Clinic
2183:
2177:
2176:
2174:
2173:
2166:News-Medical.net
2158:
2152:
2151:
2125:
2116:
2110:
2109:
2107:
2106:
2091:
2085:
2084:
2066:
2038:
2032:
2031:
2021:
1989:
1983:
1982:
1980:
1979:
1964:
1958:
1957:
1955:
1949:. Archived from
1916:
1907:
1901:
1900:
1890:
1862:
1856:
1855:
1853:
1852:
1846:familydoctor.org
1837:
1831:
1830:
1798:
1789:
1788:
1774:
1763:
1762:
1734:
1728:
1727:
1717:
1707:
1683:
1677:
1676:
1666:
1642:
1633:
1632:
1630:
1629:
1615:
1609:
1608:
1606:
1605:
1591:
1580:
1579:
1577:
1575:
1556:
1550:
1549:
1543:
1535:
1526:
1525:
1515:
1491:
1478:
1477:
1475:
1473:
1456:
1450:
1449:
1421:
1415:
1414:
1378:
1367:
1366:
1332:
1326:
1325:
1323:
1321:
1310:
1304:
1303:
1301:
1300:
1286:
1280:
1279:
1277:
1275:
1256:
1247:
1246:
1244:
1242:
1223:
1212:
1211:
1209:
1207:
1188:
1179:
1178:
1176:
1174:
1155:
1146:
1145:
1143:
1141:
1122:
1105:
1104:
1102:
1100:
1081:
970:Northern Ireland
658:, if requested.
487:Smoke inhalation
286:family breakdown
66:
46:
45:
21:
6362:
6361:
6357:
6356:
6355:
6353:
6352:
6351:
6317:
6316:
6315:
6310:
6267:
6251:Neonatal sepsis
6198:
6167:Musculoskeletal
6161:
6138:
6119:
6110:
6082:
6037:Hydrops fetalis
5988:
5979:
5956:
5929:Pleural disease
5887:
5849:Cephalohematoma
5828:
5790:
5763:
5758:
5731:
5726:
5705:
5700:
5673:
5665:
5663:
5657:
5647:
5617:
5612:
5568:
5553:Family planning
5531:
5525:
5492:
5469:
5428:
5422:
5394:Gender equality
5377:
5371:
5317:
5268:
5250:Cervical cancer
5212:
5205:
5143:
5133:
5123:
5114:Sex differences
5072:Forced marriage
5021:
4986:
4976:
4966:
4908:Menstrual cycle
4879:
4832:Family planning
4830:
4821:
4774:
4763:
4722:Maternal deaths
4713:
4704:Postpartum care
4650:Multiple births
4626:
4535:
4528:
4461:
4452:
4449:
4441:
4431:
4387:
4382:
4381:
4338:
4337:
4250:
4236:
4231:
4230:
4220:
4218:
4208:
4204:
4194:
4192:
4182:
4178:
4131:
4127:
4118:
4116:
4108:
4107:
4103:
4093:
4091:
4082:
4081:
4077:
4028:
4024:
4011:
4007:
3995:
3994:
3985:
3984:
3979:
3973:
3972:
3968:
3958:
3956:
3943:
3942:
3938:
3929:
3927:
3918:
3917:
3913:
3904:
3902:
3894:
3893:
3889:
3880:
3878:
3870:
3869:
3865:
3856:
3854:
3845:
3844:
3840:
3831:
3829:
3820:
3819:
3815:
3770:
3766:
3727:
3723:
3716:
3694:
3690:
3681:
3679:
3666:
3665:
3658:
3651:
3629:
3625:
3594:
3590:
3545:
3541:
3496:
3492:
3482:
3480:
3467:
3466:
3462:
3453:
3451:
3442:
3441:
3437:
3429:
3422:
3411:
3404:
3396:
3385:
3381:
3380:
3376:
3331:
3320:
3286:
3282:
3235:
3231:
3184:
3180:
3169:
3134:
3130:
3077:
3073:
3028:
3024:
3014:
3012:
2999:
2998:
2994:
2949:
2948:
2944:
2903:(8): e0182250.
2889:
2885:
2869:
2868:
2864:
2851:
2850:
2846:
2837:
2835:
2824:
2820:
2810:
2808:
2795:
2794:
2790:
2777:
2776:
2772:
2765:The Irish Times
2757:
2753:
2722:
2718:
2709:
2707:
2699:
2698:
2694:
2685:
2683:
2673:
2669:
2654:
2647:
2638:
2636:
2621:
2617:
2584:(Suppl 1): S4.
2570:
2566:
2551:
2547:
2538:
2536:
2520:
2516:
2507:
2505:
2503:www.science.gov
2497:
2496:
2492:
2443:
2439:
2430:
2428:
2420:
2419:
2406:
2359:
2355:
2308:
2304:
2259:
2255:
2222:(Suppl 1): S5.
2208:
2204:
2195:
2193:
2185:
2184:
2180:
2171:
2169:
2160:
2159:
2155:
2123:
2117:
2113:
2104:
2102:
2093:
2092:
2088:
2039:
2035:
1990:
1986:
1977:
1975:
1965:
1961:
1953:
1914:
1908:
1904:
1863:
1859:
1850:
1848:
1838:
1834:
1799:
1792:
1775:
1766:
1735:
1731:
1684:
1680:
1643:
1636:
1627:
1625:
1617:
1616:
1612:
1603:
1601:
1593:
1592:
1583:
1573:
1571:
1558:
1557:
1553:
1541:
1537:
1536:
1529:
1492:
1481:
1471:
1469:
1457:
1453:
1422:
1418:
1379:
1370:
1355:
1333:
1329:
1319:
1317:
1312:
1311:
1307:
1298:
1296:
1288:
1287:
1283:
1273:
1271:
1258:
1257:
1250:
1240:
1238:
1225:
1224:
1215:
1205:
1203:
1190:
1189:
1182:
1172:
1170:
1157:
1156:
1149:
1139:
1137:
1124:
1123:
1108:
1098:
1096:
1083:
1082:
1069:
1064:
1056:Sands (charity)
1046:Perinatal death
1037:
993:
972:
936:
898:
889:
880:
863:
847:
826:
810:
802:
781:
759:
747:third trimester
727:
718:
698:labor induction
668:
637:
605:
529:
407:physical trauma
388:contraindicated
298:
266:developed world
122:Often unknown,
44:
41:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6360:
6350:
6349:
6344:
6339:
6334:
6329:
6312:
6311:
6309:
6308:
6303:
6298:
6297:
6296:
6291:
6281:
6275:
6273:
6269:
6268:
6266:
6265:
6260:
6259:
6258:
6248:
6243:
6242:
6241:
6236:
6231:
6229:herpes simplex
6226:
6216:
6210:
6208:
6204:
6203:
6200:
6199:
6197:
6196:
6195:
6194:
6189:
6177:
6171:
6169:
6163:
6162:
6160:
6159:
6154:
6148:
6146:
6144:Nervous system
6140:
6139:
6137:
6136:
6131:
6125:
6123:
6112:
6111:
6109:
6108:
6103:
6098:
6092:
6090:
6084:
6083:
6081:
6080:
6075:
6074:
6073:
6063:
6057:
6056:
6055:
6054:
6049:
6039:
6034:
6033:
6032:
6027:
6022:
6017:
6012:
6001:
6000:
5994:
5992:
5981:
5980:
5978:
5977:
5972:
5966:
5964:
5962:Cardiovascular
5958:
5957:
5955:
5954:
5949:
5944:
5943:
5942:
5937:
5925:
5920:
5915:
5910:
5904:
5902:
5893:
5889:
5888:
5886:
5885:
5884:
5883:
5878:
5868:
5867:
5866:
5861:
5856:
5851:
5838:
5836:
5830:
5829:
5827:
5826:
5821:
5812:
5802:
5800:
5796:
5795:
5792:
5791:
5789:
5788:
5783:
5778:
5772:
5770:
5760:
5759:
5757:
5756:
5751:
5746:
5740:
5738:
5734:umbilical cord
5728:
5727:
5725:
5724:
5718:
5716:
5702:
5701:
5699:
5698:
5693:
5688:
5682:
5680:
5667:
5659:
5658:
5646:
5645:
5638:
5631:
5623:
5614:
5613:
5611:
5610:
5598:
5586:
5573:
5570:
5569:
5567:
5562:
5557:
5556:
5555:
5545:
5540:
5535:
5533:
5530:Women's health
5527:
5526:
5524:
5523:
5518:
5513:
5508:
5503:
5497:
5494:
5493:
5491:
5490:
5485:
5479:
5477:
5471:
5470:
5468:
5467:
5462:
5457:
5452:
5447:
5441:
5439:
5437:United Nations
5430:
5429:& advocacy
5424:
5423:
5421:
5416:
5411:
5406:
5401:
5396:
5391:
5386:
5381:
5379:
5376:Sociocultural
5373:
5372:
5370:
5369:
5368:
5367:
5362:
5357:
5347:
5346:
5345:
5344:
5343:
5333:
5322:
5319:
5318:
5316:
5315:
5310:
5309:
5308:
5307:
5306:
5291:
5290:
5289:
5279:
5273:
5270:
5269:
5267:
5266:
5264:Ovarian cancer
5261:
5260:
5259:
5258:
5257:
5247:
5240:Uterine cancer
5237:
5232:
5226:
5224:
5215:
5207:
5206:
5204:
5203:
5198:
5193:
5192:
5191:
5184:Sexual assault
5181:
5176:
5171:
5166:
5165:
5164:
5154:
5148:
5146:
5135:
5129:
5128:
5125:
5124:
5122:
5121:
5116:
5111:
5106:
5101:
5096:
5091:
5086:
5085:
5084:
5074:
5069:
5064:
5062:Child marriage
5059:
5057:Breast ironing
5054:
5049:
5047:Breast binding
5044:
5043:
5042:
5037:
5035:Clitoridectomy
5026:
5023:
5022:
5020:
5019:
5014:
5013:
5012:
5002:
4997:
4991:
4989:
4978:
4972:
4971:
4968:
4967:
4965:
4964:
4963:
4962:
4952:
4947:
4942:
4937:
4936:
4935:
4930:
4925:
4920:
4913:Menstrual aids
4910:
4905:
4900:
4895:
4889:
4887:
4881:
4880:
4878:
4877:
4872:
4867:
4862:
4857:
4852:
4847:
4842:
4836:
4834:
4823:
4822:
4820:
4819:
4818:
4817:
4812:
4802:
4801:
4800:
4795:
4790:
4779:
4777:
4769:
4768:
4765:
4764:
4762:
4761:
4756:
4755:
4754:
4744:
4739:
4734:
4729:
4724:
4718:
4715:
4714:
4712:
4711:
4706:
4701:
4700:
4699:
4697:Husband stitch
4689:
4688:
4687:
4682:
4672:
4667:
4662:
4657:
4652:
4647:
4642:
4636:
4634:
4628:
4627:
4625:
4624:
4623:
4622:
4621:
4620:
4615:
4605:
4600:
4595:
4590:
4585:
4575:
4570:
4568:Antenatal care
4565:
4560:
4555:
4549:
4547:
4538:
4530:
4529:
4527:
4526:
4521:
4516:
4514:Fallopian tube
4511:
4506:
4501:
4496:
4495:
4494:
4489:
4484:
4483:
4482:
4466:
4464:
4460:Reproductive
4453:
4446:
4443:
4442:
4439:Women's health
4430:
4429:
4422:
4415:
4407:
4401:
4400:
4395:
4384:
4383:
4380:
4379:
4370:
4359:
4347:
4346:
4344:
4340:
4339:
4336:
4335:
4324:
4313:
4302:
4271:
4251:
4246:
4245:
4243:
4242:Classification
4235:
4234:External links
4232:
4229:
4228:
4202:
4176:
4125:
4114:www.unicef.org
4101:
4075:
4053:2286/R.I.28317
4038:(2): 134β148.
4022:
4005:
3996:|website=
3966:
3936:
3911:
3900:www.unicef.org
3887:
3863:
3838:
3813:
3784:(3): 629β654.
3764:
3737:(5): 664β666.
3721:
3714:
3688:
3656:
3649:
3623:
3604:(1): 125β138.
3588:
3539:
3510:(8): 696β701.
3490:
3460:
3435:
3402:
3374:
3318:
3280:
3229:
3178:
3167:
3128:
3071:
3022:
2992:
2942:
2883:
2862:
2844:
2818:
2788:
2770:
2751:
2716:
2692:
2667:
2645:
2615:
2564:
2545:
2514:
2490:
2437:
2404:
2353:
2322:(4): 326β344.
2302:
2253:
2202:
2178:
2153:
2111:
2086:
2033:
1984:
1959:
1902:
1873:(2): 225β234.
1857:
1832:
1813:(3): 146β152.
1790:
1764:
1729:
1678:
1634:
1610:
1581:
1551:
1527:
1479:
1451:
1416:
1389:(1): 169β178.
1368:
1353:
1327:
1305:
1281:
1248:
1213:
1180:
1147:
1106:
1066:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1059:
1058:
1053:
1048:
1043:
1036:
1033:
992:
989:
971:
968:
935:
932:
897:
894:
888:
887:United Kingdom
885:
879:
876:
862:
859:
846:
843:
842:
841:
825:
822:
809:
806:
801:
798:
780:
777:
758:
755:
726:
723:
717:
714:
696:problems, and
667:
664:
636:
633:
604:
601:
590:umbilical cord
550:nonstress test
548:, including a
534:fetal distress
528:
525:
524:
523:
520:
517:
514:
511:
508:
491:
490:
484:
483:
482:
476:
466:
460:
452:
430:
429:
424:
422:celiac disease
419:
414:
409:
404:
399:
394:
369:
363:
358:
353:
348:
339:
334:
297:
294:
282:financial loss
231:umbilical cord
175:
174:
171:
167:
166:
157:
153:
152:
146:
140:
139:
133:
127:
126:
120:
116:
115:
106:
100:
99:
82:
76:
75:
68:
67:
59:
58:
55:
51:
50:
42:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6359:
6348:
6345:
6343:
6340:
6338:
6335:
6333:
6330:
6328:
6325:
6324:
6322:
6307:
6304:
6302:
6299:
6295:
6292:
6290:
6287:
6286:
6285:
6282:
6280:
6277:
6276:
6274:
6270:
6264:
6261:
6257:
6254:
6253:
6252:
6249:
6247:
6244:
6240:
6237:
6235:
6232:
6230:
6227:
6225:
6222:
6221:
6220:
6217:
6215:
6212:
6211:
6209:
6205:
6193:
6190:
6188:
6185:
6184:
6183:
6182:
6178:
6176:
6173:
6172:
6170:
6168:
6164:
6158:
6155:
6153:
6150:
6149:
6147:
6145:
6141:
6135:
6132:
6130:
6127:
6126:
6124:
6122:
6117:
6113:
6107:
6104:
6102:
6099:
6097:
6094:
6093:
6091:
6089:
6085:
6079:
6076:
6072:
6069:
6068:
6067:
6064:
6062:
6059:
6058:
6053:
6050:
6048:
6045:
6044:
6043:
6040:
6038:
6035:
6031:
6028:
6026:
6023:
6021:
6018:
6016:
6013:
6011:
6008:
6007:
6006:
6003:
6002:
5999:
5996:
5995:
5993:
5991:
5986:
5982:
5976:
5973:
5971:
5968:
5967:
5965:
5963:
5959:
5953:
5950:
5948:
5945:
5941:
5938:
5936:
5933:
5932:
5931:
5930:
5926:
5924:
5921:
5919:
5916:
5914:
5911:
5909:
5906:
5905:
5903:
5901:
5897:
5894:
5890:
5882:
5879:
5877:
5874:
5873:
5872:
5869:
5865:
5862:
5860:
5857:
5855:
5852:
5850:
5847:
5846:
5845:
5844:
5840:
5839:
5837:
5835:
5831:
5825:
5822:
5820:
5816:
5815:Preterm birth
5813:
5811:
5807:
5804:
5803:
5801:
5797:
5787:
5784:
5782:
5779:
5777:
5774:
5773:
5771:
5768:
5767:
5761:
5755:
5752:
5750:
5747:
5745:
5742:
5741:
5739:
5736:
5735:
5729:
5723:
5720:
5719:
5717:
5714:
5713:
5709:
5703:
5697:
5694:
5692:
5689:
5687:
5684:
5683:
5681:
5678:
5677:
5671:
5668:
5660:
5656:
5655:fetal disease
5652:
5644:
5639:
5637:
5632:
5630:
5625:
5624:
5621:
5609:
5608:
5599:
5597:
5596:
5587:
5585:
5584:
5575:
5574:
5571:
5566:
5563:
5561:
5558:
5554:
5551:
5550:
5549:
5546:
5544:
5541:
5539:
5536:
5534:
5528:
5522:
5519:
5517:
5514:
5512:
5509:
5507:
5504:
5502:
5499:
5498:
5489:
5486:
5484:
5481:
5480:
5478:
5476:
5475:United States
5472:
5466:
5463:
5461:
5458:
5456:
5453:
5451:
5448:
5446:
5443:
5442:
5440:
5438:
5434:
5431:
5425:
5420:
5417:
5415:
5412:
5410:
5407:
5405:
5402:
5400:
5397:
5395:
5392:
5390:
5389:Disadvantaged
5387:
5385:
5382:
5380:
5374:
5366:
5363:
5361:
5358:
5356:
5353:
5352:
5351:
5350:Urinary tract
5348:
5342:
5339:
5338:
5337:
5334:
5332:
5329:
5328:
5327:
5326:Mental health
5324:
5323:
5314:
5311:
5305:
5302:
5301:
5300:
5297:
5296:
5295:
5292:
5288:
5285:
5284:
5283:
5280:
5278:
5275:
5274:
5265:
5262:
5256:
5253:
5252:
5251:
5248:
5246:
5243:
5242:
5241:
5238:
5236:
5235:Breast cancer
5233:
5231:
5228:
5227:
5225:
5223:
5219:
5216:
5214:
5208:
5202:
5199:
5197:
5194:
5190:
5187:
5186:
5185:
5182:
5180:
5177:
5175:
5172:
5170:
5167:
5163:
5160:
5159:
5158:
5155:
5153:
5150:
5149:
5147:
5145:
5144:against women
5139:
5136:
5130:
5120:
5119:Sex education
5117:
5115:
5112:
5110:
5107:
5105:
5102:
5100:
5097:
5095:
5092:
5090:
5087:
5083:
5080:
5079:
5078:
5075:
5073:
5070:
5068:
5065:
5063:
5060:
5058:
5055:
5053:
5052:Breast health
5050:
5048:
5045:
5041:
5038:
5036:
5033:
5032:
5031:
5028:
5027:
5024:
5018:
5015:
5011:
5008:
5007:
5006:
5003:
5001:
4998:
4996:
4993:
4992:
4990:
4988:
4982:
4979:
4973:
4961:
4958:
4957:
4956:
4953:
4951:
4948:
4946:
4943:
4941:
4938:
4934:
4931:
4929:
4926:
4924:
4923:Menstrual cup
4921:
4919:
4916:
4915:
4914:
4911:
4909:
4906:
4904:
4901:
4899:
4896:
4894:
4891:
4890:
4888:
4886:
4882:
4876:
4873:
4871:
4868:
4866:
4863:
4861:
4858:
4856:
4853:
4851:
4848:
4846:
4843:
4841:
4838:
4837:
4835:
4833:
4828:
4827:Contraception
4824:
4816:
4813:
4811:
4808:
4807:
4806:
4803:
4799:
4796:
4794:
4791:
4789:
4788:Childlessness
4786:
4785:
4784:
4781:
4780:
4778:
4776:
4773:Reproductive
4770:
4760:
4757:
4753:
4750:
4749:
4748:
4747:Sterilization
4745:
4743:
4740:
4738:
4735:
4733:
4730:
4728:
4725:
4723:
4720:
4719:
4716:
4710:
4707:
4705:
4702:
4698:
4695:
4694:
4693:
4690:
4686:
4683:
4681:
4678:
4677:
4676:
4673:
4671:
4668:
4666:
4663:
4661:
4658:
4656:
4653:
4651:
4648:
4646:
4645:Preterm birth
4643:
4641:
4638:
4637:
4635:
4633:
4629:
4619:
4616:
4614:
4611:
4610:
4609:
4606:
4604:
4601:
4599:
4596:
4594:
4591:
4589:
4586:
4584:
4581:
4580:
4579:
4576:
4574:
4571:
4569:
4566:
4564:
4561:
4559:
4556:
4554:
4551:
4550:
4548:
4546:
4542:
4539:
4537:
4531:
4525:
4522:
4520:
4517:
4515:
4512:
4510:
4507:
4505:
4502:
4500:
4497:
4493:
4490:
4488:
4485:
4481:
4480:Clitoral hood
4478:
4477:
4476:
4473:
4472:
4471:
4468:
4467:
4465:
4463:
4457:
4454:
4451:
4448:Reproductive
4444:
4440:
4436:
4428:
4423:
4421:
4416:
4414:
4409:
4408:
4405:
4399:
4396:
4393:
4389:
4388:
4378:
4374:
4371:
4369:
4365:
4364:
4360:
4358:
4354:
4353:
4349:
4348:
4345:
4341:
4334:
4330:
4329:
4325:
4323:
4319:
4318:
4314:
4312:
4308:
4307:
4303:
4301:
4297:
4293:
4289:
4285:
4281:
4280:
4276:
4272:
4270:
4266:
4262:
4261:
4257:
4253:
4252:
4249:
4244:
4240:
4217:
4213:
4206:
4191:
4187:
4180:
4172:
4168:
4163:
4158:
4153:
4148:
4144:
4140:
4136:
4129:
4115:
4111:
4105:
4089:
4085:
4079:
4071:
4067:
4063:
4059:
4054:
4049:
4045:
4041:
4037:
4033:
4026:
4018:
4017:
4009:
4001:
3989:
3978:
3977:
3970:
3954:
3950:
3946:
3940:
3925:
3921:
3915:
3901:
3897:
3891:
3877:
3873:
3867:
3852:
3848:
3842:
3827:
3823:
3817:
3809:
3805:
3800:
3795:
3791:
3787:
3783:
3779:
3775:
3768:
3760:
3756:
3752:
3748:
3744:
3740:
3736:
3732:
3725:
3717:
3715:9780128141892
3711:
3707:
3703:
3699:
3692:
3678:on 2012-03-27
3677:
3673:
3669:
3663:
3661:
3652:
3646:
3642:
3638:
3634:
3627:
3619:
3615:
3611:
3607:
3603:
3599:
3592:
3584:
3580:
3575:
3570:
3566:
3562:
3558:
3554:
3550:
3543:
3535:
3531:
3526:
3521:
3517:
3513:
3509:
3505:
3501:
3494:
3478:
3474:
3470:
3464:
3450:on 2013-07-13
3449:
3445:
3439:
3428:
3421:
3420:
3415:
3409:
3407:
3395:
3391:
3384:
3378:
3370:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3352:
3348:
3344:
3340:
3336:
3329:
3327:
3325:
3323:
3315:
3311:
3307:
3303:
3299:
3295:
3291:
3284:
3276:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3248:
3244:
3240:
3233:
3225:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3197:
3193:
3189:
3182:
3174:
3170:
3164:
3160:
3159:
3151:
3147:
3143:
3139:
3132:
3124:
3120:
3116:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3098:
3094:
3090:
3086:
3082:
3075:
3067:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3049:
3045:
3041:
3037:
3033:
3026:
3010:
3006:
3002:
2996:
2987:
2982:
2978:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2960:
2956:
2952:
2946:
2938:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2910:
2906:
2902:
2898:
2894:
2887:
2880:
2876:
2872:
2866:
2858:
2854:
2848:
2833:
2829:
2822:
2807:on 2013-08-01
2806:
2802:
2798:
2792:
2784:
2780:
2774:
2766:
2762:
2755:
2747:
2743:
2739:
2735:
2731:
2727:
2720:
2706:
2702:
2696:
2682:
2678:
2671:
2663:
2659:
2652:
2650:
2634:
2630:
2626:
2619:
2611:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2568:
2560:
2556:
2549:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2526:
2518:
2504:
2500:
2494:
2487:
2482:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2464:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2441:
2427:
2423:
2417:
2415:
2413:
2411:
2409:
2400:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2357:
2349:
2345:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2306:
2298:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2257:
2249:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2206:
2192:
2188:
2182:
2167:
2163:
2157:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2122:
2115:
2100:
2096:
2090:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2037:
2029:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1988:
1974:
1970:
1963:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1913:
1906:
1898:
1894:
1889:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1861:
1847:
1843:
1836:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1797:
1795:
1786:
1782:
1781:
1773:
1771:
1769:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1733:
1725:
1721:
1716:
1711:
1706:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1682:
1674:
1670:
1665:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1641:
1639:
1624:
1620:
1614:
1600:
1596:
1595:"Stillbirths"
1590:
1588:
1586:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1555:
1547:
1540:
1534:
1532:
1523:
1519:
1514:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1490:
1488:
1486:
1484:
1468:
1467:
1462:
1455:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1420:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1377:
1375:
1373:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1331:
1315:
1309:
1295:
1291:
1285:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1255:
1253:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1222:
1220:
1218:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1187:
1185:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1154:
1152:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1121:
1119:
1117:
1115:
1113:
1111:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1080:
1078:
1076:
1074:
1072:
1067:
1057:
1054:
1052:
1049:
1047:
1044:
1042:
1039:
1038:
1032:
1030:
1029:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1013:
1008:
1003:
1001:
996:
991:United States
988:
983:
979:
977:
967:
965:
960:
956:
951:
947:
943:
941:
931:
929:
924:
920:
917:
915:
909:
905:
903:
893:
884:
875:
867:
858:
851:
839:
838:
837:
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4608:Hypertension
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6279:Miscarriage
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5900:Respiratory
5876:Erb's palsy
5781:Asynclitism
5749:Nuchal cord
5607:WikiProject
5294:Bone health
5230:Lung cancer
5067:Dyspareunia
5010:HPV vaccine
4950:Amenorrhoea
4945:Menorrhagia
4783:Infertility
4732:Stillbirths
4593:Miscarriage
4352:MedlinePlus
4094:16 February
3876:www.who.int
3559:(1): 5615.
1623:UNICEF DATA
1599:UNICEF Data
1548:. Jan 2016.
1472:29 November
1294:UNICEF Data
1140:29 November
878:Netherlands
818:vital signs
646:Regulating
625:miscarriage
473:nuchal cord
383:, etc.) or
204:miscarriage
89:neonatology
85:Gynaecology
54:Other names
6327:Stillbirth
6321:Categories
6289:Stillbirth
6246:Omphalitis
6207:Infections
6116:Integument
5532:by country
5336:Depression
4987:infections
4692:Episiotomy
4632:Childbirth
4563:Obstetrics
4328:DiseasesDB
4184:Tawfik N.
4119:2022-04-28
3959:15 January
3930:2022-04-27
3905:2022-04-27
3881:2022-04-27
3857:2013-08-06
3832:2022-04-28
3682:2012-03-18
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2686:2022-04-27
2639:2013-08-06
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2431:2022-04-27
2373:(1): 274.
2196:2022-04-27
2172:2022-04-27
2105:2019-08-02
1978:2022-04-27
1851:2022-04-27
1628:2023-10-31
1604:2023-10-25
1546:The Lancet
1466:ProPublica
1299:2023-10-25
1062:References
768:depression
656:ultrasound
621:live birth
603:Definition
578:ultrasound
566:kick chart
417:Rh disease
278:Depression
262:developing
258:childbirth
251:ultrasound
180:Stillbirth
150:ultrasound
97:obstetrics
93:pediatrics
72:Ultrasound
49:Stillbirth
6347:Midwifery
6337:Fertility
6015:Anti-Kell
5653:period /
5651:perinatal
5162:Pregnancy
5142:Violence
5082:Vaginitis
4955:Menopause
4815:Fostering
4805:Parenting
4775:life plan
4640:Midwifery
4618:Eclampsia
4545:Pregnancy
4534:Maternal
4363:eMedicine
4282:: fetal:
4263:: fetal:
3998:ignored (
3988:cite book
3444:"Gesetze"
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1099:4 October
800:Australia
706:Caesarean
690:vaginally
666:Treatment
580:, and/or
570:fetoscopy
554:frequency
538:pregnancy
527:Diagnosis
392:pregnancy
375:(such as
365:maternal
188:pregnancy
170:Frequency
156:Treatment
113:pregnancy
80:Specialty
5985:Bleeding
5676:placenta
5583:Category
5543:Ethiopia
5465:UN Women
5282:Dementia
5213:diseases
5196:Femicide
5174:Misogyny
5094:Polygamy
4995:Safe sex
4903:Menarche
4810:Adoption
4737:Abortion
4655:Oxytocin
4475:Clitoris
4190:BBC News
4171:25984436
4070:39669213
4062:20175019
3953:Archived
3851:Archived
3808:20098665
3759:41058738
3751:18333949
3618:11134838
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2742:28657257
2662:Medscape
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2629:CBS News
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1235:Archived
1200:Archived
1167:Archived
1134:Archived
1093:Archived
1035:See also
934:Scotland
741:, where
716:Delivery
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681:in utero
652:diabetes
586:placenta
558:midwives
495:her back
381:nicotine
367:diabetes
332:syphilis
318:diabetes
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227:placenta
217:such as
104:Symptoms
6224:rubella
5854:Chignon
5708:chorion
5595:Commons
5384:Poverty
5378:factors
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5331:Anxiety
5313:Anaemia
5109:Puberty
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814:Austria
808:Austria
743:medical
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574:doptone
479:Torsion
377:alcohol
337:malaria
330:, like
310:obesity
302:autopsy
239:malaria
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5560:Russia
5222:Cancer
5134:health
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4977:health
4928:Tampon
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4509:Uterus
4504:Cervix
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824:Canada
597:models
542:uterus
296:Causes
284:, and
119:Causes
6272:Other
6096:Ileus
5843:scalp
5548:India
5538:China
4829:&
4519:Ovary
4462:tract
4300:Z37.7
4296:Z37.4
4292:Z37.3
4288:Z37.1
4066:S2CID
3980:(PDF)
3755:S2CID
3430:(PDF)
3423:(PDF)
3397:(PDF)
3386:(PDF)
3119:S2CID
3005:NICHD
2705:WebMD
2124:(PDF)
2077:S2CID
1973:WebMD
1954:(PDF)
1943:S2CID
1915:(PDF)
1564:NICHD
1542:(PDF)
1442:S2CID
1407:S2CID
1359:S2CID
1264:NICHD
1231:NICHD
1196:NICHD
1163:NICHD
1089:NICHD
772:guilt
316:, or
264:than
200:grief
196:guilt
184:fetal
109:Fetal
6030:Rh E
6025:Rh D
6020:Rh c
5189:Rape
4333:6890
4317:MeSH
4306:OMIM
4269:QA46
4265:KD3B
4223:2024
4197:2024
4167:PMID
4096:2023
4058:PMID
4000:help
3961:2017
3804:PMID
3747:PMID
3731:BJOG
3710:ISBN
3645:ISBN
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3579:PMID
3530:PMID
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3306:PMID
3271:PMID
3220:PMID
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3111:PMID
3062:PMID
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2933:PMID
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2738:PMID
2606:PMID
2530:PMID
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2344:PMID
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2244:PMID
2144:PMID
2069:PMID
2024:PMID
1935:PMID
1893:PMID
1823:PMID
1755:PMID
1720:PMID
1669:PMID
1576:2016
1518:PMID
1474:2022
1399:PMID
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1142:2022
1101:2016
1005:The
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731:rate
588:and
560:and
241:and
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3739:doi
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2006:doi
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