Pre-eclampsia - Knowledge

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is impaired trophoblast invasion that results in inadequate alterations to the uterine spiral arteries. It is hypothesized that the developing embryo releases biochemical signals that result in the woman developing hypertension and pre-eclampsia so that the fetus can benefit from a greater amount of maternal circulation of nutrients due to increased blood flow to the impaired placenta. This results in a conflict between maternal and fetal fitness and survival because the fetus is invested in only its survival and fitness while the mother is invested in this and subsequent pregnancies.

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intrauterine Doppler and PlGF measurement, the study has shown a capacity to identify more than 75% of the women that will develop pre-eclampsia, allowing early intervention to prevent development of later symptoms. This approach is now officially recommended by the International Federation of Gynecologists & Obstetricians (FIGO), However this model particularly predict pre-eclampsia with onset before 34 weeks' of gestation, while prediction of pre-eclampsia with later onset remains challenging.

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The reason for this discrepancy is not definitively known; research supports speculation that the underlying pathology increases the risk of pre-eclampsia to such a degree that any measurable reduction of risk due to smoking is masked. However, the damaging effects of smoking on overall health and pregnancy outcomes outweighs the benefits in decreasing the incidence of pre-eclampsia. It is recommended that smoking be stopped prior to, during and after pregnancy.

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exchange of water, gases, and solutes, including nutrients and wastes, between maternal and fetal circulations. Abnormal development of the placenta leads to poor placental perfusion. The placenta of women with pre-eclampsia is abnormal and characterized by poor trophoblastic invasion. It is thought that this results in oxidative stress, hypoxia, and the release of factors that promote endothelial dysfunction, inflammation, and other possible reactions.

1455:), and advanced maternal age. Women who live at high altitude are also more likely to experience pre-eclampsia. Pre-eclampsia is also more common in some ethnic groups (e.g. African-Americans, Sub-Saharan Africans, Latin Americans, African Caribbeans, and Filipinos). Change of paternity in a subsequent pregnancy has been implicated as affecting risk, except in those with a family history of hypertensive pregnancy. 8487: 859:

unavailable father, as determined by repeated semen exposure of the father to the mother. Various studies have shown that women who frequently had exposure to partners' semen before conception had a reduced risk of pre-eclampsia. Also, subsequent pregnancies by the same father had a reduced risk of pre-eclampsia while subsequent pregnancies by a different father had a higher risk of developing pre-eclampsia.

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Extravillous trophoblast cells are an invasive cell type which remodel the maternal spiral arteries by replacing the maternal epithelium and smooth muscle lining the spiral arteries, thus causing and maintaining spiral artery dilation. This prevents maternal vasoconstriction in the spiral arteries and allows for continued blood and nutrient supply to the growing fetus with low resistance and high blood flow.

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first pregnancies, the protective effect of multiparity is lost with change of partner". The study also concluded that although women with changing partners are strongly advised to use condoms to prevent sexually transmitted diseases, "a certain period of sperm exposure within a stable relation, when pregnancy is aimed for, is associated with protection against pre-eclampsia".

490:. Endothelial dysfunction results in hypertension and many of the other symptoms and complications associated with pre-eclampsia. When pre-eclampsia develops in the last weeks of pregnancy or in a multiple pregnancy, the causation may in some cases, partly be due to a large placenta outgrowing the capacity of the uterus, eventually leading to the symptoms of pre-eclampsia. 300:, then known as postpartum pre-eclampsia. Rarely, pre-eclampsia may begin in the period after delivery. While historically both high blood pressure and protein in the urine were required to make the diagnosis, some definitions also include those with hypertension and any associated organ dysfunction. Blood pressure is defined as high when it is greater than 140 mmHg 407:

pre-eclampsia. In general, none of the signs of pre-eclampsia are specific, and even convulsions in pregnancy are more likely to have causes other than eclampsia in modern practice. Diagnosis depends on finding a coincidence of several pre-eclamptic features, the final proof being their regression within the days and weeks after delivery.

350:(which include pre-eclampsia) are one of the most common causes of death due to pregnancy. They resulted in 46,900 deaths in 2015. Pre-eclampsia usually occurs after 32 weeks; however, if it occurs earlier it is associated with worse outcomes. Women who have had pre-eclampsia are at increased risk of high blood pressure, 581:, or Trisomy 13, is also associated with the upregulation of sFLT1 due to the extra copy of the 13th chromosome. Because of this upregulation of an antiangiogenic factor, women with trisomy 13 pregnancies often experience reduced placental vascularization and are at higher risk for developing pre-eclampsia. 1551:). This condition may occur in 10–20% of patients with severe pre-eclampsia and eclampsia and is associated with increased maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality. In 50% of instances, HELLP syndrome develops preterm, while 20% of cases develop in late gestation and 30% during the post-partum period. 1311:. The team has found that certain men, dubbed "dangerous males", are several times more likely to father pregnancies that would end in either pre-eclampsia or miscarriage. Among other things, most of the "dangerous males" seemed to lack sufficient levels of the seminal immune factors necessary to induce 627:, are noncoding mRNAs that down-regulate posttranscriptional gene expression through RNA-induced silencing complexes. In the placenta, miRNAs are crucial for regulating cell growth, angiogenesis, cell proliferation, and metabolism. These placental-specific miRNAs are clustered in large groups, mainly on 1523:

in a pre-eclamptic patient that may not be attributed to other causes. It is a sign that the underlying pre-eclamptic condition is severe and is associated with high rates of perinatal and maternal morbidity and mortality. Warning symptoms for eclampsia in an individual with current pre-eclampsia may

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additional treatments including corticosteroid injection to accelerate fetal pulmonary maturation and magnesium sulfate for prevention of cerebral palsy should be considered. Important in management is the assessment of the mother's organ systems, management of severe hypertension, and prevention and

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Having already noted the importance of a woman's immunological tolerance to her baby's paternal genes, several Dutch reproductive biologists decided to take their research a step further. Consistent with the fact that human immune systems tolerate things better when they enter the body via the mouth,

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nature of the disease. Maternal, paternal, and fetal genotypes all play a role as well as complex epigenetic factors such as whether the parents smoke, maternal age, sexual cohabitation, and obesity. Currently, there is very little understanding behind the mechanisms of these interactions. Due to the

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The definitive treatment for pre-eclampsia is the delivery of the baby and placenta, but danger to the mother persists after delivery, and full recovery can take days or weeks. The timing of delivery should balance the desire for optimal outcomes for the baby while reducing risks for the mother. The

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The study ASPRE, besides its efficacy in identifying women suspected to develop pre-eclampsia, has also been able to demonstrate a strong drop in the rate of early pre-eclampsia (-82%) and preterm pre-eclampsia (-62%). The efficacy of aspirin is due to screening to identify high risk women, adjusted

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One hypothesis for vulnerability to pre-eclampsia is the maternal-fetal conflict between the maternal organism and fetus. After the first trimester trophoblasts enter the spiral arteries of the mother to alter the spiral arteries and thereby gain more access to maternal nutrients. Occasionally there

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involves the growth of new blood vessels from existing vessels, and an imbalance during pregnancy can affect the vascularization, growth, and biological function of the fetus. The irregular expression of these factors is thought to be controlled by multiple loci on different chromosomes. Research on

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during pregnancy should receive treatment with anti-hypertensive agents. Severe hypertension is generally considered systolic BP of at least 160 or diastolic BP of at least 110. Evidence does not support the use of one anti-hypertensive over another. The choice of which agent to use should be based

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and a reduced risk of pre-eclampsia has been consistent and reproducible across epidemiologic studies. High-risk pregnancies (those with pregestational diabetes, chronic hypertension, history of pre-eclampsia in a previous pregnancy, or multifetal gestation) showed no significant protective effect.

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Pre-eclampsia is a progressive disorder and these signs of organ dysfunction are indicative of severe pre-eclampsia. A systolic blood pressure ≥160 or diastolic blood pressure ≥110 and/or proteinuria >5g in a 24-hour period is also indicative of severe pre-eclampsia. Clinically, individuals with

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Suspicion for pre-eclampsia should be maintained in any pregnancy complicated by elevated blood pressure, even in the absence of proteinuria. Ten percent of individuals with other signs and symptoms of pre-eclampsia and 20% of individuals diagnosed with eclampsia show no evidence of proteinuria. In

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of postpartum preeclampsia is the same as during pregnancy, including using anti-hypertensive medications to lower blood pressure and magnesium sulfate to prevent eclampsia. The same blood pressure medications that are used during pregnancy can be used in the postpartum period. There may be other

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The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists recommends blood pressure evaluation for patients who have any hypertensive disorder of pregnancy within 7-10 days after delivery. Home blood pressure monitoring may increase the likelihood of measuring blood pressure during these recommended

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A recent study, ASPRE, known to be the largest multi-country prospective trial, has reported a significant performance in identifying pregnant women at high risk of pre-eclampsia yet during the first trimester of pregnancy. Utilizing a combination of maternal history, mean arterial blood pressure,

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are increased in the maternal circulation in women who develop pre-eclampsia. These findings have given rise to the hypothesis that pre-eclampsia is a disease process by which a placental lesion such as hypoxia allows increased fetal material into the maternal circulation, that in turn leads to an

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In pre-eclampsia, abnormal expression of chromosome 19 microRNA cluster (C19MC) in placental cell lines reduces extravillus trophoblast migration. Specific microRNAs in this cluster which might cause abnormal spiral artery invasion include miR-520h, miR-520b, and 520c-3p. This impairs extravillus

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Because pre-eclampsia leads to a mismatch between the maternal energy supply and fetal energy demands, pre-eclampsia can lead to IUGR in the developing fetus. Infants with IUGR are prone to have poor neuronal development and in increased risk for adult disease according to the Barker hypothesis.

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to her baby's father, as the baby and father share genetics. There is tentative evidence that ongoing exposure either by vaginal or oral sex to the same semen that resulted in the pregnancy decreases the risk of pre-eclampsia. As one early study described, "although pre-eclampsia is a disease of

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Although much research into mechanism of pre-eclampsia has taken place, its exact pathogenesis remains uncertain. Pre-eclampsia is thought to result from an abnormal placenta, the removal of which ends the disease in most cases. During normal pregnancy, the placenta vascularizes to allow for the

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Preeclampsia can also occur in the postpartum period or after delivery. There are currently no clear definitions or guidelines for postpartum preeclampsia, but experts have proposed a definition of new-onset preeclampsia that occurs between 48 hours after delivery up to 6 weeks after delivery.

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are the same, except that not having been pregnant previously does not seem to be a risk factor for postpartum preeclampsia. There are other risk factors related to the labor and/or delivery that are associated with postpartum preeclampsia like cesarean delivery and higher rates of intravenous

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Pre-eclampsia is one of the leading causes of maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality worldwide. Nearly one-tenth of all maternal deaths in Africa and Asia and one-quarter in Latin America are associated with hypertensive diseases in pregnancy, a category that encompasses pre-eclampsia.

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Another evolutionary hypothesis for vulnerability to pre-eclampsia is the idea of ensuring pair-bonding between the mother and father and paternal investment in the fetus. Researchers posit that pre-eclampsia is an adaptation for the mother to terminate investment in a fetus that might have an

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Despite a lack of knowledge on specific causal mechanisms of pre-eclampsia, there is strong evidence to suggest it results from both environmental and heritable factors. A 2005 study showed that women with a first-degree relative who had a pre-eclamptic birth are twice as likely to develop it

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While the exact cause of pre-eclampsia remains unclear, there is strong evidence that a major cause predisposing a susceptible woman to pre-eclampsia is an abnormally implanted placenta. This abnormally implanted placenta may result in poor uterine and placental perfusion, yielding a state of

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the Dutch researchers conducted a series of studies that confirmed a surprisingly strong correlation between a diminished incidence of pre-eclampsia and a woman's practice of oral sex, and noted that the protective effects were strongest if she swallowed her partner's semen. A team from the

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In normal early embryonic development, the outer epithelial layer contains cytotrophoblast cells, a stem cell type found in the trophoblast that later differentiates into the fetal placenta. These cells differentiate into many placental cells types, including extravillous trophoblast cells.

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Further, a symptom such as epigastric pain may be misinterpreted as heartburn. Common features of pre-eclampsia which are screened for during pre-natal visits include elevated blood pressure and excess protein in the urine. Additionally, some women may develop severe headache as a sign of

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There have been many assessments of tests aimed at predicting pre-eclampsia, though no single biomarker is likely to be sufficiently predictive of the disorder. Predictive tests that have been assessed include those related to placental perfusion, vascular resistance, kidney dysfunction,

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Pre-eclampsia is much more common in women who are pregnant for the first time. Women who have previously been diagnosed with pre-eclampsia are also more likely to experience pre-eclampsia in subsequent pregnancies. Pre-eclampsia is also more common in women who have pre-existing

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Both sFlt-1 and sEng are upregulated in all pregnant women to some extent, supporting the idea that hypertensive disease in pregnancy is a normal pregnancy adaptation gone awry. As natural killer cells are intimately involved in placentation and placentation involves a degree of

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themselves. Furthermore, men related to someone with affected birth have an increased risk of fathering a pre-eclamptic pregnancy. Fetuses affected by pre-eclampsia have a higher chance of later pregnancy complications including growth restriction, prematurity, and stillbirth.

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Several other studies have since investigated the decreased incidence of pre-eclampsia in women who had received blood transfusions from their partner, those with long preceding histories of sex without barrier contraceptives, and in women who had been regularly performing

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in the q21 region, DLX5 serves as a transcription factor often linked with the developmental growth of organs. When paternally inherited, DLX5 and its SNP rs73708843 are shown to play a role in trophoblast proliferation, affecting vascular growth and nutrient delivery.

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for a foreign placenta, it is not surprising that the maternal immune system might respond more negatively to the arrival of some placentae under certain circumstances, such as a placenta which is more invasive than normal. Initial maternal rejection of the placental

604:(zinc finger protein 831) and its loci on chromosome 20q13 were identified as another significant factor in pre-eclampsia. The risk allele rs259983 is also associated with both pre-eclampsia and hypertension, further evidence that the two traits are possibly linked. 1410:

Pre-eclampsia affects approximately 2–8% of all pregnancies worldwide. The incidence of pre-eclampsia has risen in the U.S. since the 1990s, possibly as a result of increased prevalence of predisposing disorders, such as chronic hypertension, diabetes, and obesity.

803:(XO) and this enzyme mainly occurs in the liver. One hypothesis is that the increased purine catabolism from placental hypoxia results in increased ROS production in the maternal liver and release into the maternal circulation that causes endothelial cell damage. 562:

is sFLT1, which works as an antiangiogenic factor, reducing vascular growth in the placenta. A healthy, normotensive pregnancy is characterized by a balance between these factors. However, upregulation of this variant and overexpression of sFL1 can contribute to

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severity of disease and the maturity of the baby are primary considerations. These considerations are situation specific, and management will vary with situation, location, and institution. Treatment can range from expectant management to expedited delivery by

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The goal of treatment of severe hypertension in pregnancy is to prevent cardiovascular, kidney, and cerebrovascular complications. The target blood pressure has been proposed to be 140–160 mmHg systolic and 90–105 mmHg diastolic, although values are variable.

1505:. Furthermore, an elevation in blood pressure can occur in some individuals in the first week postpartum attributable to volume expansion and fluid mobilization. Fetal complications include fetal growth restriction and potential fetal or perinatal death. 991:≥ 0.3 grams (300 mg) or more of protein in a 24-hour urine sample or a SPOT urinary protein to creatinine ratio ≥0.3 or a urine dipstick reading of 1+ or greater (dipstick reading should only be used if other quantitative methods are not available). 524:

The onset of pre-eclampsia is thought to be caused by several complex interactions between genetics and environmental factors. Our current understanding of the specifically heritable cause involves an imbalance of angiogenic factors in the placenta.

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failures could potentially be administered key immune factors such as TGF-beta along with the father's foreign proteins, possibly either orally, as a sublingual spray, or as a vaginal gel to be applied onto the vaginal wall before intercourse.

399:(especially in the hands and face) was originally considered an important sign for a diagnosis of pre-eclampsia. However, because edema is a common occurrence in pregnancy, its utility as a distinguishing factor in pre-eclampsia is not high. 2012:

Henderson JT, Whitlock EP, O'Connor E, Senger CA, Thompson JH, Rowland MG (May 2014). "Low-dose aspirin for prevention of morbidity and mortality from preeclampsia: a systematic evidence review for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force".

1118:(specialized cells of the kidney) in the urine has the potential to aid in the prediction of pre-eclampsia. Studies have demonstrated that finding podocytes in the urine may serve as an early marker of and diagnostic test for pre-eclampsia. 1608:

The risk of pre-eclampsia and development of placental dysfunction has also been shown to be recurrent cross-generationally on the maternal side and most likely on the paternal side. Fetuses born to mothers who were born small for

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In a woman with essential hypertension beginning before 20 weeks' gestational age, the diagnostic criteria are an increase in systolic blood pressure (SBP) of ≥30 mmHg or an increase in diastolic blood pressure (DBP) of ≥15

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Preventive measures against pre-eclampsia have been heavily studied. Because the pathogenesis of pre-eclampsia is not completely understood, prevention remains a complex issue. Some currently accepted recommendations are:

575:(SNPs) have been observed to impact the overexpression of sFL1. Specifically, SNPs rs12050029 and rs4769613's risk alleles are linked with low red blood cell counts and carry an increased risk of late-onset pre-eclampsia. 1524:

include headaches, visual disturbances, and right upper quadrant or epigastric abdominal pain, with a headache being the most consistent symptom. During pregnancy brisk or hyperactive reflexes are common, however, ankle

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trophoblast cells invasion to the maternal spiral arteries, causing high resistance and low blood flow and low nutrient supply to the fetus. There is tentative evidence that vitamin supplementation can decrease the risk.

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all appear to be safe in lactating patients. There is no data showing that any one medication is most effective for postpartum blood pressure management. In addition, there is evidence that the use of a diuretic,

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Roberge S, Nicolaides K, Demers S, Hyett J, Chaillet N, Bujold E (February 2017). "The role of aspirin dose on the prevention of preeclampsia and fetal growth restriction: systematic review and meta-analysis".

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is a major complication of pre-eclampsia. Eclampsia affects 0.56 per 1,000 pregnant women in developed countries and almost 10 to 30 times as many women in low-income countries as in developed countries.

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Blood pressure ≥140 mmHg systolic or ≥90 mmHg diastolic on two separate readings taken at least four to six hours apart after 20 weeks' gestation in an individual with previously normal blood pressure.

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in pregnancy. Aberrant immune responses promoting pre-eclampsia may also be due to an altered fetal allorecognition or to inflammatory triggers. It has been documented that fetal cells such as fetal

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is an effective treatment but full recovery can take days or weeks. The point at which delivery becomes recommended depends on how severe the pre-eclampsia and how far along in pregnancy a woman is.

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McMaster-Fay RA (2008). "Pre-eclampsia: a disease of oxidative stress resulting from the catabolism of DNA (primarily fetal) to uric acid by xanthine oxidase in the maternal liver; a hypothesis".

273:, or visual disturbances. Pre-eclampsia increases the risk of undesirable as well as lethal outcomes for both the mother and the fetus including preterm labor. If left untreated, it may result in 2493:

Bibbins-Domingo K, Grossman DC, Curry SJ, Barry MJ, Davidson KW, Doubeni CA, et al. (April 2017). "Screening for Preeclampsia: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement".

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of the uterine arteries to investigate for signs of inadequate placental perfusion. This test has a high negative predictive value among those individuals with a history of prior pre-eclampsia.

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Physiologically, research has linked pre-eclampsia to the following physiologic changes: alterations in the interaction between the maternal immune response and the placenta, placental injury,

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The death of Lauren Bloomstein, a neonatal nurse, in the hospital where she worked illustrates a profound disparity: The health care system focuses on babies but often ignores their mothers.

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on the prescribing clinician's experience with a particular agent, its cost, and its availability. Diuretics are not recommended for prevention of pre-eclampsia and its complications.

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in those cases of pre-eclampsia associated with shallow implantation, leading to downstream hypoxia and the appearance of maternal symptoms in response to upregulated sFlt-1 and sEng.

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supplementation of at least 1 gram per day is recommended during pregnancy as it prevents pre-eclampsia where dietary calcium intake is low, especially for those at high risk. Higher

403:(unusual swelling, particularly of the hands, feet, or face, notable by leaving an indentation when pressed on) can be significant, and should be reported to a health care provider. 1585:(IUGR) and low birth weight. The fetal origins hypothesis states that fetal undernutrition is linked with coronary heart disease later in adult life due to disproportionate growth. 1559:

Preeclampsia predisposes for future cardiovascular disease and a history of preeclampsia/eclampsia doubles the risk for cardiovascular mortality later in life. Other risks include

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treatment of eclamptic seizures. Separate interventions directed at the baby may also be necessary. Bed rest has not been found to be useful and is thus not routinely recommended.

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amongst other factors. Most cases are diagnosed before delivery, and may be categorized depending on the gestational week at delivery. Commonly, pre-eclampsia continues into the

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While the current understanding suggests that maternal alleles are the main hereditary cause of pre-eclampsia, paternal loci have also been implicated. In one study, paternal

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may also present with elevated blood pressure and protein in the urine, but differ by the extent of liver damage. Other disorders that can cause high blood pressure include

2742:"The classification and diagnosis of the hypertensive disorders of pregnancy: statement from the International Society for the Study of Hypertension in Pregnancy (ISSHP)" 2585:

Brown MC, Best KE, Pearce MS, Waugh J, Robson SC, Bell R (January 2013). "Cardiovascular disease risk in women with pre-eclampsia: systematic review and meta-analysis".

1143:. It must be considered a possibility in any pregnant woman beyond 20 weeks of gestation. It is particularly difficult to diagnose when pre-existing conditions such as 1613:(SGA) were 50% more likely to develop pre-eclampsia while fetuses born to both SGA parents were three-fold more likely to develop pre-eclampsia in future pregnancies. 5930:

McDonald SD, Malinowski A, Zhou Q, Yusuf S, Devereaux PJ (November 2008). "Cardiovascular sequelae of preeclampsia/eclampsia: a systematic review and meta-analyses".

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Pre-eclampsia can mimic and be confused with many other diseases, including chronic hypertension, chronic renal disease, primary seizure disorders, gallbladder and

8334: 2380: 1105:(sFlt-1) have shown promise for potential clinical use in diagnosing pre-eclampsia, though evidence is insufficient to recommend a clinical use for these markers. 5835:

Hjartardottir S, Leifsson BG, Geirsson RT, Steinthorsdottir V (2004). "Paternity change and the recurrence risk in familial hypertensive disorder in pregnancy".

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Davis JA, Gallup GG (2006). "Preeclampsia and other pregnancy complications as an adaptive response to unfamiliar semen)". In Platek SM, Shackelford TK (eds.).

4357:"The International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) initiative on pre-eclampsia: A pragmatic guide for first-trimester screening and prevention" 592:

in the q12 region is also associated with pre-eclampsia. Specifically, allele rs1421085 heightens the risk of not just pre-eclampsia but also an increase in

571:, and seizures. However, these factors can also lead to inadequate oxygen, nutrient, or blood supply to the fetus. Furthermore, in this loci region, several 343:

may be used to prevent eclampsia in those with severe disease. Bed rest and salt intake have not been found to be useful for either treatment or prevention.

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Berlac JF, Hartwell D, Skovlund CW, Langhoff-Roos J, Lidegaard Ø (June 2017). "Endometriosis increases the risk of obstetrical and neonatal complications".

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has recommended low-dose aspirin therapy as standard preventive treatment for pre-eclampsia. There is a reported problem of its efficacy when combined with

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has no effect on pre-eclampsia incidence; therefore, supplementation with vitamins C, E, and D is not recommended for reducing the risk of pre-eclampsia.

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Dekker GA, Robillard PY, Hulsey TC (June 1998). "Immune maladaptation in the etiology of preeclampsia: a review of corroborative epidemiologic studies".

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Supplementation with a balanced protein and energy diet does not appear to reduce the risk of pre-eclampsia. Further, there is no evidence that changing

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From the Mayo Clinic to Harvard, sources don't always get the facts right about preeclampsia. Reached by ProPublica, some are making needed corrections.

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Rumbold AR, Crowther CA, Haslam RR, Dekker GA, Robinson JS (April 2006). "Vitamins C and E and the risks of preeclampsia and perinatal complications".

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Oxidative stress may also play an important part in the pathogenesis of pre-eclampsia. The main source of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is the enzyme

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recommends low-dose aspirin for the prevention of pre-eclampsia in women at high risk and recommends it be started before 20 weeks of pregnancy. The

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Ota E, Hori H, Mori R, Tobe-Gai R, Farrar D (June 2015). "Antenatal dietary education and supplementation to increase energy and protein intake".

1398:. Further, magnesium sulfate is recommended for the treatment of eclampsia over other anticonvulsants. Magnesium sulfate acts by interacting with 292:. It is also more frequent in a woman's first pregnancy and if she is carrying twins. The underlying mechanisms are complex and involve abnormal 3577: 1048:/right upper quadrant abdominal pain, headaches, and vomiting. Severe pre-eclampsia is a significant risk factor for intrauterine fetal death. 5012: 1992: 2188: 1237:

recommends a low-dose regimen for women at high risk beginning in the 12th week. Benefits are less if started after 16 weeks. Since 2018 the

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Dietary factors, e.g. calcium supplementation in areas where dietary calcium intake is low has been shown to reduce the risk of pre-eclampsia

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Beardmore KS, Morris JM, Gallery ED (January 2002). "Excretion of antihypertensive medication into human breast milk: a systematic review".

2816:"Association between local traffic-generated air pollution and preeclampsia and preterm delivery in the south coast air basin of California" 1083:) is used by some to "define" pre-eclampsia, though it has been found to be a poor predictor of the disorder. Elevated levels in the blood ( 1571:. Preeclampsia and cardiovascular disease share many risk factors such as age, elevated BMI, family history and certain chronic diseases. 1234: 767:(sFlt-1) are higher in women with pre-eclampsia than in women with normal pregnancy. sFlt-1 is an anti-angiogenic protein that antagonizes 751:

The clinical manifestations of pre-eclampsia are associated with general endothelial dysfunction, including vasoconstriction and end-organ

3875:"Significance of (sub)clinical thyroid dysfunction and thyroid autoimmunity before conception and in early pregnancy: a systematic review" 7309: 5811: 4887: 1318:

As the theory of immune intolerance as a cause of pre-eclampsia has become accepted, women with repeated pre-eclampsia, miscarriages, or

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systolic or 15 mmHg diastolic, while not meeting the absolute criteria of 140/90, is important to note but is not considered diagnostic.

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at two separate times, more than four hours apart in a woman after twenty weeks of pregnancy. Pre-eclampsia is routinely screened during

6505: 2697: 635:, and irregular expression of either is associated with an increased risk of an affected pregnancy. For instance, miR-16 and miR-29 are 429:

Prior or existing maternal pathology – pre-eclampsia is seen more at a higher incidence in individuals with pre-existing

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Beckmann CR, Ling FW, Smith RP, Barzansky BM, Herbert WN, Laube DW, American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, eds. (2010).

2815: 1865:"Hypertension in pregnancy. Report of the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists' Task Force on Hypertension in Pregnancy" 323:

in areas with low intake, and treatment of prior hypertension with medications. In those with pre-eclampsia, delivery of the baby and

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Robertson SA, Bromfield JJ, Tremellen KP (August 2003). "Seminal 'priming' for protection from pre-eclampsia-a unifying hypothesis".

585: 3742:"Clinical risk factors for pre-eclampsia determined in early pregnancy: systematic review and meta-analysis of large cohort studies" 8444: 623:

Besides specific loci, several important genetic regulatory factors contribute to the development of pre-eclampsia. Micro RNAs, or

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proteins along with inflammatory mediators into the maternal plasma. A major consequence of this sequence of events is generalized

8491: 8367: 779:(sEng) has also been shown to be elevated in women with pre-eclampsia and has anti-angiogenic properties, much like sFlt-1 does. 6485: 1394:

The intrapartum and postpartum administration of magnesium sulfate is recommended in severe pre-eclampsia for the prevention of

8405: 3597:"Disturbed Placental Imprinting in Preeclampsia Leads to Altered Expression of DLX5, a Human-Specific Early Trophoblast Marker" 1229:

is associated with a 1 to 5% reduction in pre-eclampsia and a 1 to 5% reduction in premature births in women at high risk. The

463: 4857:"Low selenium status is associated with the occurrence of the pregnancy disease preeclampsia in women from the United Kingdom" 3223:"Recurrence of pre-eclampsia across generations: exploring fetal and maternal genetic components in a population based cohort" 2390: 1000:(elevated blood pressure) and the new onset of one or more of the following is suggestive of the diagnosis of pre-eclampsia: 6763: 6730: 5547: 4790: 4277: 4239: 4151: 3970: 3713: 2691: 2182: 1986: 1508:

Long-term, an individual with pre-eclampsia is at increased risk for recurrence of pre-eclampsia in subsequent pregnancies.

639:(VEGFs) and play a role in upregulating sFLT-1. In particular, the overexpression of miRNA miR-210 has been shown to induce 2789: 487: 6347: 6346:

Steele DW, Adam GP, Saldanha IJ, Kanaan G, Zahradnik ML, Danilack VA, Stuebe AM, Peahl AF, Chen KK, Balk EM (2023-05-31).

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polygenic nature of pre-eclampsia, a majority of the studies that have been conducted thus far on the topic have utilized

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Mostello D, Catlin TK, Roman L, Holcomb WL, Leet T (August 2002). "Preeclampsia in the parous woman: who is at risk?".

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McCall CA, Grimes DA, Lyerly AD (June 2013). "'Therapeutic' bed rest in pregnancy: unethical and unsupported by data".

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There is insufficient evidence to recommend either exercise or strict bedrest as preventive measures of pre-eclampsia.

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World Health Organization (WHO). World health report 2005: make every mother and child count. Geneva: WHO; 2005, p. 63

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Steinthorsdottir V, McGinnis R, Williams NO, Stefansdottir L, Thorleifsson G, Shooter S, et al. (November 2020).

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Complications of pre-eclampsia can affect both the mother and the fetus. Acutely, pre-eclampsia can be complicated by

8344: 7492: 7181: 7036: 6963: 6658: 1371: 567:. Reduced vascular growth and endothelial dysfunction manifest primarily in maternal symptoms such as renal failure, 3381:

McGinnis R, Steinthorsdottir V, Williams NO, Thorleifsson G, Shooter S, Hjartardottir S, et al. (August 2017).

7677: 7208: 1528:

is a sign of neuromuscular irritability that usually reflects severe pre-eclampsia and also can precede eclampsia.

4406:"Competing risks model in screening for preeclampsia by maternal factors and biomarkers at 19-24 weeks' gestation" 8046: 7869: 7643: 7302: 6829: 6567: 1582: 1379: 1308: 1253:

prophylaxis dosage (150 mg/day), timing of the intake (bedtime) and must start before week 16 of pregnancy.

536: 5970:"Pre-eclampsia and risk of cardiovascular disease and cancer in later life: systematic review and meta-analysis" 814:

seem to play major roles in pre-eclampsia. One of the main differences found in pre-eclampsia is a shift toward

7332: 6710: 5753:"Disparities in pre-eclampsia and eclampsia among immigrant women giving birth in six industrialised countries" 1148: 572: 366:

The word "eclampsia" is from the Greek term for lightning. The first known description of the condition was by

5189:"Rest during pregnancy for preventing pre-eclampsia and its complications in women with normal blood pressure" 8427: 8395: 8293: 6912: 3914:

Vissenberg R, van den Boogaard E, van Wely M, van der Post JA, Fliers E, Bisschop PH, Goddijn M (July 2012).

1283: 784: 3446:"Genetic predisposition to hypertension is associated with preeclampsia in European and Central Asian women" 8518: 8372: 8288: 7626: 7196: 6979: 6824: 1610: 811: 254: 130: 6294:"Clinical Course, Associated Factors, and Blood Pressure Profile of Delayed-Onset Postpartum Preeclampsia" 5751:

Urquia ML, Glazier RH, Gagnon AJ, Mortensen LH, Nybo Andersen AM, Janevic T, et al. (November 2014).

1629:

otherwise are essentially the same as for preeclampsia diagnosed during pregnancy. Similarly, many of the

558:. Angiogenic factors are crucial for vascular growth in the placenta. An FLT1 soluble isoform caused by a 7901: 7844: 7408: 6992: 6510: 1581:

Lowered blood supply to the fetus in pre-eclampsia causes lowered nutrient supply, which could result in

8528: 4488:"Podocyturia predates proteinuria and clinical features of preeclampsia: longitudinal prospective study" 4296:

Rolnik DL, Wright D, Poon LC, Syngelaki A, O'Gorman N, de Paco Matallana C, et al. (October 2017).

4218:

Matthiesen L, Berg G, Ernerudh J, Ekerfelt C, Jonsson Y, Sharma S (2005). "Immunology of preeclampsia".

2711: 730:, and, like other processes, each risk factor plays a role in the likelihood of increased consequences ( 8467: 8432: 8422: 7462: 7344: 7295: 7103: 6902: 6876: 6612: 6558: 5648:"Intrauterine growth restriction, preeclampsia, and intrauterine mortality at high altitude in Bolivia" 3873:

van den Boogaard E, Vissenberg R, Land JA, van Wely M, van der Post JA, Goddijn M, Bisschop PH (2011).

897: 8225: 8095: 8053: 7914: 7140: 7130: 7048: 6948: 4808:"Calcium supplementation during pregnancy for preventing hypertensive disorders and related problems" 1646:

medications that can be used, when there is no longer concern for the developing fetus. In general,

1230: 1140: 1136: 328: 5460:

Mattar R, Soares RV, Daher S (February 2005). "Sexual behavior and recurrent spontaneous abortion".

5016: 4486:

Craici IM, Wagner SJ, Bailey KR, Fitz-Gibbon PD, Wood-Wentz CM, Turner ST, et al. (June 2013).

4130:

Female Infidelity and Paternal Uncertainty. Evolutionary Perspectives on Male Anti-Cuckoldry Tactics

3497:"Soluble Fms-like tyrosine kinase 1 and endothelial dysfunction in the pathogenesis of preeclampsia" 8437: 7961: 7777: 7744: 7636: 7259: 6666: 938: 901: 839: 305: 167: 58: 643:, which affects spiral artery remodeling, an important part of the pathogenesis of pre-eclampsia. 8390: 8244: 8036: 7729: 7065: 6987: 6745: 5089:"The Road to Low-Dose Aspirin Therapy for the Prevention of Preeclampsia Began with the Placenta" 1675: 1655: 1590: 1312: 1098: 834:, alterations in synthesis of or response to regulatory molecules, or changes in the function of 772: 564: 320: 301: 182: 163: 98: 4445:

Zeisler H, Llurba E, Chantraine F, Vatish M, Staff AC, Sennström M, et al. (January 2016).

3962: 3956: 2212:

Lambert G, Brichant JF, Hartstein G, Bonhomme V, Dewandre PY (2014). "Preeclampsia: an update".

584:

Beyond fetal loci, there have been some maternal loci identified as effectors of pre-eclampsia.

8523: 8303: 8171: 8161: 8026: 7749: 7682: 7657: 7593: 7467: 7186: 7160: 6938: 6758: 6753: 6725: 6702: 6602: 4135: 1319: 1300: 701: 655: 4856: 4528: 3916:"Treatment of thyroid disorders before conception and in early pregnancy: a systematic review" 2681: 41: 8533: 8283: 8085: 7889: 7564: 7150: 7145: 6597: 2085:

Arulkumaran N, Lightstone L (December 2013). "Severe pre-eclampsia and hypertensive crises".

1444: 1052: 889: 377:

of pregnancy, a term that originated in the mistaken belief that the condition was caused by

6497: 4613: 4127: 3639: 3324: 3322: 2856: 8298: 8249: 7569: 7559: 7487: 7482: 7457: 7442: 7437: 7155: 7024: 6919: 6740: 6715: 4077: 2123:

Wang H, et al. (GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators) (October 2016).

1016: 5695:

Moore LG, Shriver M, Bemis L, Hickler B, Wilson M, Brutsaert T, et al. (April 2004).

415:

The cause of preeclampsia is not fully understood. It is likely related factors such as:

8: 7802: 7759: 7724: 7631: 7611: 7191: 7135: 7029: 6958: 6943: 6924: 6773: 6587: 5823:

Not education. Not income. Not even being an expert on racial disparities in health care.

3824:

Garg AX, Nevis IF, McArthur E, Sontrop JM, Koval JJ, Lam NN, et al. (January 2015).

3319: 1502: 1483: 1436: 843: 827: 498: 358:

later in life. Further, those with pre-eclampsia may have a lower risk of breast cancer.

87: 5140:"Exercise or other physical activity for preventing pre-eclampsia and its complications" 4699: 4674: 4081: 3169:

Xie L, Mouillet JF, Chu T, Parks WT, Sadovsky E, Knöfler M, Sadovsky Y (December 2014).

957: 600:

is one of the reasons why these traits are considered to be a risk factor. Furthermore,

8400: 8129: 7983: 7754: 7739: 7165: 7120: 7095: 7060: 6907: 6897: 6592: 6318: 6293: 6269: 6244: 6176: 6151: 6127: 6102: 6078: 6053: 5994: 5969: 5904: 5879: 5860: 5777: 5752: 5677: 5664: 5647: 5588: 5485: 5437: 5412: 5307: 5286: 5262: 5237: 5213: 5188: 5164: 5139: 5115: 5088: 5064: 4989: 4964: 4940: 4916:"Trace Minerals, Heavy Metals, and Preeclampsia: Findings from the Boston Birth Cohort" 4915: 4832: 4807: 4712: 4590: 4565: 4512: 4487: 4381: 4356: 4337: 4101: 3850: 3825: 3766: 3741: 3674: 3647: 3623: 3596: 3513: 3496: 3472: 3445: 3439: 3437: 3423: 3355: 3330: 3303: 3276: 3249: 3222: 3195: 3170: 3143: 3118: 3091: 3066: 3038: 3007:

Staff AC (September 2019). "The two-stage placental model of preeclampsia: An update".

2984: 2957: 2906: 2881: 2843: 2771: 2651: 2610: 2562: 2537: 2518: 2472: 2447:

Steegers EA, von Dadelszen P, Duvekot JJ, Pijnenborg R (August 2010). "Pre-eclampsia".

2314: 2289: 2267: 2149: 2124: 2038: 1892: 1883: 1816: 1791: 1738: 1711: 1341: 1128: 695: 612: 82: 5615:

at Nederlandse Vereniging voor Obstetrie en Gynaecologie. Date of approval: 20-05-2005

5516: 5348: 5013:"Low-Dose Aspirin Use for the Prevention of Morbidity and Mortality From Preeclampsia" 4875: 4503: 3613: 3595:

Zadora J, Singh M, Herse F, Przybyl L, Haase N, Golic M, et al. (November 2017).

3554: 3537: 3293: 2460: 2288:

Laule CF, Odean EJ, Wing CR, Root KM, Towner KJ, Hamm CM, et al. (October 2019).

2140: 1307:

or pre-eclampsia had low seminal levels of critical immune modulating factors such as

1303:

has also investigated to see if men who have fathered pregnancies which have ended in

1087:) are likely due to reduced uric acid clearance secondary to impaired kidney function. 8220: 8139: 8063: 8041: 7554: 7472: 7323: 7070: 7042: 7002: 6997: 6932: 6806: 6607: 6582: 6550: 6386: 6323: 6274: 6222: 6181: 6132: 6083: 6034: 5999: 5947: 5909: 5852: 5782: 5719: 5669: 5580: 5543: 5520: 5477: 5442: 5390: 5386: 5352: 5312: 5267: 5218: 5169: 5120: 5056: 4994: 4945: 4879: 4837: 4786: 4757: 4704: 4655: 4595: 4517: 4468: 4427: 4386: 4329: 4273: 4245: 4235: 4200: 4147: 4128: 4093: 4041: 3966: 3937: 3896: 3855: 3806: 3771: 3709: 3679: 3628: 3559: 3518: 3477: 3427: 3415: 3360: 3308: 3254: 3200: 3148: 3119:"Review: placenta-specific microRNAs in exosomes - good things come in nano-packages" 3096: 3042: 3030: 2989: 2911: 2848: 2763: 2687: 2659: 2646: 2629: 2602: 2567: 2522: 2510: 2476: 2464: 2319: 2271: 2259: 2242:

Magee LA, Nicolaides KH, von Dadelszen P (May 2022). Longo DL (ed.). "Preeclampsia".

2221: 2178: 2154: 2102: 2030: 1982: 1897: 1821: 1743: 1679: 1663:, may shorten the duration of hypertension in patients with postpartum preeclampsia. 1568: 1529: 1494: 1337: 835: 660: 640: 471: 389: 340: 289: 214: 157: 150: 70: 6443: 5697:"Maternal adaptation to high-altitude pregnancy: an experiment of nature – a review" 5681: 5489: 4716: 4341: 4105: 4068:

Redman CW, Sargent IL (June 2005). "Latest advances in understanding preeclampsia".

3434: 2880:

Bramham K, Parnell B, Nelson-Piercy C, Seed PT, Poston L, Chappell LC (April 2014).

2775: 2614: 2042: 1589:

Associated adult diseases of the fetus due to IUGR include, but are not limited to,

851:

and endothelial damage, and that ultimately results in pre-eclampsia and eclampsia.

7782: 7549: 7544: 6953: 6892: 6624: 6417: 6378: 6351: 6313: 6305: 6264: 6256: 6212: 6171: 6163: 6122: 6114: 6073: 6065: 6026: 5989: 5981: 5939: 5899: 5891: 5864: 5844: 5772: 5764: 5715: 5711: 5659: 5592: 5572: 5512: 5469: 5432: 5424: 5382: 5344: 5302: 5298: 5294: 5257: 5249: 5208: 5200: 5159: 5151: 5110: 5100: 5068: 5048: 4984: 4980: 4976: 4935: 4927: 4871: 4827: 4823: 4819: 4747: 4739: 4694: 4686: 4651: 4647: 4585: 4577: 4507: 4499: 4458: 4417: 4376: 4368: 4355:

Poon LC, Shennan A, Hyett JA, Kapur A, Hadar E, Divakar H, et al. (May 2019).

4319: 4309: 4227: 4190: 4180: 4139: 4085: 4031: 3995: 3927: 3886: 3845: 3837: 3798: 3761: 3753: 3669: 3659: 3618: 3608: 3549: 3508: 3467: 3457: 3405: 3397: 3350: 3342: 3298: 3288: 3244: 3234: 3190: 3182: 3138: 3134: 3130: 3086: 3078: 3020: 3012: 2979: 2969: 2901: 2893: 2838: 2830: 2753: 2641: 2594: 2557: 2549: 2502: 2456: 2309: 2301: 2251: 2144: 2136: 2094: 2022: 1974: 1887: 1879: 1811: 1803: 1733: 1723: 1548: 1547:(microangiopathic), elevated liver enzymes (liver dysfunction), and low platelets ( 1156: 1033: 1022: 823: 800: 502: 262: 107: 3082: 2882:"Chronic hypertension and pregnancy outcomes: systematic review and meta-analysis" 2098: 883: 8278: 8134: 7998: 7956: 7817: 7792: 7716: 7606: 7588: 7534: 7418: 7264: 7108: 7075: 6864: 6849: 6629: 6475: 6309: 6167: 5612: 5576: 5236:

Jeyabalan A, Powers RW, Durica AR, Harger GF, Roberts JM, Ness RB (August 2008).

4143: 3383:"Variants in the fetal genome near FLT1 are associated with risk of preeclampsia" 3382: 2538:"Pre-eclampsia rates in the United States, 1980–2010: age-period-cohort analysis" 1594: 1440: 1333: 1160: 1152: 1073: 1028: 944: 918: 848: 793: 789: 760: 593: 551: 512:, causing high resistance, low blood flow, and low nutrient supply to the fetus. 509: 270: 115: 7287: 5985: 4447:"Predictive Value of the sFlt-1:PlGF Ratio in Women with Suspected Preeclampsia" 3239: 3221:

Skjaerven R, Vatten LJ, Wilcox AJ, Rønning T, Irgens LM, Lie RT (October 2005).

2305: 8321: 8148: 8124: 8068: 7946: 7941: 7931: 7919: 7797: 7581: 7452: 7398: 7203: 7113: 7009: 6869: 6858: 6798: 6676: 6260: 6217: 6200: 5473: 5238:"Cigarette smoke exposure and angiogenic factors in pregnancy and preeclampsia" 5052: 4783:

WHO recommendations for prevention and treatment of pre-eclampsia and eclampsia

4422: 4405: 4185: 4168: 3999: 3462: 2740:

Brown MA, Lindheimer MD, de Swiet M, Van Assche A, Moutquin JM (January 2001).

1970:

WHO recommendations for prevention and treatment of pre-eclampsia and eclampsia

1968: 1864: 1540: 1475: 1452: 831: 723: 707: 676: 578: 559: 8330:

The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women

6421: 5943: 5428: 5204: 5155: 5015:. United States Preventive Services Task Force. September 2014. Archived from 4690: 4581: 3913: 3346: 3016: 2758: 2741: 2598: 755:. Implicit in this generalized endothelial dysfunction may be an imbalance of 8507: 8359: 8273: 8234: 8210: 8119: 8003: 7936: 7807: 7711: 7672: 7529: 7364: 7085: 7055: 6788: 6470: 6069: 5834: 4914:

Liu T, Zhang M, Guallar E, Wang G, Hong X, Wang X, Mueller NT (August 2019).

4535: 3443: 1647: 1498: 1399: 1375: 1084: 1080: 815: 807: 665: 632: 628: 589: 547: 531: 494: 483: 400: 351: 309: 6030: 5768: 5646:

Keyes LE, Armaza JF, Niermeyer S, Vargas E, Young DA, Moore LG (July 2003).

4931: 4089: 4036: 4019: 3932: 3915: 3891: 3874: 3664: 3380: 458:

cell injury, altered vascular reactivity, oxidative stress, imbalance among

8188: 8183: 7924: 7824: 7769: 7497: 7376: 7371: 7080: 7014: 6390: 6355: 6327: 6278: 6226: 6185: 6136: 6038: 6003: 5951: 5913: 5856: 5786: 5723: 5673: 5584: 5524: 5481: 5446: 5356: 5316: 5271: 5222: 5173: 5124: 5060: 4998: 4949: 4883: 4841: 4761: 4708: 4659: 4599: 4521: 4472: 4431: 4390: 4333: 4249: 4204: 4097: 4045: 3941: 3900: 3859: 3810: 3775: 3683: 3632: 3563: 3522: 3488: 3481: 3419: 3364: 3312: 3258: 3204: 3152: 3100: 3034: 2993: 2915: 2852: 2767: 2663: 2606: 2571: 2514: 2506: 2468: 2323: 2263: 2225: 2158: 2106: 2034: 1901: 1825: 1747: 1651: 1602: 1564: 1420: 1354: 1144: 997: 727: 616: 555: 526: 448: 430: 420: 293: 246: 146: 62: 6540: 6382: 6292:

Redman EK, Hauspurg A, Hubel CA, Roberts JM, Jeyabalan A (November 2019).

6087: 5895: 5848: 5394: 4675:"Altered dietary salt for preventing pre-eclampsia, and its complications" 4463: 4446: 3841: 2974: 2290:"Role of B1 and B2 lymphocytes in placental ischemia-induced hypertension" 2255: 1728: 374: 8178: 8114: 7951: 7894: 7834: 7829: 7667: 7616: 7477: 7019: 6768: 6720: 6653: 6634: 6619: 6502: 6494: 6118: 5287:"Routine pre-pregnancy health promotion for improving pregnancy outcomes" 5253: 5105: 4743: 3186: 2346:"Trusted Health Sites Spread Myths About a Deadly Pregnancy Complication" 1363: 1304: 1242: 1188: 1065: 1045: 988: 505: 479: 455: 367: 250: 137: 91: 7319: 4965:"Antiplatelet agents for preventing pre-eclampsia and its complications" 3646:

Bounds KR, Chiasson VL, Pan LJ, Gupta S, Chatterjee P (September 2017).

2834: 7576: 7516: 7447: 6639: 6546: 5880:"Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy: what the physician needs to know" 5806: 5503:

Dekker G (2002). "The partner's role in the etiology of preeclampsia".

4404:

Gallo DM, Wright D, Casanova C, Campanero M, Nicolaides KH (May 2016).

4372: 4324: 4195: 3802: 3025: 2655: 2385: 2350: 1978: 1807: 1660: 1520: 1432: 1367: 1246: 1090: 1009: 909: 756: 597: 475: 459: 336: 297: 210: 201: 193: 75: 50: 5925: 5923: 4752: 4314: 4297: 4231: 3872: 3757: 3410: 3164: 3162: 2897: 2553: 2446: 2283: 2281: 1068:

dysfunction, and oxidative stress. Examples of notable tests include:

7966: 7839: 7699: 7689: 7524: 7502: 7429: 7270: 6683: 6542: 5802:"Nothing Protects Black Women From Dying in Pregnancy and Childbirth" 2814:

Wu J, Ren C, Delfino RJ, Chung J, Wilhelm M, Ritz B (November 2009).

2026: 1790:

Al-Jameil N, Aziz Khan F, Fareed Khan M, Tabassum H (February 2014).

1789: 1544: 1516: 1471: 1458: 1395: 1359: 1200: 1196: 1192: 966: 905: 893: 830:

of the uterus, the placental dendritic cells modulating responses of

731: 332: 278: 258: 242: 206: 119: 103: 7251: 3538:"Placental abnormalities and preeclampsia in trisomy 13 pregnancies" 3401: 3277:"Genes for Preeclampsia: An Opportunity for Blood Pressure Genomics" 888:

Shorthand for laboratory values commonly used in pre-eclampsia. LDH=

8349: 8166: 8080: 8058: 7978: 7879: 7787: 7694: 7621: 7539: 7359: 6577: 5920: 4017: 3826:"Gestational hypertension and preeclampsia in living kidney donors" 3788: 3588: 3494: 3159: 2278: 2087:

Best Practice & Research. Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology

2011: 1428: 1292: 1210: 1115: 1005: 776: 752: 718: 324: 7275: 6201:"Recurrence of placental dysfunction disorders across generations" 6199:

Wikström AK, Svensson T, Kieler H, Cnattingius S (November 2011).

6103:"Intrauterine Growth Restriction: Antenatal and Postnatal Aspects" 5542:(6th ed.). Baltimore, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 4963:

Duley L, Meher S, Hunter KE, Seidler AL, Askie LM (October 2019).

1213:

level is associated with lower incidence of pre-eclampsia. Higher

482:

dysfunction. The abnormal implantation may stem from the maternal

8268: 8239: 8215: 8197: 7993: 7973: 6882: 6198: 4298:"ASPRE trial: performance of screening for preterm pre-eclampsia" 2739: 2492: 1671: 1532:

is used to prevent convulsions in cases of severe pre-eclampsia.

1424: 1270: 1226: 1214: 1206: 826:. The origin of IFN-γ is not clearly identified and could be the 711: 339:, may be used to improve the mother's condition before delivery. 316: 285: 274: 178: 142: 5968:

Bellamy L, Casas JP, Hingorani AD, Williams DJ (November 2007).

3495:

Maynard SE, Venkatesha S, Thadhani R, Karumanchi SA (May 2005).

2294:

American Journal of Physiology. Heart and Circulatory Physiology

2211: 1353:

The World Health Organization recommends that women with severe

486:'s response to the placenta, specifically a lack of established 8106: 7988: 7812: 7734: 7393: 7388: 7383: 6886: 6489: 3328: 2879: 1598: 1575: 1560: 1525: 1479: 624: 601: 378: 355: 4806:

Hofmeyr GJ, Lawrie TA, Atallah ÁN, Torloni MR (October 2018).

4217: 3331:"Pre-eclampsia: pathogenesis, novel diagnostics and therapies" 3171:"C19MC microRNAs regulate the migration of human trophoblasts" 734:) to, and the complexity of care for, the hospitalized patient 7868: 7403: 7354: 6845: 6816: 6649: 6350:(Report). Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ). 5967: 4566:"Mechanisms and management of hypertension in pregnant women" 4485: 4444: 4018:

Laresgoiti-Servitje E, Gómez-López N, Olson DM (April 2010).

3703: 3117:

Ouyang Y, Mouillet JF, Coyne CB, Sadovsky Y (February 2014).

3060: 3058: 3056: 3054: 3052: 1493:

Pre-eclampsia is also associated with increased frequency of

952: 568: 396: 266: 111: 6784:

Pruritic urticarial papules and plaques of pregnancy (PUPPP)

6348:

Management of Postpartum Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy

5750: 5037: 4403: 4169:"Vitamins supplementation affects the onset of preeclampsia" 4020:"An immunological insight into the origins of pre-eclampsia" 3704:

Cunningham FG, Leveno KJ, Bloom S, Gilstrap L, eds. (2010).

3648:"MicroRNAs: New Players in the Pathobiology of Preeclampsia" 3329:

Phipps EA, Thadhani R, Benzing T, Karumanchi SA (May 2019).

3220: 2241: 1674:

can also rarely experience pre-eclampsia. In 2024, a female

1217:

level is associated with higher incidence of pre-eclampsia.

8073: 6238: 6236: 5929: 5334: 5235: 5131: 4805: 4777: 4775: 4773: 4771: 4729: 4173:

Journal of the Formosan Medical Association = Taiwan Yi Zhi

3116: 1448: 1269:

In low-risk pregnancies, the association between cigarette

1181: 977:

Pre-eclampsia is diagnosed when a pregnant woman develops:

608: 543: 6291: 6016: 5645: 5537: 4291: 4289: 3049: 1574:

It seems that pre-eclampsia does not increase the risk of

7884: 4672: 4295: 775:(PIGF), both of which are proangiogenic factors. Soluble 8335:

Declaration on the elimination of violence against women

6345: 6233: 6156:

Current Problems in Pediatric and Adolescent Health Care

5694: 4768: 3823: 1282:

Some studies have suggested the importance of a woman's

6444:"Texas zoo delivers baby gorilla via caesarean section" 5180: 4962: 4618:

Diagnosis and management of pre-eclampsia and eclampsia

4286: 3594: 2955: 474:

and increased oxidative stress and the release of anti-

6368: 5453: 4013: 4011: 4009: 3645: 2122: 1678:

was diagnosed with pre-eclampsia and had a successful

1382:

are contraindicated as they affect fetal development.

996:

the absence of proteinuria, the presence of new-onset

542:

One known effector of pre-eclampsia is the fetal loci

8025: 5877: 5372: 4536:"Pre-eclampsia predicted using test during pregnancy" 4354: 4167:

Fu ZM, Ma ZZ, Liu GJ, Wang LL, Guo Y (January 2018).

3740:

Bartsch E, Medcalf KE, Park AL, Ray JG (April 2016).

3739: 3216: 3214: 2958:"A comprehensive review of hypertension in pregnancy" 2951: 2949: 2947: 2945: 2683:

Advanced Therapy in Hypertension and Vascular Disease

2084: 346:

Pre-eclampsia affects 2–8% of pregnancies worldwide.

7241: 6341: 6339: 6337: 4673:

Duley L, Henderson-Smart D, Meher S (October 2005).

3376: 3374: 2943: 2941: 2939: 2937: 2935: 2933: 2931: 2929: 2927: 2925: 2584: 1709: 965:

Testing for pre-eclampsia is recommended throughout

451:

have a 7 to 8 times higher risk than those without.

6100: 5496: 5462:

International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics

4913: 4637: 4361:

International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics

4006: 3168: 3112: 3110: 2381:"The Last Person You'd Expect to Die in Childbirth" 2339: 2337: 2335: 2333: 2207: 2205: 1239:

American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists

5562: 3699: 3697: 3695: 3693: 3570: 3211: 2287: 2237: 2235: 763:factors. Both circulating and placental levels of 7317: 7126:Childbirth-related post-traumatic stress disorder 6334: 6242: 5606:Hypertensive Disorders in Pregnancy. Version 2.0. 5459: 5330: 5328: 5326: 5284: 4263: 4261: 4259: 3866: 3371: 3270: 3268: 2922: 2813: 2535: 232:46,900 hypertensive disorders in pregnancy (2015) 8505: 6406:"Animal models of pre-eclampsia: do they exist?" 5793: 4909: 4907: 4854: 4723: 3782: 3708:(23rd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Medical. 3542:Taiwanese Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology 3107: 2536:Ananth CV, Keyes KM, Wapner RJ (November 2013). 2372: 2330: 2202: 462:substances, decreased intravascular volume, and 253:. When it arises, the condition begins after 20 6149: 5963: 5961: 5413:"Preeclampsia: a view through the danger model" 3690: 2956:Mustafa R, Ahmed S, Gupta A, Venuto RC (2012). 2232: 792:may be the cause of the inadequately remodeled 651:Known risk factors for pre-eclampsia include: 265:, impaired liver function, kidney dysfunction, 5878:Anthony J, Damasceno A, Ojjii D (2016-05-18). 5799: 5406: 5404: 5368: 5366: 5323: 5187:Meher S, Duley L (April 2006). Meher S (ed.). 5138:Meher S, Duley L (April 2006). Meher S (ed.). 4855:Rayman MP, Bode P, Redman CW (November 2003). 4256: 3907: 3529: 3265: 2712:"Toxemia of pregnancy | medical disorder" 2442: 2440: 2438: 2436: 2434: 2432: 2430: 2378: 1370:are commonly used antihypertensive agents for 611:(Distal-Less Homeobox 5) was identified as an 373:An outdated medical term for pre-eclampsia is 257:. In severe cases of the disease there may be 7303: 6526: 6249:American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 6205:American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 6019:American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 5041:American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 4904: 4864:American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 4410:American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 4067: 4063: 4061: 4059: 4057: 4055: 3817: 3791:Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica 2488: 2486: 2428: 2426: 2424: 2422: 2420: 2418: 2416: 2414: 2412: 2410: 1051:A rise in baseline blood pressure (BP) of 30 726:play a large role in the prevalence of these 271:shortness of breath due to fluid in the lungs 116:shortness of breath due to fluid in the lungs 5958: 5229: 5086: 4848: 4563: 4121: 4119: 4117: 4115: 3985: 3954: 3948: 3067:"Human placental microRNAs and preeclampsia" 1235:United States Preventive Services Task Force 1101:(PIGF) and anti-angiogenic proteins such as 110:, impaired liver function, kidney problems, 5401: 5363: 5291:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 5193:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 5144:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 5093:International Journal of Molecular Sciences 4969:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 4812:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 4679:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 4640:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 4166: 4125: 2118: 2116: 1859: 1857: 1855: 1439:, various inherited thrombophilias such as 1114:Recent studies have shown that looking for 554:1, an angiogenic factor expressed in fetal 550:in the q12 region, FLT1 codes for Fms-like 423:(formation and development of the placenta) 8386:International Center for Research on Women 7310: 7296: 6533: 6519: 5186: 5137: 4557: 4270:Harrison's principles of internal medicine 4052: 3961:. Edinburgh, New York: Saunders. pp. 3735: 3733: 3731: 3729: 3727: 3725: 2627: 2483: 2407: 2080: 2078: 2076: 2074: 2072: 2007: 2005: 1963: 1961: 1959: 1957: 1955: 1953: 1951: 1949: 1947: 1945: 1853: 1851: 1849: 1847: 1845: 1843: 1841: 1839: 1837: 1835: 1616: 1389: 882: 717:Placental abnormalities such as placental 530:the topic has been limited because of the 294:formation of blood vessels in the placenta 40: 6498:entry on high blood pressure in pregnancy 6317: 6268: 6243:Hauspurg A, Jeyabalan A (February 2022). 6216: 6175: 6126: 6077: 6054:"Fetal origins of coronary heart disease" 5993: 5903: 5776: 5663: 5436: 5306: 5261: 5212: 5163: 5114: 5104: 4988: 4939: 4920:Journal of the American Heart Association 4831: 4751: 4698: 4589: 4511: 4462: 4421: 4380: 4323: 4313: 4302:Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology 4272:. New York: McGraw-Hill. pp. 55–61. 4194: 4184: 4112: 4035: 3931: 3890: 3849: 3765: 3673: 3663: 3622: 3612: 3553: 3512: 3471: 3461: 3409: 3354: 3302: 3292: 3248: 3238: 3194: 3142: 3090: 3024: 2983: 2973: 2905: 2842: 2757: 2675: 2673: 2645: 2561: 2313: 2148: 2070: 2068: 2066: 2064: 2062: 2060: 2058: 2056: 2054: 2052: 1943: 1941: 1939: 1937: 1935: 1933: 1931: 1929: 1927: 1925: 1891: 1815: 1785: 1783: 1781: 1779: 1777: 1737: 1727: 1122: 586:Alpha-ketoglutarate-dependent hydroxylase 443:Environmental factors, e.g. air pollution 6479:) is being considered for deletion. See 5285:Whitworth M, Dowswell T (October 2009). 5082: 5080: 5078: 3064: 2113: 1775: 1773: 1771: 1769: 1767: 1765: 1763: 1761: 1759: 1757: 1705: 1703: 1701: 1699: 1697: 1695: 1626: 969:via measuring a woman's blood pressure. 437:or those with a history of pre-eclampsia 388: 315:Recommendations for prevention include: 4134:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 3722: 2002: 1832: 1710:Eiland E, Nzerue C, Faulkner M (2012). 1025:(platelet count <100,000/microliter) 284:Risk factors for pre-eclampsia include 241:is a multi-system disorder specific to 16:Hypertension occurring during pregnancy 8506: 6441: 6403: 6107:Clinical Medicine Insights. Pediatrics 6101:Sharma D, Shastri S, Sharma P (2016). 6051: 5635:Pathological Basis of Disease, 7th ed. 5502: 5410: 5375:Obstetrical & Gynecological Survey 2679: 2670: 2343: 2049: 1922: 1044:severe pre-eclampsia may also present 972: 464:disseminated intravascular coagulation 8105: 7291: 6764:Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy 6731:Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy 6514: 5075: 4564:Brown CM, Garovic VD (October 2011). 4267: 3274: 3006: 2630:"Preeclampsia and breast cancer risk" 1796:Journal of Clinical Medicine Research 1754: 1692: 1605:, and various psychiatric illnesses. 866:Immune factors may also play a role. 384: 288:, prior hypertension, older age, and 8474: 8368:Office of Research on Women's Health 6830:Pregnancy-induced hypercoagulability 6150:Calkins K, Devaskar SU (July 2011). 4606: 3652:Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine 3535: 2628:Innes KE, Byers TE (November 1999). 1277: 1264: 1256: 673:Advanced maternal age (>35 years) 488:immunological tolerance in pregnancy 8486: 8406:Society for Women's Health Research 8340:International Day of the Girl Child 5800:Martin N, Montagne R (2017-12-07). 4732:The New England Journal of Medicine 4451:The New England Journal of Medicine 3830:The New England Journal of Medicine 2807: 2379:Martin N, Montagne R (2017-05-12). 2244:The New England Journal of Medicine 1973:. World Health Organization. 2011. 1488:acute respiratory distress syndrome 1284:gestational immunological tolerance 1133:thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura 1058: 656:Having never previously given birth 637:vascular endothelial growth factors 348:Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy 13: 8450:Birth control in the United States 6779:Pruritic folliculitis of pregnancy 6410:Fetal and Maternal Medicine Review 5665:10.1203/01.PDR.0000069846.64389.DC 5505:Journal of Reproductive Immunology 5417:Journal of Reproductive Immunology 5337:Journal of Reproductive Immunology 5087:Walsh SW, Strauss JF (June 2021). 3958:Clinical obstetrics and gynecology 3514:10.1203/01.PDR.0000159567.85157.B7 3009:Journal of Reproductive Immunology 1884:10.1097/01.AOG.0000437382.03963.88 1792:"A brief overview of preeclampsia" 1245:. Supplementation of aspirin with 1103:soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase-1 1095:vascular endothelial growth factor 1015:Impaired liver function (noted by 769:vascular endothelial growth factor 765:soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase-1 691:Antiphospholipid antibody syndrome 515: 435:antiphospholipid antibody syndrome 249:and often a significant amount of 55:hypertrophic decidual vasculopathy 14: 8545: 8345:Commission on the Status of Women 7355:External female genitalia (vulva) 7037:Pain management during childbirth 6964:Twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome 6483:to help reach a consensus. › 6462: 4504:10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.113.01115 3614:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.028110 3294:10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.118.10840 2823:Environmental Health Perspectives 1630: 1535: 1348: 185:, treatment of prior hypertension 8485: 8473: 8462: 8461: 7678:Assisted reproductive technology 7318: 7223: 7222: 7209:Sexual activity during pregnancy 6435: 6397: 6362: 6285: 6152:"Fetal origins of adult disease" 5884:Cardiovascular Journal of Africa 5387:10.1097/00006254-199806000-00023 5242:American Journal of Hypertension 4620:. Armenian Medical Network. 2003 2700:from the original on 2015-10-05. 2647:10.1097/00001648-199911000-00013 2587:European Journal of Epidemiology 1998:from the original on 2015-05-13. 1666: 1482:, liver damage and dysfunction, 1465: 1004:Evidence of kidney dysfunction ( 245:, characterized by the onset of 7644:Breastfeeding and mental health 6192: 6143: 6094: 6045: 6010: 5871: 5828: 5744: 5688: 5639: 5627: 5618: 5599: 5556: 5531: 5278: 5031: 5005: 4956: 4893:from the original on 2018-07-20 4799: 4666: 4631: 4546:from the original on 2011-11-18 4479: 4438: 4397: 4348: 4220:Chemical Immunology and Allergy 4211: 4160: 3979: 3000: 2873: 2782: 2733: 2722:from the original on 2014-03-28 2704: 2621: 2578: 2529: 1911:from the original on 2016-01-06 1878:(5): 1122–1131. November 2013. 1583:intrauterine growth restriction 1405: 1079:Elevations in serum uric acid ( 1039:Cerebral or visual disturbances 877:Pre-eclampsia laboratory values 738: 687:Family history of pre-eclampsia 646: 573:single-nucleotide polymorphisms 537:genome-wide association studies 6711:Acute fatty liver of pregnancy 5810:. Lost Mothers. Archived from 5716:10.1016/j.placenta.2004.01.008 5299:10.1002/14651858.CD007536.pub2 4981:10.1002/14651858.CD004659.pub3 4824:10.1002/14651858.CD001059.pub5 4652:10.1002/14651858.CD000032.pub3 3135:10.1016/j.placenta.2013.11.002 2686:. PMPH-USA. pp. 407–408. 2389:. Lost Mothers. Archived from 2354:. Lost Mothers. Archived from 2214:Acta Anaesthesiologica Belgica 2165: 1642: 1249:has shown favourable results. 1149:acute fatty liver of pregnancy 806:Abnormalities in the maternal 684:Prior history of pre-eclampsia 277:at which point it is known as 1: 8294:Social determinants of health 6913:Prelabor rupture of membranes 6468: 6442:Yousef N (17 February 2024). 5517:10.1016/S0165-0378(02)00039-6 5349:10.1016/S0165-0378(03)00052-4 4876:10.1067/S0002-9378(03)00723-3 3555:10.1016/S1028-4559(09)60028-0 3083:10.1095/biolreprod.113.107805 2461:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60279-6 2141:10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31012-1 2099:10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2013.07.003 1685: 1380:angiotensin receptor blockers 1166: 8289:Gender disparities in health 7627:Mother-to-child transmission 7192:Systemic lupus erythematosus 6843:Maternal care related to the 6825:Gestational thrombocytopenia 6310:10.1097/AOG.0000000000003508 6168:10.1016/j.cppeds.2011.01.001 5577:10.1097/aog.0b013e318293f12f 4570:Current Hypertension Reports 4144:10.1017/CBO9780511617812.010 3955:Drife JO, Magowan B (2004). 3065:Chen DB, Wang W (May 2013). 1554: 1511: 1326: 869: 812:gestational immune tolerance 361: 7: 7902:Pelvic inflammatory disease 7845:Hormone replacement therapy 7409:Reproductive system disease 6993:Cephalopelvic disproportion 6506:fact sheet on pre-eclampsia 5986:10.1136/bmj.39335.385301.BE 5411:Bonney EA (December 2007). 3240:10.1136/bmj.38555.462685.8F 2306:10.1152/ajpheart.00132.2019 2015:Annals of Internal Medicine 35:Preeclampsia toxaemia (PET) 10: 8550: 8514:Health issues in pregnancy 8396:Black Women's Health Study 7463:Complications of pregnancy 7104:Breastfeeding difficulties 6903:Constriction ring syndrome 6877:Braxton Hicks contractions 6261:10.1016/j.ajog.2020.10.027 6218:10.1016/j.ajog.2011.05.009 5474:10.1016/j.ijgo.2004.11.006 5053:10.1016/j.ajog.2016.09.076 4423:10.1016/j.ajog.2015.11.016 4186:10.1016/j.jfma.2017.08.005 4000:10.1016/j.bihy.2008.01.002 3463:10.1038/s41467-020-19733-6 3335:Nature Reviews. Nephrology 1519:is the development of new 1478:, hemorrhagic or ischemic 1220: 898:Aspartate aminotransferase 8457: 8414: 8373:Women's Health Initiative 8358: 8320: 8311: 8260: 8226:Major depressive disorder 8094: 8054:Intimate partner violence 8016: 7915:Female genital mutilation 7910: 7859: 7768: 7710: 7656: 7602: 7515: 7428: 7417: 7343: 7330: 7245: 7217: 7174: 7141:Peripartum cardiomyopathy 7131:Pubic symphysis diastasis 7094: 6978: 6842: 6815: 6797: 6739: 6701: 6692: 6648: 6566: 6557: 6422:10.1017/S0965539500000267 6371:Hypertension in Pregnancy 6298:Obstetrics and Gynecology 5944:10.1016/j.ahj.2008.06.042 5837:Hypertension in Pregnancy 5565:Obstetrics and Gynecology 5540:Obstetrics and gynecology 5429:10.1016/j.jri.2007.03.006 5205:10.1002/14651858.CD005939 5156:10.1002/14651858.CD005942 4691:10.1002/14651858.CD005548 4614:"Pre-eclampsia-Eclampsia" 4582:10.1007/s11906-011-0214-y 4024:Human Reproduction Update 3920:Human Reproduction Update 3879:Human Reproduction Update 3347:10.1038/s41581-019-0119-6 3017:10.1016/j.jri.2019.07.004 2759:10.3109/10641950109152635 2746:Hypertension in Pregnancy 2599:10.1007/s10654-013-9762-6 2177:. ACOG. 2013. p. 2. 2174:Hypertension in pregnancy 1872:Obstetrics and Gynecology 1372:hypertension in pregnancy 1231:World Health Organization 1141:hemolytic-uremic syndrome 1137:antiphospholipid syndrome 951: 937: 917: 881: 876: 785:maternal immune tolerance 410: 329:Blood pressure medication 228: 220: 200: 189: 174: 156: 136: 125: 97: 81: 69: 48: 39: 31: 26: 7962:Gynaecological disorders 7778:Culture and menstruation 7745:Contraceptive prevalence 7637:Compulsory sterilization 6667:Gestational hypertension 6481:templates for discussion 6070:10.1136/bmj.311.6998.171 1656:calcium channel blockers 1595:type 2 diabetes mellitus 1147:are present. Women with 925:Uric Acid: 2.4–6.0 mg/dL 902:Alanine aminotransferase 263:low blood platelet count 259:red blood cell breakdown 108:low blood platelet count 104:Red blood cell breakdown 59:gestational hypertension 8245:Urinary tract infection 8037:Abuse during childbirth 7066:Umbilical cord prolapse 6988:Amniotic fluid embolism 6746:dermatoses of pregnancy 6052:Barker DJ (July 1995). 6031:10.1067/mob.2002.123608 5769:10.1111/1471-0528.12758 4932:10.1161/JAHA.119.012436 4090:10.1126/science.1111726 3665:10.3389/fcvm.2017.00060 3275:Ehret G (August 2018). 3071:Biology of Reproduction 2716:Encyclopedia Britannica 2344:Martin N (2018-08-14). 1676:western lowland gorilla 1617:Postpartum preeclampsia 1591:coronary artery disease 1390:Prevention of eclampsia 1313:immunological tolerance 1175: 1099:placental growth factor 958:Codes for pre-eclampsia 773:placental growth factor 596:and hypertension. This 565:endothelial dysfunction 370:in the 5th century BC. 321:calcium supplementation 319:in those at high risk, 183:calcium supplementation 8162:Cardiovascular disease 7750:Contraceptive security 7683:In vitro fertilization 7594:Postpartum confinement 7468:Hyperemesis gravidarum 7182:Concomitant conditions 7161:Postpartum thyroiditis 6939:Circumvallate placenta 6759:Impetigo herpetiformis 6754:Gestational pemphigoid 6726:Hyperemesis gravidarum 6659:hypertensive disorders 6356:10.23970/ahrqepccer263 5932:American Heart Journal 3536:Chen CP (March 2009). 2507:10.1001/jama.2017.3439 1569:venous thromboembolism 1447:, multiple gestation ( 1320:in vitro fertilization 1301:University of Adelaide 1184:intake has an effect. 1123:Differential diagnosis 822:and the production of 681:Untreated hypertension 393: 162:BP > 140 mmHg 8284:Healthcare inequality 8086:Gender discrimination 7890:Human papilloma virus 7565:Vesicovaginal fistula 7151:Postpartum infections 7146:Postpartum depression 6383:10.1081/PRG-120002912 5896:10.5830/CVJA-2016-051 5849:10.1081/PRG-120037889 4464:10.1056/NEJMoa1414838 4416:(5): 619.e1–619.e17. 4037:10.1093/humupd/dmq007 3988:Bioscience Hypotheses 3933:10.1093/humupd/dms007 3892:10.1093/humupd/dmr024 3842:10.1056/NEJMoa1408932 3450:Nature Communications 2256:10.1056/NEJMra2109523 1567:, kidney disease and 1474:, the development of 1187:Supplementation with 890:Lactate dehydrogenase 810:and insufficiency of 508:cell invasion to the 447:Those with long-term 392: 298:period after delivery 170:at two separate times 8391:Nurses' Health Study 8299:Reproductive justice 8250:Urinary incontinence 7870:Sexually transmitted 7725:Intrauterine devices 7570:Rectovaginal fistula 7560:Obstetrical fistulae 7488:Gestational diabetes 7483:Obstetrical bleeding 7458:Adolescent pregnancy 7443:Gravidity and parity 7438:Unintended pregnancy 7156:Postpartum psychosis 7025:Obstetrical bleeding 6920:Obstetrical bleeding 6741:Integumentary system 6716:Gestational diabetes 6695:related to pregnancy 6693:Other, predominantly 6211:(5): 454.e1–454.e8. 6119:10.4137/CMPed.S40070 5710:(Suppl A): S60–S71. 5633:Robbins and Cotran, 5254:10.1038/ajh.2008.219 5106:10.3390/ijms22136985 5019:on 17 September 2014 4744:10.1056/NEJMoa054186 3187:10.1210/en.2014-1501 2962:Journal of Pregnancy 2135:(10053): 1459–1544. 1716:Journal of Pregnancy 1565:chronic hypertension 1017:liver function tests 828:natural killer cells 706:Having sub-clinical 251:protein in the urine 92:protein in the urine 57:, a finding seen in 8519:Medical emergencies 8304:Women's empowerment 8172:Alzheimer's disease 7803:Cloth menstrual pad 7760:Fertility awareness 7730:Oral contraceptives 7612:Perinatal mortality 7136:Postpartum bleeding 6959:Placental abruption 6944:Monochorionic twins 6774:Prurigo gestationis 6255:(2S): S1211–S1221. 4082:2005Sci...308.1592R 4076:(5728): 1592–1594. 3706:Williams obstetrics 2975:10.1155/2012/105918 2835:10.1289/ehp.0800334 2548:(nov07 15): f6564. 1729:10.1155/2012/586578 1712:"Preeclampsia 2012" 1627:diagnostic criteria 1503:placental abruption 1484:acute kidney injury 1315:in their partners. 973:Diagnostic criteria 931:Plt: 140–450 x 10/L 844:cell-free fetal DNA 449:high blood pressure 426:Immunologic factors 247:high blood pressure 224:2–8% of pregnancies 88:High blood pressure 61:and pre-eclampsia. 8401:Cartwright Inquiry 8312:Politics, research 8130:Endometrial cancer 7984:Sexual intercourse 7755:Planned parenthood 7740:Male contraceptive 7166:Puerperal mastitis 7121:Breast engorgement 6908:Monoamniotic twins 6898:Chorionic hematoma 5652:Pediatric Research 5611:2016-03-06 at the 4373:10.1002/ijgo.12802 3803:10.1111/aogs.13111 3582:Ensembl release 89 3501:Pediatric Research 3129:(Suppl): S69–S73. 2680:Mohler ER (2006). 1808:10.4021/jocmr1682w 1340:. In the case of 1334:induction of labor 1129:pancreatic disease 836:regulatory T cells 696:Multiple gestation 497:microRNA cluster ( 394: 385:Signs and symptoms 255:weeks of pregnancy 131:weeks of pregnancy 8501: 8500: 8381: 8380: 8206: 8205: 8157: 8156: 8140:Papanicolaou test 8096:Non-communicable 8064:Sexual harassment 8042:Domestic violence 8012: 8011: 7855: 7854: 7652: 7651: 7555:Retained placenta 7473:Ectopic pregnancy 7285: 7284: 7239: 7238: 7197:Thyroid disorders 7187:Diabetes mellitus 7071:Uterine inversion 7003:Shoulder dystocia 6998:Obstructed labour 6974: 6973: 6838: 6837: 6807:Chorea gravidarum 6583:Ectopic pregnancy 6404:Conrad K (2008). 6064:(6998): 171–174. 5763:(12): 1492–1500. 5549:978-0-7817-8807-6 5047:(2): 110–120.e6. 4792:978-92-4-154833-5 4738:(17): 1796–1806. 4367:(Suppl 1): 1–33. 4315:10.1002/uog.18816 4279:978-0-07-174889-6 4268:Longo DL (2012). 4241:978-3-8055-7970-4 4232:10.1159/000087912 4153:978-0-511-61781-2 3972:978-0-7020-1775-9 3758:10.1136/bmj.i1753 3715:978-0-07-149701-5 3607:(19): 1824–1839. 3507:(5 Pt 2): 1R–7R. 3181:(12): 4975–4985. 3011:. 134–135: 1–10. 2898:10.1136/bmj.g2301 2829:(11): 1773–1779. 2693:978-1-55009-318-6 2554:10.1136/bmj.f6564 2501:(16): 1661–1667. 2455:(9741): 631–644. 2250:(19): 1817–1832. 2184:978-1-934984-28-4 1988:978-92-4-154833-5 1680:caesarean section 1530:Magnesium sulfate 1495:caesarean section 1435:diseases such as 1338:caesarean section 1278:Immune modulation 1265:Smoking cessation 1257:Physical activity 1093:proteins such as 963: 962: 933:Cr: 0.6–1.2 mg/dL 923:LDH: 105–333 IU/L 661:Diabetes mellitus 341:Magnesium sulfate 290:diabetes mellitus 236: 235: 215:magnesium sulfate 158:Diagnostic method 151:diabetes mellitus 21:Medical condition 8541: 8489: 8488: 8477: 8476: 8465: 8464: 8318: 8317: 8103: 8102: 8023: 8022: 8017:Non-reproductive 7866: 7865: 7783:Feminine hygiene 7550:Cesarian section 7545:Obstructed labor 7426: 7425: 7341: 7340: 7322: 7312: 7305: 7298: 7289: 7288: 7243: 7242: 7226: 7225: 7061:Postmature birth 7049:Placenta accreta 6954:Placenta praevia 6949:Placenta accreta 6893:Chorioamnionitis 6703:Digestive system 6699: 6698: 6625:Fetal resorption 6613:Rudimentary horn 6570:abortive outcome 6564: 6563: 6535: 6528: 6521: 6512: 6511: 6456: 6455: 6453: 6451: 6439: 6433: 6432: 6430: 6428: 6401: 6395: 6394: 6366: 6360: 6359: 6343: 6332: 6331: 6321: 6289: 6283: 6282: 6272: 6240: 6231: 6230: 6220: 6196: 6190: 6189: 6179: 6147: 6141: 6140: 6130: 6098: 6092: 6091: 6081: 6049: 6043: 6042: 6014: 6008: 6007: 5997: 5965: 5956: 5955: 5927: 5918: 5917: 5907: 5875: 5869: 5868: 5832: 5826: 5825: 5820: 5819: 5797: 5791: 5790: 5780: 5748: 5742: 5741: 5739: 5738: 5732: 5726:. Archived from 5701: 5692: 5686: 5685: 5667: 5643: 5637: 5631: 5625: 5622: 5616: 5603: 5597: 5596: 5571:(6): 1305–1308. 5560: 5554: 5553: 5535: 5529: 5528: 5511:(1–2): 203–215. 5500: 5494: 5493: 5457: 5451: 5450: 5440: 5408: 5399: 5398: 5370: 5361: 5360: 5332: 5321: 5320: 5310: 5282: 5276: 5275: 5265: 5233: 5227: 5226: 5216: 5184: 5178: 5177: 5167: 5135: 5129: 5128: 5118: 5108: 5084: 5073: 5072: 5035: 5029: 5028: 5026: 5024: 5009: 5003: 5002: 4992: 4960: 4954: 4953: 4943: 4911: 4902: 4901: 4899: 4898: 4892: 4870:(5): 1343–1349. 4861: 4852: 4846: 4845: 4835: 4818:(10): CD001059. 4803: 4797: 4796: 4779: 4766: 4765: 4755: 4727: 4721: 4720: 4702: 4670: 4664: 4663: 4635: 4629: 4628: 4626: 4625: 4610: 4604: 4603: 4593: 4561: 4555: 4554: 4552: 4551: 4532: 4526: 4525: 4515: 4498:(6): 1289–1296. 4483: 4477: 4476: 4466: 4442: 4436: 4435: 4425: 4401: 4395: 4394: 4384: 4352: 4346: 4345: 4327: 4317: 4293: 4284: 4283: 4265: 4254: 4253: 4215: 4209: 4208: 4198: 4188: 4164: 4158: 4157: 4133: 4123: 4110: 4109: 4065: 4050: 4049: 4039: 4015: 4004: 4003: 3983: 3977: 3976: 3952: 3946: 3945: 3935: 3911: 3905: 3904: 3894: 3870: 3864: 3863: 3853: 3821: 3815: 3814: 3786: 3780: 3779: 3769: 3737: 3720: 3719: 3701: 3688: 3687: 3677: 3667: 3643: 3637: 3636: 3626: 3616: 3592: 3586: 3585: 3574: 3568: 3567: 3557: 3533: 3527: 3526: 3516: 3492: 3486: 3485: 3475: 3465: 3441: 3432: 3431: 3413: 3396:(8): 1255–1260. 3387: 3378: 3369: 3368: 3358: 3326: 3317: 3316: 3306: 3296: 3272: 3263: 3262: 3252: 3242: 3218: 3209: 3208: 3198: 3166: 3157: 3156: 3146: 3114: 3105: 3104: 3094: 3062: 3047: 3046: 3028: 3004: 2998: 2997: 2987: 2977: 2953: 2920: 2919: 2909: 2877: 2871: 2870: 2868: 2867: 2861: 2855:. Archived from 2846: 2820: 2811: 2805: 2804: 2802: 2800: 2786: 2780: 2779: 2761: 2737: 2731: 2730: 2728: 2727: 2708: 2702: 2701: 2677: 2668: 2667: 2649: 2625: 2619: 2618: 2582: 2576: 2575: 2565: 2533: 2527: 2526: 2490: 2481: 2480: 2444: 2405: 2404: 2399: 2398: 2376: 2370: 2369: 2364: 2363: 2341: 2328: 2327: 2317: 2300:(4): H732–H742. 2285: 2276: 2275: 2239: 2230: 2229: 2209: 2200: 2199: 2197: 2196: 2187:. Archived from 2169: 2163: 2162: 2152: 2120: 2111: 2110: 2082: 2047: 2046: 2027:10.7326/M13-2844 2009: 2000: 1999: 1997: 1965: 1920: 1919: 1917: 1916: 1910: 1895: 1869: 1861: 1830: 1829: 1819: 1787: 1752: 1751: 1741: 1731: 1707: 1641:In general, the 1549:thrombocytopenia 1499:preterm delivery 1342:preterm delivery 1157:pheochromocytoma 1059:Predictive tests 1023:Thrombocytopenia 947: 886: 874: 873: 801:xanthine oxidase 790:cytotrophoblasts 702:donated a kidney 304:or 90 mmHg 166:or 90 mmHg 44: 24: 23: 8549: 8548: 8544: 8543: 8542: 8540: 8539: 8538: 8504: 8503: 8502: 8497: 8453: 8438:Family planning 8416: 8410: 8377: 8354: 8313: 8307: 8279:Gender equality 8262: 8256: 8202: 8153: 8135:Cervical cancer 8097: 8090: 8028: 8018: 8008: 7999:Sex differences 7957:Forced marriage 7906: 7871: 7861: 7851: 7793:Menstrual cycle 7764: 7717:Family planning 7715: 7706: 7659: 7648: 7607:Maternal deaths 7598: 7589:Postpartum care 7535:Multiple births 7511: 7420: 7413: 7346: 7337: 7334: 7326: 7316: 7286: 7281: 7280: 7254: 7240: 7235: 7213: 7170: 7114:Cracked nipples 7109:Low milk supply 7090: 7076:Uterine rupture 6970: 6865:Oligohydramnios 6850:amniotic cavity 6844: 6834: 6811: 6793: 6744: 6735: 6694: 6688: 6657: 6644: 6630:Molar pregnancy 6569: 6553: 6539: 6484: 6465: 6460: 6459: 6449: 6447: 6440: 6436: 6426: 6424: 6402: 6398: 6367: 6363: 6344: 6335: 6304:(5): 995–1001. 6290: 6286: 6241: 6234: 6197: 6193: 6148: 6144: 6099: 6095: 6050: 6046: 6015: 6011: 5966: 5959: 5928: 5921: 5876: 5872: 5833: 5829: 5817: 5815: 5798: 5794: 5749: 5745: 5736: 5734: 5730: 5699: 5693: 5689: 5644: 5640: 5632: 5628: 5623: 5619: 5613:Wayback Machine 5604: 5600: 5561: 5557: 5550: 5536: 5532: 5501: 5497: 5458: 5454: 5409: 5402: 5371: 5364: 5333: 5324: 5293:(4): CD007536. 5283: 5279: 5234: 5230: 5199:(2): CD005939. 5185: 5181: 5150:(2): CD005942. 5136: 5132: 5085: 5076: 5036: 5032: 5022: 5020: 5011: 5010: 5006: 4961: 4957: 4926:(16): e012436. 4912: 4905: 4896: 4894: 4890: 4859: 4853: 4849: 4804: 4800: 4793: 4781: 4780: 4769: 4728: 4724: 4685:(4): CD005548. 4671: 4667: 4646:(6): CD000032. 4636: 4632: 4623: 4621: 4612: 4611: 4607: 4562: 4558: 4549: 4547: 4534: 4533: 4529: 4484: 4480: 4443: 4439: 4402: 4398: 4353: 4349: 4294: 4287: 4280: 4266: 4257: 4242: 4216: 4212: 4165: 4161: 4154: 4124: 4113: 4066: 4053: 4016: 4007: 3984: 3980: 3973: 3953: 3949: 3912: 3908: 3871: 3867: 3822: 3818: 3787: 3783: 3738: 3723: 3716: 3702: 3691: 3644: 3640: 3593: 3589: 3576: 3575: 3571: 3534: 3530: 3493: 3489: 3442: 3435: 3402:10.1038/ng.3895 3390:Nature Genetics 3385: 3379: 3372: 3327: 3320: 3273: 3266: 3219: 3212: 3167: 3160: 3115: 3108: 3063: 3050: 3005: 3001: 2954: 2923: 2878: 2874: 2865: 2863: 2859: 2818: 2812: 2808: 2798: 2796: 2790:"Pre-eclampsia" 2788: 2787: 2783: 2738: 2734: 2725: 2723: 2710: 2709: 2705: 2694: 2678: 2671: 2626: 2622: 2583: 2579: 2534: 2530: 2491: 2484: 2445: 2408: 2396: 2394: 2377: 2373: 2361: 2359: 2342: 2331: 2286: 2279: 2240: 2233: 2210: 2203: 2194: 2192: 2185: 2171: 2170: 2166: 2121: 2114: 2083: 2050: 2021:(10): 695–703. 2010: 2003: 1995: 1989: 1967: 1966: 1923: 1914: 1912: 1908: 1867: 1863: 1862: 1833: 1788: 1755: 1708: 1693: 1688: 1669: 1619: 1611:gestational age 1557: 1538: 1514: 1468: 1441:Factor V Leiden 1408: 1392: 1351: 1329: 1280: 1267: 1259: 1223: 1178: 1169: 1125: 1074:ultrasonography 1061: 1029:Pulmonary edema 975: 943: 932: 930: 928: 926: 924: 919:Reference range 913: 872: 849:immune response 819: 794:spiral arteries 761:anti-angiogenic 741: 649: 552:tyrosine kinase 518: 516:Genetic factors 510:spiral arteries 413: 387: 364: 22: 17: 12: 11: 5: 8547: 8537: 8536: 8531: 8529:Women's health 8526: 8521: 8516: 8499: 8498: 8496: 8495: 8483: 8471: 8458: 8455: 8454: 8452: 8447: 8442: 8441: 8440: 8430: 8425: 8420: 8418: 8415:Women's health 8412: 8411: 8409: 8408: 8403: 8398: 8393: 8388: 8382: 8379: 8378: 8376: 8375: 8370: 8364: 8362: 8356: 8355: 8353: 8352: 8347: 8342: 8337: 8332: 8326: 8324: 8322:United Nations 8315: 8314:& advocacy 8309: 8308: 8306: 8301: 8296: 8291: 8286: 8281: 8276: 8271: 8266: 8264: 8261:Sociocultural 8258: 8257: 8255: 8254: 8253: 8252: 8247: 8242: 8232: 8231: 8230: 8229: 8228: 8218: 8207: 8204: 8203: 8201: 8200: 8195: 8194: 8193: 8192: 8191: 8176: 8175: 8174: 8164: 8158: 8155: 8154: 8152: 8151: 8149:Ovarian cancer 8146: 8145: 8144: 8143: 8142: 8132: 8125:Uterine cancer 8122: 8117: 8111: 8109: 8100: 8092: 8091: 8089: 8088: 8083: 8078: 8077: 8076: 8069:Sexual assault 8066: 8061: 8056: 8051: 8050: 8049: 8039: 8033: 8031: 8020: 8014: 8013: 8010: 8009: 8007: 8006: 8001: 7996: 7991: 7986: 7981: 7976: 7971: 7970: 7969: 7959: 7954: 7949: 7947:Child marriage 7944: 7942:Breast ironing 7939: 7934: 7932:Breast binding 7929: 7928: 7927: 7922: 7920:Clitoridectomy 7911: 7908: 7907: 7905: 7904: 7899: 7898: 7897: 7887: 7882: 7876: 7874: 7863: 7857: 7856: 7853: 7852: 7850: 7849: 7848: 7847: 7837: 7832: 7827: 7822: 7821: 7820: 7815: 7810: 7805: 7798:Menstrual aids 7795: 7790: 7785: 7780: 7774: 7772: 7766: 7765: 7763: 7762: 7757: 7752: 7747: 7742: 7737: 7732: 7727: 7721: 7719: 7708: 7707: 7705: 7704: 7703: 7702: 7697: 7687: 7686: 7685: 7680: 7675: 7664: 7662: 7654: 7653: 7650: 7649: 7647: 7646: 7641: 7640: 7639: 7629: 7624: 7619: 7614: 7609: 7603: 7600: 7599: 7597: 7596: 7591: 7586: 7585: 7584: 7582:Husband stitch 7574: 7573: 7572: 7567: 7557: 7552: 7547: 7542: 7537: 7532: 7527: 7521: 7519: 7513: 7512: 7510: 7509: 7508: 7507: 7506: 7505: 7500: 7490: 7485: 7480: 7475: 7470: 7460: 7455: 7453:Antenatal care 7450: 7445: 7440: 7434: 7432: 7423: 7415: 7414: 7412: 7411: 7406: 7401: 7399:Fallopian tube 7396: 7391: 7386: 7381: 7380: 7379: 7374: 7369: 7368: 7367: 7351: 7349: 7345:Reproductive 7338: 7331: 7328: 7327: 7324:Women's health 7315: 7314: 7307: 7300: 7292: 7283: 7282: 7279: 7278: 7267: 7255: 7250: 7249: 7247: 7246:Classification 7237: 7236: 7234: 7233: 7218: 7215: 7214: 7212: 7211: 7206: 7204:Maternal death 7201: 7200: 7199: 7194: 7189: 7178: 7176: 7172: 7171: 7169: 7168: 7163: 7158: 7153: 7148: 7143: 7138: 7133: 7128: 7123: 7118: 7117: 7116: 7111: 7100: 7098: 7092: 7091: 7089: 7088: 7083: 7078: 7073: 7068: 7063: 7058: 7053: 7052: 7051: 7039: 7034: 7033: 7032: 7022: 7017: 7012: 7010:Fetal distress 7007: 7006: 7005: 6995: 6990: 6984: 6982: 6976: 6975: 6972: 6971: 6969: 6968: 6967: 6966: 6961: 6956: 6951: 6946: 6941: 6929: 6928: 6927: 6917: 6916: 6915: 6910: 6905: 6900: 6895: 6879: 6874: 6873: 6872: 6870:Polyhydramnios 6867: 6859:amniotic fluid 6854: 6852: 6840: 6839: 6836: 6835: 6833: 6832: 6827: 6821: 6819: 6813: 6812: 6810: 6809: 6803: 6801: 6799:Nervous system 6795: 6794: 6792: 6791: 6786: 6781: 6776: 6771: 6766: 6761: 6756: 6750: 6748: 6737: 6736: 6734: 6733: 6728: 6723: 6718: 6713: 6707: 6705: 6696: 6690: 6689: 6687: 6686: 6681: 6680: 6679: 6677:HELLP syndrome 6669: 6663: 6661: 6646: 6645: 6643: 6642: 6637: 6632: 6627: 6622: 6617: 6616: 6615: 6610: 6605: 6600: 6595: 6590: 6580: 6574: 6572: 6568:Pregnancy with 6561: 6555: 6554: 6538: 6537: 6530: 6523: 6515: 6509: 6508: 6500: 6492: 6464: 6463:External links 6461: 6458: 6457: 6434: 6396: 6361: 6333: 6284: 6232: 6191: 6162:(6): 158–176. 6142: 6093: 6044: 6025:(2): 425–429. 6009: 5957: 5938:(5): 918–930. 5919: 5890:(2): 104–110. 5870: 5843:(2): 219–225. 5827: 5792: 5743: 5687: 5638: 5626: 5617: 5598: 5555: 5548: 5530: 5495: 5468:(2): 154–155. 5452: 5423:(1–2): 68–74. 5400: 5381:(6): 377–382. 5362: 5343:(2): 253–265. 5322: 5277: 5248:(8): 943–947. 5228: 5179: 5130: 5074: 5030: 5004: 4955: 4903: 4847: 4798: 4791: 4767: 4722: 4665: 4630: 4605: 4576:(5): 338–346. 4556: 4542:. 2011-11-12. 4527: 4478: 4437: 4396: 4347: 4308:(4): 492–495. 4285: 4278: 4255: 4240: 4210: 4159: 4152: 4111: 4051: 4030:(5): 510–524. 4005: 3978: 3971: 3947: 3926:(4): 360–373. 3906: 3885:(5): 605–619. 3865: 3836:(2): 124–133. 3816: 3797:(6): 751–760. 3781: 3721: 3714: 3689: 3638: 3587: 3569: 3528: 3487: 3433: 3370: 3341:(5): 275–289. 3318: 3287:(2): 285–286. 3264: 3210: 3158: 3106: 3048: 2999: 2921: 2872: 2806: 2781: 2732: 2703: 2692: 2669: 2640:(6): 722–732. 2620: 2577: 2528: 2482: 2406: 2371: 2329: 2277: 2231: 2220:(4): 137–149. 2201: 2183: 2164: 2112: 2093:(6): 877–884. 2048: 2001: 1987: 1921: 1831: 1753: 1690: 1689: 1687: 1684: 1668: 1665: 1648:ACE inhibitors 1638:time periods. 1618: 1615: 1556: 1553: 1543:is defined as 1541:HELLP syndrome 1537: 1536:HELLP Syndrome 1534: 1513: 1510: 1476:HELLP syndrome 1467: 1464: 1453:multiple birth 1407: 1404: 1400:NMDA receptors 1391: 1388: 1376:ACE inhibitors 1350: 1349:Blood pressure 1347: 1328: 1325: 1279: 1276: 1266: 1263: 1258: 1255: 1222: 1219: 1177: 1174: 1168: 1165: 1153:thyrotoxicosis 1124: 1121: 1120: 1119: 1107: 1106: 1088: 1077: 1060: 1057: 1041: 1040: 1037: 1036:(pitting type) 1031: 1026: 1020: 1013: 993: 992: 986: 982: 974: 971: 961: 960: 955: 949: 948: 941: 935: 934: 921: 915: 914: 887: 879: 878: 871: 868: 832:T helper cells 817: 740: 737: 736: 735: 724:Socioeconomics 721: 715: 708:hypothyroidism 704: 698: 693: 688: 685: 682: 679: 677:Kidney disease 674: 671: 668: 663: 658: 648: 645: 629:chromosomes 14 613:imprinted gene 588:expression on 579:Patau syndrome 560:splice variant 517: 514: 445: 444: 441: 438: 433:, obesity, or 427: 424: 412: 409: 386: 383: 363: 360: 234: 233: 230: 226: 225: 222: 218: 217: 204: 198: 197: 191: 187: 186: 176: 172: 171: 160: 154: 153: 140: 134: 133: 127: 123: 122: 101: 95: 94: 85: 79: 78: 73: 67: 66: 46: 45: 37: 36: 33: 29: 28: 20: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8546: 8535: 8532: 8530: 8527: 8525: 8524:Rare diseases 8522: 8520: 8517: 8515: 8512: 8511: 8509: 8494: 8493: 8484: 8482: 8481: 8472: 8470: 8469: 8460: 8459: 8456: 8451: 8448: 8446: 8443: 8439: 8436: 8435: 8434: 8431: 8429: 8426: 8424: 8421: 8419: 8413: 8407: 8404: 8402: 8399: 8397: 8394: 8392: 8389: 8387: 8384: 8383: 8374: 8371: 8369: 8366: 8365: 8363: 8361: 8360:United States 8357: 8351: 8348: 8346: 8343: 8341: 8338: 8336: 8333: 8331: 8328: 8327: 8325: 8323: 8319: 8316: 8310: 8305: 8302: 8300: 8297: 8295: 8292: 8290: 8287: 8285: 8282: 8280: 8277: 8275: 8274:Disadvantaged 8272: 8270: 8267: 8265: 8259: 8251: 8248: 8246: 8243: 8241: 8238: 8237: 8236: 8235:Urinary tract 8233: 8227: 8224: 8223: 8222: 8219: 8217: 8214: 8213: 8212: 8211:Mental health 8209: 8208: 8199: 8196: 8190: 8187: 8186: 8185: 8182: 8181: 8180: 8177: 8173: 8170: 8169: 8168: 8165: 8163: 8160: 8159: 8150: 8147: 8141: 8138: 8137: 8136: 8133: 8131: 8128: 8127: 8126: 8123: 8121: 8120:Breast cancer 8118: 8116: 8113: 8112: 8110: 8108: 8104: 8101: 8099: 8093: 8087: 8084: 8082: 8079: 8075: 8072: 8071: 8070: 8067: 8065: 8062: 8060: 8057: 8055: 8052: 8048: 8045: 8044: 8043: 8040: 8038: 8035: 8034: 8032: 8030: 8029:against women 8024: 8021: 8015: 8005: 8004:Sex education 8002: 8000: 7997: 7995: 7992: 7990: 7987: 7985: 7982: 7980: 7977: 7975: 7972: 7968: 7965: 7964: 7963: 7960: 7958: 7955: 7953: 7950: 7948: 7945: 7943: 7940: 7938: 7937:Breast health 7935: 7933: 7930: 7926: 7923: 7921: 7918: 7917: 7916: 7913: 7912: 7909: 7903: 7900: 7896: 7893: 7892: 7891: 7888: 7886: 7883: 7881: 7878: 7877: 7875: 7873: 7867: 7864: 7858: 7846: 7843: 7842: 7841: 7838: 7836: 7833: 7831: 7828: 7826: 7823: 7819: 7816: 7814: 7811: 7809: 7808:Menstrual cup 7806: 7804: 7801: 7800: 7799: 7796: 7794: 7791: 7789: 7786: 7784: 7781: 7779: 7776: 7775: 7773: 7771: 7767: 7761: 7758: 7756: 7753: 7751: 7748: 7746: 7743: 7741: 7738: 7736: 7733: 7731: 7728: 7726: 7723: 7722: 7720: 7718: 7713: 7712:Contraception 7709: 7701: 7698: 7696: 7693: 7692: 7691: 7688: 7684: 7681: 7679: 7676: 7674: 7673:Childlessness 7671: 7670: 7669: 7666: 7665: 7663: 7661: 7658:Reproductive 7655: 7645: 7642: 7638: 7635: 7634: 7633: 7632:Sterilization 7630: 7628: 7625: 7623: 7620: 7618: 7615: 7613: 7610: 7608: 7605: 7604: 7601: 7595: 7592: 7590: 7587: 7583: 7580: 7579: 7578: 7575: 7571: 7568: 7566: 7563: 7562: 7561: 7558: 7556: 7553: 7551: 7548: 7546: 7543: 7541: 7538: 7536: 7533: 7531: 7530:Preterm birth 7528: 7526: 7523: 7522: 7520: 7518: 7514: 7504: 7501: 7499: 7496: 7495: 7494: 7491: 7489: 7486: 7484: 7481: 7479: 7476: 7474: 7471: 7469: 7466: 7465: 7464: 7461: 7459: 7456: 7454: 7451: 7449: 7446: 7444: 7441: 7439: 7436: 7435: 7433: 7431: 7427: 7424: 7422: 7416: 7410: 7407: 7405: 7402: 7400: 7397: 7395: 7392: 7390: 7387: 7385: 7382: 7378: 7375: 7373: 7370: 7366: 7365:Clitoral hood 7363: 7362: 7361: 7358: 7357: 7356: 7353: 7352: 7350: 7348: 7342: 7339: 7336: 7333:Reproductive 7329: 7325: 7321: 7313: 7308: 7306: 7301: 7299: 7294: 7293: 7290: 7277: 7273: 7272: 7268: 7266: 7262: 7261: 7257: 7256: 7253: 7248: 7244: 7232: 7231: 7227: 7220: 7219: 7216: 7210: 7207: 7205: 7202: 7198: 7195: 7193: 7190: 7188: 7185: 7184: 7183: 7180: 7179: 7177: 7173: 7167: 7164: 7162: 7159: 7157: 7154: 7152: 7149: 7147: 7144: 7142: 7139: 7137: 7134: 7132: 7129: 7127: 7124: 7122: 7119: 7115: 7112: 7110: 7107: 7106: 7105: 7102: 7101: 7099: 7097: 7093: 7087: 7086:Uterine atony 7084: 7082: 7079: 7077: 7074: 7072: 7069: 7067: 7064: 7062: 7059: 7057: 7056:Preterm birth 7054: 7050: 7047: 7046: 7045: 7044: 7040: 7038: 7035: 7031: 7028: 7027: 7026: 7023: 7021: 7018: 7016: 7013: 7011: 7008: 7004: 7001: 7000: 6999: 6996: 6994: 6991: 6989: 6986: 6985: 6983: 6981: 6977: 6965: 6962: 6960: 6957: 6955: 6952: 6950: 6947: 6945: 6942: 6940: 6937: 6936: 6935: 6934: 6930: 6926: 6923: 6922: 6921: 6918: 6914: 6911: 6909: 6906: 6904: 6901: 6899: 6896: 6894: 6891: 6890: 6889: 6888: 6884: 6880: 6878: 6875: 6871: 6868: 6866: 6863: 6862: 6861: 6860: 6856: 6855: 6853: 6851: 6847: 6841: 6831: 6828: 6826: 6823: 6822: 6820: 6818: 6814: 6808: 6805: 6804: 6802: 6800: 6796: 6790: 6789:Stretch marks 6787: 6785: 6782: 6780: 6777: 6775: 6772: 6770: 6767: 6765: 6762: 6760: 6757: 6755: 6752: 6751: 6749: 6747: 6742: 6738: 6732: 6729: 6727: 6724: 6722: 6719: 6717: 6714: 6712: 6709: 6708: 6706: 6704: 6700: 6697: 6691: 6685: 6682: 6678: 6675: 6674: 6673: 6672:Pre-eclampsia 6670: 6668: 6665: 6664: 6662: 6660: 6655: 6651: 6647: 6641: 6638: 6636: 6633: 6631: 6628: 6626: 6623: 6621: 6618: 6614: 6611: 6609: 6606: 6604: 6601: 6599: 6596: 6594: 6591: 6589: 6586: 6585: 6584: 6581: 6579: 6576: 6575: 6573: 6571: 6565: 6562: 6560: 6556: 6552: 6548: 6544: 6541:Pathology of 6536: 6531: 6529: 6524: 6522: 6517: 6516: 6513: 6507: 6504: 6501: 6499: 6496: 6493: 6491: 6487: 6486:Pre-eclampsia 6482: 6478: 6477: 6472: 6467: 6466: 6445: 6438: 6423: 6419: 6415: 6411: 6407: 6400: 6392: 6388: 6384: 6380: 6376: 6372: 6365: 6357: 6353: 6349: 6342: 6340: 6338: 6329: 6325: 6320: 6315: 6311: 6307: 6303: 6299: 6295: 6288: 6280: 6276: 6271: 6266: 6262: 6258: 6254: 6250: 6246: 6239: 6237: 6228: 6224: 6219: 6214: 6210: 6206: 6202: 6195: 6187: 6183: 6178: 6173: 6169: 6165: 6161: 6157: 6153: 6146: 6138: 6134: 6129: 6124: 6120: 6116: 6112: 6108: 6104: 6097: 6089: 6085: 6080: 6075: 6071: 6067: 6063: 6059: 6055: 6048: 6040: 6036: 6032: 6028: 6024: 6020: 6013: 6005: 6001: 5996: 5991: 5987: 5983: 5980:(7627): 974. 5979: 5975: 5971: 5964: 5962: 5953: 5949: 5945: 5941: 5937: 5933: 5926: 5924: 5915: 5911: 5906: 5901: 5897: 5893: 5889: 5885: 5881: 5874: 5866: 5862: 5858: 5854: 5850: 5846: 5842: 5838: 5831: 5824: 5814:on 2021-05-05 5813: 5809: 5808: 5803: 5796: 5788: 5784: 5779: 5774: 5770: 5766: 5762: 5758: 5754: 5747: 5733:on 2016-08-17 5729: 5725: 5721: 5717: 5713: 5709: 5705: 5698: 5691: 5683: 5679: 5675: 5671: 5666: 5661: 5657: 5653: 5649: 5642: 5636: 5630: 5621: 5614: 5610: 5607: 5602: 5594: 5590: 5586: 5582: 5578: 5574: 5570: 5566: 5559: 5551: 5545: 5541: 5534: 5526: 5522: 5518: 5514: 5510: 5506: 5499: 5491: 5487: 5483: 5479: 5475: 5471: 5467: 5463: 5456: 5448: 5444: 5439: 5434: 5430: 5426: 5422: 5418: 5414: 5407: 5405: 5396: 5392: 5388: 5384: 5380: 5376: 5369: 5367: 5358: 5354: 5350: 5346: 5342: 5338: 5331: 5329: 5327: 5318: 5314: 5309: 5304: 5300: 5296: 5292: 5288: 5281: 5273: 5269: 5264: 5259: 5255: 5251: 5247: 5243: 5239: 5232: 5224: 5220: 5215: 5210: 5206: 5202: 5198: 5194: 5190: 5183: 5175: 5171: 5166: 5161: 5157: 5153: 5149: 5145: 5141: 5134: 5126: 5122: 5117: 5112: 5107: 5102: 5098: 5094: 5090: 5083: 5081: 5079: 5070: 5066: 5062: 5058: 5054: 5050: 5046: 5042: 5034: 5018: 5014: 5008: 5000: 4996: 4991: 4986: 4982: 4978: 4974: 4970: 4966: 4959: 4951: 4947: 4942: 4937: 4933: 4929: 4925: 4921: 4917: 4910: 4908: 4889: 4885: 4881: 4877: 4873: 4869: 4865: 4858: 4851: 4843: 4839: 4834: 4829: 4825: 4821: 4817: 4813: 4809: 4802: 4794: 4788: 4784: 4778: 4776: 4774: 4772: 4763: 4759: 4754: 4749: 4745: 4741: 4737: 4733: 4726: 4718: 4714: 4710: 4706: 4701: 4696: 4692: 4688: 4684: 4680: 4676: 4669: 4661: 4657: 4653: 4649: 4645: 4641: 4634: 4619: 4615: 4609: 4601: 4597: 4592: 4587: 4583: 4579: 4575: 4571: 4567: 4560: 4545: 4541: 4537: 4531: 4523: 4519: 4514: 4509: 4505: 4501: 4497: 4493: 4489: 4482: 4474: 4470: 4465: 4460: 4456: 4452: 4448: 4441: 4433: 4429: 4424: 4419: 4415: 4411: 4407: 4400: 4392: 4388: 4383: 4378: 4374: 4370: 4366: 4362: 4358: 4351: 4343: 4339: 4335: 4331: 4326: 4321: 4316: 4311: 4307: 4303: 4299: 4292: 4290: 4281: 4275: 4271: 4264: 4262: 4260: 4251: 4247: 4243: 4237: 4233: 4229: 4225: 4221: 4214: 4206: 4202: 4197: 4192: 4187: 4182: 4178: 4174: 4170: 4163: 4155: 4149: 4145: 4141: 4137: 4132: 4131: 4122: 4120: 4118: 4116: 4107: 4103: 4099: 4095: 4091: 4087: 4083: 4079: 4075: 4071: 4064: 4062: 4060: 4058: 4056: 4047: 4043: 4038: 4033: 4029: 4025: 4021: 4014: 4012: 4010: 4001: 3997: 3993: 3989: 3982: 3974: 3968: 3964: 3960: 3959: 3951: 3943: 3939: 3934: 3929: 3925: 3921: 3917: 3910: 3902: 3898: 3893: 3888: 3884: 3880: 3876: 3869: 3861: 3857: 3852: 3847: 3843: 3839: 3835: 3831: 3827: 3820: 3812: 3808: 3804: 3800: 3796: 3792: 3785: 3777: 3773: 3768: 3763: 3759: 3755: 3751: 3747: 3743: 3736: 3734: 3732: 3730: 3728: 3726: 3717: 3711: 3707: 3700: 3698: 3696: 3694: 3685: 3681: 3676: 3671: 3666: 3661: 3657: 3653: 3649: 3642: 3634: 3630: 3625: 3620: 3615: 3610: 3606: 3602: 3598: 3591: 3583: 3579: 3573: 3565: 3561: 3556: 3551: 3547: 3543: 3539: 3532: 3524: 3520: 3515: 3510: 3506: 3502: 3498: 3491: 3483: 3479: 3474: 3469: 3464: 3459: 3455: 3451: 3447: 3440: 3438: 3429: 3425: 3421: 3417: 3412: 3407: 3403: 3399: 3395: 3391: 3384: 3377: 3375: 3366: 3362: 3357: 3352: 3348: 3344: 3340: 3336: 3332: 3325: 3323: 3314: 3310: 3305: 3300: 3295: 3290: 3286: 3282: 3278: 3271: 3269: 3260: 3256: 3251: 3246: 3241: 3236: 3233:(7521): 877. 3232: 3228: 3224: 3217: 3215: 3206: 3202: 3197: 3192: 3188: 3184: 3180: 3176: 3175:Endocrinology 3172: 3165: 3163: 3154: 3150: 3145: 3140: 3136: 3132: 3128: 3124: 3120: 3113: 3111: 3102: 3098: 3093: 3088: 3084: 3080: 3076: 3072: 3068: 3061: 3059: 3057: 3055: 3053: 3044: 3040: 3036: 3032: 3027: 3022: 3018: 3014: 3010: 3003: 2995: 2991: 2986: 2981: 2976: 2971: 2967: 2963: 2959: 2952: 2950: 2948: 2946: 2944: 2942: 2940: 2938: 2936: 2934: 2932: 2930: 2928: 2926: 2917: 2913: 2908: 2903: 2899: 2895: 2891: 2887: 2883: 2876: 2862:on 2009-07-19 2858: 2854: 2850: 2845: 2840: 2836: 2832: 2828: 2824: 2817: 2810: 2795: 2791: 2785: 2777: 2773: 2769: 2765: 2760: 2755: 2752:(1): IX–XIV. 2751: 2747: 2743: 2736: 2721: 2717: 2713: 2707: 2699: 2695: 2689: 2685: 2684: 2676: 2674: 2665: 2661: 2657: 2653: 2648: 2643: 2639: 2635: 2631: 2624: 2616: 2612: 2608: 2604: 2600: 2596: 2592: 2588: 2581: 2573: 2569: 2564: 2559: 2555: 2551: 2547: 2543: 2539: 2532: 2524: 2520: 2516: 2512: 2508: 2504: 2500: 2496: 2489: 2487: 2478: 2474: 2470: 2466: 2462: 2458: 2454: 2450: 2443: 2441: 2439: 2437: 2435: 2433: 2431: 2429: 2427: 2425: 2423: 2421: 2419: 2417: 2415: 2413: 2411: 2403: 2393:on 2019-06-21 2392: 2388: 2387: 2382: 2375: 2368: 2358:on 2021-05-15 2357: 2353: 2352: 2347: 2340: 2338: 2336: 2334: 2325: 2321: 2316: 2311: 2307: 2303: 2299: 2295: 2291: 2284: 2282: 2273: 2269: 2265: 2261: 2257: 2253: 2249: 2245: 2238: 2236: 2227: 2223: 2219: 2215: 2208: 2206: 2191:on 2016-11-18 2190: 2186: 2180: 2176: 2175: 2168: 2160: 2156: 2151: 2146: 2142: 2138: 2134: 2130: 2126: 2119: 2117: 2108: 2104: 2100: 2096: 2092: 2088: 2081: 2079: 2077: 2075: 2073: 2071: 2069: 2067: 2065: 2063: 2061: 2059: 2057: 2055: 2053: 2044: 2040: 2036: 2032: 2028: 2024: 2020: 2016: 2008: 2006: 1994: 1990: 1984: 1980: 1976: 1972: 1971: 1964: 1962: 1960: 1958: 1956: 1954: 1952: 1950: 1948: 1946: 1944: 1942: 1940: 1938: 1936: 1934: 1932: 1930: 1928: 1926: 1907: 1903: 1899: 1894: 1889: 1885: 1881: 1877: 1873: 1866: 1860: 1858: 1856: 1854: 1852: 1850: 1848: 1846: 1844: 1842: 1840: 1838: 1836: 1827: 1823: 1818: 1813: 1809: 1805: 1801: 1797: 1793: 1786: 1784: 1782: 1780: 1778: 1776: 1774: 1772: 1770: 1768: 1766: 1764: 1762: 1760: 1758: 1749: 1745: 1740: 1735: 1730: 1725: 1721: 1717: 1713: 1706: 1704: 1702: 1700: 1698: 1696: 1691: 1683: 1681: 1677: 1673: 1667:Other animals 1664: 1662: 1657: 1653: 1652:beta-blockers 1649: 1644: 1639: 1635: 1632: 1628: 1623: 1614: 1612: 1606: 1604: 1600: 1596: 1592: 1586: 1584: 1579: 1577: 1572: 1570: 1566: 1562: 1552: 1550: 1546: 1542: 1533: 1531: 1527: 1522: 1518: 1509: 1506: 1504: 1500: 1496: 1491: 1489: 1485: 1481: 1477: 1473: 1466:Complications 1463: 1460: 1456: 1454: 1450: 1446: 1445:renal disease 1442: 1438: 1434: 1430: 1426: 1422: 1416: 1412: 1403: 1401: 1397: 1387: 1383: 1381: 1377: 1373: 1369: 1365: 1361: 1356: 1346: 1343: 1339: 1335: 1324: 1321: 1316: 1314: 1310: 1306: 1302: 1296: 1294: 1288: 1285: 1275: 1272: 1262: 1254: 1250: 1248: 1244: 1240: 1236: 1232: 1228: 1218: 1216: 1212: 1208: 1204: 1202: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1185: 1183: 1173: 1164: 1162: 1158: 1154: 1150: 1146: 1142: 1138: 1134: 1130: 1117: 1113: 1112: 1111: 1104: 1100: 1096: 1092: 1089: 1086: 1085:hyperuricemia 1082: 1081:hyperuricemia 1078: 1075: 1071: 1070: 1069: 1067: 1056: 1054: 1049: 1047: 1038: 1035: 1032: 1030: 1027: 1024: 1021: 1018: 1014: 1011: 1007: 1003: 1002: 1001: 999: 990: 987: 983: 980: 979: 978: 970: 968: 959: 956: 954: 950: 946: 942: 940: 936: 929:ALT: 7–56 U/L 927:AST: 5–40 U/L 922: 920: 916: 911: 907: 903: 899: 895: 891: 885: 880: 875: 867: 864: 860: 856: 852: 850: 845: 841: 840:erythroblasts 837: 833: 829: 825: 821: 813: 809: 808:immune system 804: 802: 797: 795: 791: 786: 780: 778: 774: 770: 766: 762: 758: 754: 749: 745: 733: 729: 725: 722: 720: 716: 713: 709: 705: 703: 699: 697: 694: 692: 689: 686: 683: 680: 678: 675: 672: 669: 667: 666:Endometriosis 664: 662: 659: 657: 654: 653: 652: 644: 642: 638: 634: 630: 626: 621: 618: 615:. Located on 614: 610: 605: 603: 599: 595: 591: 590:chromosome 16 587: 582: 580: 576: 574: 570: 566: 561: 557: 553: 549: 548:chromosome 13 546:. Located on 545: 540: 538: 533: 532:heterogeneous 528: 522: 513: 511: 507: 504: 500: 496: 495:chromosome 19 491: 489: 485: 484:immune system 481: 477: 473: 467: 465: 461: 457: 452: 450: 442: 439: 436: 432: 428: 425: 422: 418: 417: 416: 408: 404: 402: 401:Pitting edema 398: 391: 382: 380: 376: 371: 369: 359: 357: 353: 352:heart disease 349: 344: 342: 338: 334: 330: 326: 322: 318: 313: 311: 310:prenatal care 307: 303: 299: 295: 291: 287: 282: 280: 276: 272: 268: 264: 260: 256: 252: 248: 244: 240: 239:Pre-eclampsia 231: 227: 223: 219: 216: 212: 208: 205: 203: 199: 196:, medications 195: 192: 188: 184: 180: 177: 173: 169: 165: 161: 159: 155: 152: 149:, older age, 148: 144: 141: 139: 135: 132: 128: 124: 121: 117: 113: 109: 105: 102: 100: 99:Complications 96: 93: 89: 86: 84: 80: 77: 74: 72: 68: 64: 63:H&E stain 60: 56: 52: 47: 43: 38: 34: 30: 27:Pre-eclampsia 25: 19: 8534:Hypertension 8490: 8478: 8466: 8189:Hip fracture 8184:Osteoporosis 7925:Infibulation 7825:Dysmenorrhea 7818:Sanitary pad 7770:Menstruation 7498:Preeclampsia 7493:Hypertension 7377:Labia majora 7372:Labia minora 7269: 7258: 7228: 7221: 7081:Vasa praevia 7041: 7015:Locked twins 6931: 6881: 6857: 6671: 6603:Interstitial 6474: 6448:. 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