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1291:. Epidural analgesia is a generally safe and effective method of relieving pain in labour, but has been associated with longer labour, more operative intervention (particularly instrument delivery), and increases in cost. However, a more recent (2017) Cochrane review suggests that the new epidural techniques have no effect on labour time and the use of instruments or the need for C-section deliveries. Generally, pain and stress hormones rise throughout labour for women without epidurals, while pain, fear, and stress hormones decrease upon administration of epidural analgesia, but rise again later. Medicine administered via epidural can cross the placenta and enter the bloodstream of the fetus. Epidural analgesia has no statistically significant impact on the risk of caesarean section, and does not appear to have an immediate effect on neonatal status as determined by Apgar scores.
2188:, giving birth at home became more difficult due to congested living spaces and dirty living conditions. That drove urban and lower-class women to newly available hospitals, while wealthy and middle-class women continued to labour at home. Consequently, wealthier women experienced lower maternal mortality rates than those of a lower social class. Throughout the 1900s, there was an increasing availability of hospitals, and more women began going into the hospital for labour and delivery. In the United States, 5% of women gave birth in hospitals in 1900. By 1930, 50% of all women and 75% of urban-dwelling women delivered in hospitals. By 1960, this number increased to 96%. By the 1970s, home birth rates fell to approximately 1%. In the United States, the middle classes were especially receptive to the medicalisation of childbirth, which promised a safer and less painful labour.
2246:", was first used in Germany and popularised by German physicians Bernard Kronig and Karl Gauss. This concoction offered minor pain relief but mostly allowed women to completely forget the entire delivery process. Under twilight sleep, mothers were often blindfolded and restrained as they experienced the immense pain of childbirth. The cocktail came with severe side effects, such as decreased uterine contractions and altered mental state. Additionally, babies delivered with the use of childbirth drugs often experienced temporarily-ceased breathing. The feminist movement in the United States openly and actively supported the use of twilight sleep, which was introduced to the country in 1914. Some physicians, many of whom had been using painkillers for the past fifty years, including opium, cocaine, and quinine, embraced the new drug. Others were hesitant.
1900:
887:
1480:
967:
to 6 days in (pre-war) Ukraine. Averages for
Australia are 2.8 days and 1.5 days in the UK. While this number is low, two-thirds of women in the UK have midwife-assisted births and in some cases the mother may choose a hospital setting for birth to be closer to the wide range of assistance available for an emergency situation. However, women with midwife care may leave the hospital shortly after birth and her midwife will continue her care at her home. In the U.S. the average length of stay has gradually dropped from 4.1 days in 1970 to a current stay of 2 days. The CDC attributed the drop to the rise in health care costs, saying people could not afford to stay in the hospital any longer. To keep it from dropping any lower, in 1996 congress passed the
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420:, a hormone that is known to evoke feelings of contentment, reductions in anxiety, and feelings of calmness and security around the mate. Oxytocin is further released during labour when the fetus stimulates the cervix and vagina, and it is believed that it plays a major role in the bonding of a mother to her infant and in the establishment of maternal behaviour. Studies show that the father of the child also has an increase in oxytocin levels following contact with the infant and parents with higher oxytocin levels showed more responsiveness and synchrony in their interactions with their infant. The act of
2913:. In some cultures the placenta may be consumed as a nutritional boost, but it may also be seen as a special part of birth and eaten by the newborn's family ceremonially. In the developed world the placenta may be eaten believing that it reduces postpartum bleeding, increases milk supply, provides micronutrients such as iron, and improves mood and boosts energy. The CDC advises against this practice, saying it has not been shown to promote health but has been shown to possibly transmit disease organisms that were passed from the placenta into the mother's breastmilk and then infecting the baby.
1682:. The prevalence of fear of childbirth around the world ranges between 4β25%, with 3β7% of pregnant women having clinical fear of childbirth. Although pain may be seen as a self-evident and indisputable fact, in reality pain is only one sensation of childbirth. There are many other sensations such as bliss, joy and satisfaction which can be more powerful than pain. Previous studies have indicated that negative expectations can actually increase sensitivity to pain through the process of nocebo hyperalgesia. While positive expectations can reduce pain through placebo analgesia.
2258:(or C-section) in which both mother and baby survived. It is, however, known that the procedure had been attempted for hundreds of years before it became accepted in the beginning of the twentieth century. While forceps have gone through periods of high popularity, today they are only used in approximately 10% of deliveries. The c-section has become the more popular solution for difficult deliveries. In 2005, one-third of babies were born via C-section. Historically, surgical delivery was a last-resort method of extracting a baby from its deceased or dying mother but today
1014:
the 1970s, once a patient delivered one baby via C-section, it was recommended that all of her future babies be delivered by C-section, but that recommendation has changed. Unless there is some other indication, mothers can attempt a trial of labour and most are able to have a vaginal birth after C-section (VBAC). Induced births and elective cesarean before 39 weeks can be harmful to the neonate as well as harmful or without benefit to the mother. Therefore, many guidelines recommend against non-medically required induced births and elective cesarean before 39 weeks.
404:(the muscle part of the uterus) is greatly denervated. Stretch receptors in the uterus disappear during pregnancy, and stretch receptors in the cervix disappear at the onset of labour. Consequently, the reason for labour pain has only been theorised, not ascertained. One theory is that the pain results from the buildup of chemicals released during physical exertion. The second leading theory is that the pain results from the vasoconstriction of uterine blood vessels in the myometrium; each contraction squeezes the blood vessels, reducing blood flow and causing some
1533:'s report found that each day about 8,000 newborns die during the first month of life. Worldwide, more than 1 million babies die during their first day even though simple measures such as antibiotics, hand-held breathing masks and other simple interventions could prevent the deaths of 70% of infants. The United States had the highest first-day infant death rate of all the industrialised nations in the world. In the US, each year about 11,300 newborns die within 24 hours of their birth, 50% more first-day deaths than all other industrialised countries combined.
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1509:
births β 2.9 times the rate for white women. In 2023, a study reported that deaths among Native
American women were even higher, at 3.5 times the rate for White women. The report attributed the high rate in part to the fact that Native American women are cared for under a poorly funded Federal Health Care System that is so stretched that the average monthly visit lasts only from three to seven minutes. Such a short visit allows neither time for performing an adequate health assessment nor time for the patient to discuss any problems she may be experiencing.
516:
550:, which is the process of the baby moving down from the rib cage with the head of the baby engaging deep in the pelvis. The pregnant woman may then find breathing easier, since her lungs have more room for expansion, but pressure on her bladder may cause more frequent need to void (urinate). Lightening may occur a few weeks or a few hours before labour begins, or even not until labour has begun. Some women also experience an increase in vaginal discharge several days before labour begins when the "mucus plug", a thick plug of
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1300:
439:
2365:
309:. It is best practice to limit the amount of interventions that occur during labour and delivery such as an elective cesarean section, however in some cases a scheduled cesarean section must be planned for a successful delivery and recovery of the mother. An emergency cesarean section may be recommended if unexpected complications occur or little to no progression through the birthing canal is observed in a vaginal delivery. Each year, complications from pregnancy and childbirth result in about 500,000
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needed (restrictive) with routine episiotomy to determine the possible benefits and harms for mother and baby. The review found that restrictive episiotomy policies appeared to give a number of benefits compared with using routine episiotomy. Women experienced less severe perineal trauma, less posterior perineal trauma, less suturing and fewer healing complications at seven days with no difference in occurrence of pain, urinary incontinence, painful sex or severe vaginal/perineal trauma after birth.
922:(WHO) states that "the process of childbirth is not finished until the baby has safely transferred from placental to mammary nutrition." It is advised that the newborn be placed skin-to-skin with the mother following vaginal birth, or as soon as the mother is alert and responsive after a Caesarean section, postponing any routine procedures for at least one to two hours. The baby's father or other support person may also choose to hold the baby SSC until the mother recovers from the anaesthetic.
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average out of the pocket expenses for a vaginal delivery were $ 2,655 and $ 3,214 for a cesarean birth. Variables which determined charges included length of hospital stay, which averaged 48 hours for vaginal birth and 96 hours for a cesarean. There could be charges for any complications before or after the birth, for example an induced labour costs more than a spontaneous birth. Babies that had a difficult birth may need special tests and monitoring, adding to the costs of childbirth.
1204:, also called ventouse extraction. Done properly, they are both safe with some preference for forceps rather than vacuum, and both are seen as preferable to an unexpected C-section. While considered safe, some risks for the mother include vaginal tearing, including a higher chance of having a more major vaginal tear that involves the muscle or wall of the anus or rectum. For women undergoing operative vaginal delivery with vacuum extraction or forceps, there is strong evidence that
1840:. Premature birth is the leading cause of death in children under five years of age though many that survive experience disabilities including learning defects and visual and hearing problems. Causes for early birth may be unknown or may be related to certain chronic conditions such as diabetes, infections, and other known causes. The World Health Organization has developed guidelines with recommendations to improve the chances of survival and health outcomes for preterm infants.
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14403:
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269:. The first stage is characterised by abdominal cramping or also back pain in the case of back labour, that typically lasts half a minute and occurs every 10 to 30 minutes. Contractions gradually become stronger and closer together. Since the pain of childbirth correlates with contractions, the pain becomes more frequent and strong as the labour progresses. The second stage ends when the infant is fully expelled. The third stage is the delivery of the
380:, commonly known as "water breaking". During pregnancy, a baby is surrounded and cushioned by a fluid-filled sac. Usually the sac ruptures at the beginning of or during labour. It may cause a gush of fluid or leak in an intermittent or constant flow of small amounts from a woman's vagina. The fluid is clear or pale yellow. If the amniotic sac has not yet broken during labour the health care provider may break it in a technique called an
907:, is a technique of newborn care where babies are kept chest-to-chest and skin-to-skin with a parent, typically their mother or possibly the father. This means without the shirt or undergarments on the chest of both the baby and parent. A 2011 medical review found that early skin-to-skin contact resulted in a decrease in infant crying, improved cardio-respiratory stability and blood glucose levels, and improved breastfeeding duration. A 2016
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1174:(a surgical cut to enlarge the vaginal entrance) easier, and helped with instrumental deliveries. It is currently less common, though it is still a routine procedure in some countries even though a systematic review found no evidence to recommend shaving. Side effects appear later, including irritation, redness, and multiple superficial scratches from the razor. Another effort to prevent infection has been the use of the antiseptic
64:
11816:
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2617:"Childbirth educators" are instructors who aim to teach pregnant women and their partners about the nature of pregnancy, labour signs and stages, techniques for giving birth, breastfeeding and newborn baby care. Training for this role can be found in hospital settings or through independent certifying organisations. Each organisation teaches its own curriculum and each emphasises different techniques. The
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affluent families were primarily calling male doctors to assist with their deliveries, and female midwives were seen as a resource for women who could not afford better care. That completely removed women from assisting in labour, as only men were eligible to become doctors at the time. Additionally, it privatised the birthing process as family members and friends were often banned from the delivery room.
619:
1759:
661:, also called "dysfunctional labour" or "failure to progress", is difficult labour or abnormally slow progress of labour, involving progressive cervical dilatation or lack of descent of the fetus. Friedman's Curve, developed in 1955, was for many years used to determine labour dystocia. However, more recent medical research suggests that the Friedman curve may not be currently applicable.
1847:. Tocolytics delay labour by inhibiting contractions of the uterine muscles that progress labour. The most widely used tocolytics include beta agonists, calcium channel blockers, and magnesium sulfate. The goal of administering tocolytics is not to delay delivery to the point that the child can be delivered at term, but instead to postponing delivery long enough for the administration of
817:
1446:(WHO) advises that for healthy women undergoing spontaneous labour continuous cardiotocography is not recommended for assessment of fetal well-being. The WHO states: "In countries and settings where continuous CTG is used defensively to protect against litigation, all stakeholders should be made aware that this practice is not evidence-based and does not improve birth outcomes."
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2167:, immediately following birth and for the first few weeks of life. Some fathers have begun to hold their newborns skin to skin; the new baby is familiar with the father's voice and it is believed that contact with the father helps the infant to stabilise and promotes father to infant bonding. Looking at recent studies, a 2019 review found that the level of
2153:; the father would be waiting downstairs or in another room in the home. If it was in a hospital, then the father would wait in the waiting room. Fathers were only permitted in the room if the life of the mother or baby was severely at-risk. In 1522, a German physician was sentenced to death for sneaking into a delivery room dressed as a woman.
2038:, and infections in newborn babies, particularly in the areas where rates of infection remain high. The majority of STIs have no symptoms or only mild symptoms that may not be recognised. Mortality rates resulting from some infections may be high, for example the overall perinatal mortality rate associated with untreated syphilis is 30%.
1750:), depression, severe confusion, loss of inhibition, paranoia, hallucinations and delusions set in, beginning suddenly in the first two weeks after childbirth. The symptoms vary and can change quickly. It usually requires hospitalisation. The most severe symptoms last from two to 12 weeks, and recovery takes six months to a year.
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1591:. Pre-eclampsia is a disorder of pregnancy in which there is high blood pressure and either large amounts of protein in the urine or other organ dysfunction. Pre-eclampsia is routinely screened for during prenatal care. Onset may be before, during, or rarely, after delivery. Around 1% of women with eclampsia die.
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1026:(ACOG) guidelines recommend a full evaluation of the maternal-fetal status, the status of the cervix, and at least a 39 completed weeks (full term) of gestation for optimal health of the newborn when considering elective induction of labour. Per these guidelines, indications for induction may include:
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may provide support and care during pregnancy and childbirth, although there are important differences across categories based on professional training and skills, practice regulations, and the nature of care delivered. Many of these occupations are highly professionalised, but other roles exist on a
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with backup emergency obstetric care, the global maternal mortality ratio has fallen from 385 maternal deaths per 100,000 live births in 1990 to 216 deaths per 100,000 live births in 2015, and it was reported in 2017 that many countries had halved their maternal death rates in the
2233:
The use of pain medication in labour has been a controversial issue for hundreds of years. A Scottish woman was burned at the stake in 1591 for requesting pain relief in the delivery of twins. Medication became more acceptable in 1852, when Queen
Victoria used chloroform as pain relief during labour.
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There was opposition to the change from both progressive feminists and religious conservatives. The feminists were concerned about job security for a role that had traditionally been held by women. The conservatives argued that it was immoral for a woman to be exposed in such a way in front of a man.
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Accompanied by the shift from home to hospital was the shift from midwife to physician. Male physicians began to replace female midwives in Europe and the United States in the 1700s. The rise in status and popularity of this new position was accompanied by a drop in status for midwives. By the 1800s,
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is different from the "baby blues". With postpartum depression, feelings of sadness and anxiety can be extreme and might interfere with a woman's ability to care for herself or her family. Because of the severity of the symptoms, postpartum depression usually requires treatment. The condition, which
1643:
Postpartum infections, also historically known as childbed fever and medically as puerperal fever, are any bacterial infections of the reproductive tract following childbirth or miscarriage. Signs and symptoms usually include a fever greater than 38.0 Β°C (100.4 Β°F), chills, lower abdominal
1487:
There was a 44% decline in the maternal death rate between 1990 and 2015. However, 830 women died every day in 2015 from causes related to pregnancy or childbirth and for every woman who dies, 20 or 30 encounter injuries, infections or disabilities. Most of these deaths and injuries are preventable.
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Continuous labour support may help women to give birth spontaneously, that is, without caesarean or vacuum or forceps, with slightly shorter labours, and to have more positive feelings regarding their experience of giving birth. Continuous labour support may also reduce women's use of pain medication
1140:
Obstetric care frequently subjects women to institutional routines, which may have adverse effects on the progress of labour. Supportive care during labour may involve emotional support, comfort measures, and information and advocacy which may promote the physical process of labour as well as women's
654:
A standard duration of the latent first stage has not been established and can vary widely from one woman to another. However, the duration of active first stage (from 5 cm until full cervical dilatation) usually does not extend beyond 12 hours in the first labour("primiparae"), and usually does
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of many countries, hospitalised childbirth may not be readily available or the best option. Maternal evacuation is the predominant risk management method for assisting mothers in these communities. Maternal evacuation is the process of relocating pregnant women in remote communities to deliver their
2216:
It involves changing long-standing policies, protocols and behaviors. The Baby-Friendly
Hospital Initiative includes a very rigorous credentialing process that includes a two-day site visit, where assessors evaluate policies, community partnerships and education plans, as well as interview patients,
1504:
The rising maternal death rate in the US is of concern. In 1990 the US ranked 12th of the 14 developed countries that were analysed. However, since that time the rates of every country have steadily continued to improve while the US rate has spiked dramatically. While every other developed nation
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or extend to the muscles and the anal sphincter and anus. Once common, they are now recognised as generally not needed. When needed, the midwife or obstetrician makes a surgical cut in the perineum to prevent severe tears that can be difficult to repair. A 2017 Cochrane review compared episiotomy as
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Induction is also considered for logistical reasons, such as the distance from hospital or psychosocial conditions, but in these instances gestational age confirmation must be done, and the maturity of the fetal lung must be confirmed by testing. The ACOG also note that contraindications for induced
1013:
through a surgical incision in the abdomen, rather than through vaginal birth. During the procedure the patient is usually numbed with an epidural or a spinal block, but general anaesthesia can be used as well. A cut is made in the patient's abdomen and then in the uterus to remove the baby. Before
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For births that occur in hospitals the WHO recommends a hospital stay of at least 24 hours following an uncomplicated vaginal delivery and 96 hours for a
Cesarean section. Looking at length of stay (in 2016) for an uncomplicated delivery around the world shows an average of less than 1 day in Egypt
372:
is a complication that occurs during childbirth when a fetus exhibits posterior presentation (i.e. when the fetus is facing the motherβs navel), instead of the typical anterior presentation. This leads to more intense contractions, and causes pain in the lower back that persists between contractions
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and performed by Truven
Healthcare Analytics, the cost of childbirth varies dramatically by country. In the United States the average amount actually paid by insurance companies or other payers in 2012 averaged $ 9,775 for an uncomplicated conventional delivery and $ 15,041 for a caesarean birth. A
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The reemergence of "natural childbirth" began in Europe and was adopted by some in the US as early as the late 1940s. Early supporters believed that the drugs used during deliveries interfered with "happy childbirth" and could negatively impact the newborn's "emotional wellbeing". By the 1970s, the
2183:
Historically, most women gave birth at home without emergency medical care available. In the early days of hospitalisation for childbirth, a 17th-century maternity ward in Paris was incredibly congested, with up to five pregnant women sharing one bed. At this hospital, one in five women died during
494:
during the third, and the 4th stage of recovery which lasts until two hours after the delivery. The first stage is characterised by abdominal cramping or back pain that typically lasts around half a minute and occurs every 10 to 30 minutes. The contractions (and pain) gradually becomes stronger and
2800:
Comfort and proximity to extended family and social support systems may be a childbirth priority of many communities in developing countries, such as the
Chillihuani in Peru and the Mayan town of San Pedro La Laguna. Home births can help women in these cultures feel more comfortable as they are in
1620:
According to the WHO, haemorrhage is the leading cause of maternal death worldwide accounting for approximately 27.1% of maternal deaths. Within maternal deaths due to haemorrhage, two-thirds are caused by postpartum haemorrhage. The causes of postpartum haemorrhage can be separated into four main
1605:
A puerperal disorder or postpartum disorder is a complication which presents primarily during the puerperium, or postpartum period. The postpartum period can be divided into three distinct stages; the initial or acute phase, six to 12 hours after childbirth; subacute postpartum period, which lasts
1442:(toco) has a flat area that is fixated to the skin by a band around the belly. The pressure required to flatten a section of the wall correlates with the internal pressure, thereby providing an estimate of contraction. Monitoring with a cardiotocograph can either be intermittent or continuous. The
1123:
Looking at the C-section rates between 1976 and 1996, one large study done in the U.S. found that the proportion of pregnancies delivered by C section increased from 6.7% in 1976 to 14.2% in 1996, with maternal choice the most frequent reason given. By 2018 the rate had climbed to one-third of all
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gave an average cost of $ 18,865 ($ 14,768 for vaginal and $ 26,280 for cesarean) which included pregnancy, delivery and postpartum care. However, many factors determined the costs, including where the woman lived, the type of birth, and whether or not they had insurance. Even with insurance,
2148:
Historically, women have been attended and supported by other women during labour and birth. Midwife training in
European cities began in the 1400s, but rural women were usually assisted by female family or friends. However, it was not simply a ladies' social bonding event as some historians have
1508:
In 2022, the WHO reported that the US had the highest maternal death rate of any developed nation while other nations continued to experience declines. The death rate of black women has also continued to climb with a 2020 CDC report showing the maternal death rate at 55.3 deaths per 100,000 live
1157:
Eating or drinking during labour is an area of ongoing debate. While some have argued that eating in labour has no harmful effects on outcomes, others continue to have concern regarding the increased possibility of an aspiration event (choking on recently eaten foods) in the event of an emergency
925:
The WHO suggests that any initial observations of the infant can be done while the infant remains close to the mother, saying that even a brief separation before the baby has had its first feed can disturb the bonding process. They further advise frequent skin-to-skin contact as much as possible
869:
following the birth. The first passing of urine should be documented within six hours. Afterpains (pains similar to menstrual cramps), contractions of the uterus to prevent excessive blood flow, continue for several days. Vaginal discharge, termed "lochia", can be expected to continue for several
365:
method of childbirth teaches that making noises such as moaning, groaning, grunting, repeating words over and over, and any sound that one's body may wish to naturally make may help to relieve pain and help labour to progress. According to Lamaze, "While the media would have you believe that all
2804:
Some communities rely heavily on religion for their birthing practices. It is believed that if certain acts are carried out, then it will allow the child for a healthier and happier future. One example of this is the belief in the
Chillihuani that if a knife or scissors are used for cutting the
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are healthcare providers that are able to provide emergency care to both the mother and infant during and after delivery using a wide range of medications and tools on an ambulance. They are capable of delivering babies but can do very little for infants that become "stuck" and are unable to be
873:
At one time babies born in hospitals were removed from their mothers shortly after birth and brought to the mother only at feeding times. Mothers were told that their newborns would be safer in the nursery and that the separation would offer the mothers more time to rest. As attitudes began to
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begins as a physiological separation from the wall of the uterus. The average time from delivery of the baby until complete expulsion of the placenta is estimated to be 10β12 minutes dependent on whether active or expectant management is employed. In as many as 3% of all vaginal deliveries, the
650:
During effacement, the cervix becomes incorporated into the lower segment of the uterus. During a contraction, uterine muscles contract causing shortening of the upper segment and drawing upwards of the lower segment, in a gradual expulsive motion. The presenting fetal part then is permitted to
2645:
are autonomous practitioners who provide basic and emergency health care before, during and after pregnancy and childbirth, generally to women with low-risk pregnancies. Midwives are trained to assist during labour and birth, either through direct-entry or nurse-midwifery education programmes.
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found that with good obstetrical anaesthesia there is no change in harms from allowing eating and drinking during labour in those who are unlikely to need surgery. They additionally acknowledge that not eating does not mean there is an empty stomach or that its contents are not as acidic. They
712:
The second stage varies from one woman to another. In first labours, birth is usually completed within three hours whereas in subsequent labours, birth is usually completed within two hours. Second-stage labours longer than three hours are associated with declining rates of spontaneous vaginal
669:
The expulsion stage begins when the cervix is fully dilated, and ends when the baby is born. As pressure on the cervix increases, a sensation of pelvic pressure is experienced, and, with it, an urge to begin pushing. At the beginning of the normal second stage, the head is fully engaged in the
957:
elevates in a mother when she interacts with her infant. In 2019, a large review of the effects of oxytocin found that the oxytocin level in fathers that engage in SSC is increased as well. Two studies found that "when the infant is clothed only in a diaper and placed in between the mother or
2809:, it will cause for the child to go through clothes very quickly. To prevent this, a jagged ceramic tile is used to cut the umbilical cord. In Mayan societies, ceremonial gifts are presented to the mother throughout pregnancy and childbirth to help her into the beginning of her child's life.
630:
of labour has geographically differing definitions. The World Health
Organization describes the active first stage as "a period of time characterised by regular painful uterine contractions, a substantial degree of cervical effacement and more rapid cervical dilatation from 5 cm until full
2351:
Home births facilitated by trained midwives produced the best outcomes from 1880 to 1930 in the US and Europe, whereas physician-facilitated hospital births produced the worst. The change in trend of maternal mortality can be attributed with the widespread use of antibiotics along with the
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communities. There has been research considering the negative effects of maternal evacuation due to a lack of social support provided to these women. These negative effects include an increase in maternal newborn complications and postpartum depression, and decreased breastfeeding rates.
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Augmentation is the process of stimulating the uterus to increase the intensity and duration of contractions after labour has begun. Several methods of augmentation are commonly been used to treat slow progress of labour (dystocia) when uterine contractions are assessed to be too weak.
296:
Vaginal delivery is generally recommended as a first option. Cesarean section can lead to increased risk of complications and a significantly slower recovery. There are also many natural benefits of a vaginal delivery in both mother and baby. Various methods may help with pain, such as
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may provide pain relief. Acupuncture and relaxation were found to decrease the number of caesarean sections required. Immersion in water has been found to relieve pain during the first stage of labour, reduce the need for anaesthesia, and shorten the duration of labour. Additionally,
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two to six weeks, and the delayed postpartum period, which can last up to six months. In the subacute postpartum period, 87% to 94% of women report at least one health problem. Long-term health problems (persisting after the delayed postpartum period) are reported by 31% of women.
2160:, wrote a book about obstetrics and gynaecology in the second century, which was referenced for the next thousand years. The book contained endless home remedies for pregnancy and childbirth, many of which would be considered heinous by modern women and medical professionals.
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Distress levels vary widely during pregnancy as well as during labour and delivery. They appear to be influenced by fear and anxiety levels, experience with prior childbirth, cultural ideas of childbirth pain, mobility during labour, and the support received during labour.
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began recommending that many women give birth at home under the care of a midwife rather than an obstetrician, citing lower expenses and better healthcare outcomes. The median cost associated with home birth was estimated to be about $ 1,500 vs. about $ 2,500 in hospital.
1703:
is a psychological disorder that can develop in women who have recently given birth. Causes include issues such as an emergency C-section, preterm labour, inadequate care during labour, lack of social support following childbirth, and others. Examples of symptoms include
1145:, or by companions of the woman's choice from her social network. There is increasing evidence to show that the participation of the child's father in the birth leads to a better birth and also post-birth outcomes, providing the father does not exhibit excessive anxiety.
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was accepted in the mid-1800s, it was assumed that puerperal fever was caused by a variety of sources, including the leakage of breast milk into the body and anxiety. Later, it was discovered that puerperal fever was transmitted by the dirty hands and tools of doctors.
1111:
The WHO recommends a C-section rate of between 10 and 15% because C-sections rates higher than 10% are not associated with a decrease in morbidity and mortality. In 2018, a group of medical professionals called the rates of increase around the world "alarming". In a
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Jurisdictions where midwifery is a regulated profession will typically have a registering and disciplinary body for quality control, such as the American Midwifery Certification Board in the United States, the College of Midwives of British Columbia in Canada or the
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2411:
Personal expectations, the amount of support from caregivers, quality of the caregiver-patient relationship, and involvement in decision-making are more important in the mother's overall satisfaction with the birthing experience than are other factors such as age,
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1252:; or a lay person such as the father of the baby, a family member, or a close friend. Studies have found that continuous support during labour and delivery reduce the need for medication and a caesarean or operative vaginal delivery, and result in an improved
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their own home with their family around them helping out in different ways. Traditionally, it has been rare in these cultures for the mother to lie down during childbirth, opting instead for standing, kneeling, or walking around prior to and during birthing.
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pain, and possibly bad-smelling vaginal discharge. The infection usually occurs after the first 24 hours and within the first ten days following delivery. Infection remains a major cause of maternal deaths and morbidity in the developing world. The work of
597:, which are contractions that may start around 26 weeks gestation and are sometimes called "false labour", are infrequent, irregular, and involve only mild cramping. Braxton Hicks contractions are the uterine muscles preparing to deliver the infant.
1001:, also called a C-section. Labour induction is the process or treatment that stimulates childbirth and delivery. Inducing labour can be accomplished with pharmaceutical or non-pharmaceutical methods. Inductions are most often performed either with
2627:
are assistants who support mothers during pregnancy, labour, birth, and postpartum. They are not medical attendants; rather, they provide emotional support and non-medical pain relief for women during labour. Like childbirth educators and other
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In 2008, noting that each year more than 100,000 women die of complications of pregnancy and childbirth and at least seven million experience serious health problems while 50 million more have adverse health consequences after childbirth, the
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Most new mothers may experience mild feelings of unhappiness and worry after giving birth. Babies require a lot of care, so it is normal for mothers to be worried about, or tired from, providing that care. The feelings, often termed the
453:. When the presenting part is at the ischial spines the station is 0 (synonymous with engagement). If the presenting fetal part is above the spines, the distance is measured and described as minus stations, which range from β1 to β4
1244:
is associated with a decreased risk of postpartum hemorrhaging, low Apgar scores, neonatal infections, requirement for neonatal resuscitation, and neonatal admission to intensive care. However, there is a higher chance of cord avulsion.
5370:
1505:
of the 14 analysed in 1990 shows a 2017 death rate of less than 10 deaths per every 100,000 live births, the US rate has risen to 26.4. By comparison, the United Kingdom ranks second highest at 9.2 and Finland is the safest at 3.8.
2355:
Since the US began recording childbirth statistics in 1915, the US has had historically poor maternal mortality rates in comparison to other developed countries. Britain started recording maternal mortality data from 1880 onward.
495:
closer together. The second stage ends when the infant is fully expelled. In the third stage, the delivery of the placenta. The fourth stage of labour involves recovery, the uterus beginning to contract to pre-pregnancy state,
4656:
2653:
In the past, midwifery played a crucial role in childbirth throughout most indigenous societies. Although western civilisations attempted to assimilate their birthing technologies into certain indigenous societies, like
2149:
portrayed β fear and pain often filled the atmosphere, as death during childbirth was a common occurrence. In the United States before the 1950s, a father would not be in the birthing room. It did not matter if it was a
1521:
reports that as of 2011, about one-third of American births have some complications; many are directly related to the mother's health including increasing rates of obesity, type 2 diabetes, and physical inactivity. The
366:
birthing women scream, in reality, it's not the most common noise." They say that screaming may be a sign that the labouring woman is beginning to panic and the support team should help her back to regulated breathing.
2638:
are individuals who are employed to provide assistance and stay with the mothers at their home after childbirth. They are usually experienced mothers who took courses on how to take care of mothers and newborn babies.
4838:
545:
Many women are known to experience what has been termed the "nesting instinct". Women report a spurt of energy shortly before going into labour. Common signs that labour is about to begin may include what is known as
3686:
7511:
1320:(rupture of the amniotic membrane) but advises that it must be used only after it has been correctly confirmed that labour is not proceeding properly if harm is to be avoided. The WHO does not recommend the use of
13711:
10595:
10580:
635:
for multiparous women, mothers who had given birth previously, and at 6 cm for nulliparous women, those who had not given birth before. This was done in an effort to increase the rates of vaginal delivery.
10093:
2796:
women who work in agricultural fields of some rural communities will usually continue to work in a similar function to how they normally would throughout pregnancy, in some cases working until labour begins.
1501:(WHO) has urged midwife training to strengthen maternal and newborn health services. To support the upgrading of midwifery skills the WHO established a midwife training programme, Action for Safe Motherhood.
1158:
delivery due to the increased relaxation of the oesophagus in pregnancy, upward pressure of the uterus on the stomach, and the possibility of general anaesthetic in the event of an emergency cesarean. A 2013
474:
can be used to judge the degree of cervical ripening to predict the timing of labour and delivery of the infant or for women at risk for preterm labour. It is also used to judge when a woman will respond to
11658:
704:
Complete expulsion of the baby signals the successful completion of the second stage of labour. Some babies, especially preterm infants, are born covered with a waxy or cheese-like white substance called
615:. Effacement is usually complete or near-complete and dilation is about 5 cm by the end of the latent phase. The degree of cervical effacement and dilation may be felt during a vaginal examination.
7600:
2687:. These physicians and surgeons variously provide care across the whole spectrum of normal and abnormal births and pathological labour conditions. Categorically specialised obstetricians are qualified
6081:
4599:
9007:
1810:
Worldwide in 2019 there were about 2 million stillbirths that occurred after 28 weeks of pregnancy, this equates to 1 in 72 total births or one every 16 seconds. Still births are more common in
470:
is the physical and chemical changes in the cervix to prepare it for the stretching that will take place as the fetus moves out of the uterus and into the birth canal. A scoring system called a
2721:
are medical doctors who specialise in pain relief and the use of drugs to facilitate surgery and other painful procedures. They may contribute to the care of a woman in labour by performing an
874:
change, some hospitals offered a "rooming in" option wherein after a period of routine hospital procedures and observation, the infant could be allowed to share the mother's room. As of 2020,
7784:
9728:"Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990β2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013"
5392:
5362:
10510:
6208:
2303:
755:
Placental expulsion can be managed actively or it can be managed expectantly, allowing the placenta to be expelled without medical assistance. Active management is the administration of a
13704:
834:
are often used for this period. The woman's body, including hormone levels and uterus size, return to a non-pregnant state and the newborn adjusts to life outside the mother's body. The
2691:, so they can undertake surgical procedures relating to childbirth. Some family practitioners or general practitioners also perform obstetrical surgery. Obstetrical procedures include
1625:, the failure of the uterus to contract adequately following delivery. Trauma includes lacerations or uterine rupture. Tissue includes conditions that can lead to a retained placenta.
479:
for a postdate pregnancy or other medical reasons. There are several methods of inducing cervical ripening which will allow the uterine contractions to effectively dilate the cervix.
457:. If the presenting part is below the ischial spines, the distance is stated as plus stations ( +1 to +4 cm). At +3 and +4 the presenting part is at the perineum and can be seen.
9906:
7655:
5774:
1141:
feelings of control and competence, thus reducing the need for obstetric intervention. The continuous support may be provided either by hospital staff such as nurses or midwives,
4420:
3939:
1885:, which supplies the baby with oxygen and nutrients, begins to age and will eventually fail after the 42nd week of gestation. Induced labour is indicated for postterm pregnancy.
639:
Health care providers may assess the mother's progress in labour by performing a cervical exam to evaluate the cervical dilation, effacement, and station. These factors form the
13697:
2577:-led unit that generally presents a more home-like environment. Birthing centres may be located on hospital grounds or "free standing" (that is, not affiliated with a hospital).
5886:
Trojano, Giuseppe; Damiani, Gianluca Raffaello; Olivieri, Claudiana; Villa, Mario; Malvasi, Antonio; Alfonso, Raffaello; Loverro, Matteo; Cicinelli, Ettore (6 September 2019).
5234:
1369:
first twin, twins can often be delivered vaginally. In some cases twin delivery is done in a larger delivery room or in an operating theatre, in the event of complication e.g.
1264:
Different measures for pain control have varying degrees of success and side effects to the woman and her baby. In some countries of Europe, doctors commonly prescribe inhaled
1196:
An assisted delivery is used in about 1 in 8 births, and may be needed if either mother or infant appears to be at risk during a vaginal delivery. The methods used are termed
14408:
5423:
460:
The fetal head may temporarily change shape (becoming more elongated or cone shaped) as it moves through the birth canal. This change in the shape of the fetal head is called
2658:, and get rid of the midwifery, the National Aboriginal Council of Midwives brought back the cultural ideas and midwifery that were once associated with indigenous birthing.
1208:
help to reduce the risk of infection. There is a higher risk of blood clots forming in the legs or pelvis β anti-clot stockings or medication may be ordered to avoid clots.
861:(IUD), both of which can be inserted immediately after delivery while the woman is still in the delivery room. The mother has regular assessments for uterine contraction and
838:(WHO) describes the postnatal period as the most critical and yet the most neglected phase in the lives of mothers and babies; most deaths occur during the postnatal period.
3678:
7473:
7885:
Thompson JF, Roberts CL, Currie M, Ellwood DA (June 2002). "Prevalence and persistence of health problems after childbirth: associations with parity and method of birth".
3858:
2285:. While it is still most common for American women to deliver in the hospital, supporters of natural birth still widely exist, especially in the UK where midwife-assisted
1791:
Worldwide prevention of most stillbirths is possible with improved health systems. About half of stillbirths occur during childbirth, and stillbirth is more common in the
1566:, and cephalopelvic disproportion (a small pelvis or large infant). Prolonged labour may result in maternal exhaustion, fetal distress, and other complications including
1678:
Childbirth can be an intense event and strong emotions, both positive and negative, can be brought to the surface. Abnormal and persistent fear of childbirth is known as
865:, vaginal bleeding, heart rate and blood pressure, and temperature, for the first 24 hours after birth. Some women may experience an uncontrolled episode of shivering or
7054:
8576:
6871:
12607:
9114:
5287:
2015:
during labour. In 2014 it was estimated that about one in 2000 newborn babies had a group B streptococcuss infection within the first week of life, usually evident as
1373:
Both twins born vaginally β this can occur both presented head first or where one comes head first and the other is breech and/or helped by a forceps/ventouse delivery
554:
that blocks the opening to the uterus, is pushed out into the vagina. The mucus plug may become dislodged days before labour begins or not until the start of labour.
313:, seven million women have serious long-term problems, and 50 million women giving birth have negative health outcomes following delivery, most of which occur in the
8702:
Draper, Elizabeth S.; Manktelow, Bradley N.; Smith, Lucy; Rubayet, Sayed; Hirst, Jane; Neuman, Melissa; King, Carina; Osrin, David; Prost, Audrey (6 February 2016).
7544:
7356:
4879:
4770:
4632:
384:. In an amniotomy a thin plastic hook is used to make a small opening in the sac, causing the water to break. If the sac breaks before labour starts, it's called a
11663:
7958:
Say, Lale; Chou, Doris; Gemmill, Alison; TunΓ§alp, Γzge; Moller, Ann-Beth; Daniels, Jane; GΓΌlmezoglu, A. Metin; Temmerman, Marleen; Alkema, Leontine (1 June 2014).
3790:
2665:, also known as traditional or lay midwives, may assist women during childbirth, although they do not typically receive formal health care education and training.
8285:
10085:
7686:
3607:
The first stage begins with the onset of labour and ends when the cervix is fully opened. It is the longest stage of labour, usually lasting about 12 to 19 hours
2175:
connection. If the infant's mother had a caesarean birth, the father can hold their baby in skin-to-skin contact while the mother recovers from the anaesthetic.
582:
The first stage of labour is divided into latent and active phases, where the latent phase is sometimes included in the definition of labour, and sometimes not.
8650:
5109:
1116:
report, C-sections were found to have more than tripled from about 6% of all births to 21%. In a statement by the maternal and child health organisation, the
768:
8464:
Jones I, Chandra PS, Dazzan P, Howard LM (November 2014). "Bipolar disorder, affective psychosis, and schizophrenia in pregnancy and the post-partum period".
2109:, the need for instrumental delivery, and an inexperienced attendant. Specific situations that can contribute to birth injury include breech presentation and
1182:
in the vagina. Evidence of benefit with chlorhexidine is lacking. A decreased risk is found with providone-iodine when a cesarean section is to be performed.
8620:
1212:
is not unusual after childbirth but it is more common after an instrument delivery. Certain exercises and physiotherapy will help the condition to improve.
8914:"Risks of stillbirth and neonatal death with advancing gestation at term: A systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies of 15 million pregnancies"
5744:
4483:
Hantoushzadeh S, Alhusseini N, Lebaschi AH (February 2007). "The effects of acupuncture during labour on nulliparous women: a randomised controlled trial".
13962:
10062:
6096:
5453:
4667:
4113:
2156:
The majority of guidebooks related to pregnancy and childbirth were written by men who had never been involved in the birthing process. A Greek physician,
2083:
is of most concern and perhaps the least likely to quickly or completely heal. Oxygen deprivation can lead to permanent disabilities in the child, such as
1023:
790:
if it occurs. For many years it was believed that late cord cutting led to a mother's risk of experiencing significant bleeding after giving birth, called
10241:
7842:
Glazener CM, Abdalla M, Stroud P, Naji S, Templeton A, Russell IT (April 1995). "Postnatal maternal morbidity: extent, causes, prevention and treatment".
4595:
2059:
to a newborn infant that lasts long enough during the birth process to cause physical harm. Hypoxic damage can also occur to most of the infant's organs (
12101:
6872:
American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Fetus Newborn; American College of Obstetricians Gynecologists Committee on Obstetric Practice (April 2014).
6801:
6092:
4323:"Fetal distress increases interleukin-6 and interleukin-8 and decreases tumour necrosis factor-alpha cord blood levels in noninfected full-term neonates"
2262:
is a medically unnecessary caesarean section, where the infant is born by a caesarean section requested by the parent even though there is not a medical
7750:
2601:
Model of pelvis used in the beginning of the 19th century to teach technical procedures for a successful childbirth. Museum of the History of Medicine,
2171:
was found to increase not only in mothers who had experienced early skin to skin attachment with their infants but in the fathers as well, suggesting a
1807:
may be carried out. Following a stillbirth, women are at higher risk of another one; however, most subsequent pregnancies do not have similar problems.
8963:
4737:
4362:
LyrenΓ€s S, Clason I, Ulmsten U (February 2001). "In vivo controlled release of PGE2 from a vaginal insert (0.8 mm, 10 mg) during induction of labour".
3594:
1766:
Five causes make up about 80% of newborn deaths globally: prematurity, low-birth-weight, infections, lack of oxygen at birth, and trauma during birth.
968:
8546:
1697:
occurs in nearly 15% of births, may begin shortly before or any time after childbirth, but commonly begins between a week and a month after delivery.
651:
descend. Full dilation is reached when the cervix has widened enough to allow passage of the baby's head, around 10 cm dilation for a term baby.
14304:
8912:
Muglu, J; Rather, H; Arroyo-Manzano, D; Bhattacharya, S; Balchin, I; Khalil, A; Thilaganathan, B; Khan, KS; Zamora, J; Thangaratinam, S (July 2019).
7825:
6356:
3225:
2453:
1700:
7776:
6923:
McKinney, Jordan; Vilchez, Gustavo; Jowers, Alicia; Atchoo, Amanda; Lin, Lifeng; Kaunitz, Andrew; Lewis, Kendall; Sanchez-Ramos, Luis (March 2024).
3366:
14442:
8515:
5396:
3760:
1669:
10502:
6567:
6200:
5944:
5847:
3993:"Unaltered innervation of the human cervix uteri in contrast to the corpus during pregnancy and labor as revealed by PGP 9.5 immunohistochemistry"
1022:
The 2012 rate of labour induction in the United States was 23.3%, and had more than doubled from 1990 to 2010. By 2022 it had climbed to 32%. The
786:
for at least one minute or until it ceases to pulsate, which may take several minutes, improves outcomes as long as there is the ability to treat
392:
within 24 to 48 hours. If the baby is preterm (less than 37 weeks of pregnancy), the healthcare provider may use a medication to delay delivery.
7449:
6186:
5256:
Gjerdingen DK, Froberg DG (January 1991). "The fourth stage of labor: the health of birth mothers and adoptive mothers at six-weeks postpartum".
3969:
798:
concentration and higher birthweight and increased iron reserves up to six months after birth with no change in the rate of postpartum bleeding.
10474:
Having a Great Birth in Australia: Twenty Stories of Triumph, Power, Love and Delight from the Women and Men who Brought New Life Into the World
9816:
Callister LC, Khalaf I, Semenic S, Kartchner R, et al. (December 2003). "The pain of childbirth: perceptions of culturally diverse women".
1434:, that continuously emits ultrasound and detects motion of the fetal heart by the characteristic of the reflected sound. The pressure-sensitive
2584:
is usually accomplished with the assistance of a midwife. Some women choose to give birth at home without any professionals present, termed an
1316:
is the most common method used to increase the rate of vaginal delivery. The World Health Organization recommends its use either alone or with
9641:
8890:
5658:
13317:
6267:
1526:(CDC) has led an initiative to improve woman's health previous to conception in an effort to improve both neonatal and maternal death rates.
7647:
4225:
565:. Once the sac ruptures, termed "the water breaks", the baby is at risk for infection and the mother's medical team will assess the need to
15062:
10544:
2208:(BFHI), that encourages birthing centres and hospitals to institute procedures that encourage mother/baby bonding and breastfeeding. The
914:
As of 2014, early postpartum SSC is endorsed by all major organisations that are responsible for the well-being of infants, including the
631:
dilatation for first and subsequent laboursβ. In the US, the definition of active labour was changed from 3 to 4 cm, to 5 cm of
13286:
12670:
12655:
11854:
10638:
10124:
5766:
5624:
3493:
3405:
3314:
3183:
763:
massage after delivery of the placenta, followed by performance of uterine massage every 15 minutes for two hours. In a joint statement,
9257:
Marret, StΓ©phane; Vanhulle, Catherine; Laquerriere, Annie (1 January 2013), Dulac, Olivier; Lassonde, Maryse; Sarnat, Harvey B. (eds.),
4558:
The BabyCenter Essential Guide to Pregnancy and Birth: Expert Advice and Real-World Wisdom from the Top Pregnancy and Parenting Resource
4203:
2307:
810 women die every day from preventable causes related to pregnancy and childbirth. 94% occur in low and lower middle-income countries.
14871:
12508:
11714:
10313:
9042:
8680:
8307:
Lapp LK, Agbokou C, Peretti CS, Ferreri F (September 2010). "Management of post traumatic stress disorder after childbirth: a review".
4412:
3931:
2222:
1558:
The second stage of labour may be delayed or lengthy due to poor or uncoordinated uterine action, an abnormal uterine position such as
1523:
9085:
3064:
1873:, two weeks beyond the usual 40-week duration of pregnancy. Postmature births carry risks for both the mother and the baby, including
12434:
9726:
Murray, Christopher JL; Lopez, Alan D; Vos, Theo; et al. (GBD 2013 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators) (January 2015).
5226:
4444:"A randomised evaluation of two techniques of management of the third stage of labour in women at low risk of postpartum haemorrhage"
3336:
2566:
is a hospital that specialises in caring for women while they are pregnant and during childbirth and provide care for newborn babies,
988:
7634:
Where nothing effective is done to avert maternal death, "natural" mortality is probably of the order of magnitude of 1,500/100,000.
6038:
5419:
5148:
4537:
4256:
12597:
11773:
9107:
8190:
Lukasse M, Schei B, Ryding EL (October 2014). "Prevalence and associated factors of fear of childbirth in six European countries".
5493:
2747:
assist midwives, doctors, women, and babies before, during, and after the birth process, in the hospital system. They hold various
1346:
can occur at the vaginal opening as the baby's head passes through, especially if the baby descends quickly. Tears can involve the
1235:
medication during childbirth. Psychological preparation may be beneficial. Relaxation techniques, immersion in water, massage, and
886:
10535:
9615:
5042:
1899:
12620:
12094:
11820:
11696:
9183:
8789:
8759:
5105:
3828:
772:
499:, and monitoring of the neonatal tone and vitals. As of 2014, all major health organisations advise that immediately following a
5992:
4955:"A comparison of active management and expectant management of the third stage of labour: a Swedish randomised controlled trial"
3850:
12632:
12018:
11734:
10301:
7716:
6640:"Vaginal chlorhexidine during labour for preventing maternal and neonatal infections (excluding Group B Streptococcal and HIV)"
6458:
Tranmer JE, Hodnett ED, Hannah ME, Stevens BJ (2005). "The effect of unrestricted oral carbohydrate intake on labor progress".
5848:"Rates for total cesarean section, primary cesarean section, and vaginal birth after cesarean (VBAC), United States, 1989β2010"
5104:
4278:
Kupferminc M, Lessing JB, Yaron Y, Peyser MR (December 1993). "Nifedipine versus ritodrine for suppression of preterm labour".
3006:
2259:
400:
There is currently no definitive scientific explanation for why labour is painful. According to studies, during pregnancy, the
9898:
7062:
6291:"Cesarean Delivery Rates and Costs of Childbirth in a State Medicaid Program After Implementation of a Blended Payment Policy"
2196:
For that reason, many male obstetricians performed deliveries in dark rooms or with their patient fully covered with a drape.
1869:
The term postterm pregnancy is used to describe a condition in which a woman has not yet delivered her baby after 42 weeks of
1479:
14789:
13942:
13909:
13482:
13412:
10486:
10378:
10118:
9463:
9432:
8587:
7612:
7443:
6387:
6055:
5291:
4571:
4197:
3487:
3399:
3308:
3219:
3177:
388:. Contractions will typically start within 24 hours after the water breaks. If not, the care provider will generally begin
13627:
3557:
2352:
progression of medical technology, more extensive physician training, and less medical interference with normal deliveries.
824:
The fourth stage of labour is the period beginning immediately after childbirth, and extends for about six weeks. The terms
14560:
14435:
12987:
12627:
10305:
8418:
Alder J, Stadlmayr W, Tschudin S, Bitzer J (June 2006). "Post-traumatic symptoms after childbirth: what should we offer?".
3028:
2011:(a group B streptococcus) is most often the cause of these occasionally fatal infections. The baby contracts the infection
850:
10433:
Dziadosz M, Basch RS, Young BK (March 2016). "Human amniotic fluid: a source of stem cells for possible therapeutic use".
10032:
7533:
7345:
4868:
4759:
4621:
3722:
1732:(PTSD). Many women who are experiencing symptoms of PTSD after childbirth are misdiagnosed with postpartum depression or
1120:, the increase is largely due to an increase of elective C-sections rather than when it is really necessary or indicated.
14816:
14728:
13586:
12754:
12470:
11668:
10297:
7302:
Wei SQ, Luo ZC, Xu H, Fraser WD (September 2009). "The effect of early oxytocin augmentation in labor: a meta-analysis".
1657:
17:
7263:"Placental transfer and neonatal effects of epidural sufentanil and fentanyl administered with bupivacaine during labor"
4824:
3798:
2703:(OB/GYN), and may provide other medical and surgical gynaecological care, and may incorporate more general, well-woman,
1449:
A mother's water has to break before internal (invasive) monitoring can be used. More invasive monitoring can involve a
13957:
13452:
12637:
12087:
11808:
11778:
10336:
10152:
9323:
8859:
8402:
8277:
7819:
6326:
3515:
10271:
7678:
2632:, certification to become a doula is not compulsory, thus, anyone can call themself a doula or a childbirth educator.
14360:
14215:
14142:
13837:
13487:
13352:
12364:
11673:
10821:
10472:
10018:
9282:
7474:"Continuous cardiotocography (CTG) as a form of electronic fetal monitoring (EFM) for fetal assessment during labour"
5479:
2872:
2738:
2711:
specialists are obstetrician/gynecologists subspecialised in managing and treating high-risk pregnancy and delivery.
2205:
1221:
1041:
9922:"Analysis of variation in charges and prices paid for vaginal and caesarean section births: a cross-sectional study"
8642:
5445:
14387:
13591:
13291:
12816:
12612:
12301:
12286:
11006:
10309:
10180:
9704:
9210:"Long-term cognitive and behavioral consequences of neonatal encephalopathy following perinatal asphyxia: a review"
7577:
2781:
538:
Regular contractions occurring less than 10 minutes apart and progressive cervical dilation or cervical effacement.
507:, and delaying routine procedures for at least one to two hours or until the baby has had its first breastfeeding.
8612:
2315:
estimated that 303,000 women died of pregnancy or childbirth related causes in 2015. These causes range from
14495:
14428:
14008:
13746:
13643:
13357:
11847:
11375:
11198:
10972:
10631:
9136:
Ohlsson A, Shah VS (June 2014). "Intrapartum antibiotics for known maternal Group B streptococcal colonization".
7920:
Borders N (2006). "After the afterbirth: a critical review of postpartum health relative to method of delivery".
5736:
2777:
2508:
2138:
2031:
541:
At least three painful regular uterine contractions during a 10-minute period, each lasting more than 45 seconds.
265:
during the third, and the recovery of the mother and infant during the fourth stage, which is referred to as the
10054:
4105:
2792:
Cultural values, assumptions, and practices of pregnancy and childbirth vary across cultures. For example, some
697:
during labour or pushing, the infant can be born with the membranes intact. This is referred to as "delivery en
13889:
13407:
12554:
12336:
12110:
10661:
10478:
10233:
9851:
Hodnett ED (May 2002). "Pain and women's satisfaction with the experience of childbirth: a systematic review".
7218:
Alehagen S, Wijma B, Lundberg U, Wijma K (September 2005). "Fear, pain and stress hormones during childbirth".
6823:
Jones L, Othman M, Dowswell T, Alfirevic Z, Gates S, Newburn M, Jordan S, Lavender T, Neilson JP (March 2012).
2629:
2312:
1454:
1077:
915:
6793:
6689:"Vaginal preparation with antiseptic solution before cesarean section for preventing postoperative infections"
3905:
1690:, affect up to 80% of mothers. They are somewhat mild, last a week or two, and usually go away on their own.
14490:
14091:
13432:
13339:
12841:
11863:
11756:
11724:
11622:
10113:. Garland Reference Library of Social Sciences. Vol. V. 780. London: Taylor & Francis. p. 144.
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7739:
3001:
2744:
2647:
1903:
1729:
1542:
1518:
385:
8554:
7018:
Caughey AB, Cahill AG, Guise JM, Rouse DJ (March 2014). "Safe prevention of the primary cesarean delivery".
4729:
3586:
926:
during the first days after delivery, especially if it were interrupted for some reason after the delivery.
14673:
14570:
14375:
14158:
14003:
13437:
13397:
12896:
12534:
12419:
12409:
11897:
11701:
11617:
10955:
2548:
2441:, varying from $ 3,296 to $ 37,227 for a vaginal birth and from $ 8,312 to $ 70,908 for a caesarean birth.
1874:
1833:
870:
weeks; initially bright red, it gradually becomes pink, changing to brown, and finally to yellow or white.
7806:
6348:
3206:
14976:
14171:
13689:
13266:
13077:
13050:
12602:
12544:
11928:
11230:
11173:
10737:
9258:
3421:"Planned hospital birth compared with planned home birth for pregnant women at low risk of complications"
3358:
2748:
2708:
2662:
1132:
794:. However a recent review found that delayed cord cutting in healthy full-term infants resulted in early
735:
The period from just after the fetus is expelled until just after the placenta is expelled is called the
709:. It is thought to have some protective roles during fetal development and for a few hours after birth.
8507:
7740:"Healthy Women, Healthy Babies: How health reform can improve the health of women and babies in America"
3749:
3114:"The global burden of neonatal hypothermia: systematic review of a major challenge for newborn survival"
2776:
comes to see the mother and baby at home, usually within 24 hours of discharge, and checks the infant's
1906:
for neonatal infections and other (perinatal) conditions per 100,000 inhabitants in 2004. Excludes
932:
advises women to have a delivery team which includes a support person who will advocate to assure that:
14668:
14282:
14081:
14055:
13791:
13737:
13472:
13309:
13067:
12992:
12962:
12503:
12151:
11840:
11796:
11761:
11751:
10791:
10673:
10624:
10006:
7607:. Studies in Health Services Organisation and Policy. Vol. 17. Antwerp: ITG Press. pp. 7β33.
7131:
Thorp JA, Breedlove G (June 1996). "Epidural analgesia in labor: an evaluation of risks and benefits".
6529:
5959:
5861:
5112:(2004). "Joint statement: management of the third stage of labour to prevent post-partum haemorrhage".
2700:
594:
14738:
7431:
6924:
3961:
3611:
The second stage involves pushing and delivery of your baby. It usually lasts 20 minutes to two hours.
1280:
may be used, but if given too close to birth there is a risk of respiratory depression in the infant.
1248:
Most women like to have someone to support them during labour and birth; such as a midwife, nurse, or
775:
recommend active management of the third stage of labour in all vaginal deliveries to help to prevent
15047:
14663:
14530:
14319:
14309:
14227:
14127:
13522:
13134:
12874:
12798:
12184:
12146:
12141:
11554:
11424:
11382:
11243:
10557:
5155:
3553:
2655:
2507:
in which childbirth takes place is an important factor in determining nationality, in particular for
1629:, which is a molecule used in the human body's blood clotting system, represents all coagulopathies.
1498:
1443:
1179:
919:
835:
764:
675:
289:), and to delay neonate procedures for at least one to two hours or until the baby has had its first
10210:
9962:
8781:
5525:"Care practice #6: no separation of mother and baby, with unlimited opportunities for breastfeeding"
3880:
958:
father's breasts, chest-to-chest shown to reduce stress and anxiety in parents after interaction."
15057:
14580:
13845:
12884:
12587:
12276:
12131:
11923:
11766:
11290:
11106:
11073:
10965:
5796:
Mozurkewich EL, Chilimigras JL, Berman DR, Perni UC, Romero VC, King VJ, Keeton KL (October 2011).
5650:
4906:"Second-stage labor duration in nulliparous women: relationship to maternal and perinatal outcomes"
4321:
Jokic M, Guillois B, Cauquelin B, Giroux JD, Bessis JL, Morello R, Levy G, Ballet JJ (March 2000).
3479:
Communication for Behavior Change: Volume lll: Using EntertainmentβEducation for Distance Education
2007:
1852:
1205:
1053:
694:
9672:
7618:
6289:
Kozhimannil, K. B.; Graves, A. J.; Ecklund, A. M.; Shah, N.; Aggarwal, R.; Snowden, J. M. (2018).
6231:
6014:
Martin JA, Hamilton BE, Sutton PD, Ventura SJ, Mathews TJ, Kirmeyer S, Osterman MJ (August 2010).
3094:
1648:
was seminal in the pathophysiology and treatment of childbed fever and his work saved many lives.
1517:
Compared to other developed nations, the United States also has high infant mortality rates. The
674:. The fetal head then continues descent into the pelvis, below the pubic arch and out through the
14575:
14244:
14166:
13924:
13457:
13322:
13060:
12821:
12788:
12747:
12665:
12592:
12518:
12309:
12202:
11719:
11573:
11365:
11058:
8141:"Antenatal prevalence of fear associated with childbirth and depressed mood in primigravid women"
6079:
3992:
2923:
2862:
2096:
1915:
1804:
1170:, was common practice due to the belief that hair removal reduced the risk of infection, made an
1163:
therefore conclude that "women should be free to eat and drink in labour, or not, as they wish."
1096:
424:
a child also causes a release of oxytocin to help the baby get milk more easily from the nipple.
338:
100:
10086:"British Regulator Urges Home Births Over Hospitals for Uncomplicated Pregnancies - NYTimes.com"
6493:
O'Sullivan G, Scrutton M (March 2003). "NPO during labor. Is there any scientific validation?".
2547:
to women and their children during childbirth. It is generally closely linked to the hospital's
1843:
If a pregnant woman enters preterm labour, delivery can be delayed by giving medications called
14806:
14365:
14339:
14117:
13937:
13932:
13904:
13881:
13781:
13576:
13392:
12957:
12836:
12314:
12296:
12251:
12136:
11632:
11500:
11490:
11355:
11078:
11011:
10986:
10922:
10796:
10541:
7601:"Of Blind Alleys and Things That Have Worked: History's Lessons on Reducing Maternal Mortality"
7534:"WHO recommendations Intrapartum care for a positive childbirth experience (Recommendation 17)"
5178:"Effect of timing of umbilical cord clamping of term infants on maternal and neonatal outcomes"
3628:"Effect of timing of umbilical cord clamping of term infants on maternal and neonatal outcomes"
2867:
2496:
2373:
2344:
2320:
2209:
2134:
2122:
2114:
1709:
1458:
1342:
was thought to help prevent more extensive vaginal tears and heal better than a natural tear.
1100:
1063:
10108:
9113:. Department of Measurement and Health Information, World Health Organization. February 2009.
5945:"Elimination of Non-medically Indicated (Elective) Deliveries Before 39 Weeks Gestational Age"
5628:
4622:"WHO recommendations Intrapartum care for a positive childbirth experience (Recommendation 5)"
4185:
3477:
3389:
3298:
3167:
2225:, supports the BFHI. As of 2019, 28% of hospitals in the US have been accredited by the WHO.
678:. This is assisted by the additional maternal efforts of pushing, or bearing down, similar to
14565:
14329:
14324:
13776:
13571:
13427:
13382:
13377:
13372:
13367:
13196:
13149:
13144:
13112:
12932:
12493:
12480:
12156:
11612:
11414:
11218:
10893:
10589:
10468:
9455:
9449:
6180:
5855:
3548:
3011:
2928:
2585:
2340:
2263:
2185:
2012:
1693:
1665:
1638:
1450:
1431:
1411:
1401:
1393:
1366:
854:
503:, regardless of the delivery method, that the infant be placed on the mother's chest, termed
496:
490:
during the first stage, descent and birth of the baby during the second, the delivery of the
298:
285:, regardless of the delivery method, that the infant be placed on the mother's chest (termed
274:
261:
during the first stage, descent and birth of the baby during the second, the delivery of the
30:
This article is about birth in humans. For birth in non-human mammals and other animals, see
10293:
9030:
8672:
4788:
4563:
3991:
TingΓ₯ker, Berith K; Johansson, Olle; Cluff, Ann Hjelm; Ekman-Ordeberg, Gunvor (March 2006).
2699:, and assisted delivery. Categorical specialists in obstetrics are commonly trained in both
2416:, ethnicity, preparation, physical environment, pain, immobility, or medical interventions.
14784:
14723:
14623:
14597:
14334:
14203:
14098:
13919:
13894:
13678:
13617:
13477:
13334:
13258:
13166:
13156:
12952:
12853:
12831:
12714:
12559:
12394:
12126:
11877:
11627:
11578:
10898:
10888:
10816:
10811:
10786:
10771:
10766:
9065:
3072:
2975:
2950:
2877:
2852:
2765:
2413:
2282:
2003:
1743:
1739:
1661:
1209:
1059:
900:
562:
504:
377:
354:
330:
286:
117:
6015:
4760:"WHO recommendations Intrapartum care for a positive childbirth experience (item #3.2.2.)"
3328:
8:
15100:
15052:
15037:
14370:
14314:
14208:
14137:
14122:
14103:
13952:
13766:
13581:
13492:
13447:
13347:
13206:
13124:
13107:
13072:
12927:
12848:
12808:
12414:
12354:
12271:
12118:
11131:
11088:
11053:
10960:
10940:
5159:
4527:
4248:
2991:
2894:
2857:
2847:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2540:
2472:
2316:
2016:
1733:
1615:
1197:
1191:
911:
also found that SSC at birth promotes the likelihood and effectiveness of breastfeeding.
858:
791:
776:
744:
730:
644:
600:
590:
532:
483:
476:
322:
254:
109:
8059:
8026:
7777:"U.S. has highest first-day infant mortality out of industrialized world, group reports"
6687:
Haas, David M.; Morgan, Sarah; Contreras, Karenrose; Kimball, Savannah (26 April 2020).
5501:
5331:
5315:"Society of Family Planning Guidelines: Postplacental insertion of intrauterine devices"
5314:
4063:"Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and their effects on relationship satisfaction"
759:
drug within one minute of fetal delivery, controlled traction of the umbilical cord and
15105:
14545:
14344:
14299:
14274:
14239:
14086:
14076:
13771:
13467:
13362:
13327:
13186:
13035:
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12912:
12793:
12740:
12660:
12549:
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11729:
11458:
11312:
11083:
11068:
9946:
9921:
9876:
9793:
9776:
9752:
9727:
9604:
9405:
9389:
9274:
9234:
9209:
9179:
9161:
8999:
8979:
8940:
8913:
8851:
8751:
8489:
8443:
8375:
8332:
8167:
8140:
8116:
8091:
8072:
8007:
7867:
7855:
7498:
7407:
7382:
7327:
7243:
7195:
7170:
7144:
6995:
6970:
6849:
6824:
6770:
6745:
6721:
6688:
6664:
6639:
6615:
6590:
6554:
6435:
6410:
6318:
6259:
6168:
5920:
5887:
5824:
5797:
5737:"American women giving birth leave the hospital as quickly as women in Haiti and Kenya"
5709:
5684:
5598:
5573:
5549:
5524:
5202:
5177:
5082:
5057:
5030:
4930:
4905:
4706:
4681:
4508:
4460:
4443:
4387:
4339:
4322:
4303:
4291:
4190:
Maternal & Child Health Nursing: Care of the Childbearing & Childrearing Family
4161:
4136:
4086:
4067:
3824:
3652:
3627:
3453:
3420:
3271:
3246:
3140:
3113:
3038:
2842:
2730:
2668:
2563:
2483:
2298:
2275:
2163:
Both preterm and full term infants benefit from skin to skin contact, sometimes called
2157:
2052:
2047:
1894:
1864:
1851:
which can help the fetal lungs to mature enough to reduce morbidity and mortality from
1815:
1800:
1705:
1600:
1288:
1030:
811:
500:
405:
282:
239:
9864:
9829:
9743:
8720:
8703:
8477:
7976:
7959:
7679:"US sees continued rise in maternal deaths β and ongoing inequities, CDC report shows"
6925:"Water birth: a systematic review and meta-analysis of maternal and neonatal outcomes"
6506:
6121:
World Health Organization Human Reproduction Programme, 10 April 2015 (January 2015).
6120:
5474:"Rooming-in: An Essential Evolution in American Maternity Care", By Jennifer Usianov.
4869:"WHO recommendations Intrapartum care for a positive childbirth experience (item #33)"
14759:
14698:
14520:
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14221:
14181:
14176:
14111:
13985:
13786:
13761:
13729:
13546:
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12429:
12349:
11940:
11918:
11549:
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11370:
10883:
10801:
10652:
10482:
10450:
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10384:
10374:
10342:
10332:
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10114:
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10014:
9951:
9868:
9833:
9798:
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9664:
9660:
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9319:
9313:
9288:
9278:
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9165:
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9077:
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8843:
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8733:
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8481:
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8367:
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8256:
8217:
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8076:
8064:
8046:
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7991:
7937:
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7503:
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7284:
7279:
7262:
7235:
7200:
7148:
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7035:
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6944:
6905:
6854:
6775:
6726:
6708:
6669:
6620:
6559:
6510:
6475:
6440:
6310:
6251:
6232:"Indications for caesarean section in a consultant obstetric unit over three decades"
6160:
6152:
6030:
5984:
5925:
5907:
5829:
5714:
5603:
5554:
5344:
5336:
5265:
5207:
5129:
5087:
5058:"Use of active management of the third stage of labour in seven developing countries"
5031:"Active management of the third state of labour is rare in some developing countries"
5011:
4976:
4971:
4954:
4935:
4816:
4711:
4567:
4500:
4496:
4465:
4379:
4375:
4344:
4295:
4193:
4166:
4090:
4043:
3657:
3483:
3458:
3440:
3395:
3304:
3276:
3215:
3173:
3145:
2980:
2901:
stem cells. They are being studied as possible treatments of a number of conditions.
2793:
2552:
2323:, for which there are highly effective interventions. As women have gained access to
2110:
2056:
1567:
1563:
1553:
1530:
1427:
1304:
1201:
998:
980:
866:
807:
749:
632:
608:
528:
487:
318:
266:
258:
231:
223:
163:
105:
84:
35:
9880:
8882:
8855:
8493:
8447:
8336:
7871:
7708:
7331:
7247:
6322:
6263:
6172:
4512:
4391:
4307:
717:, and obstetric haemorrhage, as well as the need for intensive care of the neonate.
589:
is generally defined as beginning at the point at which the woman perceives regular
515:
14653:
14628:
14132:
14071:
13803:
13517:
13129:
13002:
12997:
12891:
12691:
12686:
12582:
12566:
11111:
10878:
10873:
10442:
9941:
9933:
9860:
9825:
9788:
9747:
9739:
9656:
9537:
9528:
Thompson CJ (2005). "Consumer Risk Perceptions in a Community of Reflexive Doubt".
9497:
9381:
9270:
9229:
9221:
9149:
9145:
9003:
8975:
8935:
8925:
8827:
8715:
8473:
8427:
8379:
8359:
8316:
8248:
8207:
8199:
8162:
8152:
8111:
8103:
8054:
8038:
8011:
7981:
7971:
7929:
7894:
7851:
7493:
7489:
7485:
7402:
7398:
7394:
7311:
7274:
7227:
7190:
7186:
7182:
7140:
7097:
7027:
6990:
6986:
6982:
6936:
6895:
6885:
6844:
6840:
6836:
6765:
6761:
6757:
6716:
6704:
6700:
6659:
6655:
6651:
6610:
6606:
6602:
6549:
6545:
6541:
6502:
6467:
6430:
6426:
6422:
6302:
6243:
6142:
6134:
6080:
ACOG District II Patient Safety and Quality Improvement Committee (December 2011).
5943:
Main E, Oshiro B, Chagolla B, Bingham D, Dang-Kilduff L, Kowalewski L (July 2010).
5915:
5899:
5819:
5809:
5704:
5696:
5593:
5589:
5585:
5544:
5536:
5326:
5197:
5193:
5189:
5121:
5077:
5069:
5003:
4966:
4925:
4917:
4808:
4701:
4693:
4556:
4492:
4455:
4371:
4334:
4287:
4156:
4148:
4076:
4035:
4023:
4004:
3647:
3643:
3639:
3448:
3436:
3432:
3266:
3258:
3169:
Fanaroff and Martin's Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine: Diseases of the Fetus and Infant
3135:
3125:
2996:
2939:
2734:
2692:
2680:
2618:
2255:
2106:
2102:
1792:
1717:
1645:
1415:
1092:
1035:
994:
984:
557:
While inside the uterus the baby is enclosed in a fluid-filled membrane called the
527:
Regular uterine contractions at least every six minutes with evidence of change in
433:
389:
358:
314:
250:
219:
135:
9642:"State-of-the-Science Conference Statement. Cesarean Delivery on Maternal Request"
6379:
5480:
https://www.nichq.org/insight/rooming-essential-evolution-american-maternity-care}
5007:
3797:. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. December 2014. Archived from
1299:
249:
The most common childbirth method worldwide is vaginal delivery. It involves four
27:
Conclusion of the human pregnancy with the expulsion of a fetus from mother's womb
15077:
15027:
14956:
14931:
14901:
14811:
14718:
14658:
14287:
14254:
14043:
14028:
13808:
13566:
13281:
13176:
13045:
12937:
12826:
12775:
12513:
12450:
12384:
12344:
12326:
12194:
12079:
12068:
11984:
11607:
11463:
11327:
11285:
11146:
11121:
11045:
10935:
10917:
10863:
10747:
10548:
8930:
8320:
8025:
Bienstock, Jessica L.; Eke, Ahizechukwu C.; Hueppchen, Nancy A. (29 April 2021).
7315:
6306:
4953:
Jangsten E, Mattsson LΓ
, Lyckestam I, HellstrΓΆm AL, et al. (February 2011).
4697:
4663:
4039:
4008:
3543:
2965:
2960:
2684:
2676:
2610:
2570:
2487:
babies in a nearby urban hospital setting. This practice is common in Indigenous
2392:
2389:
2364:
2328:
2324:
2172:
1848:
1796:
1784:
death at or after 20 to 28 weeks of pregnancy. It results in a baby born without
1687:
1673:
1380:
1159:
1149:
during labour and reduce the risk of babies having low five-minute Apgar scores.
1045:
929:
908:
686:. At this point, the mother will feel an intense burning or stinging sensation.
566:
342:
310:
281:. As of 2014, all major health organisations advise that immediately following a
182:
11832:
10616:
10604:
9937:
9486:"Maternal mortality in the past and its relevance to developing countries today"
8350:
Condon J (February 2010). "Women's mental health: a "wish-list" for the DSM V".
6247:
5700:
5176:
McDonald SJ, Middleton P, Dowswell T, Morris PS (July 2013). McDonald SJ (ed.).
4442:
Giacalone PL, Vignal J, Daures JP, Boulot P, Hedon B, Laffargue F (March 2000).
4152:
15067:
14951:
14891:
14555:
14550:
14540:
14535:
14500:
14382:
14292:
14188:
14048:
14037:
13977:
13855:
13612:
13527:
13233:
13181:
12879:
12008:
11650:
11477:
11453:
11397:
11275:
11270:
11260:
11248:
11126:
10910:
10781:
10727:
10446:
10008:
8203:
7933:
7031:
6940:
6122:
5955:
5125:
4921:
3714:
3016:
2970:
2806:
2773:
2752:
2384:
2243:
2118:
2084:
1911:
1474:
1470:
1360:
1117:
783:
726:
438:
334:
121:
76:
11659:
The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women
10162:
9225:
8431:
8363:
7231:
6744:
Liabsuetrakul, T; Choobun, T; Peeyananjarassri, K; Islam, QM (26 March 2020).
6138:
2683:
whose training, skills and practices include obstetrics, and in some contexts
971:
that requires insurers to cover at least 48 hours for uncomplicated delivery.
569:
if it has not started within the time they believe to be safe for the infant.
15094:
15072:
15042:
15022:
14881:
14856:
14779:
14693:
14683:
14678:
14592:
14485:
14264:
14234:
13967:
13850:
13622:
13512:
13301:
13276:
13028:
12869:
12783:
12709:
12424:
12243:
12211:
12206:
12174:
11688:
11602:
11563:
11539:
11448:
11332:
11265:
11136:
11040:
11001:
10858:
10693:
10416:
10388:
10346:
9502:
9485:
9357:
Get Me Out: A History of Childbirth from the Garden of Eden to the Sperm Bank
8987:
8964:"Practice Bulletin No. 146: Management of Late-Term and Postterm Pregnancies"
8839:
8729:
8577:"Ending preventable stillbirths An Executive Summary for The Lancet's Series"
8157:
8050:
7995:
7109:
6712:
6471:
6409:
Bohren, MA; Hofmeyr, GJ; Sakala, C; Fukuzawa, RK; Cuthbert, A (6 July 2017).
6156:
5911:
5540:
5340:
4796:
4081:
4062:
4047:
3444:
2910:
2718:
2714:
2404:
2164:
2072:
1907:
1827:
1725:
1622:
1588:
1343:
1321:
1265:
1175:
1005:
drug treatment alone, or with a combination of prostaglandin and intravenous
1002:
904:
890:
862:
748:
duration of the third stage is longer than 30 minutes and raises concern for
714:
450:
421:
290:
159:
125:
8252:
7171:"Epidural versus non-epidural or no analgesia for pain management in labour"
6290:
5903:
5814:
4812:
4680:
Boyle A, Reddy UM, Landy HJ, Huang CC, Driggers RW, Laughon SK (July 2013).
3130:
2751:
and typically undergo additional obstetric training in addition to standard
2555:
unit if present. It usually includes facilities both for childbirth and for
2475:. Before the 20th century and in some countries to the present day, such as
1283:
Popular medical pain control in hospitals include the regional anaesthetics
1268:
gas for pain control, especially as 53% nitrous oxide, 47% oxygen, known as
1103:
infection, in which cases a cesarean section is the safest delivery method.
993:
In many cases and with increasing frequency, childbirth is achieved through
643:. The Bishop score can also be used as a means to predict the success of an
449:
refers to the relationship of the fetal presenting part to the level of the
357:. Pain in contractions has been described as feeling similar to very strong
14911:
14906:
14886:
14866:
14852:
14796:
14643:
14525:
14475:
14259:
14193:
13658:
13238:
13191:
13139:
13097:
12732:
12721:
12704:
11517:
11512:
11253:
11153:
11098:
10826:
10705:
10700:
10454:
10263:
10028:
9955:
9872:
9837:
9761:
9668:
9511:
9401:
9292:
9243:
9157:
9081:
8995:
8949:
8847:
8815:
8737:
8485:
8439:
8371:
8328:
8260:
8221:
8176:
8125:
8068:
8003:
7986:
7941:
7906:
7507:
7472:
Alfirevic, Zarko; Gyte, Gillian ML; Cuthbert, Anna; Devane, Declan (2017).
7416:
7323:
7239:
7204:
7117:
7039:
7004:
6948:
6909:
6890:
6873:
6858:
6779:
6730:
6673:
6624:
6563:
6514:
6479:
6444:
6314:
6255:
6164:
6034:
5929:
5833:
5718:
5607:
5558:
5348:
5211:
5133:
5091:
5015:
4980:
4939:
4820:
4715:
4504:
4469:
4383:
4348:
4170:
3661:
3462:
3280:
3149:
3065:"confinement β Definition of confinement in English by Oxford Dictionaries"
2955:
2945:
2934:
2704:
2602:
2504:
2080:
2035:
1559:
1068:
690:
671:
640:
558:
471:
416:
During the later stages of gestation, there is an increase in abundance of
306:
13719:
10010:
Intrapartum Care: Care of Healthy Women and Their Babies During Childbirth
9802:
8107:
8042:
7863:
7288:
7152:
7101:
5574:"Early skin-to-skin contact for mothers and their healthy newborn infants"
5494:"Early skin-to-skin contact for mothers and their healthy newborn infants"
5269:
5073:
4299:
2671:
who practise in the field of childbirth include categorically specialised
670:
pelvis; the widest diameter of the head has passed below the level of the
57:
Labour and delivery, partus, giving birth, parturition, birth, confinement
15017:
15012:
14986:
14876:
14861:
14842:
14801:
14769:
14764:
14602:
14480:
14420:
14198:
13947:
13899:
13832:
13813:
13798:
13648:
13243:
13201:
13119:
12539:
12498:
12465:
12233:
12226:
12063:
12030:
12013:
11507:
11443:
11280:
11223:
11163:
11158:
10996:
10945:
10806:
10553:
9108:"Mortality and Burden of Disease Estimates for WHO Member States in 2004"
7814:(2nd ed.). Geneva: World Health Organisation. 2008. pp. 38β44.
7808:
Education material for teachers of midwifery: midwifery education modules
6900:
6743:
3208:
Education material for teachers of midwifery: midwifery education modules
3043:
2726:
2544:
2476:
2336:
2239:
1878:
1785:
1397:
1253:
1241:
1236:
1088:
795:
760:
464:
and is much more prominent in women having their first vaginal delivery.
369:
10648:
10176:
10007:
National Collaborating Centre for Women's and Children's Health (2007).
6825:"Pain management for women in labour: an overview of systematic reviews"
6816:
6638:
Lumbiganon P, Thinkhamrop J, Thinkhamrop B, Tolosa JE (September 2014).
6147:
5056:
Stanton C, Armbruster D, Knight R, Ariawan I, et al. (March 2009).
4485:
The Australian & New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology
4192:. Hagerstown, Maryland: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 350.
3997:
European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology
1762:
Mechanical fetal injury may be caused by improper rotation of the fetus.
1272:; in the UK, midwives may use this gas without a doctor's prescription.
361:. Crowning may be experienced as an intense stretching and burning. The
14996:
14941:
14936:
14926:
14921:
14774:
14510:
14505:
14461:
13818:
13653:
13171:
13093:
12699:
12389:
12321:
12035:
11950:
10905:
10776:
10329:
Natal signs: cultural representations of pregnancy, birth and parenting
9700:
9393:
7569:
2898:
2890:
2769:
2696:
2672:
2581:
2559:
rest and observation of mothers in normal as well as complicated cases.
2556:
2466:
2438:
2286:
2281:
call for natural childbirth was spread nationwide, in conjunction with
2150:
2024:
1844:
1811:
1775:
1679:
1339:
1333:
1171:
875:
842:
826:
756:
679:
454:
401:
243:
89:
8212:
6969:
Bohren MA, Hofmeyr GJ, Sakala C, Fukuzawa RK, Cuthbert A (July 2017).
6637:
5678:
5676:
4904:
Rouse DJ, Weiner SJ, Bloom SL, Varner MW, et al. (October 2009).
3262:
2437:
2013 study found varying costs by facility for childbirth expenses in
1818:. Stillbirth rates have declined, though more slowly since the 2000s.
947:
All testing, bathing or other procedures are done in the parent's room
14981:
14847:
14826:
14708:
14633:
14585:
14515:
14470:
13862:
13721:
12763:
12488:
12376:
12216:
11989:
11295:
11168:
11028:
11018:
10853:
10831:
10758:
9557:
A natural process? Women, men and the medicalisation of childbirth".
8911:
3214:(2nd ed.). Geneva : World Health Organisation. 2008. p. 3.
2758:
2642:
2424:
2396:
1870:
1713:
1584:
1579:
1491:
1483:
Share of women that are expected to die from pregnancy-related causes
1317:
1232:
1072:
612:
381:
326:
207:
149:
139:
113:
93:
10572:
5840:
5685:"Oxytocin and early parent-infant interactions: A systematic review"
4137:"Oxytocin and early parent-infant interactions: A systematic review"
3990:
2597:
682:. The appearance of the fetal head at the vaginal opening is termed
15032:
14971:
14961:
14896:
14733:
14713:
14638:
13756:
13532:
13248:
12460:
12404:
12261:
12221:
11678:
11495:
11409:
11387:
11307:
11208:
11116:
11023:
10950:
10868:
10688:
9541:
9385:
7648:"U.S. Has The Worst Rate Of Maternal Deaths In The Developed World"
5673:
5411:
4996:
Best Practice & Research. Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology
4532:
2986:
2722:
2635:
2369:
2235:
2168:
1882:
1626:
1347:
1313:
1284:
1277:
1167:
1087:
labour are the same as for spontaneous vaginal delivery, including
1006:
954:
894:
846:
787:
491:
417:
270:
262:
235:
63:
8235:
Carlino, Elisa; Frisaldi, Elisa; Benedetti, Fabrizio (June 2014).
5516:
4952:
2212:
describes the process of receiving the Baby Friendly designation:
273:. The fourth stage of labour involves the recovery of the mother,
14991:
14966:
14743:
14061:
13055:
12040:
11979:
11933:
11597:
11568:
11544:
11526:
11322:
11302:
10409:
Growing up in a culture of respect child rearing in highland Peru
8704:"Stillbirths: rates, risk factors, and acceleration towards 2030"
6201:"Rate Of C-Sections Is Rising At An 'Alarming' Rate, Report Says"
5795:
5288:"WHO recommendations on postnatal care of the mother and newborn"
2688:
2574:
2400:
2076:
1837:
1721:
1406:
1269:
1010:
944:
The baby will receive no supplementation without a medical reason
655:
not extend beyond 10 hours in subsequent labours ("multiparae").
302:
278:
72:
10055:"Recommendations: Intrapartum care for healthy women and babies"
8814:
Tsatsaris, Vassilis; Cabrol, Dominique; Carbonne, Bruno (2004).
5149:
WHO recommendations for the prevention of postpartum haemorrhage
4587:
2812:
Ceremonies and customs can vary greatly between countries. See;
2661:
In jurisdictions where midwifery is not a regulated profession,
2113:. Most fetal birth injuries resolve without long term harm, but
2002:
Newborns are prone to infection in the first month of life. The
1621:
categories: Tone, Trauma, Tissue, and Thrombin. Tone represents
14916:
14703:
14688:
14451:
14065:
13561:
13023:
13018:
12266:
11974:
11945:
11887:
11882:
11435:
11317:
11141:
11063:
10722:
10717:
10712:
10599:
10584:
9815:
9207:
9031:"ACOG Releases Guidelines on Management of Post-term Pregnancy"
8272:
8270:
7086:"Epidural Opioid Analgesia and Neonatal Respiratory Depression"
5936:
5860:. Relentless Rise in Cesarian Rate. August 2012. Archived from
5446:"Rooming-in: An Essential Evolution in American Maternity Care"
5227:"Hospitals warned to delay cutting umbilical cords after birth"
5175:
4482:
4024:"Changes in uterine innervation in pregnancy and during labour"
3795:
National Collaborating Centre for Women's and Children's Health
3625:
3033:
2492:
2335:
Outcomes for mothers in childbirth were especially poor before
2020:
1832:
Preterm birth is the birth of an infant at fewer than 37 weeks
1724:
for the whole or parts of the event), problems in developing a
1273:
706:
604:
362:
215:
211:
7383:"Selective versus routine use of episiotomy for vaginal birth"
6528:
Singata M, Tranmer J, Gyte GM (August 2013). Singata M (ed.).
5055:
2909:
Some animal mothers are known to eat their afterbirth, called
1453:
to give an additional measure of fetal heart activity, and/or
878:
has increasingly become standard practice in maternity wards.
618:
373:
as the fetusβ occiput exerts pressure on the motherβs sacrum.
14821:
14024:
13995:
13828:
13607:
13271:
13040:
12047:
12025:
12003:
11994:
11955:
11892:
11197:
10732:
10683:
9208:
van Handel M, Swaab H, de Vries LS, Jongmans MJ (July 2007).
4186:"Chapter 15: Nursing Care of a Family During Labor and Birth"
3626:
McDonald SJ, Middleton P, Dowswell T, Morris PS (July 2013).
3388:
Co-Operation, Organisation for Economic; Development (2009).
2624:
2488:
2068:
2060:
1781:
1758:
1747:
1249:
1142:
849:, it is stitched. This is also an optimal time for uptake of
561:. Shortly before, at the beginning of, or during labour the
551:
227:
31:
13963:
Pruritic urticarial papules and plaques of pregnancy (PUPPP)
10554:
Social Devices for Impelling Women to Bear and Rear Children
10238:
Statues and Regulations of British Columbia internet version
10231:
8417:
8267:
8089:
7960:"Global causes of maternal death: a WHO systematic analysis"
7884:
7168:
6822:
6288:
5682:
5572:
Moore ER, Bergman N, Anderson GC, Medley N (November 2016).
5035:
International Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health
4320:
4277:
4134:
3744:
3742:
3740:
3715:"Uninterrupted Skin-to-Skin Contact Immediately After Birth"
953:
It has long been known that a mother's level of the hormone
816:
442:
Sequence of images showing the stages of ordinary childbirth
14607:
11402:
8701:
8090:
Ataman, A. D.; VatanoΔlu-Lutz, E. E.; YΔ±ldΔ±rΔ±m, G. (2013).
7709:"Sharp rise in deaths among pregnant women and new mothers"
7471:
6968:
6922:
6457:
6408:
6013:
5885:
5683:
Scatliffe, N.; Casavant, S.; Vittner, D.; Cong, X. (2019).
5363:"Immediate Postpartum Long-Acting Reversible Contraception"
4441:
4135:
Scatliffe, N.; Casavant, S.; Vittner, D.; Cong, X. (2019).
3095:"Confinement β meaning in the Cambridge English Dictionary"
2254:
There are many conflicting stories of the first successful
2064:
1376:
One twin born vaginally and the other by caesarean section.
698:
9372:
Dye NS (Autumn 1980). "History of Childbirth in America".
7217:
6686:
5985:"Recent Declines in Induction of Labor by Gestational Age"
5571:
5420:"Postpartum care: What to expect after a vaginal delivery"
4657:
Obstetric Data Definitions Issues and Rationale for Change
3791:"Care of healthy women and their babies during childbirth"
11213:
10202:
9256:
9066:"Common Questions About Late-Term and Postterm Pregnancy"
8306:
8092:"Medicine in stamps-Ignaz Semmelweis and Puerperal Fever"
7841:
7169:
Anim-Somuah M, Smyth RM, Cyna AM, Cuthbert A (May 2018).
5942:
3737:
1799:. Otherwise depending on how far along the pregnancy is,
1410:") can be used. A method of external (noninvasive) fetal
1379:
If the twins are joined at any part of the body β called
974:
11664:
Declaration on the elimination of violence against women
10203:"Welcome to the College of Midwives of British Columbia"
9318:(35th British ed.). London: Longman. p. 1046.
8463:
8236:
8234:
7646:
Propublica, Nina Martin; Montagne, Renee (12 May 2017).
7598:
7085:
5110:
International Federation of Gynaecologists Obstetricians
4730:"Birth (Parturition) | Boundless Anatomy and Physiology"
3112:
Lunze K, Bloom DE, Jamison DT, Hamer DH (January 2013).
10240:. Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada: Queens Printer.
9781:
Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic, and Neonatal Nursing
9569:
9567:
8813:
8096:
Journal of the Turkish German Gynecological Association
7017:
6746:"Antibiotic prophylaxis for operative vaginal delivery"
6460:
Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic, and Neonatal Nursing
3387:
2339:
were discovered in the 1930s, because of high rates of
1587:
is the onset of seizures (convulsions) in a woman with
938:
The mother and her baby are not separated unnecessarily
353:
The most prominent sign of labour is strong repetitive
7381:
Jiang H, Qian X, Carroli G, Garner P (February 2017).
7380:
6530:"Restricting oral fluid and food intake during labour"
6492:
6056:"The U.S. rate of C-section births continues to climb"
5730:
5728:
5313:
Whitaker, Amy K.; Chen, Beatrice A. (5 October 2017).
5158:, Department of Making Pregnancy Safer. Archived from
4903:
3111:
1728:, and others similar to those commonly experienced in
1185:
769:
International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics
226:. In 2019, there were about 140.11 million human
11354:
9978:"How Much Does It Cost To Have A Baby? 2023 Averages"
9305:
8024:
7957:
5798:"Methods of induction of labour: a systematic review"
5485:
5385:
5281:
5279:
3822:
1736:. These diagnoses can lead to inadequate treatment.
482:
Vaginal delivery involves four stages of labour: the
10562:
9919:
9564:
7605:
Safe Motherhood Strategies: A Review of the Evidence
6093:
American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists
5146:
4679:
4361:
3750:"Essential Antenatal, Perinatal and Postpartum Care"
1746:
in which symptoms of high mood and racing thoughts (
1536:
1040:
Fetal compromise such as isoimmunisation leading to
1024:
American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists
8420:
Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics and Gynaecology
8309:
Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics and Gynaecology
8138:
7220:
Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics and Gynaecology
6230:MacKenzie, I. Z.; Cooke, Inez B; Annan, B. (2003).
6229:
5725:
4994:Weeks AD (December 2008). "The retained placenta".
4794:
3785:
3783:
3781:
3165:
1009:treatment. Caesarean section is the removal of the
720:
12109:
10432:
10013:. NICE Clinical Guidelines, No. 55. London: RCOG.
9425:Brought to Bed: Childbearing in America, 1750β1950
8189:
7645:
6527:
6349:"Share of births attended by skilled health staff"
5276:
4797:"Reassessing the labor curve in nulliparous women"
4555:
3881:"What is back labor? Signs, pain relief, and more"
1529:Looking at 168 countries around the world, a 2015
1492:Maternal mortality and adverse health consequences
14305:Childbirth-related post-traumatic stress disorder
11862:
10646:
10059:National Institute for Health and Care Excellence
8613:"How do health care providers manage stillbirth?"
8459:
8457:
6591:"Routine perineal shaving on admission in labour"
5255:
4553:
4407:
4405:
4403:
4401:
2931:, when a woman is of an older age at reproduction
2889:It is currently possible to collect two types of
2471:Childbirth routinely occurs in hospitals in many
2454:National Institute for Health and Care Excellence
2368:Medieval woman, having given birth, enjoying her
2204:In 1991 the WHO launched a global programme, the
1701:Childbirth-related post-traumatic stress disorder
15092:
10232:Province of British Columbia (21 August 2013) .
9920:Hsia RY, Akosa Antwi Y, Weber E (January 2014).
9777:"Cultural aspects of pain in childbearing women"
9259:"Chapter 16 - Pathophysiology of cerebral palsy"
9064:Wang, Mary; Fontaine, Patricia (1 August 2014).
6971:"Continuous support for women during childbirth"
6411:"Continuous support for women during childbirth"
4795:Zhang J, Troendle JF, Yancey MK (October 2002).
4682:"Primary cesarean delivery in the United States"
4022:TingΓ₯ker, Berith K; Irestedt, Lars (June 2010).
4021:
3778:
1670:Childbirth-related posttraumatic stress disorder
1136:Share of births attended by skilled health staff
820:Newborn rests as caregiver checks breath sounds.
664:
10207:College of Midwives of British Columbia website
9899:"American Way of Birth, Costliest in the World"
9311:
7737:
7260:
6540:(8). Pregnancy and Childbirth Group: CD003930.
6073:
5476:National Institute for Childre's Health Quality
4562:. Emmaus, Pennsylvania: Rodale Books. pp.
3516:"What Are the Different Types of Contractions?"
3247:"Vaginal childbirth and pelvic floor disorders"
2428:Cost of childbirth in several countries in 2012
1836:. Globally, about 15 million infants were born
1524:U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
10371:Developing destinies: a Mayan midwife and town
9725:
9605:"The CDC Guide to Breastfeeding Interventions"
9380:(1). The University of Chicago Press: 97β108.
9374:Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society
9203:
9201:
8454:
8397:. Cumbria England: M & K Pub. p. 26.
7878:
7835:
7429:
7301:
7130:
6874:"Immersion in water during labor and delivery"
6588:
4398:
4177:
3419:Olsen, Ole; Clausen, Jette A. (8 March 2023).
1651:
1303:Oxytocin facilitates labour and will follow a
603:, which is the thinning and stretching of the
14946:(American 'crib' and 'cradle', British 'cot')
14436:
13705:
12748:
12095:
11848:
10632:
10435:American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology
10145:Indigenous experiences of pregnancy and birth
10083:
9853:American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology
9695:
9693:
9454:. New York: Atlantic Monthly Press. pp.
8183:
8132:
7913:
7844:British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology
7592:
7020:American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology
6929:American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology
5417:
4910:American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology
4801:American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology
4593:
4280:British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology
3818:
3816:
3475:
2432:According to a 2013 analysis commissioned by
2221:Every major health organisation, such as the
881:
12762:
10538:, Video by Merck Manual Professional Edition
9523:
9521:
9063:
7603:. In De Brouwere V, Van Lerberghe W (eds.).
7346:"Recommendations for Augmentation of Labour"
6380:"Men At Birth β Should Your Bloke Be There?"
5312:
3418:
2101:Risk factors for fetal birth injury include
969:Newborns' and Mothers' Health Protection Act
713:delivery and increasing rates of infection,
523:Definitions of the onset of labour include:
12671:Timeline of reproductive rights legislation
12656:Birth control movement in the United States
9359:. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, Inc.
9198:
9138:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
9135:
8569:
8541:
8539:
8537:
8535:
8533:
8500:
8343:
7387:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
7261:Loftus JR, Hill H, Cohen SE (August 1995).
7175:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
6975:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
6829:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
6750:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
6693:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
6644:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
6595:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
6534:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
6415:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
6185:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
5578:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
5290:. World Health Organization. Archived from
5249:
5182:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
3708:
3706:
3704:
3632:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
3425:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
3201:
3199:
3197:
3195:
3193:
2983:, to calculate the due date for a pregnancy
801:
14450:
14443:
14429:
13712:
13698:
12755:
12741:
12509:Reproductive endocrinology and infertility
12102:
12088:
11855:
11841:
11715:International Center for Research on Women
10639:
10625:
10428:
10426:
9690:
9490:The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
8605:
8411:
7799:
7164:
7162:
7052:
6123:"WHO Statement on caesarean section rates"
5989:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
5619:
5617:
4183:
3813:
3581:
3579:
3577:
3575:
3538:
3536:
3292:
3290:
3244:
2787:
2479:, it has more typically occurred at home.
2199:
2184:the birthing process. At the onset of the
2090:
1383:, delivery is mostly by caesarean section.
1324:agents for prevention of delay in labour.
841:Following the birth, if the mother had an
62:
10542:Maternal Morbidity/Mortality in the Media
10142:
9945:
9896:
9892:
9890:
9792:
9751:
9518:
9501:
9233:
8939:
8929:
8719:
8395:Perinatal Mental Health: a Clinical Guide
8211:
8166:
8156:
8115:
8058:
7985:
7975:
7922:Journal of Midwifery & Women's Health
7497:
7406:
7278:
7194:
7083:
7011:
6994:
6899:
6889:
6848:
6769:
6720:
6663:
6614:
6553:
6434:
6146:
5919:
5823:
5813:
5708:
5689:International Journal of Nursing Sciences
5597:
5548:
5330:
5201:
5114:Journal of Midwifery & Women's Health
5081:
5062:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
4970:
4929:
4705:
4459:
4338:
4160:
4141:International Journal of Nursing Sciences
4080:
4054:
3651:
3452:
3270:
3240:
3238:
3172:. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 116.
3166:Martin RJ, Fanaroff AA, Walsh MC (2014).
3161:
3159:
3139:
3129:
2592:
2395:showing a woman giving birth between two
1594:
1396:of the fetus during childbirth, a simple
989:delivery after previous caesarean section
535:between consecutive digital examinations.
10100:
10084:Bennhold K, Louis CS (3 December 2014).
9719:
9527:
9441:
9427:. University of Oxford. pp. 90β91.
9180:"Sexually transmitted infections (STIs)"
9172:
8887:The Merck Manuals Online Medical Library
8695:
8530:
7774:
7059:Norfolk and Norwich University Hospitals
5522:
5491:
5224:
5147:Mathai M, GΓΌlmezoglu AM, Hill S (2007).
4246:
3701:
3303:. Oxford University Press. p. 375.
3190:
2884:
2596:
2423:
2383:
2363:
2302:
2283:the second-wave of the feminist movement
2055:is the medical condition resulting from
1898:
1757:
1632:
1478:
1298:
1131:
885:
815:
617:
514:
437:
376:Another prominent sign of labour is the
10423:
10368:
10268:Nursing & Midwifery Council website
10106:
9850:
9575:"The Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative"
9447:
9422:
9182:. World Health Organization. May 2013.
8809:
8807:
7919:
7738:Levi J, Kohn D, Johnson K (June 2011).
7677:Howard, Jacqueline (23 February 2022).
7599:Van Lerberghe W, De Brouwere V (2001).
7478:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
7159:
7084:Kumar, Manoj; Paes, Bosco (July 2003).
6495:Anesthesiology Clinics of North America
6007:
5888:"VBAC: antenatal predictors of success"
5614:
5395:. ATI Nursing Education. Archived from
5106:International Confederation of Midwives
4547:
4226:"Baby's head shape: Cause for concern?"
3572:
3533:
3408:from the original on 11 September 2017.
3317:from the original on 11 September 2017.
3287:
3186:from the original on 11 September 2017.
2139:Men's role in childbirth Β§ History
1801:medications may be used to start labour
773:International Confederation of Midwives
14:
15093:
10467:
10402:
10400:
10398:
10364:
10362:
10360:
10358:
10356:
10326:
10294:"The Nursing and Midwifery Order 2001"
10213:from the original on 17 September 2013
10138:
10136:
10134:
9887:
9553:
9551:
9483:
9479:
9477:
9475:
9367:
9365:
9351:
9349:
9347:
9345:
9343:
9341:
9339:
9337:
9335:
9088:from the original on 11 September 2022
9045:from the original on 11 September 2022
9010:from the original on 11 September 2022
8880:
8862:from the original on 12 September 2022
8816:"Pharmacokinetics of tocolytic agents"
8392:
8349:
8139:Jaju S, Al Kharusi L, Gowri V (2015).
7953:
7951:
7831:from the original on 21 February 2015.
7676:
7055:"Medicine Administration for Midwives"
6589:Basevi V, Lavender T (November 2014).
6377:
5734:
5627:. Kangaroo Mother Care. Archived from
3766:from the original on 24 September 2015
3673:
3671:
3496:from the original on 11 September 2017
3359:"Number of births and deaths per year"
3321:
3296:
3235:
3231:from the original on 21 February 2015.
3156:
3007:Reproductive Health Supplies Coalition
2491:and Northern Manitoban communities in
2359:
2260:caesarean delivery on maternal request
1753:
1609:
975:Labour induction and caesarean section
497:delayed clamping of the umbilical cord
317:. Complications in the mother include
275:delayed clamping of the umbilical cord
214:exits the internal environment of the
14424:
13943:Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy
13910:Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy
13693:
12736:
12083:
11836:
11434:
10620:
10503:"Labor and delivery, postpartum care"
10274:from the original on 5 September 2013
10183:from the original on 23 February 2014
9774:
9707:from the original on 29 November 2020
9312:Warwick R, Williams PL, eds. (1973).
9186:from the original on 25 November 2014
8683:from the original on 9 September 2021
7787:from the original on 14 February 2023
7719:from the original on 14 February 2023
7689:from the original on 14 February 2023
7580:from the original on 29 November 2020
6804:from the original on 16 November 2020
6236:Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology
5777:from the original on 14 February 2022
5426:from the original on 21 December 2014
4993:
4827:from the original on 18 January 2016.
4554:Murray LJ, Hennen L, Scott J (2005).
4525:
4413:"Labor and delivery, postpartum care"
4103:
4060:
3932:"Labor and delivery, postpartum care"
3621:
3619:
3300:Concise Colour Medical l.p.Dictionary
2269:
2249:
2041:
1888:
1226:
348:
14561:Infant respiratory distress syndrome
14009:Pregnancy-induced hypercoagulability
11803:
11697:Office of Research on Women's Health
10406:
10270:. London, England. 31 August 2011 .
10127:from the original on 2 January 2016.
10065:from the original on 2 December 2020
9909:from the original on 1 January 2017.
9633:
9621:from the original on 21 January 2022
9355:Hutter Epstein, M.D., Randi (2011).
9029:Neff, Matthew J. (1 December 2004).
9028:
9022:
8956:
8804:
8192:Sexual & Reproductive Healthcare
6044:from the original on 21 August 2013.
5325:(1) (published January 2018): 2β13.
5028:
4849:from the original on 8 December 2019
4602:from the original on 4 December 2016
3712:
3549:The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia
3339:from the original on 26 January 2021
3029:Bradley method of natural childbirth
2403:. From Iran, 1000 to 650 BC, at the
1853:infant respiratory distress syndrome
1547:
851:long-acting reversible contraception
333:. Complications in the baby include
13587:Psychiatric disorders of childbirth
11815:
11735:Society for Women's Health Research
11669:International Day of the Girl Child
10395:
10353:
10320:
10316:from the original on 8 August 2013.
10244:from the original on 25 August 2013
10131:
10096:from the original on 28 March 2017.
9975:
9639:
9585:from the original on 9 January 2022
9548:
9472:
9371:
9362:
9332:
9117:from the original on 28 August 2021
8893:from the original on 20 August 2012
8653:from the original on 5 October 2016
8623:from the original on 5 October 2016
8518:from the original on 5 October 2016
8282:National Institute of Mental Health
8031:The New England Journal of Medicine
7948:
5498:The WHO Reproductive Health Library
5332:10.1016/j.contraception.2017.09.014
5285:
4740:from the original on 11 August 2021
4116:from the original on 29 August 2014
3942:from the original on 2 January 2018
3668:
2519:Facilities for childbirth include:
1780:Stillbirth is typically defined as
1658:Psychiatric disorders of childbirth
1512:
1387:
1186:Forceps or vacuum assisted delivery
1106:
1017:
941:The baby will receive only her milk
572:
24:
13958:Pruritic folliculitis of pregnancy
11779:Birth control in the United States
9988:from the original on 10 March 2023
9794:10.1111/j.1552-6909.1996.tb02515.x
9703:. United Nations Population Fund.
9559:broughttolife.sciencemuseum.org.uk
9275:10.1016/B978-0-444-52891-9.00016-6
8980:10.1097/01.AOG.0000452744.06088.48
8974:(2 PART 1): 390β396. August 2014.
8673:"Stillbirths and stillbirth rates"
7856:10.1111/j.1471-0528.1995.tb09132.x
7658:from the original on 24 April 2018
7550:from the original on 29 March 2018
7145:10.1111/j.1523-536X.1996.tb00833.x
6359:from the original on 17 March 2020
6329:from the original on 17 March 2023
6270:from the original on 16 March 2023
6211:from the original on 16 March 2023
6089:Optimizing Protocols in Obstetrics
5767:"Where to give birth: the options"
5625:"Fathers and skin-to-skin contact"
5529:The Journal of Perinatal Education
5045:from the original on 4 March 2016.
4885:from the original on 29 March 2018
4776:from the original on 29 March 2018
4638:from the original on 29 March 2018
4596:"Cervical effacement and dilation"
4540:from the original on 3 March 2016.
4461:10.1111/j.1471-0528.2000.tb13236.x
4340:10.1111/j.1471-0528.2000.tb13241.x
4292:10.1111/j.1471-0528.1993.tb15171.x
4259:from the original on 7 August 2020
4110:Hypertexts for Biomedical Sciences
3972:from the original on 17 March 2023
3861:from the original on 16 March 2023
3757:Promoting Effective Perinatal Care
3616:
1858:
1422:that consists of two sensors: The
1354:
611:occur during the closing weeks of
510:
25:
15117:
14216:Pain management during childbirth
14143:Twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome
12365:self-report sexual risk behaviors
11674:Commission on the Status of Women
10684:External female genitalia (vulva)
10529:
10513:from the original on 29 June 2022
10035:from the original on 15 July 2020
8792:from the original on 7 March 2015
8762:from the original on 7 March 2015
8352:Archives of Women's Mental Health
8288:from the original on 21 June 2017
7775:Castillo, Michelle (7 May 2013).
7756:from the original on 24 June 2012
7452:from the original on 4 March 2016
6023:National Vital Statistics Reports
5892:Acta Bio-Medica: Atenei Parmensis
5373:from the original on 22 July 2020
5237:from the original on 12 June 2018
4206:from the original on 28 June 2014
4028:Current Opinion in Anesthesiology
3851:"Making Noise in Labor and Birth"
3831:from the original on 3 April 2017
3725:from the original on 3 April 2015
3597:from the original on 28 July 2016
3560:from the original on 6 March 2016
3369:from the original on 14 June 2022
2873:Childbirth in Trinidad and Tobago
2768:assist the mother and newborn to
2739:pain management during childbirth
2206:Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative
2135:Natural childbirth Β§ History
1537:Labour and delivery complications
1259:
1222:Pain management during childbirth
1042:haemolytic disease of the newborn
14402:
14401:
14388:Sexual activity during pregnancy
13592:Postpartum physiological changes
13292:Postpartum physiological changes
12817:Assisted reproductive technology
12435:Precocious puberty and pregnancy
11814:
11802:
11791:
11790:
11007:Assisted reproductive technology
10647:
10495:
10461:
10286:
10256:
10225:
10195:
10169:
10077:
10047:
10000:
9969:
9961:
9913:
9844:
9809:
9768:
9661:10.1097/00006250-200606000-00027
9597:
9416:
9250:
9129:
9100:
9057:
8905:
8874:
8832:10.2165/00003088-200443130-00001
8774:
8752:"Preterm birth Fact sheet NΒ°363"
8744:
8665:
8635:
8386:
8300:
8228:
8083:
8018:
7899:10.1046/j.1523-536X.2002.00167.x
7768:
7731:
7701:
7670:
7639:
7562:
7526:
7465:
7436:The Medical Equipment Dictionary
7423:
7374:
7338:
7295:
7280:10.1097/00000542-199508000-00010
7254:
7211:
7124:
7077:
7046:
6962:
6916:
6865:
6570:from the original on 7 July 2014
6390:from the original on 1 June 2013
5995:from the original on 10 May 2018
5747:from the original on 21 May 2022
5661:from the original on 17 May 2022
5456:from the original on 28 May 2022
4972:10.1111/j.1471-0528.2010.02800.x
4497:10.1111/j.1479-828X.2006.00674.x
4376:10.1111/j.1471-0528.2001.00039.x
3689:from the original on 27 May 2022
2904:
2782:postpartum physiological changes
2143:
1821:
1464:
721:Third stage: placental expulsion
427:
411:
14496:Breastfeeding and mental health
13644:Adaptation to extrauterine life
12555:Sexually transmitted infections
10973:Breastfeeding and mental health
10298:Her Majesty's Stationery Office
7514:from the original on 7 May 2018
7362:from the original on 8 May 2018
7053:Lancashire, Liz (9 July 2018).
6786:
6737:
6680:
6631:
6582:
6521:
6486:
6451:
6402:
6371:
6341:
6282:
6223:
6193:
6114:
6048:
5977:
5879:
5789:
5759:
5643:
5565:
5468:
5438:
5355:
5306:
5218:
5169:
5140:
5098:
5049:
5022:
4987:
4946:
4897:
4861:
4831:
4752:
4722:
4673:
4650:
4614:
4519:
4476:
4435:
4423:from the original on 7 May 2018
4355:
4314:
4271:
4240:
4218:
4128:
4097:
4015:
3984:
3954:
3924:
3898:
3873:
3843:
3508:
3469:
3412:
3381:
3245:Memon HU, Handa VL (May 2013).
2778:adaptation to extrauterine life
2509:birth aboard aircraft and ships
2292:
2032:sexually transmitted infections
1918:which have their own maps/data.
1294:
1215:
34:. For the band Childbirth, see
13890:Acute fatty liver of pregnancy
13287:Maternal physiological changes
12111:Sexual and reproductive health
10479:Australian College of Midwives
10110:Encyclopedia of Social History
9265:, Pediatric Neurology Part I,
9263:Handbook of Clinical Neurology
9214:European Journal of Pediatrics
9150:10.1002/14651858.CD007467.pub4
8881:Kendig, James W (March 2007).
8586:. January 2016. Archived from
7574:United Nations Population Fund
7490:10.1002/14651858.CD006066.pub3
7438:. London: Chapman & Hall.
7399:10.1002/14651858.CD000081.pub3
7187:10.1002/14651858.CD000331.pub4
6987:10.1002/14651858.CD003766.pub6
6841:10.1002/14651858.CD009234.pub2
6762:10.1002/14651858.CD004455.pub5
6705:10.1002/14651858.CD007892.pub7
6656:10.1002/14651858.CD004070.pub3
6607:10.1002/14651858.CD001236.pub2
6546:10.1002/14651858.CD003930.pub3
6427:10.1002/14651858.CD003766.pub6
5590:10.1002/14651858.CD003519.pub4
5194:10.1002/14651858.CD004074.pub3
3910:American Pregnancy Association
3825:"Newborns: reducing mortality"
3644:10.1002/14651858.CD004074.pub3
3437:10.1002/14651858.CD000352.pub3
3351:
3105:
3087:
3057:
2630:unlicensed assistive personnel
2313:United Nations Population Fund
1803:or a type of surgery known as
1455:intrauterine pressure catheter
1152:
1078:Premature rupture of membranes
916:American Academy of Pediatrics
577:
519:The hormones initiating labour
395:
386:prelabour rupture of membranes
13:
1:
14491:Breastfeeding and medications
14092:Prelabor rupture of membranes
12842:partner-assisted reproduction
11864:Development of the human body
11623:Social determinants of health
10411:. University of Texas Press.
9865:10.1016/S0002-9378(02)70189-0
9830:10.1016/S1524-9042(03)00028-6
9744:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61682-2
8721:10.1016/S0140-6736(15)00837-5
8478:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61278-2
8278:"Postpartum Depression Facts"
7977:10.1016/S2214-109X(14)70227-X
7430:Hammond P, Johnson A (1986).
6507:10.1016/S0889-8537(02)00029-9
6016:"Births: final data for 2007"
5492:Saloojee H (4 January 2008).
5008:10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2008.07.005
3827:. World Health Organization.
3568:– via Encyclopedia.com.
3476:Fossard Ed, Bailey M (2016).
3069:Oxford Dictionaries β English
3050:
3002:Pre- and perinatal psychology
2707:elements in their practices.
2648:Nursing and Midwifery Council
2514:
2228:
2217:physicians and staff members.
1904:Disability-adjusted life year
1769:
1730:posttraumatic stress disorder
1543:Obstetric labour complication
1327:
1127:
903:(SSC), sometimes also called
782:Delaying the clamping of the
665:Second stage: fetal expulsion
15053:Neonatal withdrawal syndrome
14674:Infant cognitive development
14571:Neonatal intensive care unit
14371:Systemic lupus erythematosus
14022:Maternal care related to the
14004:Gestational thrombocytopenia
12535:Disorders of sex development
11618:Gender disparities in health
10956:Mother-to-child transmission
10536:Spontaneous Vaginal Delivery
9897:Rosenthal E (30 June 2013).
9561:. Retrieved 3 December 2018.
9530:Journal of Consumer Research
8931:10.1371/journal.pmed.1002838
8321:10.3109/0167482X.2010.503330
8145:Indian Journal of Psychiatry
7316:10.1097/AOG.0b013e3181b11cb8
6794:"Forceps or vacuum delivery"
6378:Vernon D (6 February 2007).
6307:10.1097/MLR.0000000000000937
5802:BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
4698:10.1097/AOG.0b013e3182952242
4247:Goldberg AE (2 March 2018).
4228:. Mayo Clinic. 10 March 2022
4040:10.1097/ACO.0b013e328337c881
4009:10.1016/j.ejogrb.2005.07.020
3394:. Paris: OECD. p. 105.
2942:, an abnormal birth position
2663:traditional birth attendants
2549:neonatal intensive care unit
2444:Reporting on costs in 2023,
2178:
1875:meconium aspiration syndrome
1838:before 37 weeks of gestation
1573:
1457:(IUPC). It can also involve
1058:Maternal conditions such as
961:
622:Engagement of the fetal head
7:
14977:Supplemental nursing system
14172:Cephalopelvic disproportion
13078:Traditional birth attendant
12545:Reproductive system disease
11231:Pelvic inflammatory disease
11174:Hormone replacement therapy
10738:Reproductive system disease
10373:. Oxford University Press.
9938:10.1136/bmjopen-2013-004017
9859:(5 Suppl Nature): S160-72.
9649:Obstetrics & Gynecology
9423:Leavitt, Judith W. (1988).
8968:Obstetrics & Gynecology
8241:Nature Reviews Rheumatology
6248:10.1080/0144361031000098316
6127:Reproductive Health Matters
5701:10.1016/j.ijnss.2019.09.009
5225:Campbell D (10 July 2013).
4153:10.1016/j.ijnss.2019.09.009
3823:World Health Organization.
3587:"Pregnancy Labor and Birth"
3482:. Sage Publications India.
2916:
2621:is one well-known example.
2460:
2034:(STIs) are associated with
1652:Psychological complications
1414:(EFM) during childbirth is
1231:Some women prefer to avoid
1166:At one time shaving of the
234:, most deliveries occur in
10:
15122:
14729:Prenatal development table
14669:Irritant diaper dermatitis
14283:Breastfeeding difficulties
14082:Constriction ring syndrome
14056:Braxton Hicks contractions
13310:Brain health and pollution
12504:Obstetrics and gynaecology
11725:Black Women's Health Study
10792:Complications of pregnancy
10447:10.1016/j.ajog.2015.12.061
8204:10.1016/j.srhc.2014.06.007
7934:10.1016/j.jmwh.2005.10.014
7747:Trust for America's Health
7032:10.1016/j.ajog.2014.01.026
6941:10.1016/j.ajog.2023.08.034
5482:Retrieved 1 November 2021.
5126:10.1016/j.jmwh.2003.11.005
4922:10.1016/j.ajog.2009.08.003
3257:(3): 265β77, quiz 276β77.
2733:) for Cesarean section or
2701:obstetrics and gynaecology
2464:
2296:
2273:
2132:
2128:
2094:
2045:
1892:
1877:, fetal malnutrition, and
1862:
1825:
1773:
1655:
1636:
1613:
1598:
1577:
1551:
1540:
1519:Trust for America's Health
1468:
1358:
1331:
1219:
1189:
978:
882:Early skin-to-skin contact
805:
724:
595:Braxton Hicks contractions
431:
29:
15048:Prenatal cocaine exposure
15005:
14836:Infant care and equipment
14835:
14753:Socialization and Culture
14752:
14664:Infant visual development
14616:
14531:Infant and toddler safety
14459:
14396:
14353:
14320:Peripartum cardiomyopathy
14310:Pubic symphysis diastasis
14273:
14157:
14021:
13994:
13976:
13918:
13880:
13871:
13827:
13745:
13736:
13671:
13636:
13600:
13554:
13545:
13523:Chorionic villus sampling
13505:
13300:
13257:
13226:
13219:
13086:
13011:
12980:
12971:
12905:
12875:Obstetric ultrasonography
12862:
12807:
12799:Pre-conception counseling
12774:
12679:
12648:
12575:
12527:
12479:
12443:
12420:Pregnant patients' rights
12375:
12335:
12285:
12242:
12193:
12185:Pre-conception counseling
12167:
12142:Abortion-rights movements
12117:
12056:
11964:
11906:
11870:
11786:
11743:
11702:Women's Health Initiative
11687:
11649:
11640:
11589:
11555:Major depressive disorder
11423:
11383:Intimate partner violence
11345:
11244:Female genital mutilation
11239:
11188:
11097:
11039:
10985:
10931:
10844:
10757:
10746:
10672:
10659:
10566:
10558:Leta Stetter Hollingworth
10143:Tait HN, Cidro J (2018).
9775:Weber SE (January 1996).
9226:10.1007/s00431-007-0437-8
9070:American Family Physician
9035:American Family Physician
8820:Clinical Pharmacokinetics
8786:World Health Organization
8551:World Health Organization
8432:10.1080/01674820600714632
8364:10.1007/s00737-009-0114-1
7541:World Health Organization
7353:World Health Organization
7304:Obstetrics and Gynecology
7232:10.1080/01443610400023072
6139:10.1016/j.rhm.2015.07.007
5651:"Birth and Breastfeeding"
5156:World Health Organization
4876:World Health Organization
4767:World Health Organization
4734:courses.lumenlearning.com
4686:Obstetrics and Gynecology
4629:World Health Organization
3554:Columbia University Press
3391:Doing better for children
1716:, as well as symptoms of
1499:World Health Organization
1444:World Health Organization
1180:providone-iodine solution
920:World Health Organization
836:World Health Organization
765:World Health Organization
177:
169:
155:
145:
131:
99:
83:
70:
61:
53:
48:
15058:Parental child abduction
14581:Oral rehydration therapy
13846:Gestational hypertension
13413:Intrahepatic cholestasis
12306:Gamete Cryopreservation
12152:Circumcision controversy
12132:Compulsory sterilization
11291:Gynaecological disorders
11107:Culture and menstruation
11074:Contraceptive prevalence
10966:Compulsory sterilization
10310:Her Majesty's Government
10234:"Health Professions Act"
10107:Stearns PN, ed. (1993).
8643:"Stillbirth: Other FAQs"
8158:10.4103/0019-5545.158152
7964:The Lancet Global Health
7462:Online version accessed.
6472:10.1177/0884217505276155
6082:"Oxytocin for Induction"
5541:10.1624/105812407X217147
4526:Satin AJ (1 July 2013).
4104:Bowen R (12 July 2010).
4082:10.1177/1066480707305470
2609:Different categories of
2419:
2376:). France, 14th century.
2289:have gained popularity.
2008:Streptococcus agalactiae
1206:prophylactic antibiotics
1054:Gestational hypertension
802:Fourth stage: postpartum
277:, and monitoring of the
15063:Parental responsibility
14576:Newborn care and safety
14245:Umbilical cord prolapse
14167:Amniotic fluid embolism
13925:dermatoses of pregnancy
13483:Motor vehicle emissions
13344:Concomitant conditions
13318:environmental toxicants
13061:Auxiliary nurse midwife
12822:artificial insemination
12789:Natural family planning
12666:Social hygiene movement
12519:Transgender health care
11574:Urinary tract infection
11366:Abuse during childbirth
10477:. Canberra, Australia:
9818:Pain Management Nursing
8253:10.1038/nrrheum.2014.17
8027:"Postpartum Hemorrhage"
7090:Journal of Perinatology
5904:10.23750/abm.v90i3.7623
5815:10.1186/1471-2393-11-84
5393:"Postpartum Assessment"
4813:10.1067/mob.2002.127142
4662:6 November 2013 at the
4543:(subscription required)
4528:"Latent phase of labor"
3131:10.1186/1741-7015-11-24
2924:Abuse during childbirth
2863:Childbirth in Sri Lanka
2788:Non-western communities
2709:Maternalβfetal medicine
2650:in the United Kingdom.
2452:Beginning in 2014, the
2200:Baby Friendly Hospitals
2097:Birth trauma (physical)
2091:Mechanical fetal injury
1805:dilation and evacuation
1726:mother-child attachment
1097:umbilical cord prolapse
335:lack of oxygen at birth
206:, is the completion of
14807:Grandparent visitation
14361:Concomitant conditions
14340:Postpartum thyroiditis
14118:Circumvallate placenta
13938:Impetigo herpetiformis
13933:Gestational pemphigoid
13905:Hyperemesis gravidarum
13838:hypertensive disorders
13577:Postpartum confinement
12837:in vitro fertilisation
12494:Genitourinary medicine
12297:In vitro fertilization
12252:Hormonal contraception
12137:Contraceptive security
11491:Cardiovascular disease
11079:Contraceptive security
11012:In vitro fertilization
10923:Postpartum confinement
10797:Hyperemesis gravidarum
9579:Johns Hopkins Medicine
9503:10.1093/ajcn/72.1.241S
9496:(1 Suppl): 241Sβ246S.
9484:Loudon I (July 2000).
8508:"Stillbirth: Overview"
8237:"Pain and the Context"
6891:10.1542/peds.2013-3794
6095:(ACOG). Archived from
5952:Patient Safety Council
2868:Childbirth in Thailand
2749:nursing certifications
2737:. They are experts in
2606:
2593:Associated occupations
2429:
2408:
2377:
2374:postpartum confinement
2308:
2219:
2210:Johns Hopkins Hospital
2115:brachial plexus injury
1999:
1910:and low birth weight,
1763:
1595:Maternal complications
1484:
1459:fetal scalp pH testing
1426:(cardio) sensor is an
1308:
1168:area around the vagina
1137:
1101:genital herpes simplex
1064:chronic kidney disease
897:
821:
777:postpartum haemorrhage
623:
520:
443:
14566:Infant sleep training
14330:Postpartum infections
14325:Postpartum depression
13572:Postpartum depression
13453:Pruritic folliculitis
13197:Unassisted childbirth
12157:Intersex human rights
11613:Healthcare inequality
11415:Gender discrimination
11219:Human papilloma virus
10894:Vesicovaginal fistula
10302:The National Archives
9269:, Elsevier: 169β176,
8649:. 23 September 2014.
8619:. 23 September 2014.
8514:. 23 September 2014.
8108:10.5152/jtgga.2013.08
8043:10.1056/NEJMra1513247
7102:10.1038/sj.jp.7210905
5856:Childbirth Connection
5735:Harrington, Rebecca.
5500:. WHO. Archived from
5074:10.2471/BLT.08.052597
4184:Pillitteri A (2010).
3593:. 27 September 2010.
3023:Natural birth topics:
3012:Unassisted childbirth
2929:Advanced maternal age
2885:Collecting stem cells
2766:Lactation consultants
2762:delivered vaginally.
2681:general practitioners
2600:
2586:unassisted childbirth
2497:Australian aboriginal
2465:Further information:
2427:
2387:
2367:
2306:
2266:to have the surgery.
2214:
2186:Industrial Revolution
2057:deprivation of oxygen
1902:
1761:
1744:psychiatric emergency
1694:Postpartum depression
1666:Postpartum depression
1639:Postpartum infections
1633:Postpartum infections
1482:
1451:fetal scalp electrode
1438:transducer, called a
1432:Doppler fetal monitor
1402:doppler fetal monitor
1367:head first-presenting
1332:Further information:
1302:
1135:
889:
855:contraceptive implant
819:
806:Further information:
737:third stage of labour
725:Further information:
621:
518:
488:opening of the cervix
441:
432:Further information:
299:relaxation techniques
259:opening of the cervix
14724:Prenatal development
14624:Attachment parenting
14598:Shaken baby syndrome
14335:Postpartum psychosis
14204:Obstetrical bleeding
14099:Obstetrical bleeding
13920:Integumentary system
13895:Gestational diabetes
13874:related to pregnancy
13872:Other, predominantly
13679:Gravidity and parity
13659:Congenital disorders
13618:Lactation consultant
13488:Pre-existing disease
13167:Childbirth positions
13157:Rupture of membranes
12854:Unintended pregnancy
12832:fertility medication
12715:tax on childlessness
12471:Genital modification
12395:Unintended pregnancy
12127:Reproductive Justice
11720:Nurses' Health Study
11628:Reproductive justice
11579:Urinary incontinence
11199:Sexually transmitted
11054:Intrauterine devices
10899:Rectovaginal fistula
10889:Obstetrical fistulae
10817:Gestational diabetes
10812:Obstetrical bleeding
10787:Adolescent pregnancy
10772:Gravidity and parity
10767:Unintended pregnancy
10547:27 July 2022 at the
9976:Rivelli, Elizabeth.
7745:. Washington, D.C.:
7434:. In Brown M (ed.).
6935:(3): S961βS979.e33.
5029:Ball H (June 2009).
3855:Lamaze International
3329:"The World Factbook"
3099:Cambridge Dictionary
2976:Obstetrical bleeding
2951:Childbirth positions
2878:Childbirth in Zambia
2853:Childbirth in Mexico
2677:family practitioners
2414:socioeconomic status
2332:last 10 years.
2004:pathogenic bacterium
1996: more than 1850
1740:Postpartum psychosis
1734:adjustment disorders
1662:Postpartum psychosis
1210:Urinary incontinence
1060:gestational diabetes
901:Skin-to-skin contact
853:(LARC), such as the
845:or a tearing of the
591:uterine contractions
505:skin-to-skin contact
378:rupture of membranes
355:uterine contractions
331:postpartum infection
287:skin-to-skin contact
240:developing countries
126:neonatal hypothermia
118:postpartum infection
15038:Infant ear piercing
14315:Postpartum bleeding
14138:Placental abruption
14123:Monochorionic twins
13953:Prurigo gestationis
13582:Sex after pregnancy
13389:Endocrine diseases
13335:Prenatal depression
13207:Placental expulsion
13125:Uterine contraction
13108:cervical effacement
12849:Fertility awareness
12415:Pregnancy from rape
12272:Intrauterine device
11633:Women's empowerment
11501:Alzheimer's disease
11132:Cloth menstrual pad
11089:Fertility awareness
11059:Oral contraceptives
10941:Perinatal mortality
10306:Ministry of Justice
10296:. London, England:
10061:. 3 December 2014.
8883:"Postmature Infant"
6060:The Washington Post
5965:on 20 November 2012
5867:on 17 February 2013
5523:Crenshaw J (2007).
5504:on 21 December 2014
5418:Mayo clinic staff.
5399:on 24 December 2014
5294:on 22 December 2014
4594:Mayo clinic staff.
4249:"Cervical Ripening"
3801:on 12 February 2015
3713:Phillips, Raylene.
3075:on 23 November 2018
2992:Obstetrical Dilemma
2895:amniotic stem cells
2893:during childbirth:
2858:Childbirth in Nepal
2848:Childbirth in Japan
2838:Childbirth in India
2833:Childbirth in Haiti
2828:Childbirth in Ghana
2823:Childbirth in China
2818:Childbirth in Benin
2636:Confinement nannies
2614:less formal basis.
2541:hospital department
2473:developed countries
2360:Society and culture
2123:Klumpke's paralysis
2017:respiratory disease
1930: less than 150
1754:Fetal complications
1616:Postpartum bleeding
1610:Postpartum bleeding
1198:obstetrical forceps
1192:Obstetrical forceps
1082:Post-term pregnancy
859:intrauterine device
792:postpartum bleeding
745:Placental expulsion
731:Placental expulsion
645:induction of labour
601:Cervical effacement
533:cervical effacement
477:induction of labour
323:postpartum bleeding
232:developed countries
110:postpartum bleeding
18:Birth complications
14546:Infant food safety
14345:Puerperal mastitis
14300:Breast engorgement
14087:Monoamniotic twins
14077:Chorionic hematoma
13358:Hypercoagulability
13187:Natural childbirth
13036:Postterm pregnancy
12794:Male contraceptive
12661:History of condoms
12550:Sexual dysfunction
12456:Sexual orientation
12410:Options counseling
12257:Male contraception
12180:Genetic counseling
12019:Emerging adulthood
11730:Cartwright Inquiry
11641:Politics, research
11459:Endometrial cancer
11313:Sexual intercourse
11084:Planned parenthood
11069:Male contraceptive
10369:Barbara R (2011).
10090:The New York Times
9903:The New York Times
9678:on 18 January 2017
9448:Cassidy T (2006).
8714:(10018): 587β603.
5154:(Report). Geneva:
4536:. Wolters Kluwer.
4068:The Family Journal
3039:Natural childbirth
2843:Childbirth in Iraq
2731:spinal anaesthesia
2607:
2564:maternity hospital
2484:remote communities
2434:The New York Times
2430:
2409:
2399:, ornamented with
2378:
2309:
2299:Maternal mortality
2276:Natural childbirth
2270:Natural childbirth
2250:Caesarean sections
2158:Soranus of Ephesus
2053:Perinatal asphyxia
2048:Perinatal asphyxia
2042:Perinatal asphyxia
2000:
1895:Neonatal infection
1889:Neonatal infection
1865:Postterm pregnancy
1816:Sub-Saharan Africa
1764:
1706:intrusive symptoms
1601:Puerperal disorder
1485:
1398:pinard stethoscope
1309:
1289:spinal anaesthesia
1227:Non-pharmaceutical
1138:
1031:Abruptio placentae
898:
822:
812:Puerperal disorder
659:Dystocia of labour
624:
521:
444:
349:Signs and symptoms
337:(birth asphyxia),
210:where one or more
173:135 million (2015)
15088:
15087:
14948:
14785:Children's rights
14699:Object permanence
14521:Failure to thrive
14418:
14417:
14376:Thyroid disorders
14366:Diabetes mellitus
14250:Uterine inversion
14182:Shoulder dystocia
14177:Obstructed labour
14153:
14152:
14017:
14016:
13986:Chorea gravidarum
13762:Ectopic pregnancy
13687:
13686:
13672:Obstetric history
13667:
13666:
13628:Confinement nanny
13541:
13540:
13408:Acute fatty liver
13215:
13214:
13103:cervical dilation
12730:
12729:
12430:Teenage pregnancy
12147:Genital integrity
12077:
12076:
11941:Adult development
11919:Child development
11830:
11829:
11710:
11709:
11535:
11534:
11486:
11485:
11469:Papanicolaou test
11425:Non-communicable
11393:Sexual harassment
11371:Domestic violence
11341:
11340:
11184:
11183:
10981:
10980:
10884:Retained placenta
10802:Ectopic pregnancy
10614:
10613:
10488:978-0-9751674-3-4
10380:978-0-19-531990-3
10331:. Demeter Press.
10327:Burton N (2015).
10147:. Demeter Press.
10120:978-0-8153-0342-8
9701:"Maternal health"
9465:978-0-87113-938-2
9434:978-0-19-505690-7
9041:(11): 2221β2225.
8758:. November 2015.
8557:on 2 October 2016
8472:(9956): 1789β99.
8393:Martin C (2012).
8037:(17): 1635β1645.
7624:on 28 August 2021
7614:978-90-76070-19-3
7570:"Maternal health"
7445:978-0-412-28290-4
7432:"Tocodynamometer"
6384:BellyBelly.com.au
6353:Our World in Data
5773:. December 2020.
4839:"Abnormal Labour"
4573:978-1-59486-211-3
4199:978-1-58255-999-5
3679:"Stages of Labor"
3489:978-93-5150-758-1
3401:978-92-64-05934-4
3363:Our World in Data
3310:978-0-19-968799-2
3297:Martin E (2015).
3263:10.2217/whe.13.17
3221:978-92-4-154666-9
3179:978-0-323-29537-6
2780:and the mother's
2693:cesarean sections
2553:obstetric surgery
2539:, is generally a
2321:obstructed labour
2242:, also known as "
2111:shoulder dystocia
1568:obstetric fistula
1564:shoulder dystocia
1554:Obstructed labour
1548:Obstructed labour
1531:Save the Children
1428:ultrasonic sensor
1305:positive feedback
1202:vacuum extraction
999:caesarean section
981:Caesarean section
867:postpartum chills
808:Postpartum period
750:retained placenta
633:cervical dilation
609:cervical dilation
529:cervical dilation
468:Cervical ripening
319:obstructed labour
230:globally. In the
224:caesarean section
189:
188:
164:elective abortion
106:Obstructed labour
43:Medical condition
36:Childbirth (band)
16:(Redirected from
15113:
14944:
14629:Baby-led weaning
14445:
14438:
14431:
14422:
14421:
14405:
14404:
14240:Postmature birth
14228:Placenta accreta
14133:Placenta praevia
14128:Placenta accreta
14072:Chorioamnionitis
13882:Digestive system
13878:
13877:
13804:Fetal resorption
13792:Rudimentary horn
13749:abortive outcome
13743:
13742:
13714:
13707:
13700:
13691:
13690:
13552:
13551:
13518:Cardiotocography
13224:
13223:
13130:Vaginal delivery
13003:Nesting instinct
12978:
12977:
12963:Rudimentary horn
12892:Prenatal testing
12757:
12750:
12743:
12734:
12733:
12692:Two-child policy
12687:One-child policy
12567:Gender dysphoria
12104:
12097:
12090:
12081:
12080:
12057:Social and legal
11857:
11850:
11843:
11834:
11833:
11818:
11817:
11806:
11805:
11794:
11793:
11647:
11646:
11432:
11431:
11352:
11351:
11346:Non-reproductive
11195:
11194:
11112:Feminine hygiene
10879:Cesarian section
10874:Obstructed labor
10755:
10754:
10670:
10669:
10651:
10641:
10634:
10627:
10618:
10617:
10564:
10563:
10523:
10522:
10520:
10518:
10499:
10493:
10492:
10465:
10459:
10458:
10430:
10421:
10420:
10404:
10393:
10392:
10366:
10351:
10350:
10324:
10318:
10317:
10290:
10284:
10283:
10281:
10279:
10260:
10254:
10253:
10251:
10249:
10229:
10223:
10222:
10220:
10218:
10199:
10193:
10192:
10190:
10188:
10173:
10167:
10166:
10140:
10129:
10128:
10104:
10098:
10097:
10081:
10075:
10074:
10072:
10070:
10051:
10045:
10044:
10042:
10040:
10004:
9998:
9997:
9995:
9993:
9973:
9967:
9966:
9965:
9959:
9949:
9917:
9911:
9910:
9894:
9885:
9884:
9848:
9842:
9841:
9813:
9807:
9806:
9796:
9772:
9766:
9765:
9755:
9738:(9963): 117β71.
9723:
9717:
9716:
9714:
9712:
9697:
9688:
9687:
9685:
9683:
9677:
9671:. Archived from
9646:
9637:
9631:
9630:
9628:
9626:
9620:
9609:
9601:
9595:
9594:
9592:
9590:
9571:
9562:
9555:
9546:
9545:
9525:
9516:
9515:
9505:
9481:
9470:
9469:
9445:
9439:
9438:
9420:
9414:
9413:
9369:
9360:
9353:
9330:
9329:
9309:
9303:
9302:
9301:
9299:
9254:
9248:
9247:
9237:
9205:
9196:
9195:
9193:
9191:
9176:
9170:
9169:
9133:
9127:
9126:
9124:
9122:
9112:
9104:
9098:
9097:
9095:
9093:
9061:
9055:
9054:
9052:
9050:
9026:
9020:
9019:
9017:
9015:
8960:
8954:
8953:
8943:
8933:
8909:
8903:
8902:
8900:
8898:
8878:
8872:
8871:
8869:
8867:
8811:
8802:
8801:
8799:
8797:
8778:
8772:
8771:
8769:
8767:
8748:
8742:
8741:
8723:
8699:
8693:
8692:
8690:
8688:
8669:
8663:
8662:
8660:
8658:
8639:
8633:
8632:
8630:
8628:
8609:
8603:
8602:
8600:
8598:
8592:
8581:
8573:
8567:
8566:
8564:
8562:
8553:. Archived from
8543:
8528:
8527:
8525:
8523:
8504:
8498:
8497:
8461:
8452:
8451:
8415:
8409:
8408:
8390:
8384:
8383:
8347:
8341:
8340:
8304:
8298:
8297:
8295:
8293:
8274:
8265:
8264:
8232:
8226:
8225:
8215:
8187:
8181:
8180:
8170:
8160:
8136:
8130:
8129:
8119:
8087:
8081:
8080:
8062:
8022:
8016:
8015:
7989:
7979:
7970:(6): e323βe333.
7955:
7946:
7945:
7917:
7911:
7910:
7882:
7876:
7875:
7839:
7833:
7832:
7830:
7813:
7803:
7797:
7796:
7794:
7792:
7772:
7766:
7765:
7763:
7761:
7755:
7744:
7735:
7729:
7728:
7726:
7724:
7705:
7699:
7698:
7696:
7694:
7674:
7668:
7667:
7665:
7663:
7643:
7637:
7636:
7631:
7629:
7623:
7617:. Archived from
7596:
7590:
7589:
7587:
7585:
7566:
7560:
7559:
7557:
7555:
7549:
7538:
7530:
7524:
7523:
7521:
7519:
7501:
7469:
7463:
7461:
7459:
7457:
7427:
7421:
7420:
7410:
7378:
7372:
7371:
7369:
7367:
7361:
7350:
7342:
7336:
7335:
7299:
7293:
7292:
7282:
7258:
7252:
7251:
7215:
7209:
7208:
7198:
7166:
7157:
7156:
7128:
7122:
7121:
7081:
7075:
7074:
7072:
7070:
7061:. Archived from
7050:
7044:
7043:
7015:
7009:
7008:
6998:
6966:
6960:
6959:
6957:
6955:
6920:
6914:
6913:
6903:
6893:
6869:
6863:
6862:
6852:
6820:
6814:
6813:
6811:
6809:
6790:
6784:
6783:
6773:
6741:
6735:
6734:
6724:
6684:
6678:
6677:
6667:
6635:
6629:
6628:
6618:
6601:(11): CD001236.
6586:
6580:
6579:
6577:
6575:
6557:
6525:
6519:
6518:
6490:
6484:
6483:
6455:
6449:
6448:
6438:
6406:
6400:
6399:
6397:
6395:
6375:
6369:
6368:
6366:
6364:
6345:
6339:
6338:
6336:
6334:
6286:
6280:
6279:
6277:
6275:
6227:
6221:
6220:
6218:
6216:
6197:
6191:
6190:
6184:
6176:
6150:
6118:
6112:
6111:
6109:
6107:
6101:
6086:
6077:
6071:
6070:
6068:
6066:
6052:
6046:
6045:
6043:
6020:
6011:
6005:
6004:
6002:
6000:
5981:
5975:
5974:
5972:
5970:
5964:
5958:. Archived from
5954:(1st ed.).
5949:
5940:
5934:
5933:
5923:
5883:
5877:
5876:
5874:
5872:
5866:
5852:
5844:
5838:
5837:
5827:
5817:
5793:
5787:
5786:
5784:
5782:
5763:
5757:
5756:
5754:
5752:
5732:
5723:
5722:
5712:
5680:
5671:
5670:
5668:
5666:
5647:
5641:
5640:
5638:
5636:
5631:on 26 April 2013
5621:
5612:
5611:
5601:
5584:(11): CD003519.
5569:
5563:
5562:
5552:
5520:
5514:
5513:
5511:
5509:
5489:
5483:
5472:
5466:
5465:
5463:
5461:
5442:
5436:
5435:
5433:
5431:
5415:
5409:
5408:
5406:
5404:
5389:
5383:
5382:
5380:
5378:
5359:
5353:
5352:
5334:
5310:
5304:
5303:
5301:
5299:
5283:
5274:
5273:
5253:
5247:
5246:
5244:
5242:
5222:
5216:
5215:
5205:
5173:
5167:
5166:
5164:
5153:
5144:
5138:
5137:
5102:
5096:
5095:
5085:
5053:
5047:
5046:
5026:
5020:
5019:
4991:
4985:
4984:
4974:
4950:
4944:
4943:
4933:
4901:
4895:
4894:
4892:
4890:
4884:
4873:
4865:
4859:
4858:
4856:
4854:
4835:
4829:
4828:
4792:
4786:
4785:
4783:
4781:
4775:
4764:
4756:
4750:
4749:
4747:
4745:
4726:
4720:
4719:
4709:
4677:
4671:
4654:
4648:
4647:
4645:
4643:
4637:
4626:
4618:
4612:
4611:
4609:
4607:
4591:
4585:
4584:
4582:
4580:
4561:
4551:
4545:
4544:
4541:
4523:
4517:
4516:
4480:
4474:
4473:
4463:
4439:
4433:
4432:
4430:
4428:
4409:
4396:
4395:
4359:
4353:
4352:
4342:
4318:
4312:
4311:
4275:
4269:
4268:
4266:
4264:
4244:
4238:
4237:
4235:
4233:
4222:
4216:
4215:
4213:
4211:
4181:
4175:
4174:
4164:
4132:
4126:
4125:
4123:
4121:
4101:
4095:
4094:
4084:
4061:Meyer D (2007).
4058:
4052:
4051:
4019:
4013:
4012:
3988:
3982:
3981:
3979:
3977:
3966:Cleveland Clinic
3962:"Water Breaking"
3958:
3952:
3951:
3949:
3947:
3928:
3922:
3921:
3919:
3917:
3902:
3896:
3895:
3893:
3891:
3877:
3871:
3870:
3868:
3866:
3847:
3841:
3840:
3838:
3836:
3820:
3811:
3810:
3808:
3806:
3787:
3776:
3775:
3773:
3771:
3765:
3754:
3746:
3735:
3734:
3732:
3730:
3710:
3699:
3698:
3696:
3694:
3675:
3666:
3665:
3655:
3623:
3614:
3613:
3604:
3602:
3583:
3570:
3569:
3567:
3565:
3540:
3531:
3530:
3528:
3526:
3512:
3506:
3505:
3503:
3501:
3473:
3467:
3466:
3456:
3416:
3410:
3409:
3385:
3379:
3378:
3376:
3374:
3355:
3349:
3348:
3346:
3344:
3335:. 11 July 2016.
3325:
3319:
3318:
3294:
3285:
3284:
3274:
3242:
3233:
3232:
3230:
3213:
3203:
3188:
3187:
3163:
3154:
3153:
3143:
3133:
3109:
3103:
3102:
3091:
3085:
3084:
3082:
3080:
3071:. Archived from
3061:
2997:Perineal massage
2940:Asynclitic birth
2772:successfully. A
2753:nursing training
2745:Obstetric nurses
2735:forceps delivery
2725:or by providing
2685:general surgeons
2619:Lamaze technique
2611:birth attendants
2329:birth attendants
2256:cesarean section
2107:maternal obesity
2103:fetal macrosomia
1995:
1989:
1983:
1977:
1971:
1965:
1959:
1953:
1947:
1941:
1935:
1929:
1923:
1646:Ignaz Semmelweis
1513:Infant mortality
1416:cardiotocography
1388:Fetal monitoring
1256:for the infant.
1107:Cesarean section
1093:placenta praevia
1036:Chorioamnionitis
1018:Labour induction
995:labour induction
985:labour induction
741:involution stage
573:Stages of labour
434:Vaginal delivery
390:labour induction
359:menstrual cramps
315:developing world
251:stages of labour
220:vaginal delivery
194:, also known as
136:Vaginal delivery
66:
46:
45:
21:
15121:
15120:
15116:
15115:
15114:
15112:
15111:
15110:
15091:
15090:
15089:
15084:
15078:Paternity fraud
15028:Closed adoption
15001:
14957:Infant clothing
14932:Haberman Feeder
14902:Car seat safety
14831:
14812:Infant swimming
14790:UN Child rights
14748:
14659:Gestational age
14612:
14455:
14449:
14419:
14414:
14392:
14349:
14293:Cracked nipples
14288:Low milk supply
14269:
14255:Uterine rupture
14149:
14044:Oligohydramnios
14029:amniotic cavity
14023:
14013:
13990:
13972:
13923:
13914:
13873:
13867:
13836:
13823:
13809:Molar pregnancy
13748:
13732:
13718:
13688:
13683:
13663:
13632:
13596:
13567:Postpartum care
13537:
13501:
13404:Liver diseases
13398:Thyroid disease
13296:
13282:Gestational age
13253:
13211:
13177:Labor induction
13082:
13073:Perinatal nurse
13046:Birth attendant
13007:
12967:
12901:
12897:Medical imaging
12858:
12827:fertility fraud
12803:
12770:
12761:
12731:
12726:
12675:
12644:
12617:United Kingdom
12571:
12523:
12514:Sexual medicine
12475:
12451:Gender identity
12439:
12385:Maternal health
12371:
12331:
12327:fertility fraud
12288:
12281:
12238:
12189:
12163:
12113:
12108:
12078:
12073:
12069:Age of majority
12052:
11985:Early childhood
11960:
11907:Birth and after
11902:
11898:Gestational age
11866:
11861:
11831:
11826:
11782:
11767:Family planning
11745:
11739:
11706:
11683:
11642:
11636:
11608:Gender equality
11591:
11585:
11531:
11482:
11464:Cervical cancer
11426:
11419:
11357:
11347:
11337:
11328:Sex differences
11286:Forced marriage
11235:
11200:
11190:
11180:
11122:Menstrual cycle
11093:
11046:Family planning
11044:
11035:
10988:
10977:
10936:Maternal deaths
10927:
10918:Postpartum care
10864:Multiple births
10840:
10749:
10742:
10675:
10666:
10663:
10655:
10645:
10615:
10610:
10609:
10575:
10549:Wayback Machine
10532:
10527:
10526:
10516:
10514:
10501:
10500:
10496:
10489:
10466:
10462:
10431:
10424:
10407:Inge B (2006).
10405:
10396:
10381:
10367:
10354:
10339:
10325:
10321:
10292:
10291:
10287:
10277:
10275:
10262:
10261:
10257:
10247:
10245:
10230:
10226:
10216:
10214:
10201:
10200:
10196:
10186:
10184:
10175:
10174:
10170:
10155:
10141:
10132:
10121:
10105:
10101:
10082:
10078:
10068:
10066:
10053:
10052:
10048:
10038:
10036:
10021:
10005:
10001:
9991:
9989:
9974:
9970:
9960:
9918:
9914:
9895:
9888:
9849:
9845:
9814:
9810:
9773:
9769:
9724:
9720:
9710:
9708:
9699:
9698:
9691:
9681:
9679:
9675:
9644:
9638:
9634:
9624:
9622:
9618:
9607:
9603:
9602:
9598:
9588:
9586:
9573:
9572:
9565:
9556:
9549:
9526:
9519:
9482:
9473:
9466:
9446:
9442:
9435:
9421:
9417:
9370:
9363:
9354:
9333:
9326:
9310:
9306:
9297:
9295:
9285:
9255:
9251:
9206:
9199:
9189:
9187:
9178:
9177:
9173:
9144:(6): CD007467.
9134:
9130:
9120:
9118:
9110:
9106:
9105:
9101:
9091:
9089:
9062:
9058:
9048:
9046:
9027:
9023:
9013:
9011:
8962:
8961:
8957:
8924:(7): e1002838.
8910:
8906:
8896:
8894:
8879:
8875:
8865:
8863:
8826:(13): 833β844.
8812:
8805:
8795:
8793:
8782:"Preterm Birth"
8780:
8779:
8775:
8765:
8763:
8750:
8749:
8745:
8700:
8696:
8686:
8684:
8671:
8670:
8666:
8656:
8654:
8641:
8640:
8636:
8626:
8624:
8611:
8610:
8606:
8596:
8594:
8593:on 12 July 2018
8590:
8579:
8575:
8574:
8570:
8560:
8558:
8545:
8544:
8531:
8521:
8519:
8506:
8505:
8501:
8462:
8455:
8416:
8412:
8405:
8391:
8387:
8348:
8344:
8305:
8301:
8291:
8289:
8276:
8275:
8268:
8233:
8229:
8188:
8184:
8137:
8133:
8088:
8084:
8023:
8019:
7987:1854/LU-5796925
7956:
7949:
7918:
7914:
7883:
7879:
7840:
7836:
7828:
7822:
7811:
7805:
7804:
7800:
7790:
7788:
7773:
7769:
7759:
7757:
7753:
7742:
7736:
7732:
7722:
7720:
7707:
7706:
7702:
7692:
7690:
7675:
7671:
7661:
7659:
7644:
7640:
7627:
7625:
7621:
7615:
7597:
7593:
7583:
7581:
7568:
7567:
7563:
7553:
7551:
7547:
7536:
7532:
7531:
7527:
7517:
7515:
7484:(5): CD006066.
7470:
7466:
7455:
7453:
7446:
7428:
7424:
7393:(2): CD000081.
7379:
7375:
7365:
7363:
7359:
7348:
7344:
7343:
7339:
7300:
7296:
7259:
7255:
7216:
7212:
7181:(5): CD000331.
7167:
7160:
7129:
7125:
7082:
7078:
7068:
7066:
7065:on 16 June 2019
7051:
7047:
7016:
7012:
6981:(8): CD003766.
6967:
6963:
6953:
6951:
6921:
6917:
6870:
6866:
6835:(3): CD009234.
6821:
6817:
6807:
6805:
6792:
6791:
6787:
6756:(3): CD004455.
6742:
6738:
6699:(4): CD007892.
6685:
6681:
6650:(9): CD004070.
6636:
6632:
6587:
6583:
6573:
6571:
6526:
6522:
6491:
6487:
6456:
6452:
6421:(8): CD003766.
6407:
6403:
6393:
6391:
6376:
6372:
6362:
6360:
6347:
6346:
6342:
6332:
6330:
6287:
6283:
6273:
6271:
6228:
6224:
6214:
6212:
6199:
6198:
6194:
6178:
6177:
6133:(45): 149β150.
6119:
6115:
6105:
6103:
6102:on 21 June 2013
6099:
6084:
6078:
6074:
6064:
6062:
6054:
6053:
6049:
6041:
6018:
6012:
6008:
5998:
5996:
5983:
5982:
5978:
5968:
5966:
5962:
5947:
5941:
5937:
5884:
5880:
5870:
5868:
5864:
5850:
5846:
5845:
5841:
5794:
5790:
5780:
5778:
5765:
5764:
5760:
5750:
5748:
5733:
5726:
5681:
5674:
5664:
5662:
5655:La Leche League
5649:
5648:
5644:
5634:
5632:
5623:
5622:
5615:
5570:
5566:
5521:
5517:
5507:
5505:
5490:
5486:
5473:
5469:
5459:
5457:
5444:
5443:
5439:
5429:
5427:
5422:. Mayo Clinic.
5416:
5412:
5402:
5400:
5391:
5390:
5386:
5376:
5374:
5361:
5360:
5356:
5311:
5307:
5297:
5295:
5284:
5277:
5258:Family Medicine
5254:
5250:
5240:
5238:
5223:
5219:
5188:(7): CD004074.
5174:
5170:
5165:on 5 July 2009.
5162:
5151:
5145:
5141:
5103:
5099:
5054:
5050:
5027:
5023:
4992:
4988:
4951:
4947:
4916:(4): 357.e1β7.
4902:
4898:
4888:
4886:
4882:
4871:
4867:
4866:
4862:
4852:
4850:
4837:
4836:
4832:
4793:
4789:
4779:
4777:
4773:
4762:
4758:
4757:
4753:
4743:
4741:
4728:
4727:
4723:
4678:
4674:
4664:Wayback Machine
4655:
4651:
4641:
4639:
4635:
4624:
4620:
4619:
4615:
4605:
4603:
4598:. Mayo Clinic.
4592:
4588:
4578:
4576:
4574:
4552:
4548:
4542:
4524:
4520:
4481:
4477:
4440:
4436:
4426:
4424:
4411:
4410:
4399:
4360:
4356:
4319:
4315:
4286:(12): 1090β94.
4276:
4272:
4262:
4260:
4245:
4241:
4231:
4229:
4224:
4223:
4219:
4209:
4207:
4200:
4182:
4178:
4133:
4129:
4119:
4117:
4102:
4098:
4059:
4055:
4020:
4016:
3989:
3985:
3975:
3973:
3960:
3959:
3955:
3945:
3943:
3930:
3929:
3925:
3915:
3913:
3912:. 27 April 2020
3904:
3903:
3899:
3889:
3887:
3879:
3878:
3874:
3864:
3862:
3849:
3848:
3844:
3834:
3832:
3821:
3814:
3804:
3802:
3789:
3788:
3779:
3769:
3767:
3763:
3752:
3748:
3747:
3738:
3728:
3726:
3711:
3702:
3692:
3690:
3677:
3676:
3669:
3638:(7): CD004074.
3624:
3617:
3610:
3608:
3600:
3598:
3585:
3584:
3573:
3563:
3561:
3542:
3541:
3534:
3524:
3522:
3514:
3513:
3509:
3499:
3497:
3490:
3474:
3470:
3431:(3): CD000352.
3417:
3413:
3402:
3386:
3382:
3372:
3370:
3357:
3356:
3352:
3342:
3340:
3327:
3326:
3322:
3311:
3295:
3288:
3243:
3236:
3228:
3222:
3211:
3205:
3204:
3191:
3180:
3164:
3157:
3110:
3106:
3093:
3092:
3088:
3078:
3076:
3063:
3062:
3058:
3053:
3048:
2966:Maternal health
2961:Ferguson reflex
2919:
2907:
2887:
2882:
2790:
2669:Medical doctors
2595:
2571:birthing centre
2517:
2477:the Netherlands
2469:
2463:
2422:
2390:Luristan bronze
2362:
2341:puerperal fever
2325:family planning
2317:severe bleeding
2301:
2295:
2278:
2272:
2252:
2231:
2202:
2181:
2173:neurobiological
2146:
2141:
2131:
2099:
2093:
2050:
2044:
2013:from the mother
1998:
1997:
1993:
1991:
1990: 1500β1850
1987:
1985:
1984: 1350β1500
1981:
1979:
1978: 1200β1350
1975:
1973:
1972: 1050β1200
1969:
1967:
1963:
1961:
1957:
1955:
1951:
1949:
1945:
1943:
1939:
1937:
1933:
1931:
1927:
1925:
1921:
1897:
1891:
1867:
1861:
1859:Post-term birth
1849:glucocorticoids
1834:gestational age
1830:
1824:
1797:developed world
1778:
1772:
1756:
1676:
1674:Maternity blues
1656:Main articles:
1654:
1641:
1635:
1618:
1612:
1603:
1597:
1582:
1576:
1556:
1550:
1545:
1539:
1515:
1494:
1477:
1467:
1440:tocodynamometer
1430:, similar to a
1420:cardiotocograph
1418:(CTG), using a
1390:
1381:conjoined twins
1363:
1357:
1355:Multiple births
1336:
1330:
1297:
1262:
1229:
1224:
1218:
1200:extraction and
1194:
1188:
1160:Cochrane review
1155:
1130:
1109:
1046:oligohydramnios
1020:
991:
979:Main articles:
977:
964:
930:La Leche League
909:Cochrane review
884:
814:
804:
733:
723:
676:vaginal opening
667:
593:. In contrast,
580:
575:
513:
511:Onset of labour
436:
430:
414:
398:
351:
311:birthing deaths
238:, while in the
183:maternal deaths
44:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
15119:
15109:
15108:
15103:
15086:
15085:
15083:
15082:
15081:
15080:
15070:
15068:Parenting plan
15065:
15060:
15055:
15050:
15045:
15040:
15035:
15030:
15025:
15020:
15015:
15009:
15007:
15003:
15002:
15000:
14999:
14994:
14989:
14984:
14979:
14974:
14969:
14964:
14959:
14954:
14952:Infant carrier
14949:
14939:
14934:
14929:
14924:
14919:
14914:
14909:
14904:
14899:
14894:
14892:Baby transport
14889:
14884:
14879:
14874:
14869:
14864:
14859:
14850:
14845:
14839:
14837:
14833:
14832:
14830:
14829:
14824:
14819:
14814:
14809:
14804:
14799:
14794:
14793:
14792:
14782:
14777:
14772:
14767:
14762:
14756:
14754:
14750:
14749:
14747:
14746:
14741:
14736:
14731:
14726:
14721:
14716:
14711:
14706:
14701:
14696:
14691:
14686:
14681:
14676:
14671:
14666:
14661:
14656:
14651:
14646:
14641:
14636:
14631:
14626:
14620:
14618:
14614:
14613:
14611:
14610:
14605:
14600:
14595:
14590:
14589:
14588:
14578:
14573:
14568:
14563:
14558:
14556:Infant massage
14553:
14551:Infant formula
14548:
14543:
14541:Infant feeding
14538:
14536:Infant bathing
14533:
14528:
14523:
14518:
14513:
14508:
14503:
14501:Bottle feeding
14498:
14493:
14488:
14483:
14478:
14473:
14467:
14465:
14457:
14456:
14454:and their care
14448:
14447:
14440:
14433:
14425:
14416:
14415:
14413:
14412:
14397:
14394:
14393:
14391:
14390:
14385:
14383:Maternal death
14380:
14379:
14378:
14373:
14368:
14357:
14355:
14351:
14350:
14348:
14347:
14342:
14337:
14332:
14327:
14322:
14317:
14312:
14307:
14302:
14297:
14296:
14295:
14290:
14279:
14277:
14271:
14270:
14268:
14267:
14262:
14257:
14252:
14247:
14242:
14237:
14232:
14231:
14230:
14218:
14213:
14212:
14211:
14201:
14196:
14191:
14189:Fetal distress
14186:
14185:
14184:
14174:
14169:
14163:
14161:
14155:
14154:
14151:
14150:
14148:
14147:
14146:
14145:
14140:
14135:
14130:
14125:
14120:
14108:
14107:
14106:
14096:
14095:
14094:
14089:
14084:
14079:
14074:
14058:
14053:
14052:
14051:
14049:Polyhydramnios
14046:
14038:amniotic fluid
14033:
14031:
14019:
14018:
14015:
14014:
14012:
14011:
14006:
14000:
13998:
13992:
13991:
13989:
13988:
13982:
13980:
13978:Nervous system
13974:
13973:
13971:
13970:
13965:
13960:
13955:
13950:
13945:
13940:
13935:
13929:
13927:
13916:
13915:
13913:
13912:
13907:
13902:
13897:
13892:
13886:
13884:
13875:
13869:
13868:
13866:
13865:
13860:
13859:
13858:
13856:HELLP syndrome
13848:
13842:
13840:
13825:
13824:
13822:
13821:
13816:
13811:
13806:
13801:
13796:
13795:
13794:
13789:
13784:
13779:
13774:
13769:
13759:
13753:
13751:
13747:Pregnancy with
13740:
13734:
13733:
13717:
13716:
13709:
13702:
13694:
13685:
13684:
13682:
13681:
13675:
13673:
13669:
13668:
13665:
13664:
13662:
13661:
13656:
13651:
13646:
13640:
13638:
13634:
13633:
13631:
13630:
13625:
13620:
13615:
13613:Health visitor
13610:
13604:
13602:
13598:
13597:
13595:
13594:
13589:
13584:
13579:
13574:
13569:
13564:
13558:
13556:
13549:
13543:
13542:
13539:
13538:
13536:
13535:
13530:
13528:Nonstress test
13525:
13520:
13515:
13509:
13507:
13503:
13502:
13500:
13499:
13498:
13497:
13496:
13495:
13490:
13485:
13480:
13475:
13470:
13462:
13461:
13460:
13455:
13450:
13444:Skin diseases
13442:
13441:
13440:
13435:
13430:
13425:
13417:
13416:
13415:
13410:
13402:
13401:
13400:
13395:
13387:
13386:
13385:
13380:
13375:
13370:
13360:
13355:
13350:
13342:
13337:
13332:
13331:
13330:
13325:
13320:
13312:
13306:
13304:
13298:
13297:
13295:
13294:
13289:
13284:
13279:
13274:
13269:
13263:
13261:
13255:
13254:
13252:
13251:
13246:
13241:
13236:
13234:Amniotic fluid
13230:
13228:
13221:
13217:
13216:
13213:
13212:
13210:
13209:
13204:
13199:
13194:
13189:
13184:
13182:Multiple birth
13179:
13174:
13169:
13164:
13159:
13154:
13153:
13152:
13147:
13142:
13132:
13127:
13122:
13117:
13116:
13115:
13110:
13105:
13090:
13088:
13084:
13083:
13081:
13080:
13075:
13070:
13065:
13064:
13063:
13053:
13048:
13043:
13038:
13033:
13032:
13031:
13021:
13015:
13013:
13009:
13008:
13006:
13005:
13000:
12995:
12990:
12988:Bradley method
12984:
12982:
12975:
12969:
12968:
12966:
12965:
12960:
12955:
12950:
12945:
12940:
12935:
12930:
12925:
12920:
12915:
12909:
12907:
12903:
12902:
12900:
12899:
12894:
12889:
12888:
12887:
12880:Pregnancy test
12877:
12872:
12866:
12864:
12860:
12859:
12857:
12856:
12851:
12846:
12845:
12844:
12839:
12834:
12829:
12824:
12813:
12811:
12805:
12804:
12802:
12801:
12796:
12791:
12786:
12780:
12778:
12772:
12771:
12760:
12759:
12752:
12745:
12737:
12728:
12727:
12725:
12724:
12719:
12718:
12717:
12712:
12707:
12702:
12694:
12689:
12683:
12681:
12677:
12676:
12674:
12673:
12668:
12663:
12658:
12652:
12650:
12646:
12645:
12643:
12642:
12641:
12640:
12635:
12633:teen pregnancy
12625:
12624:
12623:
12615:
12610:
12605:
12600:
12595:
12590:
12585:
12579:
12577:
12573:
12572:
12570:
12569:
12564:
12563:
12562:
12552:
12547:
12542:
12537:
12531:
12529:
12525:
12524:
12522:
12521:
12516:
12511:
12506:
12501:
12496:
12491:
12485:
12483:
12477:
12476:
12474:
12473:
12468:
12463:
12458:
12453:
12447:
12445:
12441:
12440:
12438:
12437:
12432:
12427:
12422:
12417:
12412:
12407:
12402:
12397:
12392:
12387:
12381:
12379:
12373:
12372:
12370:
12369:
12368:
12367:
12359:
12358:
12357:
12347:
12341:
12339:
12333:
12332:
12330:
12329:
12324:
12319:
12318:
12317:
12312:
12304:
12299:
12293:
12291:
12283:
12282:
12280:
12279:
12274:
12269:
12264:
12259:
12254:
12248:
12246:
12240:
12239:
12237:
12236:
12231:
12230:
12229:
12224:
12214:
12209:
12199:
12197:
12191:
12190:
12188:
12187:
12182:
12177:
12171:
12169:
12165:
12164:
12162:
12161:
12160:
12159:
12154:
12144:
12139:
12134:
12129:
12123:
12121:
12115:
12114:
12107:
12106:
12099:
12092:
12084:
12075:
12074:
12072:
12071:
12066:
12060:
12058:
12054:
12053:
12051:
12050:
12045:
12044:
12043:
12038:
12033:
12023:
12022:
12021:
12016:
12011:
12009:Preadolescence
12001:
12000:
11999:
11998:
11997:
11987:
11982:
11977:
11968:
11966:
11962:
11961:
11959:
11958:
11953:
11948:
11943:
11938:
11937:
11936:
11931:
11926:
11916:
11910:
11908:
11904:
11903:
11901:
11900:
11895:
11890:
11885:
11880:
11874:
11872:
11868:
11867:
11860:
11859:
11852:
11845:
11837:
11828:
11827:
11825:
11824:
11812:
11800:
11787:
11784:
11783:
11781:
11776:
11771:
11770:
11769:
11759:
11754:
11749:
11747:
11744:Women's health
11741:
11740:
11738:
11737:
11732:
11727:
11722:
11717:
11711:
11708:
11707:
11705:
11704:
11699:
11693:
11691:
11685:
11684:
11682:
11681:
11676:
11671:
11666:
11661:
11655:
11653:
11651:United Nations
11644:
11643:& advocacy
11638:
11637:
11635:
11630:
11625:
11620:
11615:
11610:
11605:
11600:
11595:
11593:
11590:Sociocultural
11587:
11586:
11584:
11583:
11582:
11581:
11576:
11571:
11561:
11560:
11559:
11558:
11557:
11547:
11536:
11533:
11532:
11530:
11529:
11524:
11523:
11522:
11521:
11520:
11505:
11504:
11503:
11493:
11487:
11484:
11483:
11481:
11480:
11478:Ovarian cancer
11475:
11474:
11473:
11472:
11471:
11461:
11454:Uterine cancer
11451:
11446:
11440:
11438:
11429:
11421:
11420:
11418:
11417:
11412:
11407:
11406:
11405:
11398:Sexual assault
11395:
11390:
11385:
11380:
11379:
11378:
11368:
11362:
11360:
11349:
11343:
11342:
11339:
11338:
11336:
11335:
11330:
11325:
11320:
11315:
11310:
11305:
11300:
11299:
11298:
11288:
11283:
11278:
11276:Child marriage
11273:
11271:Breast ironing
11268:
11263:
11261:Breast binding
11258:
11257:
11256:
11251:
11249:Clitoridectomy
11240:
11237:
11236:
11234:
11233:
11228:
11227:
11226:
11216:
11211:
11205:
11203:
11192:
11186:
11185:
11182:
11181:
11179:
11178:
11177:
11176:
11166:
11161:
11156:
11151:
11150:
11149:
11144:
11139:
11134:
11127:Menstrual aids
11124:
11119:
11114:
11109:
11103:
11101:
11095:
11094:
11092:
11091:
11086:
11081:
11076:
11071:
11066:
11061:
11056:
11050:
11048:
11037:
11036:
11034:
11033:
11032:
11031:
11026:
11016:
11015:
11014:
11009:
11004:
10993:
10991:
10983:
10982:
10979:
10978:
10976:
10975:
10970:
10969:
10968:
10958:
10953:
10948:
10943:
10938:
10932:
10929:
10928:
10926:
10925:
10920:
10915:
10914:
10913:
10911:Husband stitch
10903:
10902:
10901:
10896:
10886:
10881:
10876:
10871:
10866:
10861:
10856:
10850:
10848:
10842:
10841:
10839:
10838:
10837:
10836:
10835:
10834:
10829:
10819:
10814:
10809:
10804:
10799:
10789:
10784:
10782:Antenatal care
10779:
10774:
10769:
10763:
10761:
10752:
10744:
10743:
10741:
10740:
10735:
10730:
10728:Fallopian tube
10725:
10720:
10715:
10710:
10709:
10708:
10703:
10698:
10697:
10696:
10680:
10678:
10674:Reproductive
10667:
10660:
10657:
10656:
10653:Women's health
10644:
10643:
10636:
10629:
10621:
10612:
10611:
10608:
10607:
10592:
10576:
10571:
10570:
10568:
10567:Classification
10561:
10560:
10551:
10539:
10531:
10530:External links
10528:
10525:
10524:
10494:
10487:
10481:. p. 56.
10471:, ed. (2005).
10460:
10422:
10394:
10379:
10352:
10338:978-1926452326
10337:
10319:
10285:
10255:
10224:
10194:
10168:
10154:978-1772581355
10153:
10130:
10119:
10099:
10076:
10046:
10019:
9999:
9968:
9932:(1): e004017.
9912:
9886:
9843:
9808:
9767:
9718:
9689:
9655:(6): 1386β97.
9632:
9596:
9563:
9547:
9542:10.1086/432233
9517:
9471:
9464:
9440:
9433:
9415:
9386:10.1086/493779
9361:
9331:
9325:978-0443010118
9324:
9315:Gray's Anatomy
9304:
9283:
9249:
9197:
9171:
9128:
9099:
9076:(3): 160β165.
9056:
9021:
8955:
8904:
8873:
8803:
8773:
8743:
8694:
8664:
8634:
8604:
8568:
8529:
8499:
8453:
8410:
8404:978-1907830495
8403:
8385:
8342:
8299:
8266:
8247:(6): 348β355.
8227:
8182:
8131:
8082:
8017:
7947:
7912:
7877:
7834:
7821:978-9241546669
7820:
7798:
7767:
7730:
7700:
7669:
7638:
7613:
7591:
7561:
7525:
7464:
7444:
7422:
7373:
7337:
7294:
7267:Anesthesiology
7253:
7210:
7158:
7123:
7076:
7045:
7010:
6961:
6915:
6864:
6815:
6785:
6736:
6679:
6630:
6581:
6520:
6485:
6450:
6401:
6370:
6340:
6301:(8): 658β664.
6281:
6242:(3): 233β238.
6222:
6192:
6113:
6072:
6047:
6006:
5976:
5956:March of Dimes
5935:
5898:(3): 300β309.
5878:
5839:
5788:
5758:
5724:
5695:(4): 445β453.
5672:
5642:
5613:
5564:
5515:
5484:
5467:
5437:
5410:
5384:
5354:
5305:
5275:
5248:
5217:
5168:
5139:
5097:
5048:
5021:
5002:(6): 1103β17.
4986:
4945:
4896:
4860:
4830:
4787:
4751:
4721:
4672:
4649:
4613:
4586:
4572:
4546:
4518:
4475:
4454:(3): 396β400.
4434:
4397:
4354:
4313:
4270:
4239:
4217:
4198:
4176:
4147:(4): 445β453.
4127:
4096:
4053:
4034:(3): 300β303.
4014:
3983:
3953:
3923:
3897:
3872:
3842:
3812:
3777:
3736:
3700:
3667:
3615:
3591:Women's Health
3571:
3552:(6 ed.).
3532:
3507:
3488:
3468:
3411:
3400:
3380:
3350:
3320:
3309:
3286:
3251:Women's Health
3234:
3220:
3189:
3178:
3155:
3104:
3086:
3055:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3020:
3019:
3017:Vernix caseosa
3014:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2981:Naegele's rule
2978:
2973:
2971:Multiple birth
2968:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2937:
2932:
2926:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2906:
2903:
2897:and umbilical
2886:
2883:
2881:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2814:
2807:umbilical cord
2789:
2786:
2774:health visitor
2594:
2591:
2590:
2589:
2578:
2567:
2560:
2543:that provides
2529:maternity unit
2527:, also called
2525:maternity ward
2516:
2513:
2505:exact location
2462:
2459:
2421:
2418:
2361:
2358:
2297:Main article:
2294:
2291:
2274:Main article:
2271:
2268:
2251:
2248:
2244:twilight sleep
2230:
2227:
2201:
2198:
2180:
2177:
2145:
2142:
2130:
2127:
2095:Main article:
2092:
2089:
2085:cerebral palsy
2046:Main article:
2043:
2040:
1992:
1986:
1980:
1974:
1968:
1966: 900β1050
1962:
1956:
1950:
1944:
1938:
1932:
1926:
1920:
1919:
1912:birth asphyxia
1893:Main article:
1890:
1887:
1863:Main article:
1860:
1857:
1826:Main article:
1823:
1820:
1774:Main article:
1771:
1768:
1755:
1752:
1653:
1650:
1637:Main article:
1634:
1631:
1614:Main article:
1611:
1608:
1599:Main article:
1596:
1593:
1578:Main article:
1575:
1572:
1552:Main article:
1549:
1546:
1541:Main article:
1538:
1535:
1514:
1511:
1493:
1490:
1475:maternal death
1471:Neonatal death
1466:
1463:
1389:
1386:
1385:
1384:
1377:
1374:
1365:In cases of a
1361:Multiple birth
1359:Main article:
1356:
1353:
1344:Perineal tears
1329:
1326:
1296:
1293:
1261:
1260:Pharmaceutical
1258:
1228:
1225:
1220:Main article:
1217:
1214:
1190:Main article:
1187:
1184:
1154:
1151:
1129:
1126:
1118:March of Dimes
1108:
1105:
1084:
1083:
1080:
1075:
1066:
1056:
1051:
1048:
1038:
1033:
1019:
1016:
976:
973:
963:
960:
951:
950:
949:
948:
945:
942:
939:
883:
880:
803:
800:
784:umbilical cord
727:Umbilical cord
722:
719:
715:perineal tears
666:
663:
579:
576:
574:
571:
543:
542:
539:
536:
512:
509:
451:ischial spines
429:
426:
413:
410:
397:
394:
350:
347:
187:
186:
179:
175:
174:
171:
167:
166:
157:
153:
152:
147:
143:
142:
133:
129:
128:
122:birth asphyxia
103:
97:
96:
87:
81:
80:
77:vernix caseosa
68:
67:
59:
58:
55:
51:
50:
42:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
15118:
15107:
15104:
15102:
15099:
15098:
15096:
15079:
15076:
15075:
15074:
15071:
15069:
15066:
15064:
15061:
15059:
15056:
15054:
15051:
15049:
15046:
15044:
15043:Open adoption
15041:
15039:
15036:
15034:
15031:
15029:
15026:
15024:
15023:Child neglect
15021:
15019:
15016:
15014:
15011:
15010:
15008:
15004:
14998:
14995:
14993:
14990:
14988:
14985:
14983:
14980:
14978:
14975:
14973:
14970:
14968:
14965:
14963:
14960:
14958:
14955:
14953:
14950:
14947:
14943:
14940:
14938:
14935:
14933:
14930:
14928:
14925:
14923:
14920:
14918:
14915:
14913:
14910:
14908:
14905:
14903:
14900:
14898:
14895:
14893:
14890:
14888:
14885:
14883:
14880:
14878:
14875:
14873:
14870:
14868:
14865:
14863:
14860:
14858:
14857:Hidden camera
14854:
14851:
14849:
14846:
14844:
14841:
14840:
14838:
14834:
14828:
14825:
14823:
14820:
14818:
14815:
14813:
14810:
14808:
14805:
14803:
14800:
14798:
14795:
14791:
14788:
14787:
14786:
14783:
14781:
14780:Child custody
14778:
14776:
14773:
14771:
14768:
14766:
14763:
14761:
14758:
14757:
14755:
14751:
14745:
14742:
14740:
14737:
14735:
14732:
14730:
14727:
14725:
14722:
14720:
14717:
14715:
14712:
14710:
14707:
14705:
14702:
14700:
14697:
14695:
14694:Nursery rhyme
14692:
14690:
14687:
14685:
14684:Kangaroo care
14682:
14680:
14679:Infant crying
14677:
14675:
14672:
14670:
14667:
14665:
14662:
14660:
14657:
14655:
14652:
14650:
14647:
14645:
14642:
14640:
14637:
14635:
14632:
14630:
14627:
14625:
14622:
14621:
14619:
14615:
14609:
14606:
14604:
14601:
14599:
14596:
14594:
14593:Preterm birth
14591:
14587:
14584:
14583:
14582:
14579:
14577:
14574:
14572:
14569:
14567:
14564:
14562:
14559:
14557:
14554:
14552:
14549:
14547:
14544:
14542:
14539:
14537:
14534:
14532:
14529:
14527:
14524:
14522:
14519:
14517:
14514:
14512:
14509:
14507:
14504:
14502:
14499:
14497:
14494:
14492:
14489:
14487:
14486:Breastfeeding
14484:
14482:
14479:
14477:
14474:
14472:
14469:
14468:
14466:
14463:
14458:
14453:
14446:
14441:
14439:
14434:
14432:
14427:
14426:
14423:
14411:
14410:
14406:
14399:
14398:
14395:
14389:
14386:
14384:
14381:
14377:
14374:
14372:
14369:
14367:
14364:
14363:
14362:
14359:
14358:
14356:
14352:
14346:
14343:
14341:
14338:
14336:
14333:
14331:
14328:
14326:
14323:
14321:
14318:
14316:
14313:
14311:
14308:
14306:
14303:
14301:
14298:
14294:
14291:
14289:
14286:
14285:
14284:
14281:
14280:
14278:
14276:
14272:
14266:
14265:Uterine atony
14263:
14261:
14258:
14256:
14253:
14251:
14248:
14246:
14243:
14241:
14238:
14236:
14235:Preterm birth
14233:
14229:
14226:
14225:
14224:
14223:
14219:
14217:
14214:
14210:
14207:
14206:
14205:
14202:
14200:
14197:
14195:
14192:
14190:
14187:
14183:
14180:
14179:
14178:
14175:
14173:
14170:
14168:
14165:
14164:
14162:
14160:
14156:
14144:
14141:
14139:
14136:
14134:
14131:
14129:
14126:
14124:
14121:
14119:
14116:
14115:
14114:
14113:
14109:
14105:
14102:
14101:
14100:
14097:
14093:
14090:
14088:
14085:
14083:
14080:
14078:
14075:
14073:
14070:
14069:
14068:
14067:
14063:
14059:
14057:
14054:
14050:
14047:
14045:
14042:
14041:
14040:
14039:
14035:
14034:
14032:
14030:
14026:
14020:
14010:
14007:
14005:
14002:
14001:
13999:
13997:
13993:
13987:
13984:
13983:
13981:
13979:
13975:
13969:
13968:Stretch marks
13966:
13964:
13961:
13959:
13956:
13954:
13951:
13949:
13946:
13944:
13941:
13939:
13936:
13934:
13931:
13930:
13928:
13926:
13921:
13917:
13911:
13908:
13906:
13903:
13901:
13898:
13896:
13893:
13891:
13888:
13887:
13885:
13883:
13879:
13876:
13870:
13864:
13861:
13857:
13854:
13853:
13852:
13851:Pre-eclampsia
13849:
13847:
13844:
13843:
13841:
13839:
13834:
13830:
13826:
13820:
13817:
13815:
13812:
13810:
13807:
13805:
13802:
13800:
13797:
13793:
13790:
13788:
13785:
13783:
13780:
13778:
13775:
13773:
13770:
13768:
13765:
13764:
13763:
13760:
13758:
13755:
13754:
13752:
13750:
13744:
13741:
13739:
13735:
13731:
13727:
13723:
13720:Pathology of
13715:
13710:
13708:
13703:
13701:
13696:
13695:
13692:
13680:
13677:
13676:
13674:
13670:
13660:
13657:
13655:
13652:
13650:
13647:
13645:
13642:
13641:
13639:
13635:
13629:
13626:
13624:
13623:Monthly nurse
13621:
13619:
13616:
13614:
13611:
13609:
13606:
13605:
13603:
13599:
13593:
13590:
13588:
13585:
13583:
13580:
13578:
13575:
13573:
13570:
13568:
13565:
13563:
13560:
13559:
13557:
13553:
13550:
13548:
13544:
13534:
13531:
13529:
13526:
13524:
13521:
13519:
13516:
13514:
13513:Amniocentesis
13511:
13510:
13508:
13504:
13494:
13491:
13489:
13486:
13484:
13481:
13479:
13476:
13474:
13473:Vaginal flora
13471:
13469:
13466:
13465:
13463:
13459:
13456:
13454:
13451:
13449:
13446:
13445:
13443:
13439:
13436:
13434:
13431:
13429:
13426:
13424:
13421:
13420:
13418:
13414:
13411:
13409:
13406:
13405:
13403:
13399:
13396:
13394:
13391:
13390:
13388:
13384:
13381:
13379:
13376:
13374:
13371:
13369:
13366:
13365:
13364:
13363:Substance use
13361:
13359:
13356:
13354:
13351:
13349:
13346:
13345:
13343:
13341:
13338:
13336:
13333:
13329:
13326:
13324:
13321:
13319:
13316:
13315:
13313:
13311:
13308:
13307:
13305:
13303:
13299:
13293:
13290:
13288:
13285:
13283:
13280:
13278:
13277:Fundal height
13275:
13273:
13270:
13268:
13265:
13264:
13262:
13260:
13256:
13250:
13247:
13245:
13242:
13240:
13237:
13235:
13232:
13231:
13229:
13225:
13222:
13218:
13208:
13205:
13203:
13200:
13198:
13195:
13193:
13190:
13188:
13185:
13183:
13180:
13178:
13175:
13173:
13170:
13168:
13165:
13163:
13160:
13158:
13155:
13151:
13148:
13146:
13143:
13141:
13138:
13137:
13136:
13133:
13131:
13128:
13126:
13123:
13121:
13118:
13114:
13111:
13109:
13106:
13104:
13101:
13100:
13099:
13095:
13092:
13091:
13089:
13085:
13079:
13076:
13074:
13071:
13069:
13066:
13062:
13059:
13058:
13057:
13054:
13052:
13049:
13047:
13044:
13042:
13039:
13037:
13034:
13030:
13029:Preterm birth
13027:
13026:
13025:
13022:
13020:
13017:
13016:
13014:
13010:
13004:
13001:
12999:
12996:
12994:
12993:Hypnobirthing
12991:
12989:
12986:
12985:
12983:
12979:
12976:
12974:
12970:
12964:
12961:
12959:
12956:
12954:
12951:
12949:
12946:
12944:
12941:
12939:
12936:
12934:
12931:
12929:
12926:
12924:
12921:
12919:
12916:
12914:
12911:
12910:
12908:
12904:
12898:
12895:
12893:
12890:
12886:
12883:
12882:
12881:
12878:
12876:
12873:
12871:
12870:3D ultrasound
12868:
12867:
12865:
12861:
12855:
12852:
12850:
12847:
12843:
12840:
12838:
12835:
12833:
12830:
12828:
12825:
12823:
12820:
12819:
12818:
12815:
12814:
12812:
12810:
12806:
12800:
12797:
12795:
12792:
12790:
12787:
12785:
12784:Birth control
12782:
12781:
12779:
12777:
12773:
12769:
12765:
12758:
12753:
12751:
12746:
12744:
12739:
12738:
12735:
12723:
12720:
12716:
12713:
12711:
12710:child benefit
12708:
12706:
12703:
12701:
12698:
12697:
12695:
12693:
12690:
12688:
12685:
12684:
12682:
12678:
12672:
12669:
12667:
12664:
12662:
12659:
12657:
12654:
12653:
12651:
12647:
12639:
12638:birth control
12636:
12634:
12631:
12630:
12629:
12628:United States
12626:
12622:
12619:
12618:
12616:
12614:
12611:
12609:
12606:
12604:
12601:
12599:
12596:
12594:
12591:
12589:
12586:
12584:
12581:
12580:
12578:
12574:
12568:
12565:
12561:
12558:
12557:
12556:
12553:
12551:
12548:
12546:
12543:
12541:
12538:
12536:
12533:
12532:
12530:
12526:
12520:
12517:
12515:
12512:
12510:
12507:
12505:
12502:
12500:
12497:
12495:
12492:
12490:
12487:
12486:
12484:
12482:
12478:
12472:
12469:
12467:
12464:
12462:
12459:
12457:
12454:
12452:
12449:
12448:
12446:
12442:
12436:
12433:
12431:
12428:
12426:
12425:Prenatal care
12423:
12421:
12418:
12416:
12413:
12411:
12408:
12406:
12403:
12401:
12398:
12396:
12393:
12391:
12388:
12386:
12383:
12382:
12380:
12378:
12374:
12366:
12363:
12362:
12360:
12356:
12353:
12352:
12351:
12348:
12346:
12343:
12342:
12340:
12338:
12334:
12328:
12325:
12323:
12320:
12316:
12313:
12311:
12308:
12307:
12305:
12303:
12300:
12298:
12295:
12294:
12292:
12290:
12284:
12278:
12277:Sterilization
12275:
12273:
12270:
12268:
12265:
12263:
12260:
12258:
12255:
12253:
12250:
12249:
12247:
12245:
12244:Contraception
12241:
12235:
12232:
12228:
12225:
12223:
12220:
12219:
12218:
12215:
12213:
12212:Birth spacing
12210:
12208:
12207:childlessness
12204:
12203:Childfreeness
12201:
12200:
12198:
12196:
12192:
12186:
12183:
12181:
12178:
12176:
12175:Sex education
12173:
12172:
12170:
12166:
12158:
12155:
12153:
12150:
12149:
12148:
12145:
12143:
12140:
12138:
12135:
12133:
12130:
12128:
12125:
12124:
12122:
12120:
12116:
12112:
12105:
12100:
12098:
12093:
12091:
12086:
12085:
12082:
12070:
12067:
12065:
12062:
12061:
12059:
12055:
12049:
12046:
12042:
12039:
12037:
12034:
12032:
12029:
12028:
12027:
12024:
12020:
12017:
12015:
12012:
12010:
12007:
12006:
12005:
12002:
11996:
11993:
11992:
11991:
11988:
11986:
11983:
11981:
11978:
11976:
11973:
11972:
11970:
11969:
11967:
11963:
11957:
11954:
11952:
11949:
11947:
11944:
11942:
11939:
11935:
11932:
11930:
11927:
11925:
11922:
11921:
11920:
11917:
11915:
11912:
11911:
11909:
11905:
11899:
11896:
11894:
11891:
11889:
11886:
11884:
11881:
11879:
11876:
11875:
11873:
11869:
11865:
11858:
11853:
11851:
11846:
11844:
11839:
11838:
11835:
11823:
11822:
11813:
11811:
11810:
11801:
11799:
11798:
11789:
11788:
11785:
11780:
11777:
11775:
11772:
11768:
11765:
11764:
11763:
11760:
11758:
11755:
11753:
11750:
11748:
11742:
11736:
11733:
11731:
11728:
11726:
11723:
11721:
11718:
11716:
11713:
11712:
11703:
11700:
11698:
11695:
11694:
11692:
11690:
11689:United States
11686:
11680:
11677:
11675:
11672:
11670:
11667:
11665:
11662:
11660:
11657:
11656:
11654:
11652:
11648:
11645:
11639:
11634:
11631:
11629:
11626:
11624:
11621:
11619:
11616:
11614:
11611:
11609:
11606:
11604:
11603:Disadvantaged
11601:
11599:
11596:
11594:
11588:
11580:
11577:
11575:
11572:
11570:
11567:
11566:
11565:
11564:Urinary tract
11562:
11556:
11553:
11552:
11551:
11548:
11546:
11543:
11542:
11541:
11540:Mental health
11538:
11537:
11528:
11525:
11519:
11516:
11515:
11514:
11511:
11510:
11509:
11506:
11502:
11499:
11498:
11497:
11494:
11492:
11489:
11488:
11479:
11476:
11470:
11467:
11466:
11465:
11462:
11460:
11457:
11456:
11455:
11452:
11450:
11449:Breast cancer
11447:
11445:
11442:
11441:
11439:
11437:
11433:
11430:
11428:
11422:
11416:
11413:
11411:
11408:
11404:
11401:
11400:
11399:
11396:
11394:
11391:
11389:
11386:
11384:
11381:
11377:
11374:
11373:
11372:
11369:
11367:
11364:
11363:
11361:
11359:
11358:against women
11353:
11350:
11344:
11334:
11333:Sex education
11331:
11329:
11326:
11324:
11321:
11319:
11316:
11314:
11311:
11309:
11306:
11304:
11301:
11297:
11294:
11293:
11292:
11289:
11287:
11284:
11282:
11279:
11277:
11274:
11272:
11269:
11267:
11266:Breast health
11264:
11262:
11259:
11255:
11252:
11250:
11247:
11246:
11245:
11242:
11241:
11238:
11232:
11229:
11225:
11222:
11221:
11220:
11217:
11215:
11212:
11210:
11207:
11206:
11204:
11202:
11196:
11193:
11187:
11175:
11172:
11171:
11170:
11167:
11165:
11162:
11160:
11157:
11155:
11152:
11148:
11145:
11143:
11140:
11138:
11137:Menstrual cup
11135:
11133:
11130:
11129:
11128:
11125:
11123:
11120:
11118:
11115:
11113:
11110:
11108:
11105:
11104:
11102:
11100:
11096:
11090:
11087:
11085:
11082:
11080:
11077:
11075:
11072:
11070:
11067:
11065:
11062:
11060:
11057:
11055:
11052:
11051:
11049:
11047:
11042:
11041:Contraception
11038:
11030:
11027:
11025:
11022:
11021:
11020:
11017:
11013:
11010:
11008:
11005:
11003:
11002:Childlessness
11000:
10999:
10998:
10995:
10994:
10992:
10990:
10987:Reproductive
10984:
10974:
10971:
10967:
10964:
10963:
10962:
10961:Sterilization
10959:
10957:
10954:
10952:
10949:
10947:
10944:
10942:
10939:
10937:
10934:
10933:
10930:
10924:
10921:
10919:
10916:
10912:
10909:
10908:
10907:
10904:
10900:
10897:
10895:
10892:
10891:
10890:
10887:
10885:
10882:
10880:
10877:
10875:
10872:
10870:
10867:
10865:
10862:
10860:
10859:Preterm birth
10857:
10855:
10852:
10851:
10849:
10847:
10843:
10833:
10830:
10828:
10825:
10824:
10823:
10820:
10818:
10815:
10813:
10810:
10808:
10805:
10803:
10800:
10798:
10795:
10794:
10793:
10790:
10788:
10785:
10783:
10780:
10778:
10775:
10773:
10770:
10768:
10765:
10764:
10762:
10760:
10756:
10753:
10751:
10745:
10739:
10736:
10734:
10731:
10729:
10726:
10724:
10721:
10719:
10716:
10714:
10711:
10707:
10704:
10702:
10699:
10695:
10694:Clitoral hood
10692:
10691:
10690:
10687:
10686:
10685:
10682:
10681:
10679:
10677:
10671:
10668:
10665:
10662:Reproductive
10658:
10654:
10650:
10642:
10637:
10635:
10630:
10628:
10623:
10622:
10619:
10606:
10602:
10601:
10597:
10593:
10591:
10587:
10586:
10582:
10578:
10577:
10574:
10569:
10565:
10559:
10555:
10552:
10550:
10546:
10543:
10540:
10537:
10534:
10533:
10512:
10508:
10504:
10498:
10490:
10484:
10480:
10476:
10475:
10470:
10464:
10456:
10452:
10448:
10444:
10441:(3): 321β27.
10440:
10436:
10429:
10427:
10418:
10414:
10410:
10403:
10401:
10399:
10390:
10386:
10382:
10376:
10372:
10365:
10363:
10361:
10359:
10357:
10348:
10344:
10340:
10334:
10330:
10323:
10315:
10311:
10307:
10303:
10299:
10295:
10289:
10273:
10269:
10265:
10259:
10243:
10239:
10235:
10228:
10212:
10208:
10204:
10198:
10182:
10178:
10172:
10164:
10160:
10156:
10150:
10146:
10139:
10137:
10135:
10126:
10122:
10116:
10112:
10111:
10103:
10095:
10091:
10087:
10080:
10064:
10060:
10056:
10050:
10034:
10030:
10026:
10022:
10020:9781904752363
10016:
10012:
10011:
10003:
9987:
9983:
9979:
9972:
9964:
9957:
9953:
9948:
9943:
9939:
9935:
9931:
9927:
9923:
9916:
9908:
9904:
9900:
9893:
9891:
9882:
9878:
9874:
9870:
9866:
9862:
9858:
9854:
9847:
9839:
9835:
9831:
9827:
9824:(4): 145β54.
9823:
9819:
9812:
9804:
9800:
9795:
9790:
9786:
9782:
9778:
9771:
9763:
9759:
9754:
9749:
9745:
9741:
9737:
9733:
9729:
9722:
9706:
9702:
9696:
9694:
9674:
9670:
9666:
9662:
9658:
9654:
9650:
9643:
9636:
9617:
9613:
9606:
9600:
9584:
9580:
9576:
9570:
9568:
9560:
9554:
9552:
9543:
9539:
9536:(2): 235β48.
9535:
9531:
9524:
9522:
9513:
9509:
9504:
9499:
9495:
9491:
9487:
9480:
9478:
9476:
9467:
9461:
9457:
9453:
9452:
9444:
9436:
9430:
9426:
9419:
9411:
9407:
9403:
9399:
9395:
9391:
9387:
9383:
9379:
9375:
9368:
9366:
9358:
9352:
9350:
9348:
9346:
9344:
9342:
9340:
9338:
9336:
9327:
9321:
9317:
9316:
9308:
9294:
9290:
9286:
9284:9780444528919
9280:
9276:
9272:
9268:
9264:
9260:
9253:
9245:
9241:
9236:
9231:
9227:
9223:
9220:(7): 645β54.
9219:
9215:
9211:
9204:
9202:
9185:
9181:
9175:
9167:
9163:
9159:
9155:
9151:
9147:
9143:
9139:
9132:
9116:
9109:
9103:
9087:
9083:
9079:
9075:
9071:
9067:
9060:
9044:
9040:
9036:
9032:
9025:
9009:
9005:
9001:
8997:
8993:
8989:
8985:
8981:
8977:
8973:
8969:
8965:
8959:
8951:
8947:
8942:
8937:
8932:
8927:
8923:
8919:
8918:PLOS Medicine
8915:
8908:
8892:
8888:
8884:
8877:
8861:
8857:
8853:
8849:
8845:
8841:
8837:
8833:
8829:
8825:
8821:
8817:
8810:
8808:
8791:
8787:
8783:
8777:
8761:
8757:
8753:
8747:
8739:
8735:
8731:
8727:
8722:
8717:
8713:
8709:
8705:
8698:
8682:
8678:
8674:
8668:
8652:
8648:
8644:
8638:
8622:
8618:
8614:
8608:
8589:
8585:
8578:
8572:
8556:
8552:
8548:
8547:"Stillbirths"
8542:
8540:
8538:
8536:
8534:
8517:
8513:
8509:
8503:
8495:
8491:
8487:
8483:
8479:
8475:
8471:
8467:
8460:
8458:
8449:
8445:
8441:
8437:
8433:
8429:
8426:(2): 107β12.
8425:
8421:
8414:
8406:
8400:
8396:
8389:
8381:
8377:
8373:
8369:
8365:
8361:
8357:
8353:
8346:
8338:
8334:
8330:
8326:
8322:
8318:
8315:(3): 113β22.
8314:
8310:
8303:
8287:
8283:
8279:
8273:
8271:
8262:
8258:
8254:
8250:
8246:
8242:
8238:
8231:
8223:
8219:
8214:
8209:
8205:
8201:
8198:(3): 99β106.
8197:
8193:
8186:
8178:
8174:
8169:
8164:
8159:
8154:
8151:(2): 158β61.
8150:
8146:
8142:
8135:
8127:
8123:
8118:
8113:
8109:
8105:
8101:
8097:
8093:
8086:
8078:
8074:
8070:
8066:
8061:
8056:
8052:
8048:
8044:
8040:
8036:
8032:
8028:
8021:
8013:
8009:
8005:
8001:
7997:
7993:
7988:
7983:
7978:
7973:
7969:
7965:
7961:
7954:
7952:
7943:
7939:
7935:
7931:
7928:(4): 242β48.
7927:
7923:
7916:
7908:
7904:
7900:
7896:
7892:
7888:
7881:
7873:
7869:
7865:
7861:
7857:
7853:
7850:(4): 282β87.
7849:
7845:
7838:
7827:
7823:
7817:
7810:
7809:
7802:
7786:
7782:
7778:
7771:
7752:
7748:
7741:
7734:
7718:
7714:
7710:
7704:
7688:
7684:
7680:
7673:
7657:
7653:
7649:
7642:
7635:
7620:
7616:
7610:
7606:
7602:
7595:
7579:
7575:
7571:
7565:
7546:
7542:
7535:
7529:
7513:
7509:
7505:
7500:
7495:
7491:
7487:
7483:
7479:
7475:
7468:
7451:
7447:
7441:
7437:
7433:
7426:
7418:
7414:
7409:
7404:
7400:
7396:
7392:
7388:
7384:
7377:
7358:
7354:
7347:
7341:
7333:
7329:
7325:
7321:
7317:
7313:
7310:(3): 641β49.
7309:
7305:
7298:
7290:
7286:
7281:
7276:
7273:(2): 300β08.
7272:
7268:
7264:
7257:
7249:
7245:
7241:
7237:
7233:
7229:
7226:(3): 153β65.
7225:
7221:
7214:
7206:
7202:
7197:
7192:
7188:
7184:
7180:
7176:
7172:
7165:
7163:
7154:
7150:
7146:
7142:
7138:
7134:
7127:
7119:
7115:
7111:
7107:
7103:
7099:
7096:(5): 425β27.
7095:
7091:
7087:
7080:
7064:
7060:
7056:
7049:
7041:
7037:
7033:
7029:
7026:(3): 179β93.
7025:
7021:
7014:
7006:
7002:
6997:
6992:
6988:
6984:
6980:
6976:
6972:
6965:
6950:
6946:
6942:
6938:
6934:
6930:
6926:
6919:
6911:
6907:
6902:
6901:11573/1473752
6897:
6892:
6887:
6884:(4): 758β61.
6883:
6879:
6875:
6868:
6860:
6856:
6851:
6846:
6842:
6838:
6834:
6830:
6826:
6819:
6803:
6799:
6795:
6789:
6781:
6777:
6772:
6767:
6763:
6759:
6755:
6751:
6747:
6740:
6732:
6728:
6723:
6718:
6714:
6710:
6706:
6702:
6698:
6694:
6690:
6683:
6675:
6671:
6666:
6661:
6657:
6653:
6649:
6645:
6641:
6634:
6626:
6622:
6617:
6612:
6608:
6604:
6600:
6596:
6592:
6585:
6569:
6565:
6561:
6556:
6551:
6547:
6543:
6539:
6535:
6531:
6524:
6516:
6512:
6508:
6504:
6500:
6496:
6489:
6481:
6477:
6473:
6469:
6466:(3): 319β28.
6465:
6461:
6454:
6446:
6442:
6437:
6432:
6428:
6424:
6420:
6416:
6412:
6405:
6389:
6385:
6381:
6374:
6358:
6354:
6350:
6344:
6328:
6324:
6320:
6316:
6312:
6308:
6304:
6300:
6296:
6292:
6285:
6269:
6265:
6261:
6257:
6253:
6249:
6245:
6241:
6237:
6233:
6226:
6210:
6206:
6202:
6196:
6188:
6182:
6174:
6170:
6166:
6162:
6158:
6154:
6149:
6144:
6140:
6136:
6132:
6128:
6124:
6117:
6098:
6094:
6090:
6083:
6076:
6061:
6057:
6051:
6040:
6036:
6032:
6028:
6024:
6017:
6010:
5994:
5990:
5986:
5980:
5961:
5957:
5953:
5946:
5939:
5931:
5927:
5922:
5917:
5913:
5909:
5905:
5901:
5897:
5893:
5889:
5882:
5863:
5859:
5857:
5849:
5843:
5835:
5831:
5826:
5821:
5816:
5811:
5807:
5803:
5799:
5792:
5776:
5772:
5768:
5762:
5746:
5742:
5738:
5731:
5729:
5720:
5716:
5711:
5706:
5702:
5698:
5694:
5690:
5686:
5679:
5677:
5660:
5656:
5652:
5646:
5630:
5626:
5620:
5618:
5609:
5605:
5600:
5595:
5591:
5587:
5583:
5579:
5575:
5568:
5560:
5556:
5551:
5546:
5542:
5538:
5534:
5530:
5526:
5519:
5503:
5499:
5495:
5488:
5481:
5477:
5471:
5455:
5451:
5447:
5441:
5425:
5421:
5414:
5398:
5394:
5388:
5372:
5368:
5364:
5358:
5350:
5346:
5342:
5338:
5333:
5328:
5324:
5320:
5319:Contraception
5316:
5309:
5293:
5289:
5282:
5280:
5271:
5267:
5263:
5259:
5252:
5236:
5232:
5228:
5221:
5213:
5209:
5204:
5199:
5195:
5191:
5187:
5183:
5179:
5172:
5161:
5157:
5150:
5143:
5135:
5131:
5127:
5123:
5119:
5115:
5111:
5107:
5101:
5093:
5089:
5084:
5079:
5075:
5071:
5068:(3): 207β15.
5067:
5063:
5059:
5052:
5044:
5040:
5036:
5032:
5025:
5017:
5013:
5009:
5005:
5001:
4997:
4990:
4982:
4978:
4973:
4968:
4965:(3): 362β69.
4964:
4960:
4956:
4949:
4941:
4937:
4932:
4927:
4923:
4919:
4915:
4911:
4907:
4900:
4881:
4877:
4870:
4864:
4848:
4844:
4840:
4834:
4826:
4822:
4818:
4814:
4810:
4807:(4): 824β28.
4806:
4802:
4798:
4791:
4772:
4768:
4761:
4755:
4739:
4735:
4731:
4725:
4717:
4713:
4708:
4703:
4699:
4695:
4691:
4687:
4683:
4676:
4669:
4665:
4661:
4658:
4653:
4634:
4630:
4623:
4617:
4601:
4597:
4590:
4575:
4569:
4565:
4560:
4559:
4550:
4539:
4535:
4534:
4529:
4522:
4514:
4510:
4506:
4502:
4498:
4494:
4490:
4486:
4479:
4471:
4467:
4462:
4457:
4453:
4449:
4445:
4438:
4422:
4418:
4414:
4408:
4406:
4404:
4402:
4393:
4389:
4385:
4381:
4377:
4373:
4370:(2): 169β78.
4369:
4365:
4358:
4350:
4346:
4341:
4336:
4333:(3): 420β25.
4332:
4328:
4324:
4317:
4309:
4305:
4301:
4297:
4293:
4289:
4285:
4281:
4274:
4258:
4254:
4250:
4243:
4227:
4221:
4205:
4201:
4195:
4191:
4187:
4180:
4172:
4168:
4163:
4158:
4154:
4150:
4146:
4142:
4138:
4131:
4115:
4111:
4107:
4100:
4092:
4088:
4083:
4078:
4075:(4): 392β97.
4074:
4070:
4069:
4064:
4057:
4049:
4045:
4041:
4037:
4033:
4029:
4025:
4018:
4010:
4006:
4002:
3998:
3994:
3987:
3971:
3967:
3963:
3957:
3941:
3937:
3933:
3927:
3911:
3907:
3901:
3886:
3882:
3876:
3860:
3856:
3852:
3846:
3830:
3826:
3819:
3817:
3800:
3796:
3792:
3786:
3784:
3782:
3762:
3758:
3751:
3745:
3743:
3741:
3724:
3720:
3716:
3709:
3707:
3705:
3688:
3684:
3683:www.bidmc.org
3680:
3674:
3672:
3663:
3659:
3654:
3649:
3645:
3641:
3637:
3633:
3629:
3622:
3620:
3612:
3596:
3592:
3588:
3582:
3580:
3578:
3576:
3559:
3555:
3551:
3550:
3545:
3539:
3537:
3521:
3517:
3511:
3495:
3491:
3485:
3481:
3480:
3472:
3464:
3460:
3455:
3450:
3446:
3442:
3438:
3434:
3430:
3426:
3422:
3415:
3407:
3403:
3397:
3393:
3392:
3384:
3368:
3364:
3360:
3354:
3338:
3334:
3330:
3324:
3316:
3312:
3306:
3302:
3301:
3293:
3291:
3282:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3264:
3260:
3256:
3252:
3248:
3241:
3239:
3227:
3223:
3217:
3210:
3209:
3202:
3200:
3198:
3196:
3194:
3185:
3181:
3175:
3171:
3170:
3162:
3160:
3151:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3123:
3119:
3115:
3108:
3100:
3096:
3090:
3074:
3070:
3066:
3060:
3056:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3026:
3025:
3024:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2921:
2914:
2912:
2911:placentophagy
2905:Placentophagy
2902:
2900:
2896:
2892:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2802:
2798:
2795:
2785:
2783:
2779:
2775:
2771:
2767:
2763:
2760:
2756:
2754:
2750:
2746:
2742:
2740:
2736:
2732:
2728:
2724:
2720:
2719:anaesthetists
2716:
2715:Anaesthetists
2712:
2710:
2706:
2702:
2698:
2694:
2690:
2686:
2682:
2678:
2674:
2673:obstetricians
2670:
2666:
2664:
2659:
2657:
2656:Turtle Island
2651:
2649:
2644:
2640:
2637:
2633:
2631:
2626:
2622:
2620:
2615:
2612:
2604:
2599:
2587:
2583:
2579:
2576:
2572:
2568:
2565:
2561:
2558:
2554:
2550:
2546:
2542:
2538:
2537:delivery ward
2534:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2521:
2520:
2512:
2510:
2506:
2501:
2498:
2494:
2490:
2485:
2482:In rural and
2480:
2478:
2474:
2468:
2458:
2455:
2450:
2447:
2442:
2440:
2435:
2426:
2417:
2415:
2406:
2405:Louvre museum
2402:
2398:
2394:
2391:
2386:
2382:
2375:
2371:
2366:
2357:
2353:
2349:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2333:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2305:
2300:
2290:
2288:
2284:
2277:
2267:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2247:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2226:
2224:
2218:
2213:
2211:
2207:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2187:
2176:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2165:kangaroo care
2161:
2159:
2154:
2152:
2144:Role of males
2140:
2136:
2126:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2098:
2088:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2049:
2039:
2037:
2036:birth defects
2033:
2028:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2009:
2005:
1960: 750β900
1954: 600β750
1948: 450β600
1942: 300β450
1936: 150β300
1924: no data
1917:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1896:
1886:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1866:
1856:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1841:
1839:
1835:
1829:
1828:Preterm birth
1822:Preterm birth
1819:
1817:
1813:
1808:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1789:
1787:
1786:signs of life
1783:
1777:
1767:
1760:
1751:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1702:
1698:
1695:
1691:
1689:
1683:
1681:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1649:
1647:
1640:
1630:
1628:
1624:
1623:uterine atony
1617:
1607:
1602:
1592:
1590:
1589:pre-eclampsia
1586:
1581:
1571:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1555:
1544:
1534:
1532:
1527:
1525:
1520:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1500:
1489:
1481:
1476:
1472:
1465:Complications
1462:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1447:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1408:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1392:For external
1382:
1378:
1375:
1372:
1371:
1370:
1368:
1362:
1352:
1349:
1348:perineal skin
1345:
1341:
1338:For years an
1335:
1325:
1323:
1322:antispasmodic
1319:
1315:
1306:
1301:
1292:
1290:
1286:
1281:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1266:nitrous oxide
1257:
1255:
1251:
1246:
1243:
1238:
1234:
1223:
1213:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1193:
1183:
1181:
1177:
1176:chlorhexidine
1173:
1169:
1164:
1161:
1150:
1146:
1144:
1134:
1125:
1121:
1119:
1115:
1104:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1081:
1079:
1076:
1074:
1070:
1067:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1055:
1052:
1049:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1037:
1034:
1032:
1029:
1028:
1027:
1025:
1015:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1003:prostaglandin
1000:
996:
990:
986:
982:
972:
970:
959:
956:
946:
943:
940:
937:
936:
935:
934:
933:
931:
927:
923:
921:
917:
912:
910:
906:
905:kangaroo care
902:
896:
893:by father in
892:
891:Kangaroo care
888:
879:
877:
871:
868:
864:
863:fundal height
860:
856:
852:
848:
844:
839:
837:
833:
829:
828:
818:
813:
809:
799:
797:
793:
789:
785:
780:
778:
774:
770:
766:
762:
758:
753:
751:
746:
742:
738:
732:
728:
718:
716:
710:
708:
702:
700:
696:
692:
687:
685:
681:
677:
673:
662:
660:
656:
652:
648:
646:
642:
637:
634:
629:
620:
616:
614:
610:
606:
602:
598:
596:
592:
588:
583:
570:
568:
567:induce labour
564:
560:
555:
553:
549:
540:
537:
534:
530:
526:
525:
524:
517:
508:
506:
502:
498:
493:
489:
485:
480:
478:
473:
469:
465:
463:
458:
456:
452:
448:
440:
435:
428:Vaginal birth
425:
423:
419:
412:Psychological
409:
407:
403:
393:
391:
387:
383:
379:
374:
371:
367:
364:
360:
356:
346:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
307:spinal blocks
304:
300:
294:
292:
291:breastfeeding
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
247:
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
221:
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
193:
184:
180:
176:
172:
168:
165:
161:
160:Birth control
158:
154:
151:
148:
144:
141:
137:
134:
130:
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
104:
102:
101:Complications
98:
95:
91:
88:
86:
82:
78:
74:
69:
65:
60:
56:
52:
47:
41:
37:
33:
19:
15006:Other topics
14945:
14912:Cradle board
14907:Cloth diaper
14867:Baby shampoo
14853:Baby monitor
14843:Baby bouncer
14797:Circumcision
14648:
14644:Birth defect
14526:Immunization
14476:Birth weight
14407:
14400:
14260:Vasa praevia
14220:
14194:Locked twins
14110:
14060:
14036:
13782:Interstitial
13725:
13353:Hypertension
13340:Immunization
13323:in pregnancy
13239:Amniotic sac
13192:Silent birth
13135:Presentation
13098:Bishop score
13068:Obstetrician
12972:
12958:Interstitial
12885:home testing
12767:
12722:Abortion law
12705:bachelor tax
12399:
12355:vulvovaginal
12289:reproduction
12036:Middle adult
11971:Early years
11913:
11871:Before birth
11819:
11807:
11795:
11518:Hip fracture
11513:Osteoporosis
11254:Infibulation
11154:Dysmenorrhea
11147:Sanitary pad
11099:Menstruation
10845:
10827:Preeclampsia
10822:Hypertension
10706:Labia majora
10701:Labia minora
10594:
10579:
10515:. Retrieved
10506:
10497:
10473:
10463:
10438:
10434:
10408:
10370:
10328:
10322:
10288:
10276:. Retrieved
10267:
10258:
10246:. Retrieved
10237:
10227:
10215:. Retrieved
10206:
10197:
10185:. Retrieved
10177:"About AMCB"
10171:
10144:
10109:
10102:
10089:
10079:
10067:. Retrieved
10058:
10049:
10037:. Retrieved
10009:
10002:
9990:. Retrieved
9981:
9971:
9929:
9925:
9915:
9902:
9856:
9852:
9846:
9821:
9817:
9811:
9787:(1): 67β72.
9784:
9780:
9770:
9735:
9731:
9721:
9709:. Retrieved
9680:. Retrieved
9673:the original
9652:
9648:
9640:NIH (2006).
9635:
9623:. Retrieved
9611:
9599:
9587:. Retrieved
9578:
9558:
9533:
9529:
9493:
9489:
9450:
9443:
9424:
9418:
9377:
9373:
9356:
9314:
9307:
9296:, retrieved
9266:
9262:
9252:
9217:
9213:
9188:. Retrieved
9174:
9141:
9137:
9131:
9119:. Retrieved
9102:
9092:12 September
9090:. Retrieved
9073:
9069:
9059:
9049:12 September
9047:. Retrieved
9038:
9034:
9024:
9014:12 September
9012:. Retrieved
8971:
8967:
8958:
8921:
8917:
8907:
8895:. Retrieved
8886:
8876:
8866:12 September
8864:. Retrieved
8823:
8819:
8794:. Retrieved
8785:
8776:
8764:. Retrieved
8755:
8746:
8711:
8707:
8697:
8685:. Retrieved
8676:
8667:
8655:. Retrieved
8646:
8637:
8625:. Retrieved
8616:
8607:
8595:. Retrieved
8588:the original
8583:
8571:
8561:29 September
8559:. Retrieved
8555:the original
8550:
8520:. Retrieved
8511:
8502:
8469:
8465:
8423:
8419:
8413:
8394:
8388:
8355:
8351:
8345:
8312:
8308:
8302:
8290:. Retrieved
8281:
8244:
8240:
8230:
8195:
8191:
8185:
8148:
8144:
8134:
8102:(1): 35β39.
8099:
8095:
8085:
8034:
8030:
8020:
7967:
7963:
7925:
7921:
7915:
7893:(2): 83β94.
7890:
7886:
7880:
7847:
7843:
7837:
7807:
7801:
7789:. Retrieved
7780:
7770:
7758:. Retrieved
7733:
7721:. Retrieved
7713:PBS Newshour
7712:
7703:
7691:. Retrieved
7682:
7672:
7660:. Retrieved
7651:
7641:
7633:
7626:. Retrieved
7619:the original
7604:
7594:
7582:. Retrieved
7573:
7564:
7552:. Retrieved
7540:
7528:
7516:. Retrieved
7481:
7477:
7467:
7454:. Retrieved
7435:
7425:
7390:
7386:
7376:
7364:. Retrieved
7352:
7340:
7307:
7303:
7297:
7270:
7266:
7256:
7223:
7219:
7213:
7178:
7174:
7139:(2): 63β83.
7136:
7132:
7126:
7093:
7089:
7079:
7067:. Retrieved
7063:the original
7058:
7048:
7023:
7019:
7013:
6978:
6974:
6964:
6952:. Retrieved
6932:
6928:
6918:
6881:
6877:
6867:
6832:
6828:
6818:
6806:. Retrieved
6797:
6788:
6753:
6749:
6739:
6696:
6692:
6682:
6647:
6643:
6633:
6598:
6594:
6584:
6572:. Retrieved
6537:
6533:
6523:
6501:(1): 87β98.
6498:
6494:
6488:
6463:
6459:
6453:
6418:
6414:
6404:
6392:. Retrieved
6383:
6373:
6361:. Retrieved
6352:
6343:
6331:. Retrieved
6298:
6295:Medical Care
6294:
6284:
6272:. Retrieved
6239:
6235:
6225:
6213:. Retrieved
6204:
6195:
6181:cite journal
6148:11343/249912
6130:
6126:
6116:
6104:. Retrieved
6097:the original
6091:. Series 1.
6088:
6075:
6063:. Retrieved
6059:
6050:
6029:(24): 1β85.
6026:
6022:
6009:
5997:. Retrieved
5988:
5979:
5967:. Retrieved
5960:the original
5951:
5938:
5895:
5891:
5881:
5869:. Retrieved
5862:the original
5854:
5842:
5805:
5801:
5791:
5779:. Retrieved
5770:
5761:
5749:. Retrieved
5740:
5692:
5688:
5663:. Retrieved
5654:
5645:
5633:. Retrieved
5629:the original
5581:
5577:
5567:
5535:(3): 39β43.
5532:
5528:
5518:
5506:. Retrieved
5502:the original
5497:
5487:
5475:
5470:
5458:. Retrieved
5449:
5440:
5428:. Retrieved
5413:
5401:. Retrieved
5397:the original
5387:
5375:. Retrieved
5367:www.acog.org
5366:
5357:
5322:
5318:
5308:
5296:. Retrieved
5292:the original
5286:WHO (2013).
5264:(1): 29β35.
5261:
5257:
5251:
5239:. Retrieved
5231:The Guardian
5230:
5220:
5185:
5181:
5171:
5160:the original
5142:
5120:(1): 76β77.
5117:
5113:
5100:
5065:
5061:
5051:
5038:
5034:
5024:
4999:
4995:
4989:
4962:
4958:
4948:
4913:
4909:
4899:
4887:. Retrieved
4875:
4863:
4851:. Retrieved
4842:
4833:
4804:
4800:
4790:
4778:. Retrieved
4766:
4754:
4742:. Retrieved
4733:
4724:
4692:(1): 33β40.
4689:
4685:
4675:
4652:
4640:. Retrieved
4628:
4616:
4604:. Retrieved
4589:
4577:. Retrieved
4557:
4549:
4531:
4521:
4491:(1): 26β30.
4488:
4484:
4478:
4451:
4447:
4437:
4425:. Retrieved
4416:
4367:
4363:
4357:
4330:
4326:
4316:
4283:
4279:
4273:
4261:. Retrieved
4252:
4242:
4230:. Retrieved
4220:
4208:. Retrieved
4189:
4179:
4144:
4140:
4130:
4118:. Retrieved
4109:
4099:
4072:
4066:
4056:
4031:
4027:
4017:
4003:(1): 66β71.
4000:
3996:
3986:
3974:. Retrieved
3965:
3956:
3944:. Retrieved
3935:
3926:
3914:. Retrieved
3909:
3906:"Back Labor"
3900:
3888:. Retrieved
3884:
3875:
3863:. Retrieved
3854:
3845:
3833:. Retrieved
3803:. Retrieved
3799:the original
3794:
3768:. Retrieved
3756:
3727:. Retrieved
3718:
3691:. Retrieved
3682:
3635:
3631:
3606:
3599:. Retrieved
3590:
3562:. Retrieved
3547:
3523:. Retrieved
3519:
3510:
3498:. Retrieved
3478:
3471:
3428:
3424:
3414:
3390:
3383:
3371:. Retrieved
3362:
3353:
3341:. Retrieved
3332:
3323:
3299:
3254:
3250:
3207:
3168:
3121:
3118:BMC Medicine
3117:
3107:
3098:
3089:
3077:. Retrieved
3073:the original
3068:
3059:
3022:
3021:
2956:Coffin birth
2946:Birth defect
2935:Antinatalism
2908:
2888:
2811:
2803:
2799:
2791:
2764:
2757:
2743:
2713:
2705:primary care
2697:episiotomies
2667:
2660:
2652:
2641:
2634:
2623:
2616:
2608:
2603:Porto Alegre
2536:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2518:
2502:
2481:
2470:
2451:
2445:
2443:
2433:
2431:
2410:
2379:
2354:
2350:
2334:
2327:and skilled
2310:
2293:Epidemiology
2279:
2253:
2232:
2220:
2215:
2203:
2194:
2190:
2182:
2162:
2155:
2147:
2117:may lead to
2105:(big baby),
2100:
2081:brain damage
2051:
2029:
2006:
2001:
1916:birth trauma
1868:
1842:
1831:
1809:
1790:
1779:
1765:
1738:
1699:
1692:
1688:"baby blues"
1684:
1677:
1642:
1619:
1604:
1583:
1557:
1528:
1516:
1507:
1503:
1495:
1486:
1448:
1439:
1435:
1423:
1419:
1405:
1391:
1364:
1337:
1310:
1295:Augmentation
1282:
1263:
1247:
1230:
1216:Pain control
1195:
1165:
1156:
1147:
1139:
1122:
1113:
1110:
1085:
1069:Preeclampsia
1050:Fetal demise
1021:
992:
965:
952:
928:
924:
913:
899:
872:
840:
831:
825:
823:
781:
754:
740:
736:
734:
711:
703:
691:amniotic sac
688:
683:
672:pelvic inlet
668:
658:
657:
653:
649:
641:Bishop score
638:
628:active phase
627:
625:
599:
587:latent phase
586:
584:
581:
563:sac ruptures
559:amniotic sac
556:
547:
544:
522:
481:
472:Bishop score
467:
466:
461:
459:
446:
445:
415:
399:
375:
368:
352:
339:birth trauma
295:
248:
203:
199:
195:
191:
190:
73:newborn baby
40:
15018:Babywearing
15013:Baby shower
14987:Swim diaper
14877:Baby walker
14862:Baby powder
14802:Foster care
14770:Child abuse
14765:Babysitting
14617:Development
14603:Soy formula
14481:Breast pump
14199:Nuchal cord
13948:Linea nigra
13900:Hepatitis E
13833:proteinuria
13814:Miscarriage
13799:Embryo loss
13777:Heterotopic
13649:Apgar score
13433:Hepatitis C
13419:Infections
13259:Development
13244:Endometrium
13202:Water birth
13120:Bloody show
13051:Men's roles
12981:Preparation
12933:Heterotopic
12608:Philippines
12540:Infertility
12499:Gynaecology
12466:Transgender
12234:Sperm theft
12227:foster care
12041:Elder adult
12031:Young adult
12014:Adolescence
11878:Development
11821:WikiProject
11508:Bone health
11444:Lung cancer
11281:Dyspareunia
11224:HPV vaccine
11164:Amenorrhoea
11159:Menorrhagia
10997:Infertility
10946:Stillbirths
10807:Miscarriage
10507:Mayo Clinic
10187:20 February
9682:30 December
8677:UNICEF DATA
8358:(1): 5β10.
7791:14 February
7723:13 February
7693:13 February
6808:15 November
6065:26 November
5508:23 December
5430:23 December
5403:24 December
5298:22 December
4744:26 February
4417:Mayo Clinic
3936:Mayo Clinic
3805:21 December
3770:21 December
3729:21 December
3333:www.cia.gov
3079:23 November
3044:Water birth
2727:anaesthesia
2545:health care
2533:labour ward
2495:as well as
2345:germ theory
2337:antibiotics
2287:home births
2240:scopolamine
2234:The use of
2119:Erb's palsy
1908:prematurity
1879:stillbirths
1720:(including
1436:contraction
1287:(EDA), and
1254:Apgar score
1242:water birth
1237:acupuncture
1153:Preparation
1091:, complete
1089:vasa previa
796:haemoglobin
578:First stage
396:Labour pain
370:Back labour
343:prematurity
244:home births
200:parturition
75:shown with
71:Mother and
54:Other names
15101:Childbirth
15095:Categories
14997:Travel cot
14942:Infant bed
14937:High chair
14927:Baby wipes
14922:Diaper bag
14887:Baby swing
14775:Child care
14760:Attachment
14649:Childbirth
14511:Cradle cap
14462:Pediatrics
14209:Postpartum
14104:Antepartum
13819:Stillbirth
13730:puerperium
13728:, and the
13726:childbirth
13654:Child care
13547:Postpartum
13506:Procedures
13458:Dermatoses
13314:Nutrition
13172:Home birth
13094:Pelvimetry
12973:Childbirth
12953:Unintended
12809:Conception
12768:childbirth
12700:baby bonus
12696:Financial
12576:By country
12400:childbirth
12390:Obstetrics
12322:Sperm bank
11951:Senescence
11746:by country
11550:Depression
11201:infections
10906:Episiotomy
10846:Childbirth
10777:Obstetrics
10556:(1916) by
10264:"Our role"
10163:1012401274
10069:6 December
10039:22 October
9711:29 January
8708:The Lancet
8597:31 January
8584:The Lancet
8213:10642/2246
6878:Pediatrics
4666:, 2012 by
4606:31 January
4106:"Oxytocin"
3885:BabyCenter
3835:1 February
3051:References
2899:cord blood
2891:stem cells
2770:breastfeed
2759:Paramedics
2582:home birth
2557:postpartum
2515:Facilities
2467:Home birth
2439:California
2264:indication
2229:Medication
2151:home birth
2133:See also:
2030:Untreated
2025:meningitis
2019:, general
1845:tocolytics
1812:South Asia
1793:developing
1776:Stillbirth
1770:Stillbirth
1742:is a rare
1714:nightmares
1710:flashbacks
1680:tokophobia
1469:See also:
1412:monitoring
1394:monitoring
1340:episiotomy
1334:Episiotomy
1328:Episiotomy
1172:episiotomy
1128:Management
1099:or active
876:rooming-in
843:episiotomy
827:postpartum
757:uterotonic
680:defecation
548:lightening
501:live birth
484:shortening
402:myometrium
283:live birth
267:postpartum
255:shortening
192:Childbirth
156:Prevention
90:Obstetrics
49:Childbirth
15106:Midwifery
15073:Paternity
14982:Swaddling
14848:Baby gate
14827:Wet nurse
14817:Milk bank
14709:Parenting
14634:Baby talk
14586:Pedialyte
14516:Esotropia
14471:Baby food
14275:Puerperal
13863:Eclampsia
13767:Abdominal
13738:Pregnancy
13722:pregnancy
13162:Caesarean
12928:Abdominal
12764:Pregnancy
12613:Singapore
12528:Disorders
12489:Andrology
12377:Pregnancy
12361:Research
12217:Parenting
12168:Education
12026:Adulthood
11990:Childhood
11376:Pregnancy
11356:Violence
11296:Vaginitis
11169:Menopause
11029:Fostering
11019:Parenting
10989:life plan
10854:Midwifery
10832:Eclampsia
10759:Pregnancy
10748:Maternal
10469:Vernon DM
10417:748863692
10389:779676136
10347:949328683
10278:30 August
10248:30 August
10217:30 August
9625:9 January
9589:9 January
9410:144068193
9190:30 August
9166:205189572
9121:4 October
8988:0029-7844
8897:6 October
8840:0312-5963
8730:0140-6736
8657:4 October
8627:4 October
8522:4 October
8077:233447661
8051:1533-4406
7996:2214-109X
7760:29 August
7628:29 August
7456:23 August
7110:1476-5543
6713:1469-493X
6574:22 August
6394:23 August
6157:0968-8080
6106:29 August
5969:29 August
5912:2531-6745
5871:29 August
5341:0010-7824
4579:18 August
4210:18 August
4120:18 August
4091:144945177
4048:0952-7907
3445:1469-493X
3124:(1): 24.
2397:antelopes
2179:Hospitals
1871:gestation
1718:avoidance
1585:Eclampsia
1580:Eclampsia
1574:Eclampsia
1318:amniotomy
1285:epidurals
1233:analgesic
1073:eclampsia
962:Discharge
832:postnatal
689:When the
613:pregnancy
382:amniotomy
327:eclampsia
242:most are
236:hospitals
208:pregnancy
170:Frequency
150:Pregnancy
140:C-section
114:eclampsia
94:midwifery
85:Specialty
15033:Cry room
14972:Stroller
14962:Pacifier
14897:Bassinet
14872:Baby toy
14734:Teething
14714:Peekaboo
14654:Crawling
14639:Babbling
14460:Health (
14409:Category
14222:placenta
14112:placenta
13772:Cervical
13757:Abortion
13555:Maternal
13533:Abortion
13478:Bleeding
13428:COVID-19
13393:Diabetes
13378:Cannabis
13328:prenatal
13249:Placenta
13220:Prenatal
13150:shoulder
13145:cephalic
13113:position
13087:Delivery
12948:Postterm
12913:Cervical
12776:Planning
12603:Pakistan
12481:Medicine
12461:Intersex
12444:Identity
12405:Abortion
12287:Assisted
12262:Safe sex
12222:adoption
12195:Planning
11797:Category
11757:Ethiopia
11679:UN Women
11496:Dementia
11427:diseases
11410:Femicide
11388:Misogyny
11308:Polygamy
11209:Safe sex
11117:Menarche
11024:Adoption
10951:Abortion
10869:Oxytocin
10689:Clitoris
10545:Archived
10511:Archived
10455:26767797
10314:Archived
10312:. 2002.
10272:Archived
10242:Archived
10211:Archived
10181:Archived
10125:Archived
10094:Archived
10063:Archived
10033:Archived
10029:21250397
9992:10 March
9986:Archived
9956:24435892
9926:BMJ Open
9907:Archived
9881:33672391
9873:12011880
9838:14663792
9762:25530442
9705:Archived
9669:16738168
9616:Archived
9583:Archived
9512:10871589
9402:21213655
9293:23622161
9244:17426984
9184:Archived
9158:24915629
9115:Archived
9086:Archived
9082:25077721
9043:Archived
9008:Archived
8996:25050770
8950:31265456
8891:Archived
8860:Archived
8856:43377674
8848:15509182
8796:26 April
8790:Archived
8760:Archived
8738:26794078
8681:Archived
8651:Archived
8621:Archived
8516:Archived
8494:44481055
8486:25455249
8448:21859634
8440:16808085
8372:20127444
8337:23594561
8329:20653342
8286:Archived
8261:24567065
8222:25200969
8177:26124521
8126:24592068
8069:33913640
8060:10181876
8004:25103301
7942:16814217
7907:12051189
7872:38872754
7826:Archived
7785:Archived
7781:CBS News
7751:Archived
7717:Archived
7687:Archived
7662:25 April
7656:Archived
7584:24 April
7578:Archived
7545:Archived
7512:Archived
7508:28157275
7450:Archived
7417:28176333
7357:Archived
7332:29571476
7324:19701046
7248:44646591
7240:16295513
7205:29781504
7118:12847541
7040:24565430
7005:28681500
6954:14 March
6949:38462266
6910:24652300
6859:22419342
6802:Archived
6780:32215906
6731:32335895
6674:25218725
6625:25398160
6568:Archived
6564:23966209
6515:12698834
6480:15890830
6445:28681500
6388:Archived
6357:Archived
6333:17 March
6327:Archived
6323:49305610
6315:29912840
6274:16 March
6268:Archived
6264:25452611
6256:12850849
6215:16 March
6209:Archived
6173:40829330
6165:26278843
6039:Archived
6035:21254725
5993:Archived
5930:31580319
5834:22032440
5775:Archived
5751:20 March
5745:Archived
5719:31728399
5665:27 April
5659:Archived
5635:30 April
5608:27885658
5559:18566647
5454:Archived
5424:Archived
5377:20 April
5371:Archived
5349:28987293
5235:Archived
5212:23843134
5134:14710151
5092:19377717
5043:Archived
5016:18793876
4981:21134105
4940:19788967
4880:Archived
4847:Archived
4843:Medscape
4825:Archived
4821:12388957
4771:Archived
4738:Archived
4716:23743454
4660:Archived
4633:Archived
4600:Archived
4538:Archived
4533:UpToDate
4513:23495692
4505:17261096
4470:10740337
4421:Archived
4392:45247771
4384:11236117
4349:10740342
4308:24521943
4257:Archived
4253:Medscape
4204:Archived
4171:31728399
4114:Archived
3976:16 March
3970:Archived
3946:16 March
3940:Archived
3916:17 March
3890:17 March
3865:16 March
3859:Archived
3829:Archived
3761:Archived
3723:Archived
3719:Medscape
3687:Archived
3662:23843134
3595:Archived
3558:Archived
3556:. 2016.
3525:16 March
3494:Archived
3463:36884026
3406:Archived
3367:Archived
3337:Archived
3315:Archived
3281:23638782
3226:Archived
3184:Archived
3150:23369256
2987:Natalism
2917:See also
2723:epidural
2689:surgeons
2643:Midwives
2605:, Brazil
2461:Location
2370:lying-in
2343:. Until
2236:morphine
2169:oxytocin
1883:placenta
1627:Thrombin
1314:Oxytocin
1278:fentanyl
1276:such as
1124:births.
1007:oxytocin
955:oxytocin
895:Cameroon
847:perineum
788:jaundice
771:and the
695:ruptured
693:has not
684:crowning
492:placenta
418:oxytocin
271:placenta
263:placenta
204:delivery
181:500,000
79:covering
14992:Teether
14967:Playpen
14744:Weaning
14739:Walking
14452:Infants
14062:chorion
13787:Ovarian
13464:Others
13438:Malaria
13383:Opioids
13373:Alcohol
13368:Smoking
13227:Anatomy
13056:Midwife
13024:Newborn
12943:Ovarian
12923:Ectopic
12918:Cryptic
12863:Testing
12649:History
12598:Ireland
12350:Women's
11980:Toddler
11934:Puberty
11809:Commons
11598:Poverty
11592:factors
11569:Urethra
11545:Anxiety
11527:Anaemia
11323:Puberty
11303:Leblouh
11189:Sexual
11064:Condoms
10605:O80-O84
10517:29 June
9947:3902513
9803:8627405
9753:4340604
9394:3173968
9298:28 July
9235:1914268
9004:7149045
8941:6605635
8766:30 July
8687:24 June
8380:1102994
8168:4462784
8117:3881728
8012:8706769
7864:7612509
7499:6464257
7408:5449575
7289:7631952
7196:6494646
7153:8826170
7069:16 June
6996:6483123
6850:7132546
6771:7096725
6722:7195184
6665:7104295
6616:7076285
6555:4175539
6436:6483123
6363:5 March
5921:7233729
5858:website
5825:3224350
5741:Insider
5710:6838998
5599:3979156
5550:1948089
5270:2001778
5241:11 June
5203:6544813
5083:2654655
4931:2768280
4707:3713634
4300:8297841
4162:6838998
3759:. WHO.
3693:30 June
3653:6544813
3601:31 July
3564:30 July
3544:"Birth"
3520:Parents
3500:31 July
3454:9994459
3373:24 June
3343:30 July
3272:3877300
3141:3606398
2729:(often
2575:midwife
2551:and/or
2401:flowers
2129:History
2079:), but
2077:kidneys
1722:amnesia
1407:doptone
1274:Opioids
1270:Entonox
1011:neonate
739:or the
462:molding
447:Station
422:nursing
406:hypoxia
303:opioids
279:neonate
14917:Diaper
14704:Parent
14689:Mother
14066:amnion
13637:Infant
13562:Lochia
13348:Anemia
13267:Embryo
13140:breech
13019:Mother
12998:Lamaze
12680:Policy
12560:clinic
12337:Health
12267:Condom
12119:Rights
11975:Infant
11965:Phases
11946:Ageing
11924:Stages
11888:Embryo
11883:Zygote
11774:Russia
11436:Cancer
11348:health
11318:Orgasm
11191:health
11142:Tampon
10750:health
10723:Uterus
10718:Cervix
10713:Vagina
10664:health
10485:
10453:
10415:
10387:
10377:
10345:
10335:
10161:
10151:
10117:
10027:
10017:
9982:Forbes
9954:
9944:
9879:
9871:
9836:
9801:
9760:
9750:
9732:Lancet
9667:
9510:
9462:
9431:
9408:
9400:
9392:
9322:
9291:
9281:
9242:
9232:
9164:
9156:
9080:
9002:
8994:
8986:
8948:
8938:
8854:
8846:
8838:
8736:
8728:
8492:
8484:
8466:Lancet
8446:
8438:
8401:
8378:
8370:
8335:
8327:
8259:
8220:
8175:
8165:
8124:
8114:
8075:
8067:
8057:
8049:
8010:
8002:
7994:
7940:
7905:
7870:
7862:
7818:
7611:
7506:
7496:
7442:
7415:
7405:
7330:
7322:
7287:
7246:
7238:
7203:
7193:
7151:
7116:
7108:
7038:
7003:
6993:
6947:
6908:
6857:
6847:
6778:
6768:
6729:
6719:
6711:
6672:
6662:
6623:
6613:
6562:
6552:
6513:
6478:
6443:
6433:
6321:
6313:
6262:
6254:
6171:
6163:
6155:
6033:
5928:
5918:
5910:
5832:
5822:
5808:: 84.
5781:20 May
5717:
5707:
5606:
5596:
5557:
5547:
5460:7 June
5347:
5339:
5268:
5210:
5200:
5132:
5090:
5080:
5014:
4979:
4938:
4928:
4853:14 May
4819:
4714:
4704:
4570:
4566:β295.
4511:
4503:
4468:
4390:
4382:
4347:
4306:
4298:
4263:10 May
4232:9 July
4196:
4169:
4159:
4089:
4046:
3660:
3650:
3486:
3461:
3451:
3443:
3398:
3307:
3279:
3269:
3218:
3176:
3148:
3138:
3034:Lamaze
2625:Doulas
2493:Canada
2446:Forbes
2393:fibula
2137:, and
2021:sepsis
1994:
1988:
1982:
1976:
1970:
1964:
1958:
1952:
1946:
1940:
1934:
1928:
1922:
1881:. The
1672:, and
1560:breech
1143:doulas
1114:Lancet
987:, and
918:. The
767:, the
761:fundal
707:vernix
607:, and
605:cervix
363:Lamaze
341:, and
329:, and
305:, and
253:: the
228:births
216:mother
212:babies
196:labour
185:a year
178:Deaths
146:Causes
14822:Nanny
14506:Colic
14354:Other
14159:Labor
14025:fetus
13996:Blood
13835:, and
13829:Edema
13608:Doula
13601:Roles
13493:Sleep
13468:Drugs
13448:Lupus
13272:Fetus
13041:Doula
13012:Roles
12938:Molar
12906:Types
12588:India
12583:China
12345:Men's
12315:Sperm
12064:Minor
12048:Dying
12004:Youth
11995:Child
11956:Death
11929:Early
11914:Birth
11893:Fetus
11762:India
11752:China
11043:&
10733:Ovary
10676:tract
9877:S2CID
9676:(PDF)
9645:(PDF)
9619:(PDF)
9608:(PDF)
9456:54β55
9451:Birth
9406:S2CID
9390:JSTOR
9162:S2CID
9111:(xls)
9000:S2CID
8852:S2CID
8647:NICHD
8617:NICHD
8591:(PDF)
8580:(PDF)
8512:NICHD
8490:S2CID
8444:S2CID
8376:S2CID
8333:S2CID
8292:4 May
8073:S2CID
8008:S2CID
7887:Birth
7868:S2CID
7829:(PDF)
7812:(PDF)
7754:(PDF)
7743:(PDF)
7622:(PDF)
7554:7 May
7548:(PDF)
7537:(PDF)
7518:6 May
7366:9 May
7360:(PDF)
7349:(PDF)
7328:S2CID
7244:S2CID
7133:Birth
6319:S2CID
6260:S2CID
6169:S2CID
6100:(PDF)
6085:(PDF)
6042:(PDF)
6019:(PDF)
5999:9 May
5963:(PDF)
5948:(PDF)
5865:(PDF)
5851:(PDF)
5450:NICHO
5163:(PDF)
5152:(PDF)
5041:(2).
4889:6 May
4883:(PDF)
4872:(PDF)
4780:6 May
4774:(PDF)
4763:(PDF)
4642:6 May
4636:(PDF)
4625:(PDF)
4509:S2CID
4427:7 May
4388:S2CID
4304:S2CID
4087:S2CID
3764:(PDF)
3753:(PDF)
3229:(PDF)
3212:(PDF)
2573:is a
2489:Inuit
2420:Costs
2069:liver
2065:lungs
2061:heart
2023:, or
1795:than
1782:fetal
1748:mania
1424:heart
1307:loop.
1250:doula
552:mucus
132:Types
32:Birth
14719:Play
14608:SIDS
14027:and
13302:Care
12766:and
12621:teen
12593:Iran
12302:ICSI
11403:Rape
10519:2022
10483:ISBN
10451:PMID
10413:OCLC
10385:OCLC
10375:ISBN
10343:OCLC
10333:ISBN
10280:2013
10250:2013
10219:2013
10189:2014
10159:OCLC
10149:ISBN
10115:ISBN
10071:2020
10041:2019
10025:PMID
10015:ISBN
9994:2023
9952:PMID
9869:PMID
9834:PMID
9799:PMID
9758:PMID
9713:2017
9684:2008
9665:PMID
9627:2022
9591:2022
9508:PMID
9460:ISBN
9429:ISBN
9398:PMID
9320:ISBN
9300:2022
9289:PMID
9279:ISBN
9240:PMID
9192:2013
9154:PMID
9142:2016
9123:2020
9094:2022
9078:PMID
9051:2022
9016:2022
8992:PMID
8984:ISSN
8946:PMID
8899:2008
8868:2022
8844:PMID
8836:ISSN
8798:2018
8768:2016
8734:PMID
8726:ISSN
8689:2022
8659:2016
8629:2016
8599:2020
8563:2016
8524:2016
8482:PMID
8436:PMID
8399:ISBN
8368:PMID
8325:PMID
8294:2018
8257:PMID
8218:PMID
8173:PMID
8122:PMID
8065:PMID
8047:ISSN
8000:PMID
7992:ISSN
7938:PMID
7903:PMID
7860:PMID
7816:ISBN
7793:2023
7762:2013
7725:2023
7695:2023
7664:2018
7630:2013
7609:ISBN
7586:2018
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