Assisted reproductive technology

716: 1163: 689: 29: 1611: 149:(CDC) defines ART to include "all fertility treatments in which both eggs and sperm are handled. In general, ART procedures involve surgically removing eggs from a woman's ovaries, combining them with sperm in the laboratory, and returning them to the woman's body or donating them to another woman." According to CDC, "they do not include treatments in which only sperm are handled (i.e., intrauterine—or artificial—insemination) or procedures in which a woman takes medicine only to stimulate egg production without the intention of having eggs retrieved." 3088: 257: 4231: 192:. These medications are given by injection for 8 to 14 days. A health care provider closely monitors the development of the eggs using transvaginal ultrasound and blood tests to assess follicle growth and estrogen production by the ovaries. When follicles have reached an adequate size and the eggs are mature enough, an injection of the hormone hCG initiates the ovulation process. Egg retrieval should occur from 34 to 36 hours after the hCG injection. 449:. However, some studies have suggested that assisted reproductive technology is associated with an increased risk of birth defects. Artificial reproductive technology is becoming more available. Early studies suggest that there could be an increased risk for medical complications with both the mother and baby. Some of these include low birth weight, placental insufficiency, chromosomal disorders, preterm deliveries, gestational diabetes, and 806:, a fixed payment of €1,073 is made for each full cycle of the IVF process. The woman must be aged under 43 and may not carry out more than six cycles of ART. There is also a limit on the number of transferable embryos, which varies according to age and the number of cycles completed. In France, ART is subsidized in full by national health insurance for women up to age 43, with limits of 4 attempts at IVF and 6 at artificial insemination. 266:(ICSI) is beneficial in the case of male factor infertility where sperm counts are very low or failed fertilization occurred with previous IVF attempt(s). The ICSI procedure involves a single sperm carefully injected into the center of an egg using a microneedle. With ICSI, only one sperm per egg is needed. Without ICSI, you need between 50,000 and 100,000. This method is also sometimes employed when donor sperm is used. 4255: 4243: 207: 912:(public health insurance) in Ontario and others are not. Women with bilaterally blocked fallopian tubes and are under the age of 40 have treatment covered but are still required to pay test fees (around CA$ 3,000–4,000). Coverage varies in other provinces. Most other patients are required to pay for treatments themselves. 826:

and Estonia). Since 1994, France is one of a number of countries (including Germany, Spain, and the UK) which use the somewhat vague notion of "natural age of procreation". In 2017, the steering council of France's Agency of Biomedicine established an age limit of 43 for women using ART. 10 countries

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Another way to look at costs is to determine the expected cost of establishing a pregnancy. Thus, if a clomiphene treatment has a chance to establish a pregnancy in 8% of cycles and costs $ 780, the expected cost is $ 9,400 to establish a pregnancy, compared to an IVF cycle (cycle fecundity 40%) with

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adopted a recommendation which encourages an end to anonymity. In the UK, anonymous sperm donations ended in 2005 and children have access to the identity of the donor when they reach adulthood. In France, the principle of anonymous donations of sperm or embryos is maintained in the law of bioethics

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In theory, ART can solve almost all reproductive problems, except for severe pathology or the absence of a uterus (or womb), using specific gamete or embryo donation techniques. However, this does not mean that all women can be treated with assisted reproductive techniques, or that all women who are

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As a result of the 1992 Fertility Clinic Success Rate and Certification Act, the CDC is required to publish the annual ART success rates at U.S. fertility clinics. Assisted reproductive technology procedures performed in the U.S. has over than doubled over the last 10 years, with 140,000 procedures

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has approved a draft law of some federal states, which provides that the federal government provides a subsidy of 25% to the cost. Thus, the share of costs borne for the pair would drop to just 25%. Since July 2017, assisted reproductive technology is also allowed for married lesbian couples, as

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Israel's national health insurance, which is mandatory for all Israeli citizens, covers nearly all fertility treatments. IVF costs are fully subsidized up to the birth of two children for all Israeli women, including single women and lesbian couples. Embryo transfers for purposes of gestational

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The Government of India has notified the Surrogacy (Regulation) Act 2021 and the Assisted Reproductive Technology (Regulation) Act 2021 to regulate the practice of ART. Prior to that, the National Guidelines for Accreditation, Supervision and Regulation of ART Clinics in India published by the

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The most common reasons for discontinuation of fertility treatment have been estimated to be: postponement of treatment (39%), physical and psychological burden (19%), psychological burden (14%), physical burden (6.32%), relational and personal problems (17%), personal reasons (9%), relational

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that have a low frequency of point mutations in the next generation. No significant differences were observed in the frequency or spectrum of mutations between naturally conceived fetuses and assisted-conception fetuses. This suggests that with respect to the maintenance of genetic integrity

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arrangements, although not all surrogacy arrangements involve ART. The existence of sterility will not always require ART to be the first option to consider, as there are occasions when its cause is a mild disorder that can be solved with more conventional treatments or with behaviors based on

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Most European countries allow donations of gametes by third parties. But the situations vary depending on whether sperm or eggs are concerned. Sperm donations are authorized in 20 EU member states; in 11 of them anonymity is allowed. Egg donations are possible in 17 states, including 8 under

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Films and other fiction depicting emotional struggles of assisted reproductive technology have had an upswing in the latter part of the 2000s decade, although the techniques have been available for decades. As ART becomes more utilized, the number of people that can relate to it by personal

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The guidelines say women aged between 40 and 42 should be offered one cycle of IVF on the NHS if they have never had IVF treatment before, have no evidence of low ovarian reserve (this is when eggs in the ovary are low in number, or low in quality), and have been informed of the additional

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Sub-fertility must not be the direct result of a sterilisation procedure in either partner (this does not include conditions where sterilisation occurs as a result of another medical problem). Couples who have undertaken a reversal of their sterilisation procedure are not eligible for

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Balayla, Jacques, Odile Sheehy, William D. Fraser, Jean R. Séguin, Jacquetta Trasler, Patricia Monnier, Andrea A. MacLeod, Marie-Noëlle Simard, Gina Muckle, and Anick Bérard. "Neurodevelopmental Outcomes After Assisted Reproductive Technologies." Obstetrics & Gynecology

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ART may also pose risks to the mother. A large US database study compared pregnancy outcomes among 106,000 assisted conception pregnancies with 34 million natural conception pregnancies. It found that assisted conception pregnancies were associated with an increased risk of

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is the attempt to control the sex of offspring to achieve a desired sex in case of X chromosome linked diseases. It can be accomplished in several ways, both pre- and post-implantation of an embryo, as well as at birth. Pre-implantation techniques include PGD, but also

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is a possible treatment for patients who have failed previous IVF attempts or who have poor embryo quality. The patient's fertilized eggs are placed on top of a layer of cells from the patient's own uterine lining, creating a more natural environment for embryo

2490:"Directive 2004/23/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 31 March 2004 on setting standards of quality and safety for the donation, procurement, testing, processing, preservation, storage and distribution of human tissues and cells" 878:

which provides that patients have the right to drugs and treatments that have been recommended by NICE for use in the NHS. For example, the Cheshire, Merseyside and West Lancashire Clinical Commissioning Group insists on additional conditions:

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for evaluation. Embryos are generally obtained through blastomere or blastocyst biopsy. The latter technique has proved to be less deleterious for the embryo, therefore it is advisable to perform the biopsy around day 5 or 6 of development.

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tightened its conditions for public funding in 2004, which caused a sharp drop in the number of ART cycles carried out, from more than 102,000 in 2003 to fewer than 57,000 the following year. Since then the figure has remained stable.

252:(AZH) is performed shortly before the embryo is transferred to the uterus. A small opening is made in the outer layer surrounding the egg in order to help the embryo hatch out and aid in the implantation process of the growing embryo. 1559: 999:

Some couples may find it difficult to stop treatment despite very bad prognosis, resulting in futile therapies. This has the potential to give ART providers a difficult decision of whether to continue or refuse treatment.

308:(PGD) involves the use of genetic screening mechanisms such as fluorescent in-situ hybridization (FISH) or comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) to help identify genetically abnormal embryos and improve healthy outcomes. 2144:

Wu, Pensée; Sharma, Garima V.; Mehta, Laxmi S.; Chew-Graham, Carolyn A.; Lundberg, Gina P.; Nerenberg, Kara A.; Graham, Michelle M.; Chappell, Lucy C.; Kadam, Umesh T.; Jordan, Kelvin P.; Mamas, Mamas A. (2022-02-22).

296:. In the egg donor process, eggs are retrieved from a donor's ovaries, fertilized in the laboratory with the sperm from the recipient's partner, and the resulting healthy embryos are returned to the recipient's uterus. 1811: 1003:

Some assisted reproductive technologies have the potential to be harmful to both the mother and child, posing a psychological and/or physical health risk, which may impact the ongoing use of these treatments.

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In the largest U.S. study, which used data from a statewide registry of birth defects, 6.2% of IVF-conceived children had major defects, as compared with 4.4% of naturally conceived children matched for

856:(NHS). However, treatment is not widely available on the NHS and there can be long waiting lists. Many patients therefore pay for immediate treatment within the NHS or seek help from private clinics. 971:

Ministry for Health and Family Welfare, Government of India in the year 2005 was governing the field. Indian law recognises the right of a single woman, who is a major, to have children through ART.

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worked together to develop the IVF technique. Steptoe described a new method of egg extraction and Edwards were carrying out a way to fertilise eggs in the lab. Robert G. Edwards was awarded the

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Across Europe, the legal criteria per availability vary somewhat. In 11 countries all women may benefit; in 8 others only heterosexual couples are concerned; in 7 only single women; and in 2 (

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clarified its uncertain legal situation in 2004 by adopting Europe's strictest laws: ART is only available to heterosexual couples, married or otherwise, and sperm donation is prohibited.

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may provide the source for the sperm used in IVF procedures where the male partner produces no sperm or has an inheritable disease, or where the woman being treated has no male partner.

1556: 235:(OVR) is the process whereby a small needle is inserted through the back of the vagina and guided via ultrasound into the ovarian follicles to collect the fluid that contains the eggs. 1961:

McCarrey JR. Maintenance of genetic integrity during natural and assisted reproduction. Reprod Biomed Online. 2009;18 Suppl 2:51-5. doi: 10.1016/s1472-6483(10)60449-x. PMID 19406032

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implications of IVF and pregnancy at this age. However, if tests show IVF is the only treatment likely to help them get pregnant, women should be referred for IVF straight away.

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is an exception, with a birth defect rate of almost a fifth compared to the general population. It may be explained by that sperm banks accept only people with high sperm count.

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Olson CK, Keppler-Noreuil KM, Romitti PA, Budelier WT, Ryan G, Sparks AE, Van Voorhis BJ (2005). "In vitro fertilization is associated with an increase in major birth defects".

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That said, In a landmark paper by Jacques Balayla et al. it was determined that infants born after ART have similar neurodevelopment than infants born after natural conception.

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coverage for fertility investigations and treatments. Many states are starting to mandate coverage, and the rate of use is 278% higher in states with complete coverage.

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Zegers-Hochschild, F; for the International Committee for Monitoring Assisted Reproductive Technology and the World Health Organization; et al. (November 2009).

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In Israel, there is research supporting using ART, including recycled lab materials from the IVF process, to help women work through some of these mixed emotions.

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made ART available in 2006 with conditions very similar to those in France, before amending the law in 2016 to allow lesbian couples and single women to benefit.

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De Geyter, Ch.; Calhaz-Jorge, C.; Kupka, M.S.; Wyns, C.; Mocanu, E.; Motrenko, T.; Scaravelli, G.; Smeenk, J.; Vidakovic1, S.; Goossens, V. (September 2018).

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Gilat Kupietzky-Sacks, IVF Embryologist and initiator of the project and Miriam Kupietzky, Art Therapist run a women's workshop using recycled lab material.

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Neither partner must have any living children, from either the current or previous relationships. This includes adopted as well as biological children; and,

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Zhang Y, Zhang YL, Feng C, et al. (September 2008). "Comparative proteomic analysis of human placenta derived from assisted reproductive technology".

1361: 5664: 2251: 1918:"Cerebral palsy, autism spectrum disorders, and developmental delay in children born after assisted conception: a systematic review and meta-analysis" 292:

are resources for women with no eggs due to surgery, chemotherapy, or genetic causes; or with poor egg quality, previously unsuccessful IVF cycles or

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European IVF-Monitoring Consortium (EIM) for the European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology; Calhaz-Jorge, C.; et al. (August 2016).

1083:, in the Center for Reproductive Medicine in Brussels. Actually, the discovery was made by a mistake when a spermatozoid was put into the cytoplasm. 1037: 860: 566:

in the offspring, which may be caused by the same original disease or condition that caused the infertility or subfertility in the mother or father.

280:(ZIFT), egg cells are removed from the woman's ovaries and fertilized in the laboratory; the resulting zygote is then placed into the fallopian tube. 3005:

Palermo, G; Joris, H; Devroey, P; Van Steirteghem, AC (1992). "Pregnancies after intracytoplasmic injection of single spermatozoon into an oocyte".

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There are some health insurance companies that cover diagnosis of infertility, but frequently once diagnosed will not cover any treatment costs.

2399: 1171: 403:(GIFT), a mixture of sperm and eggs is placed directly into a woman's fallopian tubes using laparoscopy following a transvaginal ovum retrieval. 4286: 2110: 429:(SSR), the reproductive urologist obtains sperm from the vas deferens, epididymis or directly from the testis in a short outpatient procedure. 5270: 2708: 2649: 286:

is the technique in which the contents of a fertile egg from a donor are injected into the infertile egg of the patient along with the sperm.

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is the step in the process whereby one or several embryos are placed into the uterus of the female with the intent to establish a pregnancy.

2270:"Why do patients discontinue fertility treatment? A systematic review of reasons and predictors of discontinuation in fertility treatment" 1342: 6233: 6218: 5239: 3077: 388:

in one or more cells to prevent or ameliorate disease. MRT originated as a special form of IVF in which some or all of the future baby's

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ruled that it is unconstitutional, that the health insurance companies have to bear only 50% of the cost for IVF. On 2 March 2012, the

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17 countries limit access to ART according to the age of the woman. 10 countries have established an upper age limit, varying from 40 (

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For the community as a whole, the cost of IVF on average pays back by 700% by tax from future employment by the conceived human being.

146: 105: 2763: 2601: 6305: 5997: 4279: 2935: 2623: 1578:"Mitochondrial replacement: from basic research to assisted reproductive technology portfolio tool-technicalities and possible risks" 6160: 4212: 2229: 708:

fixes standards concerning the use of human tissue and cells, but all ethical and legal questions on ART remain the prerogative of

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Kurinczuk JJ, Hansen M, Bower C (2004). "The risk of birth defects in children born after assisted reproductive technologies".

5435: 5365: 4405: 2829: 1530: 1065: 5580: 2556:"Recommendation 2156 (2019) - Anonymous donation of sperm and oocytes: balancing the rights of parents, donors and children" 1973:"Risk for postpartum depression associated with assisted reproductive technologies and multiple births: A systematic review" 1748:

Aiken, Catherine E. M.; Brockelsby, Jeremy C. (2016). "Fetal and Maternal Consequences of Pregnancies Conceived Using Art".

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treatment. The procedure took place at Dr Kershaw's Cottage Hospital (now Dr Kershaw's Hospice) in Royton, Oldham, England.

763:, the right to ART is accorded to all women since 2019. In the last 15 years, legislation has evolved quickly. For example, 6190: 4940: 2670: 6033: 5539: 4707: 4466: 4107: 6200: 5650: 5405: 4247: 4217: 709: 324: 2977: 2555: 5927: 5440: 5305: 4476: 4112: 3260: 2748: 1545: 1419:

Sullivan-Pyke, C; Dokras, A (March 2018). "Preimplantation Genetic Screening and Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis".

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was the first European country to open ART to all women, in 1977, the year the first sperm bank was opened there. In

381: 311: 305: 109: 2014:"A literature review on the relationship between infertility and sexual dysfunction: Does fun end with baby making?" 6175: 5864: 5544: 5244: 4456: 4431: 1072: 269: 263: 89: 6360: 5596: 5310: 4527: 3814: 3637: 3411: 3070: 1629: 1191: 903: 6117: 5899: 5673: 5360: 4539: 4486: 3100: 1358: 1149: 863:(NICE) published new guidelines about who should have access to IVF treatment on the NHS in England and Wales. 400: 277: 33:

Illustration depicting intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI), an example of assisted reproductive technology

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In Europe, ART also excludes artificial insemination and includes only procedures where oocytes are handled.

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Ovulation Problems and Infertility: Treatment of ovulation problems with Clomid and other fertility drugs.

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In the United Kingdom, all patients have the right to preliminary testing, provided free of charge by the

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Today, 21 countries provide partial public funding for ART treatment. The seven others, which do not, are

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Claiborne, A.; English, R.; Kahn, J. (2016). Claiborne, Anne; English, Rebecca; Kahn, Jeffrey (eds.).

1207:"Assisted reproductive technology in Europe, 2012: results generated from European registers by ESHRE" 985: 6310: 5747: 5709: 5704: 5475: 5087: 4827: 4751: 3993: 3863: 3821: 3682: 2059:

Hargreave, Marie; Jensen, Allan; Toender, Anita; Andersen, Klaus Kaae; Kjaer, Susanne Krüger (2013).

1143: 1130:, the unassisted conception of a subsequent child after prior use of assisted reproductive technology 934: 156: 2737:

NOZ.de: Beifall im Parlament: Frankreich legalisiert künstliche Befruchtung für alle Frauen (german)

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Advanced Fertility Center of Chicago. Gurnee & Crystal Lake, Illinois. Retrieved on Mars 7, 2010

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Angela Savage. "Works of ART: on creativity, infertility and Assisted Reproductive Technology." In

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http://www.granma.cu/cuba/2020-01-15/reproduccion-asistida-en-cuba-nuevas-razones-para-la-felicidad

2013: 426: 414: 47: 2852: 2705: 2653: 1025: 6355: 6228: 6155: 6081: 5872: 5765: 5410: 5275: 5013: 4774: 4741: 4700: 4522: 4517: 4502: 4348: 4158: 4012: 3804: 3497: 2531: 1097: 853: 715: 1162: 503:. Low birth weight and preterm birth are strongly associated with many health problems, such as 6380: 6315: 5877: 5859: 5814: 5699: 5529: 5345: 4910: 4789: 4653: 4587: 4532: 4426: 4415: 4071: 3939: 3929: 3794: 3517: 3450: 3425: 3361: 3235: 1339: 1127: 640:

Approximate treatment/diagnosis costs in the United States, with inflation, as of 2023 (US$ ):

574: 559: 393: 249: 214: 201: 139: 85: 2627: 2364:"Long-term economic benefits attributed to IVF-conceived children: a lifetime tax calculation" 962:

Cuban sources mention that assisted reproduction is completely legal and free in the country.

700:, 157,500 children were born using assisted reproductive technology in 2015, according to the 688: 28: 6056: 6043: 5719: 5524: 5380: 5335: 5330: 5325: 5320: 5149: 5102: 5097: 5065: 4885: 4051: 3853: 3657: 3332: 2469: 545: 470: 293: 2804: 617:

problems (9%), treatment rejection (13%) and organizational (12%) and clinic (8%) problems.

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Study results indicate that ART can affect both women and men's sexual health negatively.

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Connolly MP, Pollard MS, Hoorens S, Kaplan BR, Oskowitz SP, Silber SJ (September 2008).

2147:"In-Hospital Complications in Pregnancies Conceived by Assisted Reproductive Technology" 108:. Some forms of ART may be used with regard to fertile couples for genetic purpose (see 6320: 6223: 6112: 6018: 5819: 5742: 5420: 5315: 5280: 5139: 4988: 4900: 4865: 4746: 4693: 4582: 4549: 4318: 4168: 3897: 3751: 3522: 3507: 3030: 2294: 2269: 2179: 2146: 2126: 1898: 1689: 883:

The person undergoing treatment must have commenced treatment before her 40th birthday;

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comes from a third party. This technique is used in cases when mothers carry genes for

348: 131: 2203:"Policy Document | Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART) | Reproductive Health | CDC" 1709:"Assisted reproductive technologies and the risk of birth defects—a systematic review" 6325: 5992: 5912: 5499: 5375: 5114: 5055: 4895: 4875: 4870: 4633: 4343: 4338: 4328: 3988: 3907: 3831: 3809: 3322: 3240: 3091: 3022: 3018: 2876: 2871: 2854: 2457: 2375: 2344: 2299: 2184: 2166: 2130: 2082: 2077: 2060: 2041: 2033: 1994: 1939: 1902: 1890: 1829: 1792: 1788: 1730: 1681: 1677: 1646: 1599: 1536: 1526: 1493: 1485: 1436: 1401: 1396: 1379: 1303: 1299: 1228: 1138: 1092: 1020:

For specific examples, refer to the fiction sections in individual subarticles, e.g.

951: 840: 586: 504: 486: 422: 389: 351:. PGD is an adjunct to ART procedures, and requires in vitro fertilization to obtain 177: 2012:

Piva, Isabella; Lo Monte, Giuseppe; Graziano, Angela; Marci, Roberto (August 2014).

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allowed assisted reproductive technology also for lesbian couples and single women.

704:(ESHRE). But there are major differences in legislation across the Old Continent. A 6254: 6249: 6145: 6129: 5470: 5082: 4955: 4950: 4844: 4607: 4512: 4461: 4333: 4323: 4271: 3550: 3317: 3312: 3034: 3014: 2866: 2724: 2532:"Encadrement juridique international dans les différents domaines de la bioéthique" 2447: 2437: 2334: 2289: 2281: 2174: 2158: 2118: 2072: 2025: 1984: 1929: 1882: 1784: 1757: 1720: 1673: 1638: 1589: 1518: 1475: 1467: 1428: 1391: 1295: 1218: 1029: 669: 631: 563: 482: 477: 433: 336: 93: 3051:

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Assisted Reproductive Technology

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http://www.ahora.cu/fr/sante/5715-reproduction-assistee-et-droit-du-travail-a-cuba

1849: 6076: 6013: 5947: 5907: 5889: 5757: 5642: 5519: 5234: 5129: 4998: 4890: 4779: 4728: 4638: 4597: 4441: 4046: 3902: 3766: 3724: 3585: 3560: 3484: 3374: 3356: 3302: 3186: 2954: 2712: 2693: 2674: 2255: 2236: 2111:"Assisted conception is linked to cardiovascular disease and birth complications" 2029: 1563: 1552: 1480: 1365: 1346: 1102: 1057: 692:

Number of assisted reproductive technology cycles in Europe between 1997 and 2014

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Mitochondrial Replacement Techniques: Ethical, Social, and Policy Considerations

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Conditions of assisted reproductive technology in different European countries:

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The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women

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Queer.de: Frankreich: Künstliche Befruchtung auch für lesbische Paare (german)

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in 2010, but not Steptoe because the Nobel Prize is not awarded posthumously.

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Hvidtjørn D, Schieve L, Schendel D, Jacobsson B, Sværke C, Thorsen P (2009).

1489: 1107: 1021: 590: 585:. Assisted conception pregnancies were also associated with a higher risk of 511:. Children born after IVF are roughly twice as likely to have cerebral palsy. 500: 450: 366: 361: 2780:"Govt notifies laws to regulate surrogacy, assisted reproductive technology" 2442: 2425: 2285: 2162: 1989: 1972: 1725: 1708: 1594: 1577: 1455: 1223: 1206: 485:. In IVF and ICSI, a risk factor is the decreased expression of proteins in 473:(simultaneous intrauterine and extrauterine pregnancy). The main risks are: 6284: 6267: 5611: 5191: 5144: 5092: 5050: 4685: 4592: 4393: 3956: 3951: 3692: 3592: 3537: 3265: 3144: 3139: 2880: 2853:

Ethics Committee of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine (2009).

2510: 2461: 2379: 2363: 2348: 2303: 2202: 2188: 2086: 2061:"Fertility treatment and childhood cancer risk: A systematic meta-analysis" 2045: 1998: 1943: 1894: 1886: 1796: 1734: 1685: 1650: 1603: 1540: 1512: 1497: 1440: 1405: 1307: 1232: 1167: 1133: 1049: 645: 529: 385: 3026: 1456:"A Mitochondrial Story: Mitochondrial Replacement, Identity and Narrative" 1378:

Illmensee K, Levanduski M, Vidali A, Husami N, Goudas VT (February 2009).

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Methods to achieve pregnancy by artificial or partially artificial means

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The person undergoing treatment must have a BMI of between 19 and 29;

610: 521: 436:, eggs, sperm and reproductive tissue can be preserved for later IVF. 418: 384:(MRT, sometimes called mitochondrial donation) is the replacement of 314:

can be used for twinning to increase the number of available embryos.

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The European Journal of Contraception & Reproductive Health Care

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Van Voorhis BJ (2007). "Clinical practice. In vitro fertilization".

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of 2011, but a new bill under discussion may change the situation.

764: 533: 525: 100:. When used to address infertility, ART may also be referred to as 3004: 2934:, 25.7.2016. Article on art produced in response to IVF treatment 1380:"Human embryo twinning with applications in reproductive medicine" 176:

is usually used in the sense of stimulation of the development of

5008: 4036: 4007: 3983: 3965: 3761: 3741: 2687:

Zuschüsse der Krankenversicherung für eine künstliche Befruchtung

1915: 1810:

MD, Daniel M. Avery, MD, Marion D. Reed, MD, William L. Lenahan.

1173:

How does assisted reproductive technology work in Europe?

828: 815: 807: 803: 799: 783: 775: 752: 748: 352: 222: 1850:"In vitro fertilization (IVF): MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia" 1075:) took place on 14 January 1992. The technique was developed by 5829: 5514: 4976: 4971: 3874: 3756: 3580: 3502: 3161: 3156: 3151: 2855:"Fertility treatment when the prognosis is very poor or futile" 1377: 1052:

was born; this was the first successful birth of a child after

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Gameiro, S.; Boivin, J.; Peronace, L.; Verhaak, C. M. (2012).

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Hansen M, Bower C, Milne E, de Klerk N, Kurinczuk JJ (2005).

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Less commonly used techniques in in vitro fertilization are:

2830:"Need to understand the rights of a single mother by choice" 2668:

Birthing a Mother: the Surrogate Body and the Pregnant Self.

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a corresponding expected cost of $ 46,800 ($ 18,700 × 40%).

524:

of the mouse normally have a frequency of spontaneous point

3841: 3050: 2400:"How does assisted reproductive technology work in Europe?" 1971:

Ross, L. E.; McQueen, K.; Vigod, S.; Dennis, C.-L. (2010).

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Techniques usually used in in vitro fertilization include:

3652: 2011: 1176:, Orlane Jézéquélou/Alternatives Economiques, EDJNet. 1053: 742: ART prohibited for single women and lesbian couples 736: ART authorized for single women and lesbian couples 613:, 3.1% of births in the late 2000's are a result of ART. 4103:

Declaration on the elimination of violence against women

2626:. Liverpool Women's NHS Foundation Trust. Archived from 2143: 1706: 802:. Such subsidies are subject to conditions, however. In 396:. The therapy is approved for use in the United Kingdom. 80:) includes medical procedures used primarily to address 2893:

Article link: Dr. Katan, Seven news, 14.1.2022, Hebrew

1340:

Flinders reproductive medicine > Ovulation Induction

562:

have been associated with an increased overall risk of

1970: 544:

Current data indicate little or no increased risk for

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European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology

532:

from the same individual. This low frequency in the

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Usage of assisted reproductive technology including

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By Colleen Mastony, Tribune reporter. June 21, 2009

2316: 1622: 1620: 1418: 984:For treatment-specific ethical considerations, see 5672: 2950:"Heartache of infertility shared on stage, screen" 1421:Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics of North America 827:have no age limit for ART. These include Austria, 445:The majority of IVF-conceived infants do not have 4675:Reproduction and pregnancy in speculative fiction 3085: 2944: 2942: 1170:work. Licensed under CC BY 4.0. Text taken from 1038:reproduction and pregnancy in speculative fiction 861:National Institute for Health and Care Excellence 6297: 2992:"The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2010" 1617: 1412: 1321: 469:, 1.00 to 1.67). ART carries with it a risk for 377:Other assisted reproduction techniques include: 2317:Jain T, Harlow BL, Hornstein MD (August 2002). 1957: 1955: 1953: 1747: 225:(sperm and egg) occur outside the female body. 2939: 1872: 1657: 1626: 994:Sperm donation § Ethical and legal issues 672:to carry the child – dependent on arrangements 5658: 4701: 4287: 3071: 2920:about workshop in the USA and other countries 2574: 2230:chicagotribune.com Infertility by the numbers 2225: 2223: 1504: 1016:experience in one way or another is growing. 4715: 1950: 1834:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 1666:Current Opinion in Obstetrics and Gynecology 1166: This article incorporates text from a 347:. PGD is considered in a similar fashion to 138:occurs in the laboratory environment (i.e., 6234:Timeline of reproductive rights legislation 6219:Birth control movement in the United States 2980:. July 25, 1978 – via news.bbc.co.uk. 2918:Workshop on the Use of Life Cycle Concepts 2474:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 1700: 1569: 1359:fertilityLifeLines > Ovulation Induction 1010: 84:. This subject involves procedures such as 6072:Reproductive endocrinology and infertility 5665: 5651: 4708: 4694: 4294: 4280: 4154:International Center for Research on Women 3078: 3064: 2397: 2249:'More IVF babies but less multiple births' 2220: 1768: 147:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 117:promoting health and reproductive habits. 106:reproductive endocrinology and infertility 27: 2870: 2451: 2441: 2393: 2391: 2389: 2338: 2293: 2178: 2151:Journal of the American Heart Association 2076: 1988: 1933: 1724: 1593: 1479: 1395: 1222: 195: 96:of gametes or embryos, and/or the use of 2677:Berkeley: University of California Press 1245: 724: ART authorized for lesbian couples 714: 687: 528:that is 5 to 10-fold lower than that in 255: 205: 1575: 1333: 870:This policy is often modified by local 839:anonymous conditions. On 12 April, the 260:Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) 6298: 2897:on Artistic conception הפריה אומנותית. 2398:Jézéquélou, Orlane (23 October 2019). 2386: 1453: 1194:from the original on November 1, 2017. 974: 662:Clomiphene citrate cycle ~ $ 310–$ 780 162: 5646: 4689: 4275: 3873: 3059: 2537:(in French). Agence de la biomédecine 1866: 1454:Scully, Jackie Leach (January 2017). 1066:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 730: ART authorized for single women 659:Sonohysterogram (SHG) ~ $ 940–$ 1,600 606:in 2006, resulting in 55,000 births. 134:is bypassed and fertilization of the 4242: 4136:Office of Research on Women's Health 2706:Finanzierung künstlicher Befruchtung 2319:"Insurance coverage and outcomes of 1211:Human Reproduction (Oxford, England) 1071:The first successful birth by ICSI ( 986:In vitro fertilisation § Ethics 874:, in a fairly blatant breach of the 5540:Psychiatric disorders of childbirth 4254: 4174:Society for Women's Health Research 4108:International Day of the Girl Child 2978:"1978: First 'test tube baby' born" 1043: 1040:has been present for many decades. 104:ART mainly belongs to the field of 13: 4218:Birth control in the United States 2604:from the original on 20 April 2014 2258:THE AUSTRALIAN. September 24, 2009 1750:Fetal and Maternal Medicine Review 1555:with links to summaries including 325:pre-implantation genetic diagnosis 319:Pre-implantation genetic diagnosis 159:(WHO), also defines ART this way. 14: 6392: 5928:self-report sexual risk behaviors 4477:Preimplantation genetic diagnosis 4113:Commission on the Status of Women 3123:External female genitalia (vulva) 3044: 2827: 1246:Sorenson, Corinna (Autumn 2006). 847: 683: 382:Mitochondrial replacement therapy 306:Preimplantation genetic diagnosis 110:preimplantation genetic diagnosis 6306:Assisted reproductive technology 5998:Precocious puberty and pregnancy 5545:Postpartum physiological changes 5245:Postpartum physiological changes 4770:Assisted reproductive technology 4457:Intracytoplasmic sperm injection 4432:Autologous endometrial coculture 4303:Assisted reproductive technology 4253: 4241: 4230: 4229: 3446:Assisted reproductive technology 3086: 2872:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2009.07.979 2624:"Services & how we can help" 2577:"PMA: panique dans la filiation" 2078:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2013.03.017 1789:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2005.03.086 1678:10.1097/00001703-200406000-00002 1609: 1576:Cree, L; Loi, P (January 2015). 1397:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2008.12.098 1317:from the original on 2016-11-29. 1300:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2009.09.009 1268:from the original on 2016-11-29. 1161: 1073:Intracytoplasmic sperm injection 625: 597:treated will achieve pregnancy. 270:Autologous endometrial coculture 264:Intracytoplasmic sperm injection 90:intracytoplasmic sperm injection 74:Assisted reproductive technology 22:Assisted reproductive technology 6118:Sexually transmitted infections 5597:Adaptation to extrauterine life 3412:Breastfeeding and mental health 2998: 2984: 2970: 2924: 2912: 2900: 2887: 2846: 2821: 2797: 2772: 2757: 2742: 2730: 2718: 2699: 2680: 2660: 2642: 2616: 2590: 2568: 2548: 2524: 2503: 2482: 2417: 2404:Alternatives Economiques/EDJNet 2355: 2310: 2261: 2242: 2195: 2137: 2103: 2093: 2052: 2005: 1964: 1935:10.1001/archpediatrics.2008.507 1909: 1842: 1803: 1741: 1447: 990:Surrogacy § Ethical issues 908:Some treatments are covered by 904:Assisted Human Reproduction Act 5674:Sexual and reproductive health 5240:Maternal physiological changes 4540:Gamete intrafallopian transfer 4487:Zygote intrafallopian transfer 2239:Colleen Mastony. June 21, 2009 1809: 1371: 1352: 1272: 1239: 1198: 1180: 1150:Repository for Germinal Choice 401:gamete intrafallopian transfer 327:procedure may be conducted on 278:zygote intrafallopian transfer 1: 4795:partner-assisted reproduction 4644:Genetic diagnosis of intersex 4472:Partner-assisted reproduction 4062:Social determinants of health 1156: 1062:Robert Edwards (physiologist) 940:same-sex marriages in Germany 872:Clinical Commissioning Groups 665:IVF cycle ~ $ 15,600–$ 46,800 620: 541:assisted conception is safe. 120: 6098:Disorders of sex development 4057:Gender disparities in health 3395:Mother-to-child transmission 3019:10.1016/0140-6736(92)92425-f 2575:Céline Mouzon (2019-09-23). 2030:10.3109/13625187.2014.919379 1582:Molecular Human Reproduction 1517:. National Academies Press. 931:Federal Constitutional Court 921:surrogacy are also covered. 876:NHS Constitution for England 217:is the technique of letting 7: 6108:Reproductive system disease 5031:Traditional birth attendant 4482:Transvaginal ovum retrieval 3670:Pelvic inflammatory disease 3613:Hormone replacement therapy 3177:Reproductive system disease 1255:Euro Observer Euro Observer 1248:"ART in the European Union" 1086: 630:Many Americans do not have 233:Transvaginal ovum retrieval 112:). ART may also be used in 10: 6397: 6067:Obstetrics and gynaecology 5263:Brain health and pollution 4164:Black Women's Health Study 3231:Complications of pregnancy 2715:Retrieved 2. January 2013. 2696:Retrieved 2. January 2013. 2123:10.3310/nihrevidence_53388 1190:. CDC. November 14, 2014. 1081:Vrije Universiteit Brussel 983: 938:German parliament allowed 924: 901: 822:) to 50 (including Spain, 411:fallopian tube obstruction 199: 166: 125: 6242: 6211: 6138: 6090: 6042: 6006: 5983:Pregnant patients' rights 5938: 5898: 5848: 5805: 5756: 5748:Pre-conception counseling 5730: 5705:Abortion-rights movements 5680: 5624: 5589: 5553: 5507: 5498: 5476:Chorionic villus sampling 5458: 5253: 5210: 5179: 5172: 5039: 4964: 4933: 4924: 4858: 4828:Obstetric ultrasonography 4815: 4760: 4752:Pre-conception counseling 4727: 4667: 4649:Religious response to ART 4626: 4575: 4495: 4414: 4357: 4309: 4225: 4182: 4141:Women's Health Initiative 4126: 4088: 4079: 4028: 3994:Major depressive disorder 3862: 3822:Intimate partner violence 3784: 3683:Female genital mutilation 3678: 3627: 3536: 3478: 3424: 3370: 3283: 3196: 3185: 3111: 3098: 2274:Human Reproduction Update 1977:Human Reproduction Update 1762:10.1017/S096553951600005X 1433:10.1016/j.ogc.2017.10.009 1368:Retrieved on Mars 7, 2010 1349:Retrieved on Mars 7, 2010 1144:Religious response to ART 979: 945: 915: 897: 548:among women who use ART. 372: 339:), and sometimes even of 157:World Health Organization 130:With ART, the process of 60: 46: 38: 26: 21: 5869:Gamete Cryopreservation 5715:Circumcision controversy 5695:Compulsory sterilization 5366:Intrahepatic cholestasis 4467:Ovarian hyperstimulation 3730:Gynaecological disorders 3546:Culture and menstruation 3513:Contraceptive prevalence 3405:Compulsory sterilization 1922:Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 1011:Fictional representation 965: 929:On 27 January 2009, the 755:) only lesbian couples. 600: 453:(Aiken and Brockelsby). 440: 427:surgical sperm retrieval 415:vas deferens obstruction 6229:Social hygiene movement 6082:Transgender health care 5436:Motor vehicle emissions 5297:Concomitant conditions 5271:environmental toxicants 5014:Auxiliary nurse midwife 4775:artificial insemination 4742:Natural family planning 4503:Artificial insemination 4349:Male infertility crisis 4013:Urinary tract infection 3805:Abuse during childbirth 2859:Fertility and Sterility 2828:A, Aruna (2021-09-14). 2163:10.1161/JAHA.121.022658 2065:Fertility and Sterility 1288:Fertility and Sterility 1098:Artificial insemination 957: 854:National Health Service 575:cardiovascular diseases 221:of the male and female 6361:Obstetrical procedures 6057:Genitourinary medicine 5860:In vitro fertilization 5815:Hormonal contraception 5700:Contraceptive security 5530:Postpartum confinement 4790:in vitro fertilisation 4654:Mitochondrial donation 4588:Donor Sibling Registry 4427:Assisted zona hatching 4416:In vitro fertilisation 3930:Cardiovascular disease 3518:Contraceptive security 3451:In vitro fertilization 3362:Postpartum confinement 3236:Hyperemesis gravidarum 1887:10.1002/pmic.200800294 1557:one page summary flyer 1128:Spontaneous conception 744: 693: 560:in vitro fertilization 394:mitochondrial diseases 261: 250:Assisted zona hatching 215:In vitro fertilization 211: 210:Steps of IVF Treatment 202:In vitro fertilization 196:In vitro fertilization 140:in vitro fertilization 86:in vitro fertilization 5720:Intersex human rights 5525:Postpartum depression 5406:Pruritic folliculitis 5150:Unassisted childbirth 4052:Healthcare inequality 3854:Gender discrimination 3658:Human papilloma virus 3333:Vesicovaginal fistula 2443:10.1093/humrep/dey242 2286:10.1093/humupd/dms031 1990:10.1093/humupd/dmq025 1816:www.obgmanagement.com 1726:10.1093/humrep/deh593 1595:10.1093/molehr/gau082 1481:1959.4/unsworks_66960 1224:10.1093/humrep/dew151 718: 691: 546:postpartum depression 471:heterotopic pregnancy 294:advanced maternal age 259: 209: 200:Further information: 6278:tax on childlessness 6034:Genital modification 5958:Unintended pregnancy 5690:Reproductive Justice 5632:Gravidity and parity 5612:Congenital disorders 5571:Lactation consultant 5441:Pre-existing disease 5120:Childbirth positions 5110:Rupture of membranes 4807:Unintended pregnancy 4785:fertility medication 4545:Reproductive surgery 4437:Cytoplasmic transfer 4367:Estrogen antagonists 4359:Fertility medication 4159:Nurses' Health Study 4067:Reproductive justice 4018:Urinary incontinence 3638:Sexually transmitted 3493:Intrauterine devices 3338:Rectovaginal fistula 3328:Obstetrical fistulae 3256:Gestational diabetes 3251:Obstetrical bleeding 3226:Adolescent pregnancy 3211:Gravidity and parity 3206:Unintended pregnancy 2340:10.1056/NEJMsa013491 1643:10.1056/NEJMcp065743 1077:Gianpiero D. Palermo 1060:(gynaecologist) and 491:Ferritin light chain 407:Reproductive surgery 284:Cytoplasmic transfer 182:fertility medication 102:fertility treatment. 98:fertility medication 6366:Reproductive rights 6336:Genetic engineering 5978:Pregnancy from rape 5835:Intrauterine device 5535:Sex after pregnancy 5342:Endocrine diseases 5288:Prenatal depression 5160:Placental expulsion 5078:Uterine contraction 5061:cervical effacement 4802:Fertility awareness 4557:Selective reduction 4508:Ovulation induction 4452:In vitro maturation 4447:Gestational carrier 4372:aromatase inhibitor 4072:Women's empowerment 3940:Alzheimer's disease 3571:Cloth menstrual pad 3528:Fertility awareness 3498:Oral contraceptives 3380:Perinatal mortality 2666:Teman, Elly. 2010. 975:Society and culture 650:hysterosalpingogram 579:acute kidney injury 556:ovarian stimulation 467:confidence interval 461:and other factors ( 174:Ovulation induction 169:Ovulation induction 163:Ovulation induction 6341:Human reproduction 6331:Fertility medicine 6224:History of condoms 6113:Sexual dysfunction 6019:Sexual orientation 5973:Options counseling 5820:Male contraception 5743:Genetic counseling 5311:Hypercoagulability 5140:Natural childbirth 4989:Postterm pregnancy 4747:Male contraceptive 4583:Donor registration 4550:Vasectomy reversal 4169:Cartwright Inquiry 4080:Politics, research 3898:Endometrial cancer 3752:Sexual intercourse 3523:Planned parenthood 3508:Male contraceptive 2955:chicagotribune.com 2711:2013-02-19 at the 2692:2013-02-08 at the 2673:2009-11-21 at the 2656:on August 8, 2009. 2430:Human Reproduction 2254:2009-09-24 at the 2235:2009-07-05 at the 1562:2017-10-30 at the 1551:2018-11-26 at the 1472:10.1111/bioe.12310 1364:2013-03-10 at the 1345:2009-10-03 at the 950:In July 2020, the 745: 706:European directive 694: 587:caesarean delivery 349:prenatal diagnosis 262: 212: 132:sexual intercourse 6371:Social philosophy 6293: 6292: 5993:Teenage pregnancy 5710:Genital integrity 5640: 5639: 5625:Obstetric history 5620: 5619: 5581:Confinement nanny 5494: 5493: 5361:Acute fatty liver 5168: 5167: 5056:cervical dilation 4683: 4682: 4634:Accidental incest 4344:Fertility tourism 4339:Fertility testing 4269: 4268: 4149: 4148: 3974: 3973: 3925: 3924: 3908:Papanicolaou test 3864:Non-communicable 3832:Sexual harassment 3810:Domestic violence 3780: 3779: 3623: 3622: 3420: 3419: 3323:Retained placenta 3241:Ectopic pregnancy 2786:. 26 January 2022 2766:(in Spanish), on 1532:978-0-309-38870-2 1139:Ralph L. Brinster 1093:Artificial uterus 952:French Parliament 841:Council of Europe 505:visual impairment 487:energy metabolism 478:Genetic disorders 423:reverse vasectomy 417:, or reversing a 390:mitochondrial DNA 178:ovarian follicles 71: 70: 6388: 6311:Applied genetics 6255:Two-child policy 6250:One-child policy 6130:Gender dysphoria 5667: 5660: 5653: 5644: 5643: 5505: 5504: 5471:Cardiotocography 5177: 5176: 5083:Vaginal delivery 4956:Nesting instinct 4931: 4930: 4916:Rudimentary horn 4845:Prenatal testing 4710: 4703: 4696: 4687: 4686: 4608:Semen collection 4513:Cryopreservation 4462:Oocyte selection 4334:Fertility clinic 4296: 4289: 4282: 4273: 4272: 4257: 4256: 4245: 4244: 4233: 4232: 4086: 4085: 3871: 3870: 3791: 3790: 3785:Non-reproductive 3634: 3633: 3551:Feminine hygiene 3318:Cesarian section 3313:Obstructed labor 3194: 3193: 3109: 3108: 3090: 3080: 3073: 3066: 3057: 3056: 3039: 3038: 3002: 2996: 2995: 2988: 2982: 2981: 2974: 2968: 2959: 2946: 2937: 2928: 2922: 2916: 2910: 2904: 2898: 2891: 2885: 2884: 2874: 2850: 2844: 2843: 2841: 2840: 2825: 2819: 2818: 2816: 2815: 2801: 2795: 2794: 2792: 2791: 2776: 2770: 2761: 2755: 2751:(in French), on 2746: 2740: 2734: 2728: 2722: 2716: 2703: 2697: 2684: 2678: 2664: 2658: 2657: 2652:. 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NHS Choices. 2596: 2595: 2591: 2582: 2580: 2573: 2569: 2560: 2558: 2554: 2553: 2549: 2540: 2538: 2534: 2530: 2529: 2525: 2516: 2514: 2509: 2508: 2504: 2494: 2492: 2488: 2487: 2483: 2467: 2466: 2422: 2418: 2408: 2406: 2396: 2387: 2368:Am J Manag Care 2360: 2356: 2327:N. Engl. J. Med 2315: 2311: 2266: 2262: 2256:Wayback Machine 2247: 2243: 2237:Wayback Machine 2228: 2221: 2212: 2210: 2201: 2200: 2196: 2142: 2138: 2109: 2108: 2104: 2098: 2094: 2057: 2053: 2010: 2006: 1969: 1965: 1960: 1951: 1914: 1910: 1881:(20): 4344–56. 1871: 1867: 1858: 1856: 1854:medlineplus.gov 1848: 1847: 1843: 1827: 1826: 1820: 1818: 1808: 1804: 1773: 1769: 1746: 1742: 1705: 1701: 1662: 1658: 1625: 1618: 1608: 1574: 1570: 1564:Wayback Machine 1553:Wayback Machine 1533: 1509: 1505: 1452: 1448: 1417: 1413: 1376: 1372: 1366:Wayback Machine 1357: 1353: 1347:Wayback Machine 1338: 1334: 1326: 1322: 1314: 1283: 1277: 1273: 1265: 1250: 1244: 1240: 1203: 1199: 1186: 1185: 1181: 1159: 1103:Fertility fraud 1089: 1058:Patrick Steptoe 1046: 1013: 997: 982: 977: 968: 960: 948: 935:Federal Council 927: 918: 906: 900: 850: 743: 739: 737: 733: 731: 727: 725: 721: 686: 628: 623: 603: 591:premature birth 443: 375: 321: 239:Embryo transfer 204: 198: 171: 165: 145:In the US, the 128: 123: 67: 52: 34: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6394: 6384: 6383: 6378: 6373: 6368: 6363: 6358: 6356:Medical ethics 6353: 6348: 6343: 6338: 6333: 6328: 6323: 6318: 6313: 6308: 6291: 6290: 6288: 6287: 6282: 6281: 6280: 6275: 6270: 6265: 6257: 6252: 6246: 6244: 6240: 6239: 6237: 6236: 6231: 6226: 6221: 6215: 6213: 6209: 6208: 6206: 6205: 6204: 6203: 6198: 6196:teen pregnancy 6188: 6187: 6186: 6178: 6173: 6168: 6163: 6158: 6153: 6148: 6142: 6140: 6136: 6135: 6133: 6132: 6127: 6126: 6125: 6115: 6110: 6105: 6100: 6094: 6092: 6088: 6087: 6085: 6084: 6079: 6074: 6069: 6064: 6059: 6054: 6048: 6046: 6040: 6039: 6037: 6036: 6031: 6026: 6021: 6016: 6010: 6008: 6004: 6003: 6001: 6000: 5995: 5990: 5985: 5980: 5975: 5970: 5965: 5960: 5955: 5950: 5944: 5942: 5936: 5935: 5933: 5932: 5931: 5930: 5922: 5921: 5920: 5910: 5904: 5902: 5896: 5895: 5893: 5892: 5887: 5882: 5881: 5880: 5875: 5867: 5862: 5856: 5854: 5846: 5845: 5843: 5842: 5837: 5832: 5827: 5822: 5817: 5811: 5809: 5803: 5802: 5800: 5799: 5794: 5793: 5792: 5787: 5777: 5772: 5762: 5760: 5754: 5753: 5751: 5750: 5745: 5740: 5734: 5732: 5728: 5727: 5725: 5724: 5723: 5722: 5717: 5707: 5702: 5697: 5692: 5686: 5684: 5678: 5677: 5670: 5669: 5662: 5655: 5647: 5638: 5637: 5635: 5634: 5628: 5626: 5622: 5621: 5618: 5617: 5615: 5614: 5609: 5604: 5599: 5593: 5591: 5587: 5586: 5584: 5583: 5578: 5573: 5568: 5566:Health visitor 5563: 5557: 5555: 5551: 5550: 5548: 5547: 5542: 5537: 5532: 5527: 5522: 5517: 5511: 5509: 5502: 5496: 5495: 5492: 5491: 5489: 5488: 5483: 5481:Nonstress test 5478: 5473: 5468: 5462: 5460: 5456: 5455: 5453: 5452: 5451: 5450: 5449: 5448: 5443: 5438: 5433: 5428: 5423: 5415: 5414: 5413: 5408: 5403: 5397:Skin diseases 5395: 5394: 5393: 5388: 5383: 5378: 5370: 5369: 5368: 5363: 5355: 5354: 5353: 5348: 5340: 5339: 5338: 5333: 5328: 5323: 5313: 5308: 5303: 5295: 5290: 5285: 5284: 5283: 5278: 5273: 5265: 5259: 5257: 5251: 5250: 5248: 5247: 5242: 5237: 5232: 5227: 5222: 5216: 5214: 5208: 5207: 5205: 5204: 5199: 5194: 5189: 5187:Amniotic fluid 5183: 5181: 5174: 5170: 5169: 5166: 5165: 5163: 5162: 5157: 5152: 5147: 5142: 5137: 5135:Multiple birth 5132: 5127: 5122: 5117: 5112: 5107: 5106: 5105: 5100: 5095: 5085: 5080: 5075: 5070: 5069: 5068: 5063: 5058: 5043: 5041: 5037: 5036: 5034: 5033: 5028: 5023: 5018: 5017: 5016: 5006: 5001: 4996: 4991: 4986: 4985: 4984: 4974: 4968: 4966: 4962: 4961: 4959: 4958: 4953: 4948: 4943: 4941:Bradley method 4937: 4935: 4928: 4922: 4921: 4919: 4918: 4913: 4908: 4903: 4898: 4893: 4888: 4883: 4878: 4873: 4868: 4862: 4860: 4856: 4855: 4853: 4852: 4847: 4842: 4841: 4840: 4833:Pregnancy test 4830: 4825: 4819: 4817: 4813: 4812: 4810: 4809: 4804: 4799: 4798: 4797: 4792: 4787: 4782: 4777: 4766: 4764: 4758: 4757: 4755: 4754: 4749: 4744: 4739: 4733: 4731: 4725: 4724: 4713: 4712: 4705: 4698: 4690: 4681: 4680: 4678: 4677: 4671: 4669: 4665: 4664: 4662: 4661: 4656: 4651: 4646: 4641: 4636: 4630: 4628: 4624: 4623: 4621: 4620: 4615: 4610: 4605: 4600: 4595: 4590: 4585: 4579: 4577: 4573: 4572: 4570: 4569: 4564: 4559: 4554: 4553: 4552: 4542: 4537: 4536: 4535: 4530: 4528:ovarian tissue 4525: 4520: 4510: 4505: 4499: 4497: 4493: 4492: 4490: 4489: 4484: 4479: 4474: 4469: 4464: 4459: 4454: 4449: 4444: 4439: 4434: 4429: 4423: 4421: 4420:and expansions 4412: 4411: 4409: 4408: 4403: 4402: 4401: 4391: 4386: 4381: 4380: 4379: 4374: 4363: 4361: 4355: 4354: 4352: 4351: 4346: 4341: 4336: 4331: 4326: 4321: 4315: 4313: 4307: 4306: 4299: 4298: 4291: 4284: 4276: 4267: 4266: 4264: 4263: 4251: 4239: 4226: 4223: 4222: 4220: 4215: 4210: 4209: 4208: 4198: 4193: 4188: 4186: 4183:Women's health 4180: 4179: 4177: 4176: 4171: 4166: 4161: 4156: 4150: 4147: 4146: 4144: 4143: 4138: 4132: 4130: 4124: 4123: 4121: 4120: 4115: 4110: 4105: 4100: 4094: 4092: 4090:United Nations 4083: 4082:& advocacy 4077: 4076: 4074: 4069: 4064: 4059: 4054: 4049: 4044: 4039: 4034: 4032: 4029:Sociocultural 4026: 4025: 4023: 4022: 4021: 4020: 4015: 4010: 4000: 3999: 3998: 3997: 3996: 3986: 3975: 3972: 3971: 3969: 3968: 3963: 3962: 3961: 3960: 3959: 3944: 3943: 3942: 3932: 3926: 3923: 3922: 3920: 3919: 3917:Ovarian cancer 3914: 3913: 3912: 3911: 3910: 3900: 3893:Uterine cancer 3890: 3885: 3879: 3877: 3868: 3860: 3859: 3857: 3856: 3851: 3846: 3845: 3844: 3837:Sexual assault 3834: 3829: 3824: 3819: 3818: 3817: 3807: 3801: 3799: 3788: 3782: 3781: 3778: 3777: 3775: 3774: 3769: 3764: 3759: 3754: 3749: 3744: 3739: 3738: 3737: 3727: 3722: 3717: 3715:Child marriage 3712: 3710:Breast ironing 3707: 3702: 3700:Breast binding 3697: 3696: 3695: 3690: 3688:Clitoridectomy 3679: 3676: 3675: 3673: 3672: 3667: 3666: 3665: 3655: 3650: 3644: 3642: 3631: 3625: 3624: 3621: 3620: 3618: 3617: 3616: 3615: 3605: 3600: 3595: 3590: 3589: 3588: 3583: 3578: 3573: 3566:Menstrual aids 3563: 3558: 3553: 3548: 3542: 3540: 3534: 3533: 3531: 3530: 3525: 3520: 3515: 3510: 3505: 3500: 3495: 3489: 3487: 3476: 3475: 3473: 3472: 3471: 3470: 3465: 3455: 3454: 3453: 3448: 3443: 3432: 3430: 3422: 3421: 3418: 3417: 3415: 3414: 3409: 3408: 3407: 3397: 3392: 3387: 3382: 3377: 3371: 3368: 3367: 3365: 3364: 3359: 3354: 3353: 3352: 3350:Husband stitch 3342: 3341: 3340: 3335: 3325: 3320: 3315: 3310: 3305: 3300: 3295: 3289: 3287: 3281: 3280: 3278: 3277: 3276: 3275: 3274: 3273: 3268: 3258: 3253: 3248: 3243: 3238: 3228: 3223: 3221:Antenatal care 3218: 3213: 3208: 3202: 3200: 3191: 3183: 3182: 3180: 3179: 3174: 3169: 3167:Fallopian tube 3164: 3159: 3154: 3149: 3148: 3147: 3142: 3137: 3136: 3135: 3119: 3117: 3113:Reproductive 3106: 3099: 3096: 3095: 3092:Women's health 3083: 3082: 3075: 3068: 3060: 3054: 3053: 3046: 3045:External links 3043: 3041: 3040: 3013:(8810): 17–8. 2997: 2983: 2969: 2963:2012-07-03 at 2938: 2923: 2911: 2908:about workshop 2899: 2886: 2845: 2820: 2796: 2784:Business Today 2771: 2756: 2741: 2729: 2717: 2698: 2679: 2659: 2641: 2615: 2589: 2567: 2547: 2523: 2502: 2481: 2416: 2385: 2374:(9): 598–604. 2354: 2323:fertilization" 2309: 2260: 2241: 2219: 2194: 2157:(5): e022658. 2136: 2117:. 2022-09-20. 2102: 2092: 2051: 2024:(4): 231–237. 2004: 1963: 1949: 1908: 1865: 1841: 1802: 1783:(5): 1308–15. 1767: 1740: 1699: 1656: 1616: 1568: 1531: 1523:10.17226/21871 1503: 1446: 1427:(1): 113–125. 1411: 1384:Fertil. Steril 1370: 1351: 1332: 1320: 1271: 1238: 1217:(8): 1638–52. 1197: 1178: 1158: 1155: 1154: 1153: 1146: 1141: 1136: 1131: 1125: 1123:Sperm donation 1120: 1115: 1110: 1105: 1100: 1095: 1088: 1085: 1048:25 July 1978, 1045: 1042: 1026:sperm donation 1012: 1009: 981: 978: 976: 973: 967: 964: 959: 956: 947: 944: 926: 923: 917: 914: 899: 896: 895: 894: 890: 887: 884: 849: 848:United Kingdom 846: 738: 732: 726: 720: 685: 684:European Union 682: 674: 673: 666: 663: 660: 657: 627: 624: 622: 619: 602: 599: 516:Sperm donation 513: 512: 509:cerebral palsy 498: 480: 442: 439: 438: 437: 430: 404: 397: 374: 371: 335:(as a form of 320: 317: 316: 315: 309: 303: 300:Sperm donation 297: 287: 281: 274: 267: 253: 243: 242: 236: 197: 194: 190:oligoovulation 167:Main article: 164: 161: 127: 124: 122: 119: 69: 68: 61: 58: 57: 50: 44: 43: 40: 36: 35: 32: 24: 23: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6393: 6382: 6381:Transhumanism 6379: 6377: 6374: 6372: 6369: 6367: 6364: 6362: 6359: 6357: 6354: 6352: 6349: 6347: 6344: 6342: 6339: 6337: 6334: 6332: 6329: 6327: 6324: 6322: 6319: 6317: 6316:Biotechnology 6314: 6312: 6309: 6307: 6304: 6303: 6301: 6286: 6283: 6279: 6276: 6274: 6273:child benefit 6271: 6269: 6266: 6264: 6261: 6260: 6258: 6256: 6253: 6251: 6248: 6247: 6245: 6241: 6235: 6232: 6230: 6227: 6225: 6222: 6220: 6217: 6216: 6214: 6210: 6202: 6201:birth control 6199: 6197: 6194: 6193: 6192: 6191:United States 6189: 6185: 6182: 6181: 6179: 6177: 6174: 6172: 6169: 6167: 6164: 6162: 6159: 6157: 6154: 6152: 6149: 6147: 6144: 6143: 6141: 6137: 6131: 6128: 6124: 6121: 6120: 6119: 6116: 6114: 6111: 6109: 6106: 6104: 6101: 6099: 6096: 6095: 6093: 6089: 6083: 6080: 6078: 6075: 6073: 6070: 6068: 6065: 6063: 6060: 6058: 6055: 6053: 6050: 6049: 6047: 6045: 6041: 6035: 6032: 6030: 6027: 6025: 6022: 6020: 6017: 6015: 6012: 6011: 6009: 6005: 5999: 5996: 5994: 5991: 5989: 5988:Prenatal care 5986: 5984: 5981: 5979: 5976: 5974: 5971: 5969: 5966: 5964: 5961: 5959: 5956: 5954: 5951: 5949: 5946: 5945: 5943: 5941: 5937: 5929: 5926: 5925: 5923: 5919: 5916: 5915: 5914: 5911: 5909: 5906: 5905: 5903: 5901: 5897: 5891: 5888: 5886: 5883: 5879: 5876: 5874: 5871: 5870: 5868: 5866: 5863: 5861: 5858: 5857: 5855: 5853: 5847: 5841: 5840:Sterilization 5838: 5836: 5833: 5831: 5828: 5826: 5823: 5821: 5818: 5816: 5813: 5812: 5810: 5808: 5807:Contraception 5804: 5798: 5795: 5791: 5788: 5786: 5783: 5782: 5781: 5778: 5776: 5775:Birth spacing 5773: 5771: 5770:childlessness 5767: 5766:Childfreeness 5764: 5763: 5761: 5759: 5755: 5749: 5746: 5744: 5741: 5739: 5738:Sex education 5736: 5735: 5733: 5729: 5721: 5718: 5716: 5713: 5712: 5711: 5708: 5706: 5703: 5701: 5698: 5696: 5693: 5691: 5688: 5687: 5685: 5683: 5679: 5675: 5668: 5663: 5661: 5656: 5654: 5649: 5648: 5645: 5633: 5630: 5629: 5627: 5623: 5613: 5610: 5608: 5605: 5603: 5600: 5598: 5595: 5594: 5592: 5588: 5582: 5579: 5577: 5576:Monthly nurse 5574: 5572: 5569: 5567: 5564: 5562: 5559: 5558: 5556: 5552: 5546: 5543: 5541: 5538: 5536: 5533: 5531: 5528: 5526: 5523: 5521: 5518: 5516: 5513: 5512: 5510: 5506: 5503: 5501: 5497: 5487: 5484: 5482: 5479: 5477: 5474: 5472: 5469: 5467: 5466:Amniocentesis 5464: 5463: 5461: 5457: 5447: 5444: 5442: 5439: 5437: 5434: 5432: 5429: 5427: 5426:Vaginal flora 5424: 5422: 5419: 5418: 5416: 5412: 5409: 5407: 5404: 5402: 5399: 5398: 5396: 5392: 5389: 5387: 5384: 5382: 5379: 5377: 5374: 5373: 5371: 5367: 5364: 5362: 5359: 5358: 5356: 5352: 5349: 5347: 5344: 5343: 5341: 5337: 5334: 5332: 5329: 5327: 5324: 5322: 5319: 5318: 5317: 5316:Substance use 5314: 5312: 5309: 5307: 5304: 5302: 5299: 5298: 5296: 5294: 5291: 5289: 5286: 5282: 5279: 5277: 5274: 5272: 5269: 5268: 5266: 5264: 5261: 5260: 5258: 5256: 5252: 5246: 5243: 5241: 5238: 5236: 5233: 5231: 5230:Fundal height 5228: 5226: 5223: 5221: 5218: 5217: 5215: 5213: 5209: 5203: 5200: 5198: 5195: 5193: 5190: 5188: 5185: 5184: 5182: 5178: 5175: 5171: 5161: 5158: 5156: 5153: 5151: 5148: 5146: 5143: 5141: 5138: 5136: 5133: 5131: 5128: 5126: 5123: 5121: 5118: 5116: 5113: 5111: 5108: 5104: 5101: 5099: 5096: 5094: 5091: 5090: 5089: 5086: 5084: 5081: 5079: 5076: 5074: 5071: 5067: 5064: 5062: 5059: 5057: 5054: 5053: 5052: 5048: 5045: 5044: 5042: 5038: 5032: 5029: 5027: 5024: 5022: 5019: 5015: 5012: 5011: 5010: 5007: 5005: 5002: 5000: 4997: 4995: 4992: 4990: 4987: 4983: 4982:Preterm birth 4980: 4979: 4978: 4975: 4973: 4970: 4969: 4967: 4963: 4957: 4954: 4952: 4949: 4947: 4946:Hypnobirthing 4944: 4942: 4939: 4938: 4936: 4932: 4929: 4927: 4923: 4917: 4914: 4912: 4909: 4907: 4904: 4902: 4899: 4897: 4894: 4892: 4889: 4887: 4884: 4882: 4879: 4877: 4874: 4872: 4869: 4867: 4864: 4863: 4861: 4857: 4851: 4848: 4846: 4843: 4839: 4836: 4835: 4834: 4831: 4829: 4826: 4824: 4823:3D ultrasound 4821: 4820: 4818: 4814: 4808: 4805: 4803: 4800: 4796: 4793: 4791: 4788: 4786: 4783: 4781: 4778: 4776: 4773: 4772: 4771: 4768: 4767: 4765: 4763: 4759: 4753: 4750: 4748: 4745: 4743: 4740: 4738: 4737:Birth control 4735: 4734: 4732: 4730: 4726: 4722: 4718: 4711: 4706: 4704: 4699: 4697: 4692: 4691: 4688: 4676: 4673: 4672: 4670: 4666: 4660: 4659:Sex selection 4657: 4655: 4652: 4650: 4647: 4645: 4642: 4640: 4637: 4635: 4632: 4631: 4629: 4625: 4619: 4616: 4614: 4611: 4609: 4606: 4604: 4601: 4599: 4596: 4594: 4591: 4589: 4586: 4584: 4581: 4580: 4578: 4574: 4568: 4565: 4563: 4562:Sex selection 4560: 4558: 4555: 4551: 4548: 4547: 4546: 4543: 4541: 4538: 4534: 4531: 4529: 4526: 4524: 4521: 4519: 4516: 4515: 4514: 4511: 4509: 4506: 4504: 4501: 4500: 4498: 4496:Other methods 4494: 4488: 4485: 4483: 4480: 4478: 4475: 4473: 4470: 4468: 4465: 4463: 4460: 4458: 4455: 4453: 4450: 4448: 4445: 4443: 4440: 4438: 4435: 4433: 4430: 4428: 4425: 4424: 4422: 4417: 4413: 4407: 4404: 4400: 4397: 4396: 4395: 4394:Gonadotropins 4392: 4390: 4389:GnRH agonists 4387: 4385: 4382: 4378: 4375: 4373: 4370: 4369: 4368: 4365: 4364: 4362: 4360: 4356: 4350: 4347: 4345: 4342: 4340: 4337: 4335: 4332: 4330: 4327: 4325: 4322: 4320: 4317: 4316: 4314: 4312: 4308: 4304: 4297: 4292: 4290: 4285: 4283: 4278: 4277: 4274: 4262: 4261: 4252: 4250: 4249: 4240: 4238: 4237: 4228: 4227: 4224: 4219: 4216: 4214: 4211: 4207: 4204: 4203: 4202: 4199: 4197: 4194: 4192: 4189: 4187: 4181: 4175: 4172: 4170: 4167: 4165: 4162: 4160: 4157: 4155: 4152: 4151: 4142: 4139: 4137: 4134: 4133: 4131: 4129: 4128:United States 4125: 4119: 4116: 4114: 4111: 4109: 4106: 4104: 4101: 4099: 4096: 4095: 4093: 4091: 4087: 4084: 4078: 4073: 4070: 4068: 4065: 4063: 4060: 4058: 4055: 4053: 4050: 4048: 4045: 4043: 4042:Disadvantaged 4040: 4038: 4035: 4033: 4027: 4019: 4016: 4014: 4011: 4009: 4006: 4005: 4004: 4003:Urinary tract 4001: 3995: 3992: 3991: 3990: 3987: 3985: 3982: 3981: 3980: 3979:Mental health 3977: 3976: 3967: 3964: 3958: 3955: 3954: 3953: 3950: 3949: 3948: 3945: 3941: 3938: 3937: 3936: 3933: 3931: 3928: 3927: 3918: 3915: 3909: 3906: 3905: 3904: 3901: 3899: 3896: 3895: 3894: 3891: 3889: 3888:Breast cancer 3886: 3884: 3881: 3880: 3878: 3876: 3872: 3869: 3867: 3861: 3855: 3852: 3850: 3847: 3843: 3840: 3839: 3838: 3835: 3833: 3830: 3828: 3825: 3823: 3820: 3816: 3813: 3812: 3811: 3808: 3806: 3803: 3802: 3800: 3798: 3797:against women 3792: 3789: 3783: 3773: 3772:Sex education 3770: 3768: 3765: 3763: 3760: 3758: 3755: 3753: 3750: 3748: 3745: 3743: 3740: 3736: 3733: 3732: 3731: 3728: 3726: 3723: 3721: 3718: 3716: 3713: 3711: 3708: 3706: 3705:Breast health 3703: 3701: 3698: 3694: 3691: 3689: 3686: 3685: 3684: 3681: 3680: 3677: 3671: 3668: 3664: 3661: 3660: 3659: 3656: 3654: 3651: 3649: 3646: 3645: 3643: 3641: 3635: 3632: 3626: 3614: 3611: 3610: 3609: 3606: 3604: 3601: 3599: 3596: 3594: 3591: 3587: 3584: 3582: 3579: 3577: 3576:Menstrual cup 3574: 3572: 3569: 3568: 3567: 3564: 3562: 3559: 3557: 3554: 3552: 3549: 3547: 3544: 3543: 3541: 3539: 3535: 3529: 3526: 3524: 3521: 3519: 3516: 3514: 3511: 3509: 3506: 3504: 3501: 3499: 3496: 3494: 3491: 3490: 3488: 3486: 3481: 3480:Contraception 3477: 3469: 3466: 3464: 3461: 3460: 3459: 3456: 3452: 3449: 3447: 3444: 3442: 3441:Childlessness 3439: 3438: 3437: 3434: 3433: 3431: 3429: 3426:Reproductive 3423: 3413: 3410: 3406: 3403: 3402: 3401: 3400:Sterilization 3398: 3396: 3393: 3391: 3388: 3386: 3383: 3381: 3378: 3376: 3373: 3372: 3369: 3363: 3360: 3358: 3355: 3351: 3348: 3347: 3346: 3343: 3339: 3336: 3334: 3331: 3330: 3329: 3326: 3324: 3321: 3319: 3316: 3314: 3311: 3309: 3306: 3304: 3301: 3299: 3298:Preterm birth 3296: 3294: 3291: 3290: 3288: 3286: 3282: 3272: 3269: 3267: 3264: 3263: 3262: 3259: 3257: 3254: 3252: 3249: 3247: 3244: 3242: 3239: 3237: 3234: 3233: 3232: 3229: 3227: 3224: 3222: 3219: 3217: 3214: 3212: 3209: 3207: 3204: 3203: 3201: 3199: 3195: 3192: 3190: 3184: 3178: 3175: 3173: 3170: 3168: 3165: 3163: 3160: 3158: 3155: 3153: 3150: 3146: 3143: 3141: 3138: 3134: 3133:Clitoral hood 3131: 3130: 3129: 3126: 3125: 3124: 3121: 3120: 3118: 3116: 3110: 3107: 3104: 3101:Reproductive 3097: 3093: 3089: 3081: 3076: 3074: 3069: 3067: 3062: 3061: 3058: 3052: 3049: 3048: 3036: 3032: 3028: 3024: 3020: 3016: 3012: 3008: 3001: 2993: 2987: 2979: 2973: 2966: 2965:archive.today 2962: 2957: 2956: 2951: 2945: 2943: 2936: 2933: 2927: 2921: 2915: 2909: 2903: 2896: 2890: 2882: 2878: 2873: 2868: 2865:(4): 1194–7. 2864: 2860: 2856: 2849: 2835: 2831: 2824: 2810: 2806: 2805:"IVF Clinics" 2800: 2785: 2781: 2775: 2769: 2765: 2760: 2754: 2750: 2745: 2738: 2733: 2726: 2721: 2714: 2710: 2707: 2702: 2695: 2691: 2688: 2683: 2676: 2672: 2669: 2663: 2655: 2651: 2645: 2630:on 2014-06-24 2629: 2625: 2619: 2603: 2599: 2593: 2578: 2571: 2557: 2551: 2533: 2527: 2513:. 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