55:
670:
evolved, although its evolution has left no fossil records. There are almost invariably only two gamete types, all analyses showing that intermediate gamete sizes are eliminated due to selection. Since intermediate sized gametes do not have the same advantages as small or large ones, they do worse
699:
826:
that grows down the style into the ovary of the flower and then into the ovule. The pollen then produces non-motile sperm nuclei by mitosis that are transported down the pollen tube to the ovule where they are released for fertilization of the egg cell.
778:
which produce gametes by mitosis. In animals there is no corresponding multicellular haploid phase. The sperm of plants that reproduce using spores are formed by mitosis in an organ of the gametophyte known as the
731:, that embryos derived from artificial gametes could be used to derive new gametes and this process could be repeated to create multiple human generations in the laboratory. This technique could be used to create
787:. Plant sperm cells are their only motile cells, often described as flagellate, but more correctly as ciliate. Bryophytes have 2 flagella, horsetails have up to 200 and the mature spermatozoa of the
695:
during meiosis ensures that the chromosomes of gametes are not exact duplicates of either of the sets of chromosomes carried in the parental diploid chromosomes but a mixture of the two.
562:
that applies to humans and other mammals. The human ovum has approximately 100,000 times the volume of a single human sperm cell. The type of gamete an organism produces determines its
1254:
Consequently, the cells of the offspring have genes potentially capable of expressing some of the characteristics of both the father and the mother, subject to whether they are
632:. In animals, ova are produced in the ovaries of females and sperm develop in the testes of males. During fertilization, a spermatozoon and an ovum, each carrying half of the
711:
Artificial gametes, also known as in vitro derived gametes (IVD), stem cell-derived gametes (SCDGs), and in vitro generated gametes (IVG), are gametes derived from
1493:
810:
of the flower. When mature, the haploid gametophyte produces female gametes which are ready for fertilization. The male gametophyte is produced inside a
1864:
1859:
1486:
1849:
993:
702:
A human spermatozoon fusing with a human ovum. The spermatozoon is approximately 100,000 times smaller in size than the human ovum.
116:
1409:
Wolniak SM, Klink VP, Hart PE, Tsai CW (June 2000). "Control of development and motility in the spermatozoids of lower plants".
1738:
1479:
1020:
962:
1159:
1087:
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1030:
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techniques". Research shows that artificial gametes may be a reproductive technique for same-sex male couples, although a
727:
may be able to produce eggs and bear genetically related children with artificial gametes. Robert
Sparrow wrote, in the
1390:
1149:
937:
485:
1748:
1335:
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205:
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and is non-motile, but can be distributed by wind, water or animal vectors. When a pollen grain lands on a mature
1238:
298:
506:
350:
2007:
1723:
594:
cell or spermatozoon. Sperm cells are small and motile due to the presence of a tail-shaped structure, the
365:
175:
1997:
111:
106:
101:
96:
1930:
763:
308:
170:
1917:
1708:
728:
554:. By contrast, in the majority of species, the gametes are of different sizes, a condition known as
424:
160:
598:, that provides propulsion. In contrast, each egg cell or ovum is relatively large and non-motile.
1925:
153:
91:
886:
355:
17:
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that reproduce sexually also produce gametes. However, since plants have a life cycle involving
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1314:
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1961:
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8:
2002:
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1728:
1699:
633:
624:, the process of male gamete formation in animals, involves meiosis in a diploid primary
532:
196:
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Gametes of both mating individuals can be the same size and shape, a condition known as
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1649:
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Pregnancies brought about by means of artificial gametes would necessarily require
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1120:
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than small ones in mobility and numbers, and worse than large ones in supply.
1991:
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1308:
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1134:
1109:"Gamete competition, gamete limitation, and the evolution of the two sexes"
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989:
732:
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set from the sperm and one a copy of the chromosome set from the egg cell.
680:
625:
254:
148:
143:
84:
36:
1179:, Peichel CL, Kirkpatrick M, Otto SP, Ashman TL, et al. (July 2014).
679:
In contrast to a gamete, which has only one set of chromosomes, a diploid
1956:
1951:
1682:
1383:
The morphology of
Pteridophytes; the structure of ferns and allied plants
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911:
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823:
784:
780:
775:
723:
would still be required for the gestation period. Women who have passed
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187:
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1946:
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54:
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is any individual that produces the larger type of gamete called an
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1785:
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1607:
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technology to create enhancements that have not arisen in nature.
1874:
1770:
767:
659:
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605:
551:
227:
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and the egg cells by mitosis in a flask-shaped organ called the
715:. The use of such artificial gametes would "necessarily require
674:
1884:
1674:
1597:
1239:"Mitosis, Meiosis, and Inheritance | Learn Science at Scitable"
815:
811:
759:
667:
637:
613:
579:
395:
1174:
604:, the process of female gamete formation in animals, involves
466:
1580:
803:
788:
591:
1049:
Living at Micro Scale: The
Unexpected Physics of Being Small
766:
some differences from animal life cycles exist. Plants use
698:
1501:
587:
583:
735:
for medical applications and for studying the heredity of
543:. The name gamete was introduced by the German cytologist
1826:
563:
460:
457:
45:
1151:
A Mind Of Her Own: The evolutionary psychology of women
857:"gamete | Definition, Formation, Examples, & Facts"
849:
987:
1408:
469:
798:are the only gymnosperms with motile sperm. In the
463:
454:
1181:"Sex determination: why so many ways of doing it?"
739:. Additionally, this technique could be used for
1989:
967:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 111–112.
881:
879:
877:
802:, the female gametophyte is produced inside the
570:. In humans and other species that produce two
1404:
1402:
1275:"Artificial gametes: new paths to parenthood?"
1102:
887:"gamete / gametes | Learn Science at Scitable"
764:alternation of diploid and haploid generations
1487:
1272:
874:
675:Differences between gametes and somatic cells
425:
960:
935:
912:"gamete | Etymology of gamete by etymonline"
566:and sets the basis for the sexual roles and
523:that fuses with another haploid cell during
1429:
1399:
981:
1494:
1480:
1374:
1329:
1327:
1325:
995:Sperm Biology: An Evolutionary Perspective
432:
418:
1436:Norstog KJ (1986). "The blepharoplast of
1298:
1206:
1196:
1124:
1079:The Evolution of Sex and its Consequences
1052:. Harvard University Press. p. 309.
1045:
1411:Gravitational and Space Biology Bulletin
1147:
1096:
697:
574:distinct types of gametes, and in which
1435:
1333:
1322:
1072:
1025:. Vikas Publishing House. p. 363.
842:
14:
1990:
1380:
1268:
1266:
1264:
961:Fusco G, Minelli A (10 October 2019).
794:has up to 50,000 flagella. Cycads and
576:each individual produces only one type
1865:Hypothalamic–pituitary–prolactin axis
1475:
706:
1273:Newson AJ, Smajdor AC (March 2005).
822:of a flower it germinates to form a
770:to produce spores that develop into
590:produces the smaller type, called a
1860:Hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis
1261:
1018:
24:
1082:. Birkhäuser. pp. 21, 81–82.
998:. Academic Press. pp. 43–44.
662:is the ancestral state from which
636:of an individual, unite to form a
498: 'wife', ultimately from
25:
2019:
938:"8.4 Sex: It's About the Gametes"
747:for a desired genome or by using
942:The Evolution and Biology of Sex
687:, one of which is a copy of the
654:Evolution of sexual reproduction
450:
206:Evolution of sexual reproduction
53:
1231:
1168:
1141:
1066:
1039:
1012:
954:
929:
904:
658:It is generally accepted that
299:Sexual reproduction in animals
13:
1:
1352:10.1136/medethics-2012-101200
1198:10.1371/journal.pbio.1001899
1113:Molecular Human Reproduction
647:
535:. Gametes are an organism's
176:Simultaneous hermaphroditism
7:
1334:Sparrow R (November 2014).
964:The Biology of Reproduction
830:
10:
2024:
1850:Reproductive endocrinology
1154:. OUP Oxford. p. 45.
1148:Campbell A (16 May 2013).
693:Recombination of the genes
651:
505:
484:
309:Penile-vaginal intercourse
171:Sequential hermaphroditism
1939:
1918:Human reproductive system
1916:
1883:
1848:
1825:
1737:
1635:
1551:
1513:
1340:Journal of Medical Ethics
1279:Journal of Medical Ethics
754:
729:Journal of Medical Ethics
640:that develops into a new
161:Testis-determining factor
936:Cotner S, Wassenberg D,
154:Sex chromosome anomalies
92:Sex-determination system
1385:. Legare Street Press.
1291:10.1136/jme.2003.004986
988:Pitnick SS, Hosken DJ,
861:Encyclopedia Britannica
612:) of a diploid primary
519: 'marriage') is a
1940:Diseases and disorders
1749:Sexual differentiation
703:
685:homologous chromosomes
539:, also referred to as
277:Internal fertilization
272:External fertilization
75:Sexual differentiation
1972:Premature ejaculation
1967:Hard flaccid syndrome
1637:Human sexual activity
1256:dominant or recessive
1126:10.1093/molehr/gau068
1046:Dusenbery DB (2009).
701:
616:to produce a haploid
610:meiotic recombination
117:Temperature-dependent
1962:Erectile dysfunction
1076:(21 November 2013).
843:Notes and references
745:selectively breeding
2008:Reproductive system
1741:reproductive system
1729:Vaginal lubrication
1507:sexual reproduction
1336:"In vitro eugenics"
634:genetic information
628:to produce haploid
294:Fungal reproduction
197:Sexual reproduction
1998:Classical genetics
1739:Development of the
1650:Sexual intercourse
1381:Sporne KR (2022).
916:www.etymonline.com
707:Artificial gametes
704:
545:Eduard Strasburger
537:reproductive cells
533:reproduce sexually
321:Human reproduction
304:Sexual intercourse
289:Plant reproduction
183:Intersex (biology)
1985:
1984:
1754:Sexual dimorphism
1719:Postpartum period
1442:Botanical Gazette
1161:978-0-19-164701-7
1119:(12): 1161–1168.
1107:(December 2014).
1089:978-3-0348-6273-8
1059:978-0-674-03116-6
1032:978-93-259-9022-7
1022:Textbook of Algae
1005:978-0-08-091987-4
974:978-1-108-49985-9
814:grain within the
741:human enhancement
737:genetic disorders
442:
441:
326:Lordosis behavior
129:Heterogametic sex
70:Sexual dimorphism
16:(Redirected from
2015:
1724:Mechanics of sex
1533:Follicular phase
1503:Human physiology
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62:Biological terms
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27:Haploid sex cell
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622:Spermatogenesis
572:morphologically
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371:Differentiation
361:Human sexuality
351:Plant sexuality
238:Spermatogenesis
134:Homogametic sex
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796:Ginkgo biloba
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786:
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772:multicellular
769:
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525:fertilization
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500:Ancient Greek
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479:Ancient Greek
474:
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406:Hermaphrodite
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331:Pelvic thrust
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122:Haplodiploidy
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19:
1812:Paternal age
1808:Maternal age
1781:Tanner scale
1764:Virilization
1759:Feminization
1709:Implantation
1695:Insemination
1679:Ejaculation
1655:Masturbation
1624:
1571:spermatocyte
1543:Luteal phase
1528:Menstruation
1448:(1): 40–46.
1445:
1441:
1438:Zamia pumila
1437:
1431:
1417:(2): 85–93.
1414:
1410:
1382:
1376:
1343:
1339:
1312:
1282:
1278:
1246:. Retrieved
1242:
1233:
1188:
1185:PLOS Biology
1184:
1175:Bachtrog D,
1170:
1150:
1143:
1116:
1112:
1103:Lehtonen J,
1098:
1078:
1068:
1048:
1041:
1021:
1019:Awasthi AK.
1014:
994:
983:
963:
956:
945:, retrieved
941:
931:
919:. Retrieved
915:
906:
894:. Retrieved
890:
864:. Retrieved
860:
851:
795:
792:Zamia pumila
791:
776:gametophytes
758:
710:
681:somatic cell
678:
657:
626:spermatocyte
600:
549:
540:
536:
521:haploid cell
513:
510:
503:
492:
489:
482:
445:
443:
255:spermatozoon
249:
149:Y chromosome
144:X chromosome
85:Virilization
80:Feminization
44:
29:
1957:Dyspareunia
1952:Dysorgasmia
1898:Development
990:Birkhead TR
837:Coenogamete
824:pollen tube
806:within the
785:archegonium
781:antheridium
630:spermatozoa
608:(including
477:; from
401:Gonochorism
188:Mating type
2003:Germ cells
1992:Categories
1977:Vaginismus
1947:Anorgasmia
1801:Adrenarche
1796:Spermarche
1776:Gonadarche
1317:techniques
1074:Stearns SC
947:20 October
896:20 October
866:20 October
733:cell lines
713:stem cells
689:chromosome
644:organism.
560:heterogamy
316:Copulation
1903:Lactation
1893:Thelarche
1870:Andrology
1817:Menopause
1714:Pregnancy
1704:Fertility
1659:Erection
1615:Germ cell
1588:Oogenesis
1576:spermatid
1538:Ovulation
1105:Parker GA
725:menopause
664:anisogamy
648:Evolution
602:Oogenesis
596:flagellum
556:anisogamy
547:in 1878.
541:sex cells
529:organisms
366:Mechanics
342:Sexuality
243:Oogenesis
223:Germ cell
211:Anisogamy
1840:Vivipary
1810: /
1791:Menarche
1786:Pubarche
1668:Clitoral
1620:gonocyte
1593:oogonium
1523:Menarche
1462:85257438
1423:11543285
1360:23557913
1309:15738444
1217:24983465
1135:25323972
992:(2008).
831:See also
774:haploid
586:, and a
376:Activity
37:a series
35:Part of
1875:Hormone
1771:Puberty
1300:1734101
1248:1 March
1225:3741933
1208:4077654
1177:Mank JE
768:meiosis
660:isogamy
642:diploid
606:meiosis
552:isogamy
228:Meiosis
216:Isogamy
18:Gametes
1931:Female
1885:Breast
1688:Female
1675:Orgasm
1663:Penile
1625:gamete
1598:oocyte
1460:
1421:
1389:
1368:959092
1366:
1358:
1307:
1297:
1223:
1215:
1205:
1158:
1133:
1086:
1056:
1029:
1002:
971:
921:6 June
820:stigma
816:anther
812:pollen
760:Plants
755:Plants
668:oogamy
638:zygote
614:oocyte
580:female
493:gametḗ
486:γαμετή
446:gamete
396:Dioecy
250:Gamete
1603:ootid
1581:sperm
1458:S2CID
1440:L.".
1364:S2CID
1221:S2CID
808:ovary
804:ovule
789:cycad
592:sperm
531:that
514:gámos
507:γάμος
502:
481:
1926:Male
1835:Ovum
1683:Male
1608:ovum
1419:PMID
1387:ISBN
1356:PMID
1305:PMID
1250:2021
1213:PMID
1156:ISBN
1131:PMID
1084:ISBN
1054:ISBN
1027:ISBN
1000:ISBN
969:ISBN
949:2020
923:2024
898:2020
868:2020
666:and
618:ovum
588:male
584:ovum
578:, a
260:ovum
1827:Egg
1505:of
1450:doi
1446:147
1348:doi
1315:IVF
1295:PMC
1287:doi
1203:PMC
1193:doi
1121:doi
743:by
717:IVF
564:sex
558:or
527:in
46:Sex
1994::
1702:/
1456:.
1444:.
1415:13
1413:.
1401:^
1362:.
1354:.
1344:40
1342:.
1338:.
1324:^
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1303:.
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1263:^
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889:.
876:^
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620:.
467:iː
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112:ZO
107:ZW
102:XO
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490:(
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461:æ
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455:ˈ
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