31:
837:
861:
77:
Non-human animals often have different sex arrangements than humans. In birds, the male sex is the homogametic sex, having two Z chromosomes, while the female sex is the heterogametic sex, with one Z and one W chromosome. In
20:
82:, the male sex is heterogametic while the female sex is the homogametic sex. Among the insects, Lepidopterans (butterflies and moths) have heterogametic females, but in
100:
99:, with distributions of sexes conforming to binomial variance. However, in practice, some populations deviate from this expectation, in a phenomenon termed
758:
902:
542:
458:
187:
220:
813:
628:
736:
19:
793:
808:
608:
591:
895:
537:
532:
527:
522:
451:
89:
71:
203:
Hardy, Ian C. W.; Boulton, Rebecca A. (1 January 2019). "Sex
Allocation, Sex Ratios and Reproduction☆".
746:
586:
103:. Sex ratio distortion has been observed in mice, mosquitos, and other organisms and can be caused by
926:
576:
238:"Patterns and mechanisms of sex ratio distortion in the Collaborative Cross mouse mapping population"
114:
between the sex chromosomes, and in some species, this extends to the autosomes, a phenomenon called
124:
flies are achiasmic, lacking recombination on all chromosomes, although females show recombination.
921:
517:
936:
798:
120:
888:
714:
709:
505:
500:
444:
818:
111:
70:, where each gamete's sex chromosomes are X and X. This arrangement is understood within the
931:
876:
753:
286:
8:
650:
618:
142:
763:
741:
726:
417:
392:
368:
333:
314:
262:
237:
212:
768:
483:
422:
373:
355:
306:
267:
216:
183:
180:
Perspectives on genetics: anecdotal, historical, and critical commentaries, 1987–1998
137:
133:
318:
34:
Drosophila sex determination system. In
Drosophila, males are the heterogametic sex.
721:
603:
412:
404:
363:
345:
298:
257:
249:
208:
30:
803:
785:
731:
675:
408:
51:
872:
559:
253:
95:
Heterogametic sex determination systems typically have an approximately equal
915:
773:
704:
670:
581:
547:
359:
350:
310:
104:
840:
692:
569:
564:
510:
426:
377:
271:
63:
59:
236:
Haines, Brett A; Barradale, Francesca; Dumont, Beth L (20 August 2021).
84:
79:
67:
680:
655:
645:
633:
162:
96:
24:
88:, males are the heterogametic sex. This arrangement is known as the
868:
697:
598:
302:
115:
177:
860:
665:
638:
687:
660:
493:
47:
16:
Sex of a species in which the sex chromosomes are not the same
287:"Sex-Ratio Distortion Caused by Meiotic Drive in Mosquitoes"
488:
55:
467:
334:"Natural and Engineered Sex Ratio Distortion in Insects"
436:
235:
178:James Franklin Crow; William F. Dove, eds. (2000).
393:"The Evolution of Sex Dimorphism in Recombination"
285:Wood, Roger J.; Newton, Martha E. (1 March 1991).
163:King R.C.; Stansfield W.D.; Mulligan P.K. (2006).
913:
205:Encyclopedia of Animal Behavior (Second Edition)
46:) is the sex of a species where an individual's
182:. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press.
896:
452:
202:
110:Heterogamesis can lead to reduced or absent
903:
889:
459:
445:
284:
58:, where each gamete's sex chromosomes are
54:. In humans, the heterogametic sex is the
416:
390:
367:
349:
331:
261:
384:
29:
18:
914:
440:
332:Compton, Austin; Tu, Zhijian (2022).
118:. For example, most lineages of male
855:
167:(7th ed.). Oxford. p. 204.
555:Heterogametic sex / Homogametic sex
391:Lenormand, Thomas (February 2003).
13:
338:Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution
213:10.1016/B978-0-12-809633-8.90122-5
14:
948:
859:
836:
835:
629:Evolution of sexual reproduction
23:Human male XY chromosomes after
737:Sexual reproduction in animals
325:
278:
229:
196:
171:
156:
1:
149:
66:. This is in contrast to the
875:. You can help Knowledge by
609:Sex as a biological variable
592:Simultaneous hermaphroditism
7:
127:
90:ZW sex-determination system
72:XY sex-determination system
10:
953:
854:
747:Penile-vaginal intercourse
587:Sequential hermaphroditism
409:10.1093/genetics/163.2.811
831:
784:
617:
577:Testis-determining factor
474:
518:Sex-determination system
351:10.3389/fevo.2022.884159
254:10.1093/genetics/iyab136
165:A Dictionary of Genetics
466:
291:The American Naturalist
121:Drosophila melanogaster
501:Sexual differentiation
35:
27:
543:Temperature-dependent
112:meiotic recombination
33:
22:
101:sex ratio distortion
759:Hormonal motivation
732:Fungal reproduction
651:Reproductive system
145:, concerns achiasmy
143:Haldane-Huxley rule
764:Human reproduction
742:Sexual intercourse
727:Plant reproduction
50:have non-matching
36:
28:
884:
883:
849:
848:
769:Lordosis behavior
484:Sexual dimorphism
189:978-0-299-16604-5
138:hybrid speciation
40:heterogametic sex
944:
927:Animal sexuality
905:
898:
891:
863:
856:
839:
838:
799:Animal sexuality
722:Sexual selection
461:
454:
447:
438:
437:
431:
430:
420:
388:
382:
381:
371:
353:
329:
323:
322:
282:
276:
275:
265:
233:
227:
226:
200:
194:
193:
175:
169:
168:
160:
952:
951:
947:
946:
945:
943:
942:
941:
922:Plant sexuality
912:
911:
910:
909:
852:
850:
845:
827:
814:Differentiation
804:Human sexuality
794:Plant sexuality
780:
676:Spermatogenesis
620:
613:
476:
470:
465:
435:
434:
389:
385:
330:
326:
283:
279:
234:
230:
223:
201:
197:
190:
176:
172:
161:
157:
152:
130:
52:sex chromosomes
17:
12:
11:
5:
950:
940:
939:
937:Genetics stubs
934:
929:
924:
908:
907:
900:
893:
885:
882:
881:
864:
847:
846:
844:
843:
832:
829:
828:
826:
825:
824:
823:
822:
821:
816:
811:
796:
790:
788:
782:
781:
779:
778:
777:
776:
771:
766:
761:
756:
751:
750:
749:
734:
729:
724:
719:
718:
717:
712:
702:
701:
700:
695:
685:
684:
683:
678:
668:
663:
658:
653:
648:
643:
642:
641:
636:
625:
623:
615:
614:
612:
611:
606:
601:
596:
595:
594:
589:
579:
574:
573:
572:
567:
560:Sex chromosome
557:
552:
551:
550:
545:
540:
535:
530:
525:
515:
514:
513:
508:
498:
497:
496:
491:
480:
478:
472:
471:
464:
463:
456:
449:
441:
433:
432:
383:
324:
303:10.1086/285171
297:(3): 379–391.
277:
228:
221:
195:
188:
170:
154:
153:
151:
148:
147:
146:
140:
134:Haldane's rule
129:
126:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
949:
938:
935:
933:
930:
928:
925:
923:
920:
919:
917:
906:
901:
899:
894:
892:
887:
886:
880:
878:
874:
871:article is a
870:
865:
862:
858:
857:
853:
842:
834:
833:
830:
820:
817:
815:
812:
810:
807:
806:
805:
802:
801:
800:
797:
795:
792:
791:
789:
787:
783:
775:
774:Pelvic thrust
772:
770:
767:
765:
762:
760:
757:
755:
752:
748:
745:
744:
743:
740:
739:
738:
735:
733:
730:
728:
725:
723:
720:
716:
713:
711:
708:
707:
706:
705:Fertilization
703:
699:
696:
694:
691:
690:
689:
686:
682:
679:
677:
674:
673:
672:
671:Gametogenesis
669:
667:
664:
662:
659:
657:
654:
652:
649:
647:
644:
640:
637:
635:
632:
631:
630:
627:
626:
624:
622:
616:
610:
607:
605:
604:parasexuality
602:
600:
597:
593:
590:
588:
585:
584:
583:
582:Hermaphrodite
580:
578:
575:
571:
568:
566:
563:
562:
561:
558:
556:
553:
549:
548:Haplodiploidy
546:
544:
541:
539:
536:
534:
531:
529:
526:
524:
521:
520:
519:
516:
512:
509:
507:
504:
503:
502:
499:
495:
492:
490:
487:
486:
485:
482:
481:
479:
473:
469:
462:
457:
455:
450:
448:
443:
442:
439:
428:
424:
419:
414:
410:
406:
403:(2): 811–22.
402:
398:
394:
387:
379:
375:
370:
365:
361:
357:
352:
347:
343:
339:
335:
328:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
281:
273:
269:
264:
259:
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
232:
224:
222:9780128132524
218:
214:
210:
206:
199:
191:
185:
181:
174:
166:
159:
155:
144:
141:
139:
135:
132:
131:
125:
123:
122:
117:
113:
108:
106:
105:meiotic drive
102:
98:
93:
91:
87:
86:
81:
75:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
44:digametic sex
41:
32:
26:
21:
877:expanding it
866:
851:
693:spermatozoon
621:reproduction
570:Y chromosome
565:X chromosome
554:
511:Virilization
506:Feminization
400:
396:
386:
341:
337:
327:
294:
290:
280:
245:
241:
231:
204:
198:
179:
173:
164:
158:
119:
109:
94:
83:
76:
43:
39:
37:
932:Chromosomes
207:: 464–471.
136:, concerns
916:Categories
754:Copulation
475:Biological
150:References
107:elements.
85:Drosophila
80:platypuses
68:female sex
809:Mechanics
786:Sexuality
681:Oogenesis
656:Sex organ
646:Germ cell
634:Anisogamy
360:2296-701X
311:0003-0147
97:sex ratio
25:G-banding
869:genetics
841:Category
819:Activity
715:Internal
710:External
599:Intersex
427:12618416
397:Genetics
378:36339946
319:84366854
272:34740238
242:Genetics
128:See also
116:achiasmy
56:male sex
666:Meiosis
639:Isogamy
418:1462442
369:9635402
263:8570777
48:gametes
688:Gamete
661:Mating
619:Sexual
494:Female
425:
415:
376:
366:
358:
317:
309:
270:
260:
219:
186:
867:This
477:terms
315:S2CID
248:(3).
873:stub
698:ovum
489:Male
423:PMID
374:PMID
356:ISSN
307:ISSN
268:PMID
217:ISBN
184:ISBN
62:and
42:(or
38:The
468:Sex
413:PMC
405:doi
401:163
364:PMC
346:doi
299:doi
295:137
258:PMC
250:doi
246:219
209:doi
918::
538:ZO
533:XO
528:ZW
523:XY
421:.
411:.
399:.
395:.
372:.
362:.
354:.
344:.
342:10
340:.
336:.
313:.
305:.
293:.
289:.
266:.
256:.
244:.
240:.
215:.
92:.
74:.
904:e
897:t
890:v
879:.
460:e
453:t
446:v
429:.
407::
380:.
348::
321:.
301::
274:.
252::
225:.
211::
192:.
64:Y
60:X
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
