789:, argues that parental authority is granted because the child requires parents to satisfy their needs. He believes that parental autonomy is more about parents providing good care for their children and treating them with respect than parents having rights. The researcher Kyriakos Martakis, MD, MSc, explains that research shows parental influence negatively affects children's ability to form autonomy. However, involving children in the decision-making process allows children to develop their cognitive skills and create their own opinions and, thus, decisions about their health. Parental authority affects the degree of autonomy the child patient has. As a result, in Argentina, the new National Civil and Commercial Code has enacted various changes to the healthcare system to encourage children and adolescents to develop autonomy. It has become more crucial to let children take accountability for their own health decisions.
793:
in pediatric healthcare. The same moral standards should apply to children as they do to adults. In support of this idea is the concept of paternalism, which negates autonomy when it is in the patient's interests. This concept aims to keep the child's best interests in mind regarding autonomy. Pediatricians can interact with patients and help them make decisions that will benefit them, thus enhancing their autonomy. However, radical theories that question a child's moral worth continue to be debated today. Authors often question whether the treatment and equality of a child and an adult should be the same. Author Tamar
Schapiro notes that children need nurturing and cannot exercise the same level of authority as adults. Hence, continuing the discussion on whether children are capable of making important health decisions until this day.
749:, privacy, legal responsibility, and informed consent must always be considered in every pediatric procedure. Pediatricians often have to treat the parents and sometimes, the family, rather than just the child. Adolescents are in their own legal class, having rights to their own health care decisions in certain circumstances. The concept of legal consent combined with the non-legal consent (assent) of the child when considering treatment options, especially in the face of conditions with poor prognosis or complicated and painful procedures/surgeries, means the pediatrician must take into account the desires of many people, in addition to those of the patient.
768:
result, mothers, midwives, "wise women", and general practitioners treated the children instead of doctors. Since mothers could not rely on professional medicine to take care of their children, they developed their own methods, such as using alkaline soda ash to remove the vernix at birth and treating teething pain with opium or wine. The absence of proper pediatric care, rights, and laws in health care to prioritize children's health led to many of their deaths. Ancient Greeks and Romans sometimes even killed healthy female babies and infants with deformities since they had no adequate medical treatment and no laws prohibiting infanticide.
883:
extracurricular activities. After high school, college students simply need to fulfill the basic science course requirements that most medical schools recommend and will need to prepare to take the MCAT (Medical
College Admission Test) in their junior or early senior year in college. Once attending medical school, student courses will focus on basic medical sciences like human anatomy, physiology, chemistry, etc., for the first three years, the second year of which is when medical students start to get hands-on experience with actual patients.
264:
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child and predict to what extent it will affect the child in the future. Genetic and intellectual disorders in children make them incapable of making moral decisions, so people look down upon this kind of testing because the child's future autonomy is at risk. It is still in question whether parents should request these types of testing for their children. Medical experts argue that it could endanger the autonomous rights the child will possess in the future. However, the parents contend that
1006:. Entrants to graduate-entry courses (as in the US), usually lasting four or five years, have previously completed a three- or four-year university degree, commonly but by no means always in sciences. Medical graduates hold a degree specific to the country and university in and from which they graduated. This degree qualifies that medical practitioner to become licensed or registered under the laws of that particular country, and sometimes of several countries, subject to requirements for "
40:
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In most cases, the pediatrician, parent, and child work as a team to make the best possible medical decision. The pediatrician has the right to intervene for the child's welfare and seek advice from an ethics committee. However, in recent studies, authors have denied that complete autonomy is present
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secretion, thereby creating a more basic environment for drugs that are taken by mouth. Acid is essential to degrading certain oral drugs before systemic absorption. Therefore, the absorption of these drugs in children is greater than in adults due to decreased breakdown and increased preservation in
1016:
In the United States, a medical school graduate wishing to specialize in pediatrics must undergo a three-year residency composed of outpatient, inpatient, and critical care rotations. Subspecialties within pediatrics require further training in the form of 3-year fellowships. Subspecialties include
767:
In ancient times, society did not view pediatric medicine as essential or scientific. Experts considered professional medicine unsuitable for treating children. Children also had no rights. Fathers regarded their children as property, so their children's health decisions were entrusted to them. As a
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neonates and infants, their kidneys are slower to mature and thus are unable to clear as much drug as fully developed kidneys. This can cause unwanted drug build-up, which is why it is important to consider lower doses and greater dosing intervals for this population. Diseases that negatively affect
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In most jurisdictions, entry-level degrees are common to all branches of the medical profession, but in some jurisdictions, specialization in pediatrics may begin before completion of this degree. In some jurisdictions, pediatric training is begun immediately following the completion of entry-level
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Technology has made several modern advancements that contribute to the future development of child autonomy, for example, unsolicited findings (U.F.s) of pediatric exome sequencing. They are findings based on pediatric exome sequencing that explain in greater detail the intellectual disability of a
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The majority of the time, parents have the authority to decide what happens to their child. Philosopher John Locke argued that it is the responsibility of parents to raise their children and that God gave them this authority. In modern society, Jeffrey
Blustein, modern philosopher and author of the
878:
Aspiring medical students will need 4 years of undergraduate courses at a college or university, which will get them a BS, BA or other bachelor's degree. After completing college, future pediatricians will need to attend 4 years of medical school (MD/DO/MBBS) and later do 3 more years of residency
801:
According to the
Subcommittee of Clinical Ethics of the Argentinean Pediatric Society (SAP), children can understand moral feelings at all ages and can make reasonable decisions based on those feelings. Therefore, children and teens are deemed capable of making their own health decisions when they
771:
In the twentieth century, medical experts began to put more emphasis on children's rights. In 1989, in the United
Nations Rights of the Child Convention, medical experts developed the Best Interest Standard of Child to prioritize children's rights and best interests. This event marked the onset of
586:
is substantially different physiologically from that of an adult. Congenital defects, genetic variance, and developmental issues are of greater concern to pediatricians than they often are to adult physicians. A common adage is that children are not simply "little adults". The clinician must take
459:
While more information about childhood diseases became available, there was little evidence that children received the same kind of medical care that adults did. It was during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries that medical experts started offering specialized care for children. The
Swedish
690:
Drug metabolism primarily occurs via enzymes in the liver and can vary according to which specific enzymes are affected in a specific stage of development. Phase I and Phase II enzymes have different rates of maturation and development, depending on their specific mechanism of action (i.e.
610:
of medications differ between developing children and grown adults. Despite completed studies and reviews, continual research is needed to better understand how these factors should affect the decisions of healthcare providers when prescribing and administering medications to the pediatric
882:
In high school, future pediatricians are required to take basic science classes such as biology, chemistry, physics, algebra, geometry, and calculus. It is also advisable to learn a foreign language (preferably
Spanish in the United States) and be involved in high school organizations and
468:(1764) is considered to be "the first modern textbook on the subject". However, it was not until the nineteenth century that medical professionals acknowledged pediatrics as a separate field of medicine. The first pediatric-specific publications appeared between the 1790s and the 1920s.
757:
The term autonomy is traceable to ethical theory and law, where it states that autonomous individuals can make decisions based on their own logic. Hippocrates was the first to use the term in a medical setting. He created a code of ethics for doctors called the
1001:
The training of pediatricians varies considerably across the world. Depending on jurisdiction and university, a medical degree course may be either undergraduate-entry or graduate-entry. The former commonly takes five or six years and has been usual in the
810:
would benefit the welfare of their children since it would allow them to make better health care decisions. Exome sequencing for children and the decision to grant parents the right to request them is a medically ethical issue that many still debate today.
879:
training, the first year of which is called "internship." After completing the 3 years of residency, physicians are eligible to become certified in pediatrics by passing a rigorous test that deals with medical conditions related to young children.
507:), which opened in Paris in June 1802 on the site of a previous orphanage. From its beginning, this famous hospital accepted patients up to the age of fifteen years, and it continues to this day as the pediatric division of the
190:
recommends people seek pediatric care through the age of 21, but some pediatric subspecialists continue to care for adults up to 25. Worldwide age limits of pediatrics have been trending upward year after year. A
642:
that come in contact with the oral drug as it travels through the body. Supply of these enzymes increase as children continue to develop their gastrointestinal tract. Pediatric patients have underdeveloped
715:
are all factors that contribute to metabolism differences between children and adults. Drug metabolism can even differ within the pediatric population, separating neonates and infants from young children.
1482:
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Katz, Aviva L.; Webb, Sally A.; COMMITTEE ON BIOETHICS; Macauley, Robert C.; Mercurio, Mark R.; Moon, Margaret R.; Okun, Alexander L.; Opel, Douglas J.; Statter, Mindy B. (1 August 2016).
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critical care, gastroenterology, neurology, infectious disease, hematology/oncology, rheumatology, pulmonology, child abuse, emergency medicine, endocrinology, neonatology, and others.
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like ampicillin. Thus, these drugs are administered at greater weight-based doses or with adjusted dosing intervals in children to account for this key difference in body composition.
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Sawyer, Susan M.; McNeil, Robyn; Francis, Kate L.; Matskarofski, Juliet Z.; Patton, George C.; Bhutta, Zulfiqar A.; Esangbedo, Dorothy O.; Klein, Jonathan D. (1 November 2019).
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Pediatricians must undertake further training in their chosen field. This may take from four to eleven or more years depending on jurisdiction and the degree of specialization.
1021:
training. In other jurisdictions, junior medical doctors must undertake generalist (unstreamed) training for a number of years before commencing pediatric (or any other)
682:
Infants and neonates also have fewer plasma proteins. Thus, highly protein-bound drugs have fewer opportunities for protein binding, leading to increased distribution.
2223:
Ballbriga, Angel (1991). "One century of pediatrics in Europe (section: development of pediatric hospitals in Europe)". In
Nichols, Burford L.; et al. (eds.).
2899:"'We Should View Him as an Individual': The Role of the Child's Future Autonomy in Shared Decision-Making About Unsolicited Findings in Pediatric Exome Sequencing"
293:. These publications discussed topics such as childhood epilepsy and premature births. From the first to fourth centuries A.D., Greek philosophers and physicians
724:
Drug elimination is primarily facilitated via the liver and kidneys. In infants and young children, the larger relative size of their kidneys leads to increased
2956:
776:(AAP) finally acknowledged the Best Interest Standard of a Child as an ethical principle for pediatric decision-making, and it is still being used today.
619:
Many drug absorption differences between pediatric and adult populations revolve around the stomach. Neonates and young infants have increased stomach
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Even though some pediatric works existed during this time, they were scarce and rarely published due to a lack of knowledge in pediatric medicine.
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that highlighted the importance of putting patients' interests first, making autonomy for patients a top priority in health care.
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into account the immature physiology of the infant or child when considering symptoms, prescribing medications, and diagnosing illnesses.
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341:("In general, boys should not be treated in the same way as men"). Some of the oldest traces of pediatrics can be discovered in
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experience the opposite effect because enzymes are necessary for allowing their active form to enter systemic circulation.
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text composed during the sixth century BCE, contains the text about pediatrics. Another ayurvedic text from this period is
82:
Paediatric cardiology, neonatology, critical care, pediatric oncology, hospital medicine, primary care, others (see below)
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4202:
313:, also discussed specific illnesses affecting children in their works, such as rashes, epilepsy, and meningitis. Already
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1472 ("Little Book on
Children Diseases and Treatment"), by the Italian pediatrician Paolo Bagellardo. In sequence came
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reach the age of 13. Recently, studies made on the decision-making of children have challenged that age to be 12.
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writers served as a bridge for Greco-Roman and
Byzantine medicine and added ideas of their own, especially
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Pearson, Howard A. (1991). "Pediatrics in the United States". In Nichols, Burford L.; et al. (eds.).
461:
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3359:
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By writing a monograph on 'Diseases in Children' he may also be looked upon as the father of paediatrics.
599:
230:
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480:. In 1860, he became "the first dedicated professor of pediatrics in the world." Jacobi is known as the
464:(1706–1773) is considered to be the founder of modern pediatrics as a medical specialty, while his work
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647:, which leads to decreased metabolism and increased serum concentrations of specific drugs. However,
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understood the differences in growing and maturing organisms that necessitated different treatment:
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U.S. National Library of Medicine, "Islamic Culture and the Medical Arts, Al-Razi, the Clinician"
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A major difference between the practice of pediatric and adult medicine is that children, in most
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Children also have an extended rate of gastric emptying, which slows the rate of drug absorption.
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424:(865–925), sometimes called the father of pediatrics, published a monograph on pediatrics titled
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both decrease as children grow and develop with time. Pediatric patients thus have a larger
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239:"doctor, healer"). Pediatricians work in clinics, research centers, universities, general
8:
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2316:. Nestlé Nutrition Workshop Series. Vol. 22. New York: Raven Press. pp. 55–63.
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2227:. Nestlé Nutrition Workshop Series. Vol. 22. New York: Raven Press. pp. 6–8.
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kidney function can also have the same effect and thus warrant similar considerations.
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The body size differences are paralleled by maturation changes. The smaller body of an
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established a separate Pediatric Pavilion in 1830, followed by similar institutions at
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Dondorp, W.; Bolt, I.; Tibben, A.; De Wert, G.; Van Summeren, M. (1 September 2021).
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official history site (in French) of nineteenth century paediatric hospitals in Paris
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because of his many contributions to the field. He received his medical training in
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2155:"Abraham Jacobi (1830–1919) and his transition from political to medical activist"
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and with certain exceptions, cannot make decisions for themselves. The issues of
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Wagner, Jonathan; Abdel-Rahman, Susan M. (2013). "Pediatric pharmacokinetics".
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477:
276:
263:
183:
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1508:"Choosing a Pediatrician for Your New Baby (for Parents) - Nemours KidsHealth"
562:(1869). Subspecialties in pediatrics were created at the Harriet Lane Home at
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2783:"Developing child autonomy in pediatric healthcare: towards an ethical model"
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368:. A second century AD manuscript by the Greek physician and gynecologist
314:
248:
179:
66:
24:
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1777:"Soranus of Ephesus (Circa AD 98-138) and perinatal care in Roman times"
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1156:
1118:
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696:
672:
456:, four great medical treatises on children's physiology and pathology.
401:
283:
The earliest mentions of child-specific medical problems appear in the
279:, which was the first pediatric hospital in the English-speaking world.
2587:
2548:
2170:
2045:
History of Medicine, Second Edition: A Scandalously Short Introduction
1661:
History of Medicine, Second Edition: A Scandalously Short Introduction
1029:(see below) rather than universities and depends on the jurisdiction.
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119:
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This article is about the branch of medicine. For the journal, see
2697:
Formative Years: Children's Health in the United States, 1880-2000
2061:
Formative Years: Children's Health in the United States, 1880-2000
1895:
Formative Years: Children's Health in the United States, 1880-2000
186:, pediatrics covers many of their youth until the age of 18. The
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clearance of medications that are eliminated through urine. In
639:
579:
531:
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476:
The term pediatrics was first introduced in English in 1859 by
322:
294:
272:
171:
550:. The first Children's hospital in Scotland opened in 1860 in
444:(1450–1525) no title Buchlein, or Latin compendium, 1483, and
247:, including those who practice pediatric subspecialties (e.g.
4295:
1025:. Specialist training is often largely under the control of '
725:
542:), both in 1837. In 1852 Britain's first pediatric hospital,
330:
306:
228:
216:
175:
70:
2531:
Batchelor, Hannah Katharine; Marriott, John Francis (2015).
1938:
1781:
Archives of Disease in Childhood. Fetal and Neonatal Edition
4081:
3065:
2590:"Informed Consent in Decision-Making in Pediatric Practice"
1744:
1267:
1218:
1101:
2781:
Martakis, K.; Schröder-Bäck, P.; Brand, H. (1 June 2018).
2780:
2020:. Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh. Archived from
3040:
3018:
834:
deal primarily with United States and do not represent a
2896:
2279:"The Mason Brown Lecture: Scots and paediatric surgery"
620:
495:
The first generally accepted pediatric hospital is the
289:, published in the fifth century B.C., and the famous
1828:(1st ed.). London: Cambridge. pp. 202–203.
1826:
A Medical History of Persia and The Eastern Caliphate
554:. In the US, the first similar institutions were the
372:
dealt with neonatal pediatrics. Byzantine physicians
2345:(6). American Academy of Pediatrics: 897–901. 1969.
1749:. Vol. 4. Charles Scribner's Sons. p. 116.
452:
written in 1429 (published 1491), together form the
388:
contributed to the field. The Byzantines also built
2744:
Children, families, and health care decision making
1370:Pediatric rehabilitation medicine, subspecialty of
736:
544:
the Hospital for Sick Children, Great Ormond Street
2953:"What Education Is Required to Be a Pediatrician?"
2476:
2283:Journal of the Royal College of Surgeons Edinburgh
1940:
1939:Lock, Stephen; John M. Last; George Dunea (2001).
671:than adults, which directly affects the dosing of
428:. Also among the first books about pediatrics was
2533:"Paediatric pharmacokinetics: key considerations"
2530:
2260:"Introducing the Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital"
1729:
430:Libellus de aegritudinibus et remediis infantium
4566:
2700:. University of Michigan Press. pp. 23–24.
2064:. University of Michigan Press. pp. 23–24.
1898:. University of Michigan Press. pp. 23–24.
1678:
1676:
1674:
1672:
1670:
752:
574:Differences between adult and pediatric medicine
211:mean "healer of children", derived from the two
120:World Health Organization Child Growth Standards
2694:Stern, Alexandra Minna; Markel, Howard (2002).
2651:Ethical Issues in Pediatric Hematology/Oncology
2058:Stern, Alexandra Minna; Markel, Howard (2002).
1892:Stern, Alexandra Minna; Markel, Howard (2002).
2648:Mazur, Kate A.; Berg, Stacey L., eds. (2020).
1872:Achar S Textbook Of Pediatrics (Third Edition)
1343:Pediatric orthopedic surgery, subspecialty of
4420:(American 'crib' and 'cradle', British 'cot')
3910:
3081:
2128:"Jacobi Medical Center - General Information"
1667:
1448:Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health
832:The examples and perspective in this section
780:Parental authority and current medical issues
594:properties of drugs that enter the body. The
511:, created in 1920 by merging with the nearby
2397:"Paediatric pharmacokinetics and drug doses"
2218:
2216:
1943:The Oxford illustrated companion to medicine
886:
466:The diseases of children, and their remedies
2693:
2057:
1988:. Cambridge University Press. p. 216.
1891:
1686:Nurturing children: a history of pediatrics
1683:Colón, A. R.; Colón, P. A. (January 1999).
337:Ex toto non sic pueri ut viri curari debent
335:
195:who specializes in this area is known as a
3924:
3917:
3903:
3370:Reproductive endocrinology and infertility
3088:
3074:
2394:
2107:Broadribb's Introductory Pediatric Nursing
1682:
1349:Pediatric otolaryngology, subspecialty of
1302:Pediatric anesthesiology, subspecialty of
850:, or create a new section, as appropriate.
787:Parents and Children: The Ethics of Family
590:Pediatric physiology directly impacts the
3711:Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery
2798:
2647:
2605:
2564:
2428:
2222:
2213:
1800:
973:Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery
866:Learn how and when to remove this message
814:
638:Drug absorption also depends on specific
2837:
2740:
2537:British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology
2152:
1601:The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health
1407:American Osteopathic Board of Pediatrics
1328:Pediatric neurosurgery, subspecialty of
1219:Other specialties that care for children
420:. The Persian philosopher and physician
262:
2311:
2305:
2241:
1981:
1759:
1732:Children's Surgery: A Worldwide History
1317:Pediatric dermatology, subspecialty of
4567:
2689:
2687:
2643:
2641:
2472:
2470:
2468:
2042:
1947:. Oxford University Press US. p.
1932:
1823:
1817:
1658:
1037:Subspecialties of pediatrics include:
796:
16:Branch of medicine caring for children
3898:
3069:
2878:from the original on 30 November 2021
2776:
2774:
2772:
2722:from the original on 30 November 2021
2526:
2524:
2522:
2520:
2518:
2516:
2466:
2464:
2462:
2460:
2458:
2456:
2454:
2452:
2450:
2448:
2390:
2388:
2386:
2384:
2382:
2380:
2378:
2376:
2276:
2086:from the original on 30 November 2021
1920:from the original on 30 November 2021
1364:Pediatric radiology, subspecialty of
345:where children's doctors were called
4035:Infant respiratory distress syndrome
3849:
3610:Physical medicine and rehabilitation
3061:Pediatric Health Directory at OpenMD
1985:The Age of Liberty: Sweden 1719–1772
1774:
1654:
1652:
1650:
1648:
1646:
1372:physical medicine and rehabilitation
818:
3859:
2684:
2638:
2051:
2036:
1885:
1745:David Levinson; Karen Christensen.
1072:Developmental-behavioral pediatrics
556:Children's Hospital of Philadelphia
23:. For the branch of dentistry, see
13:
3746:Medical Scientist Training Program
3004:
2769:
2513:
2445:
2373:
2264:Hôpital des Necker-Enfants Malades
2110:". Nancy T. Hatfield (2007). p.4.
2015:
1875:". A. B. Desai (ed.) (1989). p.1.
1576:from the original on 19 April 2017
251:requires resources available in a
170:that involves the medical care of
14:
4591:
3049:
2153:Kutzsche, Stefan (8 April 2021).
1643:
1518:from the original on 14 July 2020
1488:from the original on 13 July 2020
1032:
1010:" or "conditional registration".
772:pediatric autonomy. In 1995, the
558:, which opened in 1855, and then
518:In other European countries, the
3878:
3868:
3858:
3848:
3839:
3838:
2959:from the original on 7 June 2017
2787:Archivos Argentinos de Pediatria
2337:"Commentaries: Edwards A Park".
2314:History of Paediatrics 1850–1950
2225:History of Paediatrics 1850–1950
1412:Center on Media and Child Health
1114:Pediatric allergy and immunology
897:
823:
737:Pediatric autonomy in healthcare
522:(a hospital founded in 1710) in
38:
3970:Breastfeeding and mental health
3879:
2971:
2945:
2890:
2838:Schapiro, Tamar (1 July 1999).
2831:
2734:
2581:
2330:
2270:
2252:
2201:from the original on 7 May 2023
2146:
2120:
2098:
2043:Duffin, Jacalyn (29 May 2010).
2009:
1975:
1863:
1845:
1768:
1753:
1423:List of pediatric organizations
1299:Neurodevelopmental disabilities
1291:Child and adolescent psychiatry
1136:Pediatric cardiac critical care
1123:Pediatric cardiac critical care
654:
509:Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital
3736:Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine
3170:Oral and maxillofacial surgery
3056:Pediatrics Directory at Curlie
2741:Friedman, Lainie Ross (2004).
2047:. University of Toronto Press.
1764:. Orient blackswan. p. 1.
1738:
1723:
1710:
1663:. University of Toronto Press.
1588:
1530:
1500:
1464:
1453:Pediatric environmental health
1402:American Academy of Pediatrics
968:Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine
774:American Academy of Pediatrics
719:
188:American Academy of Pediatrics
1:
3965:Breastfeeding and medications
1613:10.1016/S2352-4642(19)30266-4
1458:
753:History of pediatric autonomy
685:
614:
482:father of American pediatrics
438:Ein Regiment der Jungerkinder
4527:Neonatal withdrawal syndrome
4148:Infant cognitive development
4045:Neonatal intensive care unit
3716:Bachelor of Medical Sciences
3483:Neurosurgical anesthesiology
3095:
2413:10.18773/austprescr.2016.071
1169:Pediatric infectious disease
1142:Pediatric emergency medicine
471:
269:Great Ormond Street Hospital
7:
4451:Supplemental nursing system
2277:Young, D.G. (August 1999).
1747:Encyclopedia of modern Asia
1428:List of pediatrics journals
1395:
846:, discuss the issue on the
497:Hôpital des Enfants Malades
182:, and young adults. In the
10:
4596:
4203:Prenatal development table
4143:Irritant diaper dermatitis
2915:10.1007/s10728-020-00425-7
1538:"Age limits of pediatrics"
1152:Pediatric gastroenterology
707:, etc.). Enzyme capacity,
665:extracellular fluid volume
560:Boston Children's Hospital
505:Hospital for Sick Children
258:
229:
217:
44:A pediatrician examines a
18:
4522:Prenatal cocaine exposure
4479:
4310:Infant care and equipment
4309:
4227:Socialization and Culture
4226:
4138:Infant visual development
4090:
4005:Infant and toddler safety
3933:
3834:
3756:
3694:
3455:
3383:
3338:
3247:
3118:
3103:
3042:The Journal of Pediatrics
2800:10.5546/aap.2018.eng.e401
2660:10.1007/978-3-030-22684-8
1982:Roberts, Michael (2003).
1720:, Book 3, Chapter 7, § 1.
1356:Pediatric plastic surgery
981:
954:
949:
937:
925:
910:
905:
896:
887:Training of pediatricians
462:Nils Rosén von Rosenstein
135:
125:
112:
87:
77:
53:
37:
4532:Parental child abduction
4055:Oral rehydration therapy
3670:Transplantation medicine
3561:Clinical neurophysiology
3478:Obstetric anesthesiology
3398:Interventional radiology
3158:Digestive system surgery
2018:"Classics of Child Care"
1734:. McFarland. p. 21.
1659:Duffin, Jacalyn (2010).
1597:"The age of paediatrics"
1279:Pediatric neuro-oncology
1245:Clinical neurophysiology
1183:Pediatric neuro-oncology
446:Heinrich von Louffenburg
4537:Parental responsibility
4050:Newborn care and safety
3541:Intensive care medicine
3515:Mass gathering medicine
3360:Maternal–fetal medicine
1762:Textbook Of Paediatrics
1730:John G. Raffensperger.
1335:Pediatric ophthalmology
1147:Pediatric endocrinology
1129:Pediatric critical care
1027:pediatric organizations
677:beta-lactam antibiotics
488:and later practiced in
4281:Grandparent visitation
3133:Cardiothoracic surgery
2607:10.1542/peds.2016-1485
1857:5 January 2018 at the
1824:Elgood, Cyril (2010).
1264:Neuromuscular medicine
1225:not an exhaustive list
1199:Pediatric rheumatology
1060:Child abuse pediatrics
1042:not an exhaustive list
815:Education requirements
669:volume of distribution
504:
434:Bartholomäus Metlinger
336:
280:
4040:Infant sleep training
3784:Personalized medicine
3643:Reproductive medicine
3568:Occupational medicine
3522:Evolutionary medicine
3045:- partial open access
3030:- partial open access
2401:Australian Prescriber
2395:O'Hara, Kate (2016).
2351:10.1542/peds.44.6.897
1970:Rosen von Rosenstein.
1554:10.1542/peds.81.5.736
1242:Brain injury medicine
1189:Pediatric pulmonology
1157:Transplant hepatology
266:
4198:Prenatal development
4098:Attachment parenting
4072:Shaken baby syndrome
3804:Traditional medicine
3764:Alternative medicine
3631:Addiction psychiatry
3445:Transfusion medicine
3440:Medical microbiology
3355:Gynecologic oncology
3207:Reproductive surgery
3027:Developmental Review
2989:on 18 September 2013
2903:Health Care Analysis
2491:10.1542/pir.34-6-258
2479:Pediatrics in Review
1775:Dunn, P. M. (1995).
1548:(5): 736. May 1988.
1324:Pediatric gynecology
1174:Pediatric nephrology
1164:Pediatric hematology
1119:Pediatric cardiology
1069:Clinical informatics
844:improve this section
454:Pediatric Incunabula
426:Diseases in Children
382:Alexander Trallianus
245:children's hospitals
166:), is the branch of
140:Glossary of medicine
21:Pediatrics (journal)
4512:Infant ear piercing
3826:History of medicine
3809:Veterinary medicine
3616:Preventive medicine
3468:Adolescent medicine
3310:Infectious diseases
3020:Clinical Pediatrics
2747:. Clarendon Press.
1793:10.1136/fn.73.1.f51
1689:. Greenwood Press.
1418:Children's hospital
1309:Pediatric dentistry
1285:(multidisciplinary)
1276:(multidisciplinary)
1270:(multidisciplinary)
1239:(multidisciplinary)
1206:(multidisciplinary)
1110:(multidisciplinary)
1104:(multidisciplinary)
1055:Adolescent medicine
1051:(multidisciplinary)
893:
797:Modern advancements
515:, founded in 1778.
450:Versehung des Leibs
99:Infectious diseases
95:Congenital diseases
34:
4020:Infant food safety
3774:Molecular oncology
3731:Doctor of Medicine
3721:Master of Medicine
3638:Radiation oncology
3510:Emergency medicine
3463:Addiction medicine
3430:Clinical chemistry
3425:Clinical pathology
3217:Transplant surgery
3175:Orthopedic surgery
3153:Colorectal surgery
2840:"What Is a Child?"
2706:10.3998/mpub.17065
2654:. pp. 13–21.
2070:10.3998/mpub.17065
1904:10.3998/mpub.17065
1388:, subspecialty of
1379:, subspecialty of
1358:, subspecialty of
1345:orthopedic surgery
1337:, subspecialty of
1311:, subspecialty of
1293:, subspecialty of
1258:Neurocritical care
1237:Addiction medicine
1179:Pediatric oncology
1133:Neurocritical care
1091:Metabolic medicine
1086:Medical toxicology
1049:Addiction medicine
963:Doctor of Medicine
956:Education required
891:
398:Islamic Golden Age
370:Soranus of Ephesus
299:Soranus of Ephesus
286:Hippocratic Corpus
281:
32:
4562:
4561:
4422:
4259:Children's rights
4173:Object permanence
3995:Failure to thrive
3892:
3891:
3726:Master of Surgery
3690:
3689:
3675:Tropical medicine
3621:Prison healthcare
3536:Hospital medicine
3500:Disaster medicine
3490:Aviation medicine
3305:Hospital medicine
3212:Surgical oncology
3197:Pediatric surgery
3191:
3138:Endocrine surgery
2715:978-0-472-02503-9
2669:978-3-030-22683-1
2549:10.1111/bcp.12267
2171:10.1111/apa.15887
2079:978-0-472-02503-9
1995:978-0-521-52707-1
1958:978-0-19-262950-0
1913:978-0-472-02503-9
1835:978-1-108-01588-2
1696:978-0-313-31080-5
1433:Medical specialty
1386:Pediatric urology
1377:Pediatric surgery
1254:Headache medicine
1209:Social pediatrics
1081:Hospital medicine
1076:Headache medicine
1065:Clinical genetics
999:
998:
876:
875:
868:
623:due to decreased
442:Cornelius Roelans
145:
144:
4587:
4418:
4103:Baby-led weaning
3919:
3912:
3905:
3896:
3895:
3882:
3881:
3872:
3862:
3861:
3852:
3851:
3842:
3841:
3546:Medical genetics
3531:General practice
3408:Nuclear medicine
3283:Gastroenterology
3239:Vascular surgery
3189:
3116:
3115:
3090:
3083:
3076:
3067:
3066:
2999:
2998:
2996:
2994:
2985:. Archived from
2975:
2969:
2968:
2966:
2964:
2949:
2943:
2942:
2894:
2888:
2887:
2885:
2883:
2835:
2829:
2828:
2802:
2793:(3): e401–e408.
2778:
2767:
2766:
2738:
2732:
2731:
2729:
2727:
2691:
2682:
2681:
2645:
2636:
2635:
2609:
2600:(2): e20161485.
2585:
2579:
2578:
2568:
2528:
2511:
2510:
2474:
2443:
2442:
2432:
2392:
2371:
2370:
2334:
2328:
2327:
2309:
2303:
2302:
2301:on 14 July 2014.
2297:. Archived from
2274:
2268:
2267:
2256:
2250:
2245:
2239:
2238:
2220:
2211:
2210:
2208:
2206:
2165:(8): 2303–2305.
2159:Acta Paediatrica
2150:
2144:
2143:
2141:
2139:
2134:on 18 April 2006
2130:. Archived from
2124:
2118:
2102:
2096:
2095:
2093:
2091:
2055:
2049:
2048:
2040:
2034:
2033:
2031:
2029:
2013:
2007:
2006:
2004:
2002:
1979:
1973:
1972:
1967:
1965:
1946:
1936:
1930:
1929:
1927:
1925:
1889:
1883:
1867:
1861:
1849:
1843:
1842:
1821:
1815:
1814:
1804:
1772:
1766:
1765:
1757:
1751:
1750:
1742:
1736:
1735:
1727:
1721:
1714:
1708:
1707:
1705:
1703:
1680:
1665:
1664:
1656:
1641:
1640:
1592:
1586:
1585:
1583:
1581:
1534:
1528:
1527:
1525:
1523:
1504:
1498:
1497:
1495:
1493:
1487:
1476:
1468:
1438:Pediatric Oncall
939:Activity sectors
901:
894:
890:
871:
864:
860:
857:
851:
827:
826:
819:
761:Hippocratic Oath
661:total body water
530:in 1834, and at
528:Saint Petersburg
365:Kashyapa Samhita
355:Sushruta Samhita
339:
234:
233:
222:
221:
152:American English
116:
107:Mental disorders
103:Childhood cancer
91:
42:
35:
31:
4595:
4594:
4590:
4589:
4588:
4586:
4585:
4584:
4565:
4564:
4563:
4558:
4552:Paternity fraud
4502:Closed adoption
4475:
4431:Infant clothing
4406:Haberman Feeder
4376:Car seat safety
4305:
4286:Infant swimming
4264:UN Child rights
4222:
4133:Gestational age
4086:
3929:
3923:
3893:
3888:
3830:
3819:Chief physician
3752:
3697:
3686:
3680:Travel medicine
3665:Sports medicine
3648:Sexual medicine
3588:Palliative care
3583:Pain management
3527:Family medicine
3505:Diving medicine
3451:
3379:
3341:
3334:
3250:
3243:
3202:Plastic surgery
3148:General surgery
3128:Cardiac surgery
3109:
3107:
3099:
3094:
3052:
3035:JAMA Pediatrics
3007:
3005:Further reading
3002:
2992:
2990:
2983:www.pedsubs.org
2977:
2976:
2972:
2962:
2960:
2951:
2950:
2946:
2895:
2891:
2881:
2879:
2836:
2832:
2779:
2770:
2755:
2739:
2735:
2725:
2723:
2716:
2692:
2685:
2670:
2646:
2639:
2586:
2582:
2529:
2514:
2475:
2446:
2393:
2374:
2336:
2335:
2331:
2324:
2310:
2306:
2275:
2271:
2258:
2257:
2253:
2246:
2242:
2235:
2221:
2214:
2204:
2202:
2151:
2147:
2137:
2135:
2126:
2125:
2121:
2103:
2099:
2089:
2087:
2080:
2056:
2052:
2041:
2037:
2027:
2025:
2024:on 27 July 2011
2014:
2010:
2000:
1998:
1996:
1980:
1976:
1963:
1961:
1959:
1937:
1933:
1923:
1921:
1914:
1890:
1886:
1868:
1864:
1859:Wayback Machine
1850:
1846:
1836:
1822:
1818:
1773:
1769:
1758:
1754:
1743:
1739:
1728:
1724:
1715:
1711:
1701:
1699:
1697:
1681:
1668:
1657:
1644:
1607:(11): 822–830.
1593:
1589:
1579:
1577:
1536:
1535:
1531:
1521:
1519:
1506:
1505:
1501:
1491:
1489:
1485:
1474:
1470:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1398:
1381:general surgery
1360:plastic surgery
1274:Palliative care
1261:Neuroimmunology
1232:Child neurology
1221:
1213:Sports medicine
1108:Palliative care
1035:
986:
984:
957:
940:
928:
927:Occupation type
889:
872:
861:
855:
852:
841:
828:
824:
817:
808:genetic testing
799:
782:
755:
739:
722:
688:
657:
617:
592:pharmacokinetic
576:
568:Edwards A. Park
546:was founded by
513:Necker Hospital
474:
386:Paulus Aegineta
378:Aëtius of Amida
261:
164:British English
154:) also spelled
114:
89:
49:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4593:
4583:
4582:
4577:
4560:
4559:
4557:
4556:
4555:
4554:
4544:
4542:Parenting plan
4539:
4534:
4529:
4524:
4519:
4514:
4509:
4504:
4499:
4494:
4489:
4483:
4481:
4477:
4476:
4474:
4473:
4468:
4463:
4458:
4453:
4448:
4443:
4438:
4433:
4428:
4426:Infant carrier
4423:
4413:
4408:
4403:
4398:
4393:
4388:
4383:
4378:
4373:
4368:
4366:Baby transport
4363:
4358:
4353:
4348:
4343:
4338:
4333:
4324:
4319:
4313:
4311:
4307:
4306:
4304:
4303:
4298:
4293:
4288:
4283:
4278:
4273:
4268:
4267:
4266:
4256:
4251:
4246:
4241:
4236:
4230:
4228:
4224:
4223:
4221:
4220:
4215:
4210:
4205:
4200:
4195:
4190:
4185:
4180:
4175:
4170:
4165:
4160:
4155:
4150:
4145:
4140:
4135:
4130:
4125:
4120:
4115:
4110:
4105:
4100:
4094:
4092:
4088:
4087:
4085:
4084:
4079:
4074:
4069:
4064:
4063:
4062:
4052:
4047:
4042:
4037:
4032:
4030:Infant massage
4027:
4025:Infant formula
4022:
4017:
4015:Infant feeding
4012:
4010:Infant bathing
4007:
4002:
3997:
3992:
3987:
3982:
3977:
3975:Bottle feeding
3972:
3967:
3962:
3957:
3952:
3947:
3941:
3939:
3931:
3930:
3928:and their care
3922:
3921:
3914:
3907:
3899:
3890:
3889:
3887:
3886:
3876:
3866:
3856:
3846:
3835:
3832:
3831:
3829:
3828:
3823:
3822:
3821:
3811:
3806:
3801:
3796:
3791:
3786:
3781:
3776:
3771:
3766:
3760:
3758:
3757:Related topics
3754:
3753:
3751:
3750:
3749:
3748:
3738:
3733:
3728:
3723:
3718:
3713:
3708:
3706:Medical school
3702:
3700:
3692:
3691:
3688:
3687:
3685:
3684:
3683:
3682:
3672:
3667:
3662:
3660:Sleep medicine
3657:
3656:
3655:
3645:
3640:
3635:
3634:
3633:
3623:
3618:
3613:
3607:
3602:
3601:
3600:
3590:
3585:
3580:
3575:
3570:
3565:
3564:
3563:
3553:
3548:
3543:
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3533:
3524:
3519:
3518:
3517:
3507:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3486:
3485:
3480:
3473:Anesthesiology
3470:
3465:
3459:
3457:
3453:
3452:
3450:
3449:
3448:
3447:
3442:
3437:
3432:
3427:
3422:
3412:
3411:
3410:
3405:
3403:Neuroradiology
3400:
3389:
3387:
3381:
3380:
3378:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3346:
3344:
3340:Obstetrics and
3336:
3335:
3333:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3312:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3292:
3291:
3290:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3255:
3253:
3245:
3244:
3242:
3241:
3236:
3235:
3234:
3224:
3222:Trauma surgery
3219:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3193:
3192:
3185:Otolaryngology
3182:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3161:
3160:
3155:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3124:
3122:
3113:
3111:subspecialties
3101:
3100:
3093:
3092:
3085:
3078:
3070:
3064:
3063:
3058:
3051:
3050:External links
3048:
3047:
3046:
3038:
3031:
3023:
3016:
3012:BMC Pediatrics
3006:
3003:
3001:
3000:
2970:
2944:
2909:(3): 249–261.
2889:
2856:10.1086/233943
2850:(4): 715–738.
2830:
2768:
2753:
2733:
2714:
2683:
2668:
2637:
2580:
2543:(3): 395–404.
2512:
2485:(6): 258–269.
2444:
2407:(6): 208–210.
2372:
2329:
2322:
2304:
2269:
2251:
2240:
2233:
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2078:
2050:
2035:
2016:Dallas, John.
2008:
1994:
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1957:
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1844:
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1787:(1): F51–F52.
1767:
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1529:
1512:kidshealth.org
1499:
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1443:Pain in babies
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1304:anesthesiology
1300:
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1031:
1023:specialization
997:
996:
987:
982:
979:
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958:
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920:
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912:
908:
907:
903:
902:
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856:September 2019
838:of the subject
836:worldwide view
831:
829:
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816:
813:
798:
795:
781:
778:
754:
751:
738:
735:
721:
718:
687:
684:
675:drugs such as
659:Percentage of
656:
653:
628:a less acidic
616:
613:
575:
572:
478:Abraham Jacobi
473:
470:
406:Yahya Serapion
291:Sacred Disease
277:United Kingdom
260:
257:
193:medical doctor
184:United Kingdom
143:
142:
137:
133:
132:
127:
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122:
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110:
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4538:
4535:
4533:
4530:
4528:
4525:
4523:
4520:
4518:
4517:Open adoption
4515:
4513:
4510:
4508:
4505:
4503:
4500:
4498:
4497:Child neglect
4495:
4493:
4490:
4488:
4485:
4484:
4482:
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4472:
4469:
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4464:
4462:
4459:
4457:
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4357:
4354:
4352:
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4347:
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4342:
4339:
4337:
4334:
4332:
4331:Hidden camera
4328:
4325:
4323:
4320:
4318:
4315:
4314:
4312:
4308:
4302:
4299:
4297:
4294:
4292:
4289:
4287:
4284:
4282:
4279:
4277:
4274:
4272:
4269:
4265:
4262:
4261:
4260:
4257:
4255:
4254:Child custody
4252:
4250:
4247:
4245:
4242:
4240:
4237:
4235:
4232:
4231:
4229:
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4209:
4206:
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4196:
4194:
4191:
4189:
4186:
4184:
4181:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4171:
4169:
4168:Nursery rhyme
4166:
4164:
4161:
4159:
4158:Kangaroo care
4156:
4154:
4153:Infant crying
4151:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
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4121:
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4106:
4104:
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4095:
4093:
4089:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4067:Preterm birth
4065:
4061:
4058:
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4056:
4053:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4036:
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4026:
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4021:
4018:
4016:
4013:
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4008:
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3966:
3963:
3961:
3960:Breastfeeding
3958:
3956:
3953:
3951:
3948:
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3942:
3940:
3937:
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3927:
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3867:
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3827:
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3792:
3790:
3789:Public health
3787:
3785:
3782:
3780:
3777:
3775:
3772:
3770:
3769:Allied health
3767:
3765:
3762:
3761:
3759:
3755:
3747:
3744:
3743:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3722:
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3714:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
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3699:
3693:
3681:
3678:
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3673:
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3668:
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3663:
3661:
3658:
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3649:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3632:
3629:
3628:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3617:
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3608:
3606:
3603:
3599:
3596:
3595:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3578:Oral medicine
3576:
3574:
3573:Ophthalmology
3571:
3569:
3566:
3562:
3559:
3558:
3557:
3554:
3552:
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3435:Cytopathology
3433:
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3428:
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3418:
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3409:
3406:
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3401:
3399:
3396:
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3394:
3391:
3390:
3388:
3386:
3382:
3376:
3375:Urogynecology
3373:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3347:
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3303:
3301:
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3289:
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3285:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3278:Endocrinology
3276:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3260:
3257:
3256:
3254:
3252:
3246:
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3029:
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3017:
3015:- open access
3014:
3013:
3009:
3008:
2988:
2984:
2980:
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2172:
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2164:
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2081:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2062:
2054:
2046:
2039:
2023:
2019:
2012:
1997:
1991:
1987:
1986:
1978:
1971:
1960:
1954:
1950:
1945:
1944:
1935:
1919:
1915:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1896:
1888:
1882:
1881:81-250-0440-8
1878:
1874:
1873:
1866:
1860:
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1848:
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1837:
1831:
1827:
1820:
1812:
1808:
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1575:
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1567:
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1547:
1543:
1539:
1533:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1503:
1484:
1480:
1473:
1472:"Paediatrics"
1467:
1463:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1439:
1436:
1434:
1431:
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1352:
1348:
1346:
1342:
1340:
1339:ophthalmology
1336:
1333:
1331:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1316:
1314:
1310:
1307:
1305:
1301:
1298:
1296:
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1275:
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1268:Pain medicine
1266:
1263:
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1238:
1235:
1234:
1233:
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1130:
1127:
1122:
1121:
1120:
1117:
1115:
1112:
1109:
1106:
1103:
1102:Pain medicine
1100:
1098:/Perinatology
1097:
1094:
1092:
1089:
1087:
1084:
1082:
1079:
1077:
1074:
1071:
1068:
1066:
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919:Paediatrician
918:
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769:
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743:jurisdictions
734:
731:
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683:
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631:
626:
622:
612:
609:
605:
601:
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593:
588:
585:
581:
571:
569:
565:
564:Johns Hopkins
561:
557:
553:
549:
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541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
516:
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510:
506:
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490:New York City
487:
483:
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390:brephotrophia
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
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347:kumara bhrtya
344:
343:Ancient India
340:
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4118:Birth defect
4000:Immunization
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2726:30 November
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4416:Infant bed
4411:High chair
4401:Baby wipes
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4249:Child care
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3936:Pediatrics
3626:Psychiatry
3612:(PM&R)
3605:Phlebology
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33:Pediatrics
4580:Childhood
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4456:Swaddling
4322:Baby gate
4301:Wet nurse
4291:Milk bank
4183:Parenting
4108:Baby talk
4060:Pedialyte
3990:Esotropia
3945:Baby food
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3551:Narcology
3415:Pathology
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3268:Angiology
3232:Andrology
2993:14 August
2939:230112761
2923:1573-3394
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2195:233998658
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1621:2352-4642
1570:245164191
1366:radiology
1313:dentistry
990:Hospitals
983:Fields of
932:Specialty
848:talk page
713:half-life
709:clearance
693:oxidation
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472:Etymology
410:Abulcasis
374:Oribasius
360:ayurvedic
319:Aristotle
311:Oribasius
241:hospitals
4507:Cry room
4446:Stroller
4436:Pacifier
4371:Bassinet
4346:Baby toy
4208:Teething
4188:Peekaboo
4128:Crawling
4113:Babbling
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3320:Oncology
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3249:Internal
3097:Medicine
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2876:Archived
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1716:Celsus,
1629:31542355
1580:18 April
1574:Archived
1516:Archived
1483:Archived
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842:You may
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207:and its
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136:Glossary
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63:Children
4466:Teether
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4218:Weaning
4213:Walking
3926:Infants
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3227:Urology
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730:preterm
640:enzymes
632:space.
630:gastric
584:neonate
540:Wrocław
536:Breslau
520:Charité
486:Germany
422:al-Razi
394:crêches
327:Soranus
259:History
215:words:
172:infants
59:Infants
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4391:Diaper
4178:Parent
4163:Mother
3874:Portal
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2979:"CoPS"
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416:, and
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295:Celsus
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2191:S2CID
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