769:
1369:' disciplinary report, and American Medical Association Physician Profile Service, the 67 State Medical Boards continually self-report any adverse/disciplinary actions taken against a licensed physician in order that the other Medical Boards in which the physician holds or is applying for a medical license will be properly notified so that corrective, reciprocal action can be taken against the offending physician. In Europe, as of 2009 the health systems are governed according to various national laws, and can also vary according to regional differences similar to the United States.
1123:
36:
1331:(AHPRA) in most states, while Canadian provinces usually have a "College of Physicians and Surgeons". All American states have an agency that is usually called the "Medical Board", although there are alternate names such as "Board of Medicine", "Board of Medical Examiners", "Board of Medical Licensure", "Board of Healing Arts" or some other variation. After graduating from a first-professional school, physicians who wish to practice in the US usually take standardized exams, such as the
3009:
3796:
3826:
3836:
313:
3816:
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1381:
1176:. The former commonly takes five or six years to complete. Programs that require previous undergraduate education (typically a three- or four-year degree, often in science) are usually four or five years in length. Hence, gaining a basic medical degree may typically take from five to eight years, depending on jurisdiction and university.
1356:, drug abuse, and other issues in physician professional behavior received significant attention across the world, in particular following a critical 2000 report which "arguably launched" the patient-safety movement. In the US, as of 2006 there were few organizations that systematically monitored performance. In the US, only the
559:
1047:
Some commentators have argued that physicians have duties to serve as role models for the general public in matters of health, for example by not smoking cigarettes. Indeed, in most western nations relatively few physicians smoke, and their professional knowledge does appear to have a beneficial
535:
Around the world, the combined term "physician and surgeon" is used to describe either a general practitioner or any medical practitioner irrespective of specialty. This usage still shows the original meaning of physician and preserves the old difference between a physician, as a practitioner of
1199:
Specialty training is begun immediately following completion of entry-level training, or even before. In other jurisdictions, junior medical doctors must undertake generalist (un-streamed) training for one or more years before commencing specialization. Hence, depending on the jurisdiction, a
731:." In the US, podiatrists are required to complete three to four years of podiatry residency upon graduating with a DPM degree. After residency, one to two years of fellowship programs are available in plastic surgery, foot and ankle reconstructive surgery, sports medicine, and wound care.
1343:
Most countries have some method of officially recognizing specialist qualifications in all branches of medicine, including internal medicine. Sometimes, this aims to promote public safety by restricting the use of hazardous treatments. Other reasons for regulating specialists may include
1200:
specialist physician (internist) often does not achieve recognition as a specialist until twelve or more years after commencing basic medical trainingâfive to eight years at university to obtain a basic medical qualification, and up to another nine years to become a specialist.
1208:
In most jurisdictions, physicians (in either sense of the word) need government permission to practice. Such permission is intended to promote public safety, and often to protect government spending, as medical care is commonly subsidized by national governments.
1052:
is slightly higher for physicians (73 years for white and 69 years for black) than lawyers or many other highly educated professionals. Causes of death which are less likely to occur in physicians than the general population include respiratory disease (including
1360:
randomly drug tests physicians, in contrast to drug testing practices for other professions that have a major impact on public welfare. Licensing boards at the US state-level depend upon continuing education to maintain competence. Through the utilization of the
670:
All boards of certification now require that physicians demonstrate, by examination, continuing mastery of the core knowledge and skills for a chosen specialty. Recertification varies by particular specialty between every seven and every ten years.
1179:
Following the completion of entry-level training, newly graduated medical practitioners are often required to undertake a period of supervised practice before full registration is granted, typically one or two years. This may be referred to as an
690:
doctors. Family doctors, or family physicians, are trained to care for patients of any age, while internists are trained to care for adults. Family doctors receive training in a variety of care and are therefore also referred to as
1482:. The image was used in posters and brochures along with the slogan, "Keep Politics Out of this Picture" implying that involvement of the government in medical care would negatively affect the quality of care. 65,000 Posters of
1216:, it is common for physicians to inflate their qualifications with the title "Dr" in correspondence or namecards, even if their qualifications are limited to a basic (e.g., bachelor level) degree. In other countries such as
887:. However, medical practitioners often work long and inflexible hours, with shifts at unsociable times. Their high status is partly from their extensive training requirements, and also because of their occupation's special
695:. Family medicine grew out of the general practitioner movement of the 1960s in response to the growing specialization in medicine that was seen as threatening to the doctor-patient relationship and continuity of care.
2165:
1327:), the licensing or registration of medical practitioners is done at a state or provincial level, or nationally as in New Zealand. Australian states usually have a "Medical Board", which has now been replaced by the
1966:
833:
is a term for the complete "set of procedures in which all doctors are trained", including mental attitudes. A particularly clear expression of this world view, currently dominant among conventional physicians, is
2658:
1303:
In some countries, including the United
Kingdom and Ireland, the profession largely regulates itself, with the government affirming the regulating body's authority. The best-known example of this is probably the
1100:. This manifests as a long-term stress reaction characterized by poorer quality of care towards patients, emotional exhaustion, a feeling of decreased personal achievement, and others. A study by the
2597:
738:. The overall scope of podiatric practice varies from state to state and is not similar to that of physicians holding an MD or DO degree. DPM is also available at one Canadian university, namely the
1830:
2014:
577:
is used in two main ways, with relatively broad and narrow meanings respectively. This is the result of history and is often confusing. These meanings and variations are explained below.
2627:
2048:
2074:
296:
Both the role of the physician and the meaning of the word itself vary around the world. Degrees and other qualifications vary widely, but there are some common elements, such as
2302:
Galdston, Iago, ed. (1963). "Part 1: Medicine and primitive man (five chapters); Part 2: Medical man and medicine man in three North
American Indian societies (three chapters)".
3872:
1864:
2157:
1954:
2104:
540:, and a surgeon. The term may be used by state medical boards in the United States, and by equivalent bodies in Canadian provinces, to describe any medical practitioner.
1344:
standardization of recognition for hospital employment and restriction on which practitioners are entitled to receive higher insurance payments for specialist services.
2650:
1425:
970:
Physicians in the original, narrow sense (specialist physicians or internists, see above) are commonly members or fellows of professional organizations, such as the
253:, and other physical and mental impairments. Physicians may focus their practice on certain disease categories, types of patients, and methods of treatmentâknown as
1191:
or registered under the laws of that particular country, and sometimes of several countries, subject to requirements for an internship or conditional registration.
2220:
Medicine, rationality, and experience: an anthropological perspective (based on the Lewis Henry Morgan
Lectures, at the University of Rochester, NY, in March 1990)
999:
505:
are prevalent, describing any practitioner of medicine (whom an
American would likely call a physician, in the broad sense). In Commonwealth countries, specialist
566:
1932:
357:
This term is at least nine hundred years old in
English: physicians and surgeons were once members of separate professions, and traditionally were rivals. The
1184:", as the "foundation" years in the UK, or as "conditional registration". Some jurisdictions, including the United States, require residencies for practice.
1088:, and there is a well-known aphorism that "doctors make the worst patients". Causes of death that are shown to be higher in the physician population include
2587:
4030:
4025:
1818:
1761:
1516:
1187:
Medical practitioners hold a medical degree specific to the university from which they graduated. This degree qualifies the medical practitioner to become
735:
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1899:
3987:
1503:
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998:
in various guises: "As long as life had its own secret properties, it was possible to have sciences and medicines based on those properties". The US
257:âor they may assume responsibility for the provision of continuing and comprehensive medical care to individuals, families, and communitiesâknown as
1328:
741:
2018:
3858:
2620:
846:, the conception of medicine as an art based on accurate observation, and as a science, an integral part of the science of man and of nature;
4017:
2343:
1010:
interventions, or techniques designed to facilitate the mind's effect on bodily functions and symptoms; biologically based systems including
2134:
1025:
emphasize that all ways of thinking about health and disease have a significant cultural content, including conventional western medicine.
2354:
1530:
682:
guide patients in preventing disease and detecting health problems early while they are still treatable. They are divided into two types:
2070:
1796:
1332:
2040:
3325:
2559:
1101:
2380:
Man's image in medicine and anthropology: Monograph IV, Institute of social and historical medicine, New York
Academy of Medicine
2306:
Man's image in medicine and anthropology: Monograph IV, Institute of social and historical medicine, New York
Academy of Medicine
1852:
3666:
621:
526:
135:
319:, considered to be the founder of experimental biology, was the first to recognize and correctly describe details of many important
1765:
777:
367:
quotation making this contrast, from as early as 1400: "O Lord, whi is it so greet difference betwixe a cirugian and a physician."
711:
as physicians and surgeons who treat the foot, ankle, and associated structures of the leg. Podiatrists undergo training with the
3265:
350:). This meaning of physician conveys a sense of expertise in treatment by drugs or medications, rather than by the procedures of
2754:
Committee on
Quality of Health Care in America, Institute of Medicine. (2000). To Err is Human: Building A Safer Health System.
2684:
2258:
Osler, Sir
William (1902). "Chauvanism in medicine: address to the Canadian Medical Association, Montreal (17 September 1902)".
2096:
1006:
therapies into five categories or domains, including: alternative medical systems, or complete systems of therapy and practice;
4122:
2762:
1410:
1003:
704:
386:
4045:
4040:
2856:"Medical Board Licensing Service for Physicians seeking an Expedited Medical License with any of the 50 State Medical Boards"
2334:
1640:
1062:
664:
3565:
746:; students are typically required to complete an internship in New York prior to obtaining their professional degree. The
3962:
3917:
1992:
644:
624:
1096:, drug-related causes, traffic accidents, and cerebrovascular and ischaemic heart disease. Physicians are also prone to
4147:
4087:
4060:
3701:
3043:
1366:
747:
656:
636:
4012:
3972:
3897:
2408:
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2227:
2199:
1922:
1624:
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1512:
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reported that more than half of all respondents chose "too many bureaucratic tasks" as the leading cause of burnout.
842:
The critical sense and sceptical attitude of the citation of medicine from the shackles of priestcraft and of caste;
359:
4178:
4082:
4000:
3995:
589:
1224:
has decided that the German medical doctorate does not meet the international standards of a PhD research degree.
911:
is an ancient reminder of medical duty, as it originally meant 'one who suffers'. The
English noun comes from the
1405:
1362:
549:
1769:
986:
While contemporary biomedicine has distanced itself from its ancient roots in religion and magic, many forms of
3819:
3691:
3125:
2351:"Complementary and Alternative Medicine â U.S. National Library of Medicine Collection Development Manual"
1962:
1420:
1357:
971:
728:
628:
613:
597:
405:
143:
2424:
Appel JM (2009). "Smoke and mirrors: one case for ethical obligations of the physician as public role model".
1887:
4142:
4132:
3957:
3952:
1895:
943:
1500:
4007:
3967:
3671:
2592:
1475:
1105:
716:
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585:
286:
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and only lists US-granted MD, DO, and Canadian MD programs as medical schools for the respective regions.
4055:
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3947:
3932:
3315:
3001:
1237:
975:
374:
1308:
of Britain. In all countries, the regulating authorities will revoke permission to practice in cases of
4107:
4077:
3295:
1670:
Wachter R; Goldman L (1996). "The emerging role of "hospitalists" in the American health care system".
1070:
895:
duties. The term traditionally used by physicians to describe a person seeking their help is the word
513:
are also described as specialist physicians who have sub-specialized by age of patient rather than by
3724:
2859:
1495:
1221:
1134:
1126:
382:
1220:, only physicians holding an academic doctorate may call themselves doctor â on the other hand, the
825:. Biomedicine "formulates the human body and disease in a culturally distinctive pattern", and is a
3942:
3912:
3516:
3438:
3433:
3353:
3113:
2376:
Galdston, Iago, ed. (1963). "Part V: Culture and the practice of modern medicine (two chapters)".
815:. This style of medicine is now dominant throughout the industrialized world, and is often termed
422:
who work largely or exclusively in hospitals. Such 'hospitalists' now make up about 19% of all US
4183:
4097:
4072:
3907:
3902:
3496:
3470:
1644:
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were displayed, which helped to raise public skepticism for the nationalized healthcare campaign.
1430:
1305:
1245:
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835:
431:
390:
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4127:
4112:
3088:
3036:
2350:
1561:
958:
679:
2883:"Cross-border care and healthcare quality improvement in Europe: the MARQuIS research project"
2385:
1792:
850:, the high moral ideals, expressed in that most "memorable of human documents" (Gomperz), the
3982:
3922:
3739:
3625:
3598:
3571:
3523:
3477:
3172:
2311:
1093:
1089:
1074:
892:
652:
370:
266:
41:
2832:
2815:
838:. Within conventional medicine, most physicians still pay heed to their ancient traditions:
776:
Many countries in the developing world have the problem of too few physicians. In 2015, the
4152:
4137:
4102:
4092:
3937:
3759:
3719:
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3400:
3395:
3375:
3310:
3162:
1450:
1122:
1097:
1022:
991:
987:
822:
789:
692:
648:
553:
258:
254:
189:
177:
858:, the conception and realization of medicine as the profession of a cultivated gentleman.
437:
This original use, as distinct from surgeon, is common in most of the world including the
8:
4173:
4117:
4067:
3977:
3927:
3839:
3781:
3764:
3423:
3140:
2959:
Holloway, Sydney WF. "Medical education in England, 1830â1858: A sociological analysis".
1445:
1415:
1249:
1138:
1085:
953:
793:
768:
651:
in the specialty in which they will practice. Subspecialties require the completion of a
562:
490:
218:
3850:
3729:
3686:
3676:
3465:
3418:
3385:
3380:
3130:
3108:
2964:
2949:
2934:
2903:
2882:
2732:
2707:
2449:
1731:
1706:
1435:
1400:
1300:, civilian physicians must be members of the Order of Physicians to practice medicine.
1157:
1153:
920:
724:
617:
530:
339:
147:
139:
2490:
2473:
2329:(Revised ed.). Berkeley, California, US: North Atlantic Books. pp. 116â131.
1549:
1478:
in a campaign against a proposal for nationalized medical care put forth by President
1144:
Medical education and career pathways for doctors vary considerably across the world.
3825:
3799:
3681:
3651:
3630:
3593:
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3455:
3445:
3340:
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2796:
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2536:
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1927:
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1614:
1588:
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900:
687:
419:
394:
343:
333:
234:
230:
123:
3013:
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2453:
1021:
In considering these alternate traditions that differ from biomedicine (see above),
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requiring that physicians show consideration, compassion, and benevolence for their
3809:
3501:
3486:
3363:
3238:
3194:
2898:
2890:
2827:
2788:
2779:
Wachter RM (2010). "Patient safety at ten: unmistakable progress, troubling gaps".
2727:
2719:
2526:
2485:
2433:
1726:
1718:
1679:
1582:
1545:
1169:
851:
763:
181:
119:
1988:
1648:
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3635:
3620:
3603:
3543:
3538:
3482:
3460:
3157:
3103:
3083:
2766:
2399:
Joralemon, DonaldJ (1999). "chapter 1: What's so cultural about disease? (pbk)".
1826:
1507:
1479:
1386:
1188:
1104:
reported that time pressure was the greatest cause of burnout; a survey from the
1049:
978:
in the United Kingdom, and such hard-won membership is itself a mark of status.
804:
683:
514:
278:
206:
1683:
875:
In this Western tradition, physicians are considered to be members of a learned
807:
and over recent centuries, medicine has become increasingly based on scientific
393:. Newer universities would probably describe such an academic as a professor of
3661:
3615:
3428:
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3177:
1241:
1181:
1161:
1058:
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effect on their health and lifestyle. According to a study of male physicians,
1032:
888:
584:
describes all medical practitioners holding a professional medical degree. The
438:
378:
364:
316:
297:
2792:
2437:
385:) its separate charter. In the same year, the English monarch established the
35:
4167:
3744:
3533:
3528:
3390:
3330:
3233:
2894:
2723:
2531:
2514:
2158:"U.S. faces 90,000 doctor shortage by 2025, medical school association warns"
1353:
1316:
932:
924:
880:
863:
830:
780:
warned that the US will face a doctor shortage of as many as 90,000 by 2025.
346:
or one of its many sub-specialties (especially as opposed to a specialist in
3749:
3734:
3560:
3285:
3135:
3120:
3066:
2912:
2841:
2800:
2741:
2499:
2445:
1819:"Choosing Between a Family Medicine Doctor and an Internal Medicine Doctor"
1740:
1707:"Growth in the care of older patients by hospitalists in the United States"
1557:
1168:. Depending on jurisdiction and university, entry may follow directly from
1015:
884:
808:
462:
75:
2540:
2190:
A. Gaines, R.A. Hahn, ed. (1985). "Chapter 1: Introduction (by editors)".
1722:
1691:
908:
3886:
3608:
3553:
3450:
3305:
3280:
3098:
1519:: ISCO-08 (www.ilo.org/public/english/bureau/stat/isco/isco08/index.htm).
1309:
1078:
817:
812:
708:
454:
414:
91:
46:
3008:
2968:
2944:
Hamilton, Bernice. "The Medical Professions in the Eighteenth Century".
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928:
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3581:
3548:
3320:
3270:
3255:
3250:
3243:
3228:
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1152:
In all developed countries, entry-level medical education programs are
1036:
876:
826:
510:
506:
446:
274:
1795:. U.S. National Library of Medicine of National Institutes of Health.
1232:
Among the English-speaking countries, this process is known either as
558:
3511:
3506:
3370:
3348:
3223:
3187:
1641:"University of Cambridge: History of the School of Clinical Medicine"
1395:
1324:
1233:
1213:
1066:
1054:
1011:
482:
478:
466:
442:
320:
262:
238:
20:
2327:
Planet medicine: from stone age shamanism to post-industrial healing
1762:"The Royal Australasian College of Physicians: What are Physicians?"
3275:
3052:
1297:
1028:
1007:
995:
904:
883:, often combined with expectations of a high and stable income and
734:
Podiatry residencies and/ or fellowships are not accredited by the
470:
458:
222:
165:
115:
87:
2708:"Quest for quality care and patient safety: the case of Singapore"
1616:
The New shorter Oxford English dictionary on historical principles
565:, the first female physician in the United States, graduated from
3882:
3754:
3214:
3182:
3075:
2222:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 65, 65â87.
1281:
1217:
351:
347:
312:
301:
282:
270:
246:
242:
185:
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1320:
1289:
1273:
494:
474:
250:
226:
161:
107:
2588:"Physician burnout: It's not you, it's your medical specialty"
1853:"The difference between family medicine and internal medicine"
1347:
750:
does not list US or Canadian schools of podiatric medicine as
655:
after residency. Both MD and DO physicians participate in the
225:, which is concerned with promoting, maintaining or restoring
2855:
1440:
1293:
1265:
1257:
1130:
912:
486:
450:
290:
1584:
A Dictionary of Modern English Usage (Wordsworth Collection)
3021:
2929:
Bell, Whitfield J. "Medical practice in colonial America".
2403:. Needham Heights, MA, US: Allyn and Bacon. pp. 1â15.
663:-accredited residencies and fellowships across all medical
632:
2279:
Origins: a short etymological dictionary of modern English
1426:
List of countries and dependencies by number of physicians
1000:
National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine
620:
degree, and use the initials M.D. A smaller number attend
62:
Physician, medical practitioner, medical doctor or simply
3880:
2880:
1923:"Difference Between Internist & General Practitioner"
111:
2471:
418:, was introduced in 1996, to describe US specialists in
2384:. New York: International Universities Press. pp.
2310:. New York: International Universities Press. pp.
1704:
829:
learnt by medical students. Within this tradition, the
2978:(4 vol.; E. & S. Livingstone, 1957) on Royal Navy
2194:. Dordrecht (Netherlands): D. Reidel. pp. 3â22.
1705:
Kuo, YF; Sharma, G; Freeman, JL; Goodwin, JS (2009).
1338:
261:. Medical practice properly requires both a detailed
2816:"Problem doctors: is there a system-level solution?"
1517:
International Standard Classification of Occupations
1376:
2983:
Disease, Medicine and Society in England, 1550â1860
2324:
1194:
936:
377:in 1518. It was not until 1540 that he granted the
2813:
2474:"Mortality rates and causes among U.S. physicians"
2398:
2377:
2303:
2257:
1669:
1014:; and manipulative and body-based methods such as
719:(AMA), however, advocates for the definition of a
643:located in the United States. After completion of
327:
2295:
497:. In such places, the more general English terms
338:Around the world, the term physician refers to a
4165:
2369:
1528:
1329:Australian Health Practitioner Regulation Agency
723:as "an individual possessing degree of either a
600:, established in 1915, does not: its title uses
2881:Suñol R; Garel P; Jacquerye A (February 2009).
2276:
2073:. American College of Foot and Ankle Surgeons.
592:, founded in 1897, both currently use the term
401:meant roughly what internal medicine does now.
1888:"Family Medicine or Internal Medicine Doctor?"
1227:
3866:
3037:
2651:"Medizin-Promotionen: Akademische Ramschware"
2472:Frank E; Biola H; Burnett CA (October 2000).
2217:
2017:. Office of Science Education. Archived from
1612:
783:
289:in its applied practice, which is the art or
1790:
1147:
931:, meaning 'I am suffering', and akin to the
739:
2392:
2245:The politics of the family and other essays
2242:
1580:
1348:Performance and professionalism supervision
1315:In the large English-speaking federations (
1039:are popular types of alternative medicine.
772:Medical doctors per 1,000 people as of 2018
3873:
3859:
3326:Reproductive endocrinology and infertility
3044:
3030:
2778:
2560:Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality
2512:
1102:Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality
580:In the United States and Canada, the term
441:and other Commonwealth countries (such as
34:
3667:Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery
2902:
2831:
2731:
2530:
2489:
2270:
2213:
2211:
2189:
2155:
1730:
1608:
1606:
1604:
1111:
1042:
639:lists both MD and DO granting schools as
527:Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery
2515:"'Doctoring' doctors and their families"
2467:
2465:
2463:
2423:
2375:
2301:
2218:Good, Byron J (1994). "Chapter (pbk)3".
2185:
2183:
1885:
1766:Royal Australasian College of Physicians
1576:
1574:
1133:, the primary teaching hospital for the
1121:
778:Association of American Medical Colleges
767:
557:
520:
311:
2833:10.7326/0003-4819-144-2-200601170-00008
2618:
2506:
2236:
1955:"Internal Medicine vs. Family Medicine"
1587:. NTC/Contemporary Publishing Company.
981:
614:physicians trained in the United States
4166:
3988:Electrical and electronics engineering
3973:Developmental and reproductive biology
2705:
2648:
2251:
2208:
1920:
1601:
1411:Occupations of physicians and surgeons
1004:complementary and alternative medicine
705:American Podiatric Medical Association
607:
588:, established in 1847, as well as the
473:), as well as in places as diverse as
3854:
3025:
2814:Leape LL; Fromson JA (January 2006).
2460:
2357:from the original on 23 December 2019
2180:
1571:
1531:"The history of Italian parasitology"
1084:Physicians do experience exposure to
907:may also be so described). This word
742:Université du Québec à Trois-RiviÚres
3805:
3566:Physical medicine and rehabilitation
2687:from the original on 29 January 2009
2619:Schmidt, Sarah (30 September 2017).
2600:from the original on 20 October 2021
2585:
2567:from the original on 20 October 2021
2137:from the original on 4 November 2021
2051:from the original on 13 October 2021
1902:from the original on 14 October 2021
1252:. Synonyms in use elsewhere include
281:, and their treatment, which is the
3815:
2985:(Cambridge University Press, 1995).
2931:Bulletin of the History of Medicine
2681:"AMA Links to state medical boards"
2649:Kramer, Bernd (28 September 2015).
2107:from the original on 29 August 2021
2077:from the original on 29 August 2021
1969:from the original on 6 October 2021
1867:from the original on 6 October 2021
1833:from the original on 6 October 2021
16:Professional who practices medicine
13:
3702:Medical Scientist Training Program
2923:
2661:from the original on 12 April 2021
2630:from the original on 13 April 2019
2127:"Medical doctors per 1,000 people"
1935:from the original on 14 April 2021
1745:See also editorial by Hamel M. B.
1522:
1367:Federation of State Medical Boards
748:World Directory of Medical Schools
657:National Resident Matching Program
637:World Directory of Medical Schools
596:to describe members. However, the
307:
14:
4195:
4018:Genetics and evolutionary biology
2989:
2862:from the original on 2 April 2021
2247:. London: Tavistock Publications.
2168:from the original on 29 June 2021
2156:Bernstein, Lenny (3 March 2015).
1513:International Labour Organization
1212:In some jurisdictions such as in
360:Shorter Oxford English Dictionary
3834:
3824:
3814:
3804:
3795:
3794:
3007:
2995:
2976:Medicine and the Navy, 1200â1900
1799:from the original on 5 July 2016
1793:"Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine"
1379:
1339:Specialists in internal medicine
1195:Specialists in internal medicine
957:to suffer) and its cognate noun
590:American Osteopathic Association
543:
373:granted a charter to the London
4022:Cellular and molecular biology
3835:
2874:
2848:
2807:
2772:
2748:
2699:
2673:
2642:
2621:"Kommt ein Doktor zum Arzt ..."
2612:
2579:
2547:
2417:
2318:
2149:
2119:
2089:
2071:"List of Available Fellowships"
2063:
2033:
2007:
1995:from the original on 1 May 2012
1981:
1947:
1914:
1879:
1845:
1811:
1784:
1363:National Practitioner Data Bank
1236:as in the United States, or as
674:
550:Physicians in the United States
328:Specialist in internal medicine
3692:Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine
3126:Oral and maxillofacial surgery
2889:. 18 Suppl 1 (Suppl_1): i3â7.
2401:Exploring medical anthropology
2192:Physicians of western medicine
1963:American College of Physicians
1921:Decker, Fred (9 August 2018).
1886:Bernat, Karl; Caplea, Andrea.
1754:
1749:. on pp1141â1143 of same issue
1698:
1663:
1633:
1489:
1464:
1421:International medical graduate
1358:Department of Veterans Affairs
972:American College of Physicians
798:
729:Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine
629:Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine
598:American College of Physicians
406:physician in the United States
397:. Hence, in the 16th century,
387:Regius Professorship of Physic
1:
3012:The dictionary definition of
2491:10.1016/S0749-3797(00)00201-4
2325:Grossinger, Richard (1982) .
1896:Duke University Health System
1550:10.1016/S0304-4017(01)00420-4
1457:
1203:
3672:Bachelor of Medical Sciences
3439:Neurosurgical anesthesiology
3051:
2948:4#2 1951, pp. 141â169.
2593:American Medical Association
2586:Berg, Sara (3 August 2018).
2513:Schneck SA (December 1998).
2260:The Montreal Medical Journal
1476:American Medical Association
1106:American Medical Association
717:American Medical Association
713:Doctor of Podiatric Medicine
631:degree and use the initials
586:American Medical Association
573:In modern English, the term
7:
2097:"Scope of Practice Support"
1684:10.1056/NEJM199608153350713
1406:Doctorâpatient relationship
1372:
1073:), alcohol-related deaths,
976:Royal College of Physicians
757:
698:
375:Royal College of Physicians
10:
4200:
4123:Probability and statistics
1931:. Hearst Newspapers, LLC.
1501:Classifying health workers
1470:In 1949, Fildes' painting
1335:for a Doctor in Medicine.
1115:
1081:, and bacterial diseases.
1071:chronic airway obstruction
937:
903:a physician for a routine
787:
784:Social role and world view
761:
703:In the United States, the
547:
524:
379:Company of Barber-Surgeons
331:
285:of medicine, and a decent
18:
3893:
3790:
3712:
3650:
3411:
3339:
3294:
3203:
3074:
3059:
2793:10.1377/hlthaff.2009.0785
2438:10.1017/S0963180108090142
2045:policysearch.ama-assn.org
1529:Roncalli Amici R (2001).
1496:World Health Organization
1228:All medical practitioners
1222:European Research Council
1172:or require pre-requisite
1148:All medical practitioners
1135:Miller School of Medicine
1127:Jackson Memorial Hospital
740:
383:Royal College of Surgeons
363:, third edition, gives a
171:
153:
129:
102:
97:
81:
69:
58:
53:
33:
3626:Transplantation medicine
3517:Clinical neurophysiology
3434:Obstetric anesthesiology
3354:Interventional radiology
3114:Digestive system surgery
2963:49.167 (1964): 299â324.
2895:10.1136/qshc.2008.029678
2765:12 November 2014 at the
2756:National Academies Press
2724:10.1136/qshc.2002.004994
2706:Lim MK (February 2004).
2532:10.1001/jama.280.23.2039
2277:Partridge, Eric (1966).
1506:15 November 2020 at the
647:, physicians complete a
404:Currently, a specialist
19:Not to be confused with
4179:Health care occupations
3918:Artificial intelligence
3497:Intensive care medicine
3471:Mass gathering medicine
3316:Maternalâfetal medicine
2946:Economic History Review
2281:. New York: Macmillan.
1645:University of Cambridge
1538:Veterinary Parasitology
1511:. Source: Adapted from
1431:List of medical schools
1312:or serious misconduct.
1306:General Medical Council
1174:undergraduate education
1023:medical anthropologists
836:evidence-based medicine
823:medical anthropologists
680:Primary care physicians
604:in its original sense.
426:, who are often called
408:may be described as an
391:University of Cambridge
4148:Structural engineering
4088:Mechanical engineering
4061:Western and South Asia
3089:Cardiothoracic surgery
2933:31.5 (1957): 442â453.
1619:. Oxford : Clarendon.
1613:Brown, Lesley (2002).
1141:
1112:Education and training
1043:Physicians' own health
873:
868:Chauvanism in Medicine
773:
570:
324:
45:, an 1891 portrait by
4013:Environmental science
3898:Aerospace engineering
3740:Personalized medicine
3599:Reproductive medicine
3524:Occupational medicine
3478:Evolutionary medicine
2781:Health Aff (Millwood)
2426:Camb Q Healthc Ethics
2041:"Policy Finder | AMA"
1791:Medline Plus (2012).
1723:10.1056/NEJMsa0802381
1125:
1094:self-inflicted injury
1090:suicide among doctors
1018:and massage therapy.
840:
771:
693:general practitioners
667:to obtain licensure.
612:The vast majority of
561:
548:Further information:
525:Further information:
521:Physician and surgeon
315:
3760:Traditional medicine
3720:Alternative medicine
3587:Addiction psychiatry
3401:Transfusion medicine
3396:Medical microbiology
3311:Gynecologic oncology
3163:Reproductive surgery
3004:at Wikimedia Commons
2974:Keevil, John Joyce.
2887:Qual Saf Health Care
2712:Qual Saf Health Care
2243:Laing, R.D. (1971).
1581:H.W. Fowler (1994).
1451:Physicians in Canada
1098:occupational burnout
1086:occupational hazards
994:continue to espouse
992:alternative medicine
988:traditional medicine
982:Alternative medicine
790:Medical anthropology
554:Physicians in Canada
503:medical practitioner
267:academic disciplines
203:medical practitioner
190:Specialist physician
178:General practitioner
3782:History of medicine
3765:Veterinary medicine
3572:Preventive medicine
3424:Adolescent medicine
3266:Infectious diseases
2555:"Physician Burnout"
2162:The Washington Post
1567:on 23 October 2013.
1446:Physician-scientist
1416:Health care quality
1139:University of Miami
1002:(NCCAM) classifies
794:History of medicine
608:American physicians
563:Elizabeth Blackwell
293:of the profession.
279:underlying diseases
219:health professional
30:
3730:Molecular oncology
3687:Doctor of Medicine
3677:Master of Medicine
3594:Radiation oncology
3466:Emergency medicine
3419:Addiction medicine
3386:Clinical chemistry
3381:Clinical pathology
3173:Transplant surgery
3131:Orthopedic surgery
3109:Colorectal surgery
2858:. MedLicense.com.
1651:on 9 December 2012
1436:List of physicians
1160:, undertaken at a
1142:
921:present participle
899:(although one who
774:
725:Doctor of Medicine
715:(DPM) degree. The
659:(NRMP) and attend
618:Doctor of Medicine
571:
531:Doctor of Medicine
428:general physicians
424:general internists
325:
131:Education required
28:
4161:
4160:
4143:Scientific naming
4133:Quantum computing
3963:Computer hardware
3958:Clinical research
3953:Civil engineering
3848:
3847:
3682:Master of Surgery
3646:
3645:
3631:Tropical medicine
3577:Prison healthcare
3492:Hospital medicine
3456:Disaster medicine
3446:Aviation medicine
3261:Hospital medicine
3168:Surgical oncology
3153:Pediatric surgery
3147:
3094:Endocrine surgery
3000:Media related to
2336:978-1-55643-369-6
2131:Our World in Data
1928:Houston Chronicle
1861:Piedmont Hospital
1717:(11): 1102â1112.
1118:Medical education
956:
947:
879:, and enjoy high
864:Sir William Osler
688:internal medicine
420:internal medicine
395:internal medicine
381:(ancestor of the
344:internal medicine
334:Internal medicine
195:
194:
124:critical thinking
120:analytical skills
4191:
3968:Computer science
3875:
3868:
3861:
3852:
3851:
3838:
3837:
3828:
3818:
3817:
3808:
3807:
3798:
3797:
3502:Medical genetics
3487:General practice
3364:Nuclear medicine
3239:Gastroenterology
3195:Vascular surgery
3145:
3072:
3071:
3046:
3039:
3032:
3023:
3022:
3011:
2999:
2917:
2916:
2906:
2878:
2872:
2871:
2869:
2867:
2852:
2846:
2845:
2835:
2820:Ann. Intern. Med
2811:
2805:
2804:
2776:
2770:
2752:
2746:
2745:
2735:
2703:
2697:
2696:
2694:
2692:
2677:
2671:
2670:
2668:
2666:
2646:
2640:
2639:
2637:
2635:
2616:
2610:
2609:
2607:
2605:
2583:
2577:
2576:
2574:
2572:
2551:
2545:
2544:
2534:
2510:
2504:
2503:
2493:
2469:
2458:
2457:
2421:
2415:
2414:
2396:
2390:
2389:
2383:
2373:
2367:
2366:
2364:
2362:
2347:
2341:
2340:
2322:
2316:
2315:
2309:
2299:
2293:
2292:
2274:
2268:
2267:
2255:
2249:
2248:
2240:
2234:
2233:
2215:
2206:
2205:
2187:
2178:
2177:
2175:
2173:
2153:
2147:
2146:
2144:
2142:
2123:
2117:
2116:
2114:
2112:
2093:
2087:
2086:
2084:
2082:
2067:
2061:
2060:
2058:
2056:
2037:
2031:
2030:
2028:
2026:
2021:on 29 April 2013
2011:
2005:
2004:
2002:
2000:
1989:"About Podiatry"
1985:
1979:
1978:
1976:
1974:
1951:
1945:
1944:
1942:
1940:
1918:
1912:
1911:
1909:
1907:
1883:
1877:
1876:
1874:
1872:
1849:
1843:
1842:
1840:
1838:
1815:
1809:
1808:
1806:
1804:
1788:
1782:
1781:
1779:
1777:
1768:. Archived from
1758:
1752:
1751:
1734:
1702:
1696:
1695:
1667:
1661:
1660:
1658:
1656:
1647:. Archived from
1637:
1631:
1630:
1610:
1599:
1598:
1578:
1569:
1568:
1566:
1560:. Archived from
1535:
1526:
1520:
1493:
1487:
1474:was used by the
1468:
1389:
1384:
1383:
1382:
1287:
1170:secondary school
1065:, but excluding
952:
942:
940:
939:
852:Hippocratic oath
764:Physician supply
745:
744:
412:. Another term,
259:general practice
182:Family physician
83:Activity sectors
38:
31:
27:
4199:
4198:
4194:
4193:
4192:
4190:
4189:
4188:
4164:
4163:
4162:
4157:
4056:Hebrew toponyms
4051:Arabic toponyms
3889:
3879:
3849:
3844:
3786:
3775:Chief physician
3708:
3653:
3642:
3636:Travel medicine
3621:Sports medicine
3604:Sexual medicine
3544:Palliative care
3539:Pain management
3483:Family medicine
3461:Diving medicine
3407:
3335:
3297:
3290:
3206:
3199:
3158:Plastic surgery
3104:General surgery
3084:Cardiac surgery
3065:
3063:
3055:
3050:
2992:
2926:
2924:Further reading
2921:
2920:
2879:
2875:
2865:
2863:
2854:
2853:
2849:
2812:
2808:
2777:
2773:
2767:Wayback Machine
2753:
2749:
2704:
2700:
2690:
2688:
2679:
2678:
2674:
2664:
2662:
2647:
2643:
2633:
2631:
2624:Sueddeutsche.de
2617:
2613:
2603:
2601:
2584:
2580:
2570:
2568:
2553:
2552:
2548:
2525:(23): 2039â42.
2511:
2507:
2470:
2461:
2422:
2418:
2411:
2397:
2393:
2374:
2370:
2360:
2358:
2349:
2348:
2344:
2337:
2323:
2319:
2300:
2296:
2289:
2275:
2271:
2256:
2252:
2241:
2237:
2230:
2216:
2209:
2202:
2188:
2181:
2171:
2169:
2154:
2150:
2140:
2138:
2125:
2124:
2120:
2110:
2108:
2095:
2094:
2090:
2080:
2078:
2069:
2068:
2064:
2054:
2052:
2039:
2038:
2034:
2024:
2022:
2013:
2012:
2008:
1998:
1996:
1987:
1986:
1982:
1972:
1970:
1953:
1952:
1948:
1938:
1936:
1919:
1915:
1905:
1903:
1884:
1880:
1870:
1868:
1851:
1850:
1846:
1836:
1834:
1827:Beaumont Health
1817:
1816:
1812:
1802:
1800:
1789:
1785:
1775:
1773:
1772:on 6 March 2008
1760:
1759:
1755:
1703:
1699:
1668:
1664:
1654:
1652:
1639:
1638:
1634:
1627:
1611:
1602:
1595:
1579:
1572:
1564:
1533:
1527:
1523:
1508:Wayback Machine
1494:
1490:
1480:Harry S. Truman
1469:
1465:
1460:
1455:
1401:Doctor's office
1387:Medicine portal
1385:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1350:
1341:
1285:
1248:countries, and
1230:
1206:
1197:
1150:
1120:
1114:
1050:life expectancy
1045:
984:
805:Western culture
801:
796:
788:Main articles:
786:
766:
760:
752:medical schools
707:(APMA) defines
701:
684:family medicine
677:
641:medical schools
625:medical schools
610:
556:
546:
533:
523:
371:Henry VIII
336:
330:
310:
308:Modern meanings
207:British English
188:
184:
180:
174:
158:
156:
132:
114:and science of
84:
72:
71:Occupation type
49:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4197:
4187:
4186:
4184:Hospital staff
4181:
4176:
4159:
4158:
4156:
4155:
4150:
4145:
4140:
4135:
4130:
4125:
4120:
4115:
4110:
4108:Nanotechnology
4105:
4100:
4095:
4090:
4085:
4080:
4078:Machine vision
4075:
4070:
4065:
4064:
4063:
4058:
4053:
4048:
4043:
4035:
4034:
4033:
4028:
4020:
4015:
4010:
4005:
4004:
4003:
3998:
3990:
3985:
3980:
3975:
3970:
3965:
3960:
3955:
3950:
3945:
3940:
3935:
3930:
3925:
3920:
3915:
3910:
3905:
3900:
3894:
3891:
3890:
3881:Glossaries of
3878:
3877:
3870:
3863:
3855:
3846:
3845:
3843:
3842:
3832:
3822:
3812:
3802:
3791:
3788:
3787:
3785:
3784:
3779:
3778:
3777:
3767:
3762:
3757:
3752:
3747:
3742:
3737:
3732:
3727:
3722:
3716:
3714:
3713:Related topics
3710:
3709:
3707:
3706:
3705:
3704:
3694:
3689:
3684:
3679:
3674:
3669:
3664:
3662:Medical school
3658:
3656:
3648:
3647:
3644:
3643:
3641:
3640:
3639:
3638:
3628:
3623:
3618:
3616:Sleep medicine
3613:
3612:
3611:
3601:
3596:
3591:
3590:
3589:
3579:
3574:
3569:
3563:
3558:
3557:
3556:
3546:
3541:
3536:
3531:
3526:
3521:
3520:
3519:
3509:
3504:
3499:
3494:
3489:
3480:
3475:
3474:
3473:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3448:
3443:
3442:
3441:
3436:
3429:Anesthesiology
3426:
3421:
3415:
3413:
3409:
3408:
3406:
3405:
3404:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3368:
3367:
3366:
3361:
3359:Neuroradiology
3356:
3345:
3343:
3337:
3336:
3334:
3333:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3302:
3300:
3296:Obstetrics and
3292:
3291:
3289:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3247:
3246:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3211:
3209:
3201:
3200:
3198:
3197:
3192:
3191:
3190:
3180:
3178:Trauma surgery
3175:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3149:
3148:
3141:Otolaryngology
3138:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3117:
3116:
3111:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3080:
3078:
3069:
3067:subspecialties
3057:
3056:
3049:
3048:
3041:
3034:
3026:
3020:
3019:
3005:
2991:
2990:External links
2988:
2987:
2986:
2979:
2972:
2957:
2942:
2925:
2922:
2919:
2918:
2873:
2847:
2806:
2771:
2760:Free full-text
2747:
2698:
2672:
2641:
2611:
2578:
2546:
2505:
2459:
2416:
2409:
2391:
2368:
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2317:
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2250:
2235:
2228:
2207:
2200:
2179:
2148:
2118:
2088:
2062:
2032:
2006:
1980:
1946:
1913:
1878:
1844:
1810:
1783:
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1697:
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1770:the original
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103:Competencies
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4083:Mathematics
4073:Ichthyology
3908:Archaeology
3903:Agriculture
3887:engineering
3820:Wikiproject
3609:Venereology
3554:Neonatology
3451:Dermatology
3306:Gynaecology
3298:gynaecology
3281:Pulmonology
3099:Eye surgery
3061:Specialties
2718:(1): 71â5.
2055:27 December
2025:22 December
1892:Duke Health
1803:22 December
1310:malpractice
1278:Approbation
1262:ishi menkyo
1254:colegiaciĂłn
818:biomedicine
813:materialism
799:Biomedicine
709:podiatrists
665:specialties
627:and have a
622:osteopathic
455:New Zealand
434:countries.
415:hospitalist
98:Description
92:health care
47:Luke Fildes
4174:Physicians
4168:Categories
4128:Psychiatry
4037:Geography
4008:Entomology
3582:Psychiatry
3568:(PM&R)
3561:Phlebology
3549:Pediatrics
3376:Anatomical
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3256:Hematology
3251:Geriatrics
3244:Hepatology
3229:Cardiology
3219:Immunology
3002:Physicians
2655:Spiegel.de
2172:27 October
1973:14 January
1939:14 January
1906:14 January
1871:14 January
1837:14 January
1776:5 February
1655:5 February
1484:The Doctor
1472:The Doctor
1458:References
1204:Regulation
1182:internship
1166:university
1069:and other
1037:homeopathy
877:profession
827:world view
653:fellowship
447:Bangladesh
340:specialist
287:competence
275:physiology
269:, such as
157:employment
54:Occupation
42:The Doctor
3983:Economics
3948:Chemistry
3923:Astronomy
3770:Physician
3654:education
3512:Neurology
3507:Narcology
3371:Pathology
3349:Radiology
3224:Angiology
3188:Andrology
3015:physician
2111:29 August
1396:AI doctor
1325:Australia
1234:licensure
1214:Singapore
1067:emphysema
1055:pneumonia
1012:herbalism
1008:mind-body
944:romanized
721:physician
649:residency
602:physician
594:physician
582:physician
575:physician
483:Indonesia
479:Hong Kong
467:Sri Lanka
443:Australia
410:internist
321:parasites
263:knowledge
243:treatment
239:prognosis
235:diagnosis
199:physician
166:hospitals
155:Fields of
29:Physician
21:physicist
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4138:Robotics
4103:Mycology
4093:Medicine
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3800:Category
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3207:medicine
3205:Internal
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2969:24404427
2939:44449174
2913:19188459
2860:Archived
2842:16418410
2801:19952010
2763:Archived
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