826:
37:
907:
2146:
880:
1288:
1510:
2300:
2278:
716:
899:'s "Ode: Intimations of Immortality from Recollections of Early Childhood", the imagery of which he "fashioned from a complex mix of pastoral aesthetics, pantheistic views of divinity, and an idea of spiritual purity based on an Edenic notion of pastoral innocence infused with Neoplatonic notions of reincarnation". This Romantic conception of childhood, historian Margaret Reeves suggests, has a longer history than generally recognized, with its roots traceable to similarly imaginative constructions of childhood circulating, for example, in the neo-platonic poetry of seventeenth-century metaphysical poet
560:
678:, and the peak of height velocity occurring. These changes usually occur between ages 11 and 14. It may also be defined as the 2-year period before the major onset of puberty. Preadolescence can bring its own challenges and anxieties. Preadolescent children have a different view of the world from younger children in many significant ways. Typically, theirs is a more realistic view of life than the intense, fantasy-oriented world of earliest childhood. Preadolescents have more mature, sensible, realistic thoughts and actions: 'the most "sensible" stage of development...the child is a much
986:
1410:
adopted by the Church. In the 19th century, children younger than seven years old were believed incapable of crime. Children from the age of seven forward were considered responsible for their actions. Therefore, they could face criminal charges, be sent to adult prison, and be punished like adults by whipping, branding or hanging. However, courts at the time would consider the offender's age when deliberating sentencing. Minimum employment age and marriage age also vary. The age limit of voluntary/involuntary military service is also disputed at the international level.
70:
2063:
1239:
584:
572:
464:
1943:, and extend beyond it. At the level of prevention, their aim includes supporting and strengthening families to reduce social exclusion, and to lower the risk of separation, violence and exploitation. Responsibilities are often spread across government agencies, with services delivered by local authorities, non-State providers, and community groups, making coordination between sectors and levels, including routine referral systems etc.., a necessary component of effective child protection systems."
2161:, the life expectancy of children increased dramatically. This has continued in England, and in the 21st century child mortality rates have fallen across the world. About 12.6 million under-five infants died worldwide in 1990, which declined to 6.6 million in 2012. The infant mortality rate dropped from 90 deaths per 1,000 live births in 1990, to 48 in 2012. The highest average infant mortality rates are in sub-Saharan Africa, at 98 deaths per 1,000 live births – over double the world's average.
971:
1434:
959:
607:, early childhood also includes infancy. At this stage children are learning through observing, experimenting and communicating with others. Adults supervise and support the development process of the child, which then will lead to the child's autonomy. Also during this stage, a strong emotional bond is created between the child and the care providers. The children also start preschool and kindergarten at this age: and hence their social lives.
761:
1231:
friendships). Unstructured play encourages creativity and imagination. Playing and interacting with other children, as well as some adults, provides opportunities for friendships, social interactions, conflicts and resolutions. However, adults tend to (often mistakenly) assume that virtually all children's social activities can be understood as "play" and, furthermore, that children's play activities do not involve much skill or effort.
2197:
947:
1419:
616:
become more independent and enhance their individuality. During middle childhood, children enter the school years, where they are presented with a different setting than they are used to. This new setting creates new challenges and faces for children. Upon the entrance of school, mental disorders that would normally not be noticed come to light. Many of these disorders include:
1220:
330:
1235:
allows children to learn how to work in groups, to share, to negotiate, to resolve conflicts, and to learn self-advocacy skills. However, when play is controlled by adults, children acquiesce to adult rules and concerns and lose some of the benefits play offers them. This is especially true in developing creativity, leadership, and group skills.
1321:, scrub and wasteland, and to local shops. It often imposes imaginative status on certain sections of the urban realm (local buildings, kerbs, street objects, etc.). Children designate specific areas that serve as informal meeting and relaxation places (see: Sobel, 2001). An urban area that looks faceless or neglected to an adult may have deep '
1910:(also called child welfare) is the safeguarding of children from violence, exploitation, abuse, and neglect. It involves identifying signs of potential harm. This includes responding to allegations or suspicions of abuse, providing support and services to protect children, and holding those who have harmed them accountable.
1551:
Europe and North
America were minimal. Child marriage is more prevalent with girls, but also involves boys. A 2018 study in the journal Vulnerable Children and Youth Studies found that, worldwide, 4.5% of males are married before age 18, with the Central African Republic having the highest average rate at 27.9%.
923:, often working long hours in dangerous jobs for low pay. As the century wore on, the contradiction between the conditions on the ground for poor children and the middle-class notion of childhood as a time of simplicity and innocence led to the first campaigns for the imposition of legal protection for children.
1525:
Social attitudes toward children differ around the world in various cultures and change over time. A 1988 study on
European attitudes toward the centrality of children found that Italy was more child-centric and the Netherlands less child-centric, with other countries, such as Austria, Great Britain,
1234:
It is through play that children at a very early age engage and interact in the world around them. Play allows children to create and explore a world they can master, conquering their fears while practicing adult roles, sometimes in conjunction with other children or adult caregivers. Undirected play
1230:
Play is essential to the cognitive, physical, social, and emotional well-being of children. It offers children opportunities for physical (running, jumping, climbing, etc.), intellectual (social skills, community norms, ethics and general knowledge) and emotional development (empathy, compassion, and
2553:
1925:
It is the responsibility of individuals, organizations, and governments to ensure that children are protected from harm and their rights are respected. This includes providing a safe environment for children to grow and develop, protecting them from physical, emotional and sexual abuse, and ensuring
1264:
The initiation of play in a classroom setting allows teachers and students to interact through playfulness associated with a learning experience. Therefore, playfulness aids the interactions between adults and children in a learning environment. “Playful
Structure” means to combine informal learning
1268:
Even though play is considered to be the most important to optimal child development, the environment affects their play and therefore their development. Poor children confront widespread environmental inequities as they experience less social support, and their parents are less responsive and more
1072:
Childhood evolves and changes as lifestyles change and adult expectations alter. In the modern era, many adults believe that children should not have any worries or work, as life should be happy and trouble-free. Childhood is seen as a mixture of simplicity, innocence, happiness, fun, imagination,
1921:
way. This means taking into account the social, economic, cultural, psychological, and environmental factors that can contribute to the risk of harm for individual children and their families. Collaboration across sectors and disciplines to create a comprehensive system of support and safety for
1550:
report on child marriage, 37% of females were married before the age of 18 in sub-Saharan Africa, followed by South Asia at 30%. Lower levels were found in Latin
America and Caribbean (25%), the Middle East and North Africa (18%), and Eastern Europe and Central Asia (11%), while rates in Western
651:
Middle childhood is the time when children begin to understand responsibility and are beginning to be shaped by their peers and parents. Chores and more responsible decisions come at this time, as do social comparison and social play. During social play, children learn from and teach each other,
1660:
around the world. Where violent conflicts are the norm, the lives of young children are significantly disrupted and their families have great difficulty in offering the sensitive and consistent care that young children need for their healthy development. Studies on the effect of emergencies and
1409:
The age at which children are considered responsible for their society-bound actions (e. g. marriage, voting, etc.) has also changed over time, and this is reflected in the way they are treated in courts of law. In Roman times, children were regarded as not culpable for crimes, a position later
1377:
With increasing use of cellphones, computers, video games and television, children have more reasons to stay inside rather than outdoors exploring. “The average
American child spends 44 hours a week with electronic media”. Research in 2007 has drawn a correlation between the declining number of
615:
Middle childhood begins at around age 7, and ends at around age 9 or 10. Together, early and middle childhood are called formative years. In this middle period, children develop socially and mentally. They are at a stage where they make new friends and gain new skills, which will enable them to
1579:
was estimated to be 2.37 children per woman, adding about 80 million people to the world population per year. In order to measure the total number of children, scientists often prefer the completed cohort fertility at age 50 years (CCF50). Although the number of children is also influenced by
745:
and behavioral changes. The end of adolescence and the beginning of adulthood varies by country and by function, and even within a single nation-state or culture there may be different ages at which an individual is considered to be mature enough to be entrusted by society with certain tasks.
918:
in
England in 1760, the divergence between high-minded romantic ideals of childhood and the reality of the growing magnitude of child exploitation in the workplace, became increasingly apparent. By the late 18th century, British children were specially employed in factories and mines and as
2562:
A person may be physically mature and a biological adult by age 16 or so, but not defined as an adult by law until older ages. For example, in the U.S., you cannot join the armed forces or vote until age 18, and you cannot take on many legal and financial responsibilities until age
1134:
Children's health includes the physical, mental and social well-being of children. Maintaining children's health implies offering them healthy foods, insuring they get enough sleep and exercise, and protecting their safety. Children in certain parts of the world often suffer from
5036:
Léveillé, Sophie; Chamberland, Claire (1 July 2010). "Toward a general model for child welfare and protection services: A meta-evaluation of international experiences regarding the adoption of the
Framework for the Assessment of Children in Need and Their Families (FACNF)".
4659:
Katz, Ilan; Katz, Carmit; Andresen, Sabine; Bérubé, Annie; Collin-Vezina, Delphine; Fallon, Barbara; Fouché, Ansie; Haffejee, Sadiyya; Masrawa, Nadia; Muñoz, Pablo; Priolo Filho, Sidnei R.; Tarabulsy, George; Truter, Elmien; Varela, Natalia; Wekerle, Christine (June 2021).
602:
when the child begins speaking or taking steps independently. While toddlerhood ends around age 3 when the child becomes less dependent on parental assistance for basic needs, early childhood continues approximately until the age of 5 or 6. However, according to the
793:
have challenged this view and argued that childhood has been seen as a separate stage since at least the medieval period. Adults saw children as separate beings, innocent and in need of protection and training by the adults around them. The
English philosopher
2032:
1500:
is preventing 28 million children worldwide from receiving an education, due to the risk of sexual violence and attacks in schools. Other factors that keep children out of school include poverty, child labor, social attitudes, and long distances to school.
996:
The modern attitude to children emerged by the late 19th century; the
Victorian middle and upper classes emphasized the role of the family and the sanctity of the child – an attitude that has remained dominant in Western societies ever since. The genre of
1913:
The primary goal of child protection is to ensure that all children are safe and free from harm or danger. Child protection also works to prevent future harm by creating policies and systems that identify and respond to risks before they lead to harm.
1455:
Education, in the general sense, refers to the act or process of imparting or acquiring general knowledge, developing the powers of reasoning and judgment, and preparing intellectually for mature life. Formal education most often takes place through
1939:"The set of laws, policies, regulations and services needed across all social sectors – especially social welfare, education, health, security and justice – to support prevention and response to protection-related risks. These systems are part of
2676:
802:, which considered the mind at birth to be a "blank slate". A corollary of this doctrine was that the mind of the child was born blank, and that it was the duty of the parents to imbue the child with correct notions. During the early period of
5804:
1017:
The market economy of the 19th century enabled the concept of childhood as a time of fun, happiness, and imagination. Factory-made dolls and doll houses delighted the girls and organized sports and activities were played by the boys. The
1341:
The geographies of childhood involves how (adult) society perceives the idea of childhood, the many ways adult attitudes and behaviors affect children's lives, including the environment which surrounds children and its implications.
741:, adolescents are legally considered children, as they tend to lack adult rights and are still required to attend compulsory schooling in many cultures, though this varies. The onset of adolescence brings about various physical,
5072:
Winkworth, Gail; White, Michael (March 2011). "Australia's
Children 'Safe and Well'?1 Collaborating with Purpose Across Commonwealth Family Relationship and State Child Protection Systems: Australia's Children 'Safe and Well'".
2646:
1592:
and other social factors, the CCF50 appears to be most heavily dependent on the educational level of women, ranging from 5–8 children in women without education to less than 2 in women with 12 or more years of education.
2120:
experience a higher burden of disease and are less capable of coping with climate change-related threats. Nearly every child in the world is at risk from climate change and pollution, while almost half are at extreme
2027:
1607:
5319:
Watts, Nick; Amann, Markus; Arnell, Nigel; Ayeb-Karlsson, Sonja; Belesova, Kristine; Boykoff, Maxwell; Byass, Peter; Cai, Wenjia; Campbell-Lendrum, Diarmid; Capstick, Stuart; Chambers, Jonathan (16 November 2019).
4942:
Nixon, Kendra L.; Tutty, Leslie M.; Weaver-Dunlop, Gillian; Walsh, Christine A. (December 2007). "Do good intentions beget good policy? A review of child protection policies to address intimate partner violence".
1495:
indicate that in 2011, 57 million children were out of school; and more than 20% of African children have never attended primary school or have left without completing primary education. According to a UN report,
36:
509:
is legally defined as someone under the age of 14 under the "Children and Young Persons Act" whereas the age of majority is 21. In U.S. Immigration Law, a child refers to anyone who is under the age of 21.
1382:
visits in the U.S. and increasing consumption of electronic media by children. The media has accelerated the trend for children's nature disconnection by deemphasizing views of nature, as in Disney films.
455:, or signify group membership in a clan, tribe, or religion; it can also signify being strongly affected by a specific time, place, or circumstance, as in "a child of nature" or "a child of the Sixties."
2684:
1011:, published in 1865 in England, was a landmark in the genre; regarded as the first "English masterpiece written for children", its publication opened the "First Golden Age" of children's literature.
3202:
Del Col L (September 1930). "The Life of the Industrial Worker in Ninteenth-Century [sic] England — Evidence Given Before the Sadler Committee (1831–1832)". In Scott JF, Baltzly A (eds.).
4187:
Yun S (2014). "BreakingImaginary Barriers: Obligations of Armed Non-State Actors Under General Human Rights Law – The Case of the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child".
1310:
where children are traditionally free to play out in the streets for long periods without supervision. It is invented and largely sustained by children themselves with little adult interference.
5616:
2654:
5641:
4073:"Is love of nature in the US becoming love of electronic media? 16-year downtrend in national park visits explained by watching movies, playing video games, internet use, and oil prices"
1964:, in addition to other child protection systems. Some literature argues that child protection begins at conception; even how the conception took place can affect the child's development.
2037:
1080:. It is usually thought of as an experience or period in a child's life that widens their awareness of evil, pain or the world around them. This theme is demonstrated in the novels
1014:
The latter half of the 19th century saw the introduction of compulsory state schooling of children across Europe, which decisively removed children from the workplace into schools.
4662:"Child maltreatment reports and Child Protection Service responses during COVID-19: Knowledge exchange among Australia, Brazil, Canada, Colombia, Germany, Israel, and South Africa"
2187:
4026:
1469:
825:
360:
4489:"Fertility, mortality, migration, and population scenarios for 195 countries and territories from 2017 to 2100: a forecasting analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study"
5100:
Wulcyzn, Fred; Daro, Deborah; Fluke, John; Gregson, Kendra (2010). "Adapting a Systems Approach to Child Protection in a Cultural Context: Key Concepts and Considerations".
5013:
Wulcyzn, Fred; Daro, Deborah; Fluke, John; Gregson, Kendra (2010). "Adapting a Systems Approach to Child Protection in a Cultural Context: Key Concepts and Considerations".
2185:
866:
and other 17th-century thinkers, Jean-Jaques Rousseau described childhood as a brief period of sanctuary before people encounter the perils and hardships of adulthood. Sir
471:
In the biological sciences, a child is usually defined as a person between birth and puberty, or between the developmental period of infancy and puberty. Legally, the term
532:
Children generally have fewer rights than adults and are classed as unable to make serious decisions, and legally must always be under the care of a responsible adult or
1043:. In 1961 he published a study of paintings, gravestones, furniture, and school records, finding that before the 17th century, children were represented as mini-adults.
1673:
occurs in anywhere from 3 to 87 percent of affected children. However, rates of PTSD for children living in chronic conflict conditions varies from 15 to 50 percent.
4027:"Are your kids really spending enough time outdoors? Getting up close with nature opens a child's eyes to the wonders of the world, with a bounty of health benefits"
1261:
as a right of every child. Children who are being raised in a hurried and pressured style may limit the protective benefits they would gain from child-driven play.
604:
1379:
2095:
review on health and climate change lists children as the worst-affected category by climate change. Children under 14 are 44 percent more likely to die from
1956:, a 'child protection system' provides for the protection of children in and out of the home. One of the ways this can be enabled is through the provision of
5589:
4569:
Shannon MP, Lonigan CJ, Finch AJ, Taylor CM (January 1994). "Children exposed to disaster: I. Epidemiology of post-traumatic symptoms and symptom profiles".
4392:
2186:
2114:, between and within countries, determine how climate change impacts children. Children often have no voice in terms of global responses to climate change.
5322:"The 2019 report of The Lancet Countdown on health and climate change: ensuring that the health of a child born today is not defined by a changing climate"
4118:
Prévot-Julliard AC, Julliard R, Clayton S (August 2015). "Historical evidence for nature disconnection in a 70-year time series of Disney animated films".
3653:
2628:. General Assembly Resolution 44/25 of 20 November 1989. The Policy Press, Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. Archived from
5440:
4162:
3564:
353:
301:
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1619:
1611:
5793:
5783:
2528:
291:
4049:
3847:
Walsh G, Sproule L, McGuinness C, Trew K (July 2011). "Playful structure: a novel image of early years pedagogy for primary school classrooms".
5652:
2308:
2286:
1491:
Children in some countries (especially in parts of Africa and Asia) are often kept out of school, or attend only for short periods. Data from
1269:
authoritarian. Children from low income families are less likely to have access to books and computers which would enhance their development.
1073:
and wonder. It is thought of as a time of playing, learning, socializing, exploring, and worrying in a world without much adult interference.
5397:
Bartlett, Sheridan (2008). "Climate change and urban children: Impacts and implications for adaptation in low- and middle-income countries".
2622:
1169:
Child protection, according to UNICEF, refers to "preventing and responding to violence, exploitation and abuse against children – including
346:
3039:
903:(e.g., "The Retreate", 1650; "Childe-hood", 1655). Such views contrasted with the stridently didactic, Calvinist views of infant depravity.
4034:
1542:
rates of female children under the age of 18 reached 75% in Niger, 68% in Central African Republic and Chad, 66% in Bangladesh, and 47% in
5200:
1374:
refers to the trend in the United States and Canada towards less time for outdoor play, resulting in a wide range of behavioral problems.
782:, artistic depictions of children increased dramatically, which did not have much effect on the social attitude toward children, however.
729:
is usually determined to be between the onset of puberty and legal adulthood: mostly corresponding to the teenage years (13–19). However,
6630:
3977:"For more children, less time for outdoor play: Busy schedules, less open space, more safety fears, and lure of the Web keep kids inside"
306:
1026:
in 1908, which provided young boys with outdoor activities aiming at developing character, citizenship, and personal fitness qualities.
4540:
3741:
Björk-Willén P, Cromdal J (2009). "When education seeps into 'free play': How preschool children accomplish multilingual education".
2814:
Collins WA, et al. (National Research Council (US) Panel to Review the Status of Basic Research on School-Age Children) (1984).
2107:
1313:
Young children's street culture usually takes place on quiet backstreets and pavements, and along routes that venture out into local
1258:
1953:
3995:
2244:
906:
6794:
2017:
132:
1928:
Child protection systems are a set of services, usually government-run, designed to protect children and young people who are
5940:
5742:
Hutchison, Elizabeth D., and Leanne W. Charlesworth. "Securing the welfare of children: Policies past, present, and future."
5680:
5255:
4877:
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3540:
3395:
3336:
3247:
3117:
3075:
2969:
2904:
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2800:
2437:
2387:
1190:
482:
316:
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was particularly influential in defining this new attitude towards children, especially with regard to his theory of the
5763:
5375:
3437:
2758:
2575:
2145:
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and puberty. The term may also refer to an unborn human being. In English-speaking countries, the legal definition of
6870:
5532:
Helldén, Daniel; Andersson, Camilla; Nilsson, Maria; Ebi, Kristie L.; Friberg, Peter; Alfvén, Tobias (1 March 2021).
5170:
3022:
1948:
United Nations Economic and Social Council (2008), UNICEF Child Protection Strategy, E/ICEF/2008/5/Rev.1, par. 12–13.
870:' extensive children portraiture demonstrated the new enlightened attitudes toward young children. His 1788 painting
226:
5880:
5510:
1858:
5581:
4402:
6623:
6463:
4365:
Jones RK, Brayfield A (June 1997). "Life's greatest joy?: European attitudes toward the centrality of children".
3614:"Undernutrition as an underlying cause of child deaths associated with diarrhea, pneumonia, malaria, and measles"
3601:. U.S. National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
2677:"Proposal to lower the Age of Contractual Capacity from 21 years to 18 years, and the Civil Law (Amendment) Bill"
872:
830:
2729:
397 (6th ed. 2007), which's first definition is "A fetus; an infant;...". See also ‘The Compact Edition of the
789:
argued that during the 1600s, the concept of childhood began to emerge in Europe, however other historians like
670:. Preadolescence is commonly defined as ages 9–12, ending with the major onset of puberty, with markers such as
6385:
3175:
2373:
1957:
1400:
1170:
311:
5448:
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733:
usually begins before the teenage years. Although biologically a child is a human being between the stages of
6639:
6524:
6184:
5778:
Michail, Samia. "Understanding school responses to students’ challenging behaviour: A review of literature."
1961:
1670:
1631:
884:
645:
637:
398:
59:
5773:
5723:
4822:"After Safety, What is the Goal of Child Welfare Services: Permanency, Family Continuity or Social Benefit?"
4762:"Protecting children from abuse: a neglected but crucial priority for the international child health agenda"
3557:
421:
even after said age of majority), regardless of their physical, mental and sexual development as biological
6875:
6673:
3427:
2103:
2022:
1278:
271:
3820:
Cromdal J (2009). "Childhood and social interaction in everyday life: Introduction to the special issue".
1977:
is considered an important contemporary goal. This includes protecting children from exploitation such as
1917:
In order to achieve these goals, research suggests that child protection services should be provided in a
1521:
was widespread until the early 20th century. In the 21st century, child labor rates are highest in Africa.
6704:
6297:
5840:
3694:"The importance of play in promoting healthy child development and maintaining strong parent-child bonds"
2680:
2055:
1333:, concerns have been expressed about the vitality – or even the survival – of children's street culture.
1058:
501:
may also refer to someone below another legally defined age limit unconnected to the age of majority. In
94:
3098:"'A Prospect of Flowers', Concepts of Childhood and Female Youth in Seventeenth-Century British Culture"
1644:, safety, and well-being of children. There are many different kinds of conflicts and emergencies, e.g.
1257:
Play is considered to be very important to optimal child development that it has been recognized by the
6616:
3523:
Cunningham H (July 2016). "The Growth of Leisure in the Early Industrial Revolution, c. 1780–c. 1840".
2033:
Council of Europe Convention on the Protection of Children against Sexual Exploitation and Sexual Abuse
1282:
1164:
1129:
844:
The modern notion of childhood with its own autonomy and goals began to emerge during the 18th-century
683:
246:
51:
28:
5727:
1287:
183:
6534:
6500:
4057:
2731:
2725:
2576:"For example, the US Social Security department specifically defines an adult child as being over 18"
2314:
Creating sustainable futures for all; Global education monitoring report, 2016; Gender review
2221:
2078:
2074:
2042:
1769:
1346:
1182:
1001:
took off, with a proliferation of humorous, child-oriented books attuned to the child's imagination.
695:
286:
24:
5753:
The end of American childhood: A history of parenting from life on the frontier to the managed child
2775:
1037:, suggested that childhood was not a natural phenomenon, but a creation of society in his 1960 book
879:
6699:
4072:
2379:
2264:
2002:
1623:
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876:
emphasizes the innocence and natural grace of the posing child and soon became a public favourite.
822:
stressed the importance of individual salvation and concern for the spiritual welfare of children.
641:
545:
429:
and responsibilities than adults. They are generally classed as unable to make serious decisions.
296:
261:
231:
217:
2629:
2099:, and those in urban areas are disproportionately impacted by lower air quality and overcrowding.
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6475:
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2739:, Oxford 1971): 396, which defines it as: ‘The unborn or newly born human being; foetus, infant’.
1887:
1848:
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1125:
895:
The idea of childhood as a locus of divinity, purity, and innocence is further expounded upon in
858:
715:
5720:
The moral project of childhood: Motherhood, material life, and early children's consumer culture
3240:
Charles Dickens and the Victorian child : romanticizing and socializing the imperfect child
2299:
2277:
559:
5272:"Climate changes reproductive and children's health: a review of risks, exposures, and impacts"
5213:
3167:
2997:
1669:
of children between birth and 8 years old show that where the disaster is natural, the rate of
1303:. It is most common in children between the ages of seven and twelve. It is strongest in urban
1039:
20:
4216:
1265:
with formal learning to produce an effective learning experience for children at a young age.
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1214:
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915:
853:
236:
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6582:
6529:
6485:
6395:
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5873:
5406:
5124:
4895:"WHO Regional Office for Europe and UNAIDS report on progress since the Dublin Declaration"
4630:
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4084:
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2312:
2290:
2229:
2217:
2117:
2096:
1753:
1576:
1473:
845:
755:
426:
188:
2896:
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2292:
Investing against Evidence: The Global State of Early Childhood Care and Education
8:
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1307:
1139:, which is often associated with other conditions, such diarrhea, pneumonia and malaria.
1023:
168:
5534:"Climate change and child health: a scoping review and an expanded conceptual framework"
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4143:
4003:
3864:
3723:
3505:
3328:
3324:
3296:
3263:
3131:
3123:
1994:
1990:
1926:
they have access to education, healthcare, and resources to fulfill their basic needs.
1880:
1461:
1250:
930:
from the 1830s onward, bolstered by the horrific descriptions of London street life by
896:
666:
Preadolescence is a stage of human development following early childhood and preceding
418:
69:
5550:
5533:
5337:
4504:
3976:
3781:
3220:
2453:
985:
6716:
6694:
6495:
6322:
6292:
6045:
5930:
5676:
5563:
5555:
5486:
5371:
5359:
5351:
5301:
5293:
5251:
5156:
5144:
5086:
5054:
5050:
4995:
4960:
4956:
4924:
4916:
4873:
4843:
4791:
4783:
4742:
4734:
4699:
4681:
4639:
4609:
4586:
4582:
4549:
4518:
4464:
4212:
4208:
4135:
4100:
3955:
3928:
3899:
3868:
3800:
3715:
3635:
3536:
3509:
3497:
3480:
Ulbricht J (November 2005). "J.C. Holz Revisited: From Modernism to Visual Culture".
3443:
3433:
3391:
3342:
3332:
3301:
3283:
3243:
3171:
3135:
3113:
3071:
3018:
2975:
2965:
2900:
2867:
2839:
2829:
2754:
2433:
2393:
2383:
2062:
1998:
1982:
1940:
1615:
1568:
1174:
1121:
1088:
951:
691:
633:
549:
334:
281:
256:
5506:
5426:
5270:
Anderko, Laura; Chalupka, Stephanie; Du, Maritha; Hauptman, Marissa (January 2020).
4803:
4487:
Vollset SE, Goren E, Yuan CW, Cao J, Smith AE, Hsiao T, et al. (October 2020).
4147:
3727:
3203:
2993:
2895:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. pp.
1423:
1076:
A "loss of innocence" is a common concept, and is often seen as an integral part of
1030:
786:
241:
6587:
6259:
6249:
6244:
6219:
6050:
6029:
5925:
5545:
5478:
5414:
5341:
5333:
5283:
5243:
5136:
5105:
5082:
5046:
5018:
4987:
4952:
4906:
4865:
4833:
4778:
4773:
4761:
4726:
4689:
4673:
4578:
4508:
4500:
4454:
4374:
4294:
4230:
4196:
4127:
4092:
3947:
3924:
3891:
3856:
3829:
3777:
3750:
3705:
3625:
3528:
3493:
3489:
3291:
3275:
3105:
2821:
2478:
2429:
2401:
2249:
2140:
2028:
Optional Protocol on the Sale of Children, Child Prostitution and Child Pornography
2006:
1907:
1816:
1810:
1779:
1683:
1649:
1635:
1608:
Declaration on the Protection of Women and Children in Emergency and Armed Conflict
1404:
1238:
1210:
1152:
1034:
583:
571:
452:
4632:
Investing against Evidence: The Global State of Early Childhood Care and Education
4459:
4442:
4272:
4096:
3768:
Cromdal J (2001). "Can I be with?: Negotiating play entry in a bilingual school".
6844:
6760:
6490:
6470:
6458:
6390:
6239:
6234:
6224:
6114:
5920:
5915:
5866:
4730:
4677:
3918:
3860:
3833:
3754:
2706:
2136:
1712:
1662:
1653:
1572:
1396:
1322:
1202:
974:
931:
867:
818:, brought about a new family ideology centred around the upbringing of children.
591:
526:
494:
414:
41:
6608:
2815:
1563:
became widely available in the 20th century, women had little choice other than
1464:
has been recognized by some governments. At the global level, Article 13 of the
497:
is attained earlier." This is ratified by 192 of 194 member countries. The term
463:
6784:
6422:
6370:
6337:
6332:
6254:
6194:
6104:
6074:
5910:
5850:
4911:
4894:
2202:
2086:
1843:
1794:
1539:
1481:
1465:
1392:
1186:
1054:. Since then, historians have increasingly researched childhood in past times.
811:
661:
479:
121:
5288:
5271:
4269:"Out-of-School Children Initiative | Basic education and gender equality"
4200:
3895:
2605:
2503:
1433:
970:
6859:
6557:
6352:
6269:
6199:
6099:
5749:
5672:
America's promise: a concise history of the United States (Volume 1: To 1877)
5559:
5490:
5418:
5355:
5297:
5148:
5140:
5058:
4999:
4964:
4920:
4847:
4787:
4738:
4685:
4468:
4343:
4131:
3501:
3287:
3155:
2979:
2397:
2239:
2234:
2013:. There exist several international instruments for these purposes, such as:
1986:
1774:
1666:
1589:
1560:
1304:
1156:
1077:
1069:, to what he refers to as the Post War Period of the 1950s, 1960s and 1970s.
1002:
989:
920:
900:
807:
790:
742:
533:
5321:
5247:
4838:
4821:
3630:
3613:
3532:
3346:
3279:
6480:
6442:
6437:
6264:
6109:
5567:
5460:
5458:
5363:
5305:
5238:"Protecting Children from Violence: Historical Roots and Emerging Trends",
5109:
5022:
4928:
4862:
Child Custody & Domestic Violence: A Call for Safety and Accountability
4795:
4746:
4703:
4522:
4378:
4139:
4104:
3903:
3719:
3710:
3693:
3639:
3447:
3305:
3127:
2843:
2579:
2304:
2282:
2259:
2157:, about two-thirds of all children died before the age of four. During the
1789:
1641:
1527:
1364:
1325:' meanings in to children. Since the advent of indoor distractions such as
1242:
1178:
1136:
935:
856:
formulated the romantic attitude towards children in his famous 1762 novel
768:
699:
5482:
5178:
4991:
4869:
4590:
3951:
2405:
1438:
6839:
6806:
6789:
6362:
6317:
6161:
6055:
6010:
5833:
5818:
Social work practice with children and families: a family health approach
4978:
Holland, S. (1 January 2004). "Liberty and Respect in Child Protection".
4717:
Oates, Kim (July 2013). "Medical dimensions of child abuse and neglect".
4606:
Trauma, War, and Violence: Public Mental Health in Socio Cultural Context
2342:
1978:
1974:
1838:
1822:
1722:
1581:
1518:
1514:
1326:
1160:
1148:
1066:
1047:
958:
927:
849:
799:
779:
771:
726:
720:
667:
625:
410:
251:
137:
126:
5790:
Changing images of childhood: Reconceptualising early childhood practice
5498:
5466:
5455:
3109:
2205:
was created from a revision of this article dated 24 June 2008
6811:
6726:
6689:
6562:
6507:
6380:
6342:
6204:
6149:
6144:
6139:
6131:
6119:
6059:
6015:
5770:
The Best Medicine: How Science and Public Health Gave Children a Future
5346:
3659:. The United Nations Children’s Fund (UniCeF). May 2006. Archived from
2920:
2091:
1853:
1748:
1693:
1564:
1488:
being recognized as valid forms of education in certain jurisdictions.
1485:
1330:
1318:
1206:
863:
840:/8. Reynolds emphasized the natural grace of children in his paintings.
819:
803:
795:
734:
675:
576:
525:). In many cultures, a child is considered an adult after undergoing a
475:
may refer to anyone below the age of majority or some other age limit.
390:
178:
142:
6765:
6572:
6279:
6156:
5905:
5809:
Vissing, Yvonne. "History of Children’s Human Rights in the USA." in
4397:
3374:
Peasants into Frenchmen: The Modernization of Rural France, 1870–1914
3321:
Victorian child savers and their culture : a thematic evaluation
3164:
Pictures of Innocence: Portraits of Children from Hogarth to Lawrence
1868:
1863:
1784:
1727:
1457:
1450:
1249:
1898. It depicts poorer boys playing outdoors in a rural part of the
1110:
1093:
1019:
760:
687:
502:
417:(there are exceptions like, for example, the consume and purchase of
198:
173:
5799:
Sorin, Reesa. "Childhood through the eyes of the child and parent."
5613:"A billion children at 'extreme risk' from climate impacts – Unicef"
1437:
Children seated in a Finnish classroom at the school of Torvinen in
6375:
6312:
6307:
6284:
6229:
6189:
5975:
4295:"BBC News - Unesco: Conflict robs 28 million children of education"
2070:
2010:
1929:
1657:
1585:
1224:
671:
621:
448:
444:
4571:
Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
2962:
Forgotten children : parent-child relations from 1500 to 1900
2038:
Optional Protocol on the Involvement of Children in Armed Conflict
6816:
6755:
6709:
6302:
6209:
6179:
6092:
5987:
5982:
5813:(Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023) pp. 181–212.
2457:
2154:
2082:
1717:
1497:
1442:
1296:
815:
738:
730:
599:
402:
394:
193:
147:
110:
5811:
Children's Human Rights in the USA: Challenges and Opportunities
4443:"Child marriage among boys: a global overview of available data"
2825:
2375:
Mosby's Dictionary of Medicine, Nursing & Health Professions
1652:. As of 2010 approximately 13 million children are displaced by
1299:
created by young children and is sometimes referred to as their
938:, which mitigated the exploitation of children at the workplace
702:: 'may feel an individual, no longer "just one of the family."'
6750:
6721:
6663:
6658:
6592:
6432:
6427:
6082:
6064:
5992:
5958:
5953:
5948:
5889:
5648:
5208:
3466:
1933:
1918:
1707:
1547:
1492:
1477:
1427:
963:
946:
690:
figures). Alongside that, they may begin to develop a sense of
617:
595:
564:
436:
203:
105:
89:
84:
4710:
4117:
1470:
International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights
1418:
806:, the rise of a large, commercial middle class, mainly in the
648:
are all specialized plans to help children with disabilities.
489:
as, "A human being below the age of 18 years unless under the
19:"Children" and "Childhood" redirect here. For other uses, see
6823:
6801:
6779:
6731:
6668:
6417:
6020:
5582:"Unless we act now: The impact of climate change on children"
5318:
4317:"UK | Education | Barriers to getting an education"
3611:
1732:
1554:
1543:
1349:
which examines the places and spaces in which children live.
518:
422:
386:
208:
152:
99:
4941:
1571:
concerns have only become possible with drastically reduced
1345:
The geographies of childhood is similar in some respects to
686:
differently (e.g. they may notice the flawed, human side of
6347:
6087:
6024:
5801:
Journal of Australian Research in Early Childhood Education
4864:. Thousand Oaks, California: SAGE Publications, Inc. 2003.
3612:
Caulfield LE, de Onis M, Blössner M, Black RE (July 2004).
1472:(ICESCR) recognizes the right of everyone to an education.
1314:
629:
458:
5531:
3846:
1219:
529:, which may or may not correspond to the time of puberty.
467:
Children playing ball games, Roman artwork, 2nd century AD
5970:
5858:
5269:
4568:
4542:
The State of the World's Children Report, Special Edition
3882:
Evans GW (2004). "The environment of childhood poverty".
1645:
978:
490:
440:
1640:
Emergencies and conflicts pose detrimental risks to the
605:
National Association for the Education of Young Children
5760:
The Routledge History of Childhood in the Western World
5668:
5242:, Psychology Press, pp. 21–32, 13 September 2010,
5099:
5012:
3415:. Brownsea Island Scout and Guide Management Committee.
3180:
1065:, looking at British childhood from the year 1000, the
5792:(Faculty of Education, University of Melbourne, 2005)
5732:
Fawcett, Barbara, Brid Featherstone, and Jim Goddard.
5441:"WHO | The global burden of disease: 2004 update"
4815:
4813:
4658:
4163:"बच्चे चुनौतियों का जवाब दे सकते हैं – द समझ एन.जी.ओ."
3996:"U.S. children and teens spend more time on academics"
2735:: Complete Text Reproduced Micrographically’, Vol. I (
1476:
in most places up to a certain age, but attendance at
705:
4760:
Southall, David; MacDonald, Rhona (1 November 2013).
3942:
Holloway SL (2004). Holloway SL, Valentine G (eds.).
3162:" Child Portraiture in Georgian Art and Society", in
1291:
Children in front of a movie theatre, Toronto, 1920s.
5467:"Children and Climate Change: Introducing the Issue"
4393:"Child brides around the world sold off like cattle"
2081:
estimated that 88% of the existing global burden of
2066:
A child at a climate demonstration in Juneau, Alaska
539:
5035:
4810:
4486:
4189:
Journal of International Humanitarian Legal Studies
3740:
1295:Children's street culture refers to the cumulative
1096:was the embodiment of a childhood that never ends.
4440:
2888:
2820:. Washington D.C.: National Academies Press (US).
413:, in this case as a person younger than the local
40:International children in traditional clothing at
6638:
4759:
3410:
2425:Childhood and Adolescence: Voyages in Development
1620:Inter-Agency Network for Education in Emergencies
950:Children play in a fountain in a summer evening,
6857:
4893:Editorial team, Collective (11 September 2008).
4401:. Associated Press. 8 March 2013. Archived from
3687:
3685:
3683:
3681:
3040:"Poor Children's Rights in Early Modern England"
1567:or having often many children. In fact, current
5464:
5123:Howe, R. Brian; Covell, Katherine (July 2010).
4344:"Africa gold rush lures children out of school"
3584:. Hodder & Stoughton, 1928, Act V, Scene 2.
3197:
3195:
3070:(2nd ed.). London: Routledge. p. 20.
941:
5636:
5634:
5071:
4892:
4534:
4532:
4364:
4249:
4070:
2857:
2855:
2853:
1968:
891:(center) with an unidentified friend, c. 1860.
6624:
5874:
5669:Rorabaugh WJ, Critchlow DT, Baker PC (2004).
4441:Gastón CM, Misunas C, Cappa C (3 July 2019).
3797:Talk and social interaction in the playground
3678:
2295:, 118–125, Marope PT, Kaga Y, UNESCO. UNESCO.
2110:of children and their well-being. Prevailing
1888:
1480:may not be, with alternative options such as
1193:protects the fundamental rights of children.
354:
4562:
4064:
4002:. The University of Michigan. Archived from
3875:
3192:
2807:
2303: This article incorporates text from a
2281: This article incorporates text from a
2089:affects children under five years of age. A
1612:Children in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict
1601:
1575:and sustained fertility. In 2017 the global
1504:
6361:
5734:Contemporary child care policy and practice
5631:
5075:Australian Journal of Public Administration
4529:
3221:"Poverty and Families in the Victorian Era"
2850:
2371:
1336:
1223:Dancing at Mother of Peace AIDs orphanage,
1181:and harmful traditional practices, such as
6631:
6617:
5881:
5867:
5610:
5465:Currie, Janet; Deschênes, Olivier (2016).
5125:"Miseducating children about their rights"
5122:
4766:Paediatrics and International Child Health
4628:
4047:
3618:The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
3522:
3463:Notes to 2004 edition of Scouting for Boys
3104:. Amsterdam University Press. p. 40.
2864:The Developing Person through the Lifespan
2717:
1895:
1881:
1555:Fertility and number of children per woman
1363:Nature Deficit Disorder, a term coined by
1352:
567:in a group recital, Ithaca, New York, 2011
361:
347:
5549:
5345:
5287:
5129:Education, Citizenship and Social Justice
4910:
4837:
4777:
4693:
4512:
4458:
4071:Pergams OR, Zaradic PA (September 2006).
4041:
3709:
3629:
3425:
3385:
3295:
3237:
3091:
3089:
3087:
1259:United Nations Commission on Human Rights
682:now.' Preadolescents may well view human
536:, whether their parents divorce or not.
5675:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 47.
5396:
3941:
3691:
3479:
3413:Why Brownsea? The Beginnings of Scouting
3061:
3059:
3057:
2417:
2415:
2307:work. Licensed under CC-BY-SA IGO 3.0 (
2285:work. Licensed under CC-BY-SA IGO 3.0 (
2213:, and does not reflect subsequent edits.
2196:
2144:
2061:
1954:UN Convention on the Rights of the Child
1936:defines a 'child protection system' as:
1508:
1432:
1417:
1386:
1286:
1237:
1218:
984:
969:
957:
945:
905:
878:
824:
759:
714:
582:
570:
558:
462:
459:Biological, legal and social definitions
435:may also describe a relationship with a
35:
4977:
4826:International Journal of Social Welfare
4603:
3974:
3819:
3767:
3460:
3201:
2959:
2813:
2623:"Convention on the Rights of the Child"
2504:"When Is It Legal For Minors To Drink?"
2367:
2365:
2363:
2337:
2335:
2333:
2331:
2245:Depression in childhood and adolescence
6858:
4538:
3916:
3799:. Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.
3794:
3570:from the original on 11 December 2019.
3318:
3186:
3149:
3095:
3084:
2886:
2861:
2421:
2018:Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention
6612:
5862:
5695:
5611:Carrington, Damian (20 August 2021).
4819:
4716:
4482:
4480:
4478:
4447:Vulnerable Children and Youth Studies
4341:
3920:Geographies of Children and Childhood
3881:
3429:Baden-Powell; the two lives of a hero
3388:Children at Play: An American History
3361:A Social History of Germany 1648–1914
3065:
3054:
2992:
2773:
2617:
2615:
2412:
2149:World infant mortality rates in 2012.
1676:
1191:Convention on the Rights of the Child
1099:
1033:, a French historian specializing in
934:. The campaign eventually led to the
513:Some English definitions of the word
483:Convention on the Rights of the Child
3993:
3525:Leisure in the Industrial Revolution
3264:"The Factory and Workshop Act, 1901"
3012:
2748:
2360:
2328:
1422:Children in an outdoor classroom in
1115:
962:An old man and his granddaughter in
719:An adolescent girl, photographed by
698:, and to have increased feelings of
5755:(Princeton University Press, 2016).
5698:"Modernization – Population Change"
5619:from the original on 28 August 2021
4638:. Paris: UNESCO. pp. 118–125.
4186:
4077:Journal of Environmental Management
3558:"Major themes in Lord of the Flies"
3218:
3037:
2817:Development during Middle Childhood
1960:, the fourth of the United Nations
1932:and to encourage family stability.
1142:
706:Developmental stages post-childhood
610:
378:
13:
5712:
5592:from the original on 18 April 2021
5513:from the original on 18 April 2021
5378:from the original on 19 April 2021
5039:Children and Youth Services Review
4945:Children and Youth Services Review
4622:
4475:
4160:
3274:(2139): 1871–1872. December 1901.
2707:"8 U.S. Code § 1101 - Definitions"
2612:
2183:
2130:
1104:
1046:In 1966, the American philosopher
554:
14:
6887:
5240:Protecting Children from Violence
4024:
3555:
2801:"Development In Middle Childhood"
2711:LII / Legal Information Institute
2604:. 7 December 2007. Archived from
2153:During the early 17th century in
2106:in all its forms. Climate change
2048:
1533:
1517:in Pittston, Pennsylvania, 1911.
1272:
655:
540:Developmental stages of childhood
5772:(WW Norton & Company, 2020)
5689:
5662:
5642:"Infant Mortality Rates in 2012"
5604:
5574:
5525:
5433:
5390:
5312:
5087:10.1111/j.1467-8500.2010.00706.x
5051:10.1016/j.childyouth.2010.03.009
4957:10.1016/j.childyouth.2007.09.007
4583:10.1097/00004583-199401000-00012
3411:Woolgar B, La Riviere S (2002).
3100:. In Cohen ES, Reeves M (eds.).
2776:"Infant and toddler development"
2647:"Children and Young Persons Act"
2298:
2276:
2195:
2054:This section is an excerpt from
1859:Men in early childhood education
1682:This section is an excerpt from
1008:Alice's Adventures in Wonderland
425:. Children generally have fewer
328:
68:
5263:
5231:
5193:
5163:
5116:
5093:
5065:
5029:
5006:
4971:
4935:
4886:
4854:
4753:
4652:
4597:
4434:
4409:
4385:
4358:
4335:
4309:
4287:
4261:
4223:
4180:
4154:
4120:Public Understanding of Science
4111:
4018:
3987:
3968:
3935:
3910:
3840:
3813:
3788:
3761:
3734:
3646:
3605:
3587:
3574:
3549:
3516:
3473:
3454:
3419:
3404:
3379:
3366:
3353:
3312:
3256:
3231:
3212:
3102:The Youth of Early Modern Women
3031:
3006:
2986:
2953:
2940:
2927:
2913:
2880:
2793:
2767:
2742:
2699:
2669:
2639:
2594:
16:Human between birth and puberty
6386:Genealogical numbering systems
5736:(Bloomsbury Publishing, 2017)
4980:British Journal of Social Work
4779:10.1179/2046905513Y.0000000097
4161:RJ, Raawat (9 December 2021).
3929:10.1093/OBO/9780199874002-0193
3494:10.1080/00043125.2005.11651564
2964:. Cambridge University Press.
2921:"APA Dictionary of Psychology"
2602:"American Heritage Dictionary"
2568:
2546:
2521:
2496:
2471:
2446:
1401:Age of criminal responsibility
1171:commercial sexual exploitation
710:
646:individualized education plans
1:
6640:Development of the human body
6525:International Day of Families
6185:Australian Aboriginal kinship
5551:10.1016/S2542-5196(20)30274-6
5338:10.1016/S0140-6736(19)32596-6
5201:"Economic and Social Council"
4505:10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30677-2
4460:10.1080/17450128.2019.1566584
4166:Navbharat Times Reader's Blog
4097:10.1016/j.jenvman.2006.02.001
3981:The Christian Science Monitor
3782:10.1016/S0378-2166(99)00131-9
3527:. Routledge. pp. 15–56.
3390:. New York University Press.
2321:
2317:, 20, UNESCO, UNESCO. UNESCO.
2102:Children are physically more
1962:Sustainable Development Goals
1632:International child abduction
834:
638:least restrictive environment
5399:Environment and Urbanization
4820:Barth, R.P. (October 1999).
4731:10.1016/j.chiabu.2013.05.004
4678:10.1016/j.chiabu.2021.105078
4000:The University Record Online
3861:10.1080/09575146.2011.579070
3834:10.1016/j.pragma.2007.03.008
3755:10.1016/j.pragma.2007.06.006
3692:Ginsburg KR (January 2007).
3205:Readings in European History
3044:The Journal of Psychohistory
2774:Purdy ER (18 January 2019).
2309:license statement/permission
2287:license statement/permission
2104:vulnerable to climate change
2023:Minimum Age Convention, 1973
1973:Protection of children from
1413:
942:Modern concepts of childhood
389:being between the stages of
272:Developmental stage theories
133:Emerging and early adulthood
7:
5841:Stages of human development
5696:Kumar K (29 October 2020).
5538:The Lancet Planetary Health
4342:Melik J (11 October 2012).
3923:. Oxford University Press.
3654:"What is child Protection?"
3426:Hillcourt, William (1964).
2164:
2108:affects the physical health
2073:are more vulnerable to the
2056:Climate change and children
1969:Child abuse and child labor
926:British reformers attacked
862:. Building on the ideas of
652:often through observation.
10:
6892:
5888:
4912:10.2807/ese.13.37.18981-en
4629:Marope PT, Kaga Y (2015).
4237:. Dictionary.reference.com
3975:Gardner M (29 June 2006).
3469:: Oxford University Press.
3208:. Appleton-Century-Crofts.
2891:The Evolution of Childhood
2270:
2134:
2053:
1803:Institutions and standards
1681:
1605:
1448:
1390:
1356:
1276:
1200:
1165:Protection of Children Act
1146:
1130:List of childhood diseases
1119:
1108:
1092:. The fictional character
753:
749:
659:
543:
218:Development and psychology
29:Childhood (disambiguation)
18:
6832:
6740:
6682:
6646:
6550:
6486:National Grandparents Day
6451:
6410:
6278:
6170:
6130:
6073:
6038:
6003:
5939:
5896:
5847:
5838:
5830:
5289:10.1038/s41390-019-0654-7
4719:Child Abuse & Neglect
4666:Child Abuse & Neglect
4297:. Bbc.co.uk. 1 March 2011
4201:10.1163/18781527-00501008
3896:10.1037/0003-066X.59.2.77
3884:The American Psychologist
3017:. Yale University Press.
2732:Oxford English Dictionary
2726:Oxford English Dictionary
2651:Singapore Statutes Online
2578:. Ssa.gov. Archived from
2125:
2079:World Health Organization
2075:effects of climate change
2043:Hague Adoption Convention
1770:Early childhood education
1602:Emergencies and conflicts
1596:
1505:Attitudes toward children
1279:Children's street culture
1183:female genital mutilation
587:Child playing piano, 1984
493:applicable to the child,
25:Children (disambiguation)
6871:Developmental psychology
5419:10.1177/0956247808096125
5141:10.1177/1746197910370724
4271:. UNICEF. Archived from
4132:10.1177/0963662513519042
2749:Alam, Gajanafar (2014).
2380:Elsevier Health Sciences
2265:Archaeology of childhood
2003:military use of children
1952:Under Article 19 of the
1624:Military use of children
1337:Geographies of childhood
642:response to intervention
546:Child development stages
297:Psychosexual development
6578:Sociology of the family
6428:Philia (brotherly love)
6004:Second-degree relatives
5702:Encyclopædia Britannica
5248:10.4324/9780203852927-8
4839:10.1111/1468-2397.00091
3533:10.4324/9781315637679-2
3280:10.1136/bmj.2.2139.1871
3268:British Medical Journal
3242:. New York: Routledge.
3068:The development of play
3013:Orme, Nicholas (2001).
2780:Encyclopedia Britannica
2737:Oxford University Press
1849:Child Online Protection
1628:Trafficking of children
1474:Education is compulsory
1370:Last Child in the Woods
1359:Nature deficit disorder
1353:Nature deficit disorder
1283:Children's street games
1196:
1126:Childhood immunizations
910:Armenian scouts in 1918
859:Emile: or, On Education
774:Su Hanchen, c. 1150 AD.
6433:Storge (familial love)
6039:Third-degree relatives
5941:First-degree relatives
5782:14.2 (2011): 156–171.
5651:. 2013. Archived from
5471:The Future of Children
5110:10.1037/e516652013-176
5023:10.1037/e516652013-176
3944:Children's Geographies
3711:10.1542/peds.2006-2697
3372:Weber, Eugen. (1976).
3359:Sagarra, Eda. (1977).
3168:Holburne Museum of Art
2999:Centuries of Childhood
2937:(1991) p. 13 and p. 78
2751:Population and Society
2529:"Children and the law"
2191:
2171:Listen to this article
2150:
2067:
1951:
1922:children is required.
1546:. According to a 2019
1522:
1446:
1430:
1347:children's geographies
1292:
1254:
1227:
1063:Invention of Childhood
1040:Centuries of Childhood
993:
982:
977:children playing with
967:
955:
911:
892:
841:
775:
723:
598:stage and begins with
588:
580:
568:
468:
409:generally refers to a
44:
21:Child (disambiguation)
6542:National Adoption Day
6418:Agape (parental love)
5746:81.6 (2000): 576–585.
5718:Cook, Daniel Thomas.
5483:10.1353/foc.2016.0000
4870:10.4135/9781452231730
4054:Pittsburgh City Paper
3952:10.4324/9780203017524
3822:Journal of Pragmatics
3770:Journal of Pragmatics
3743:Journal of Pragmatics
3631:10.1093/ajcn/80.1.193
3386:Chudacoff HP (2007).
3038:Fox VC (April 1996).
2946:E. Fenwick/T. Smith,
2753:. K.K. Publications.
2347:TheFreeDictionary.com
2255:Religion and children
2190:
2159:Industrial Revolution
2148:
2097:environmental factors
2065:
1937:
1512:
1436:
1421:
1391:Further information:
1387:Age of responsibility
1290:
1241:
1222:
1215:Childhood secret club
1201:Further information:
1147:Further information:
1120:Further information:
1083:To Kill a Mockingbird
1052:The Cult of Childhood
1029:In the 20th century,
999:children's literature
988:
973:
961:
949:
909:
883:Brazilian princesses
882:
854:Jean Jacques Rousseau
828:
785:The French historian
763:
718:
586:
574:
563:Children playing the
562:
544:Further information:
466:
335:Psychology portal
237:Nature versus nurture
161:Biological milestones
39:
6598:Dysfunctional family
6583:Museum of Motherhood
6530:National Family Week
6396:Quarters of nobility
5332:(10211): 1836–1878.
4608:. New York: Kluwer.
4548:. New York: UNICEF.
4499:(10258): 1285–1306.
4379:10.1093/sf/75.4.1239
4346:. Bbc.com – BBC News
3917:Disney, Tom (2018).
3432:. New York: Putnam.
3238:Malkovich A (2013).
3160:The Age of Innocence
2866:. Worth Publishers.
2608:on 29 December 2007.
2560:. 31 December 2018.
2558:LibreTexts - Biology
2372:O'Toole, MT (2013).
2230:Outline of childhood
2222:More spoken articles
2118:low-income countries
1762:Educational settings
1754:Pre-school playgroup
1577:total fertility rate
1530:falling in between.
1308:industrial districts
1251:Northeast of England
873:The Age of Innocence
831:The Age of Innocence
778:During the European
756:History of childhood
680:less emotional being
399:developmental period
189:Language acquisition
6876:Kinship and descent
6568:Wedding anniversary
6520:American Family Day
6476:Father–Daughter Day
6423:Eros (marital love)
6172:Kinship terminology
5816:Yuen, Francis K.O.
5758:Fass, Paula S. ed.
5744:Families in Society
5722:(NYU Press, 2020).
5411:2008EnUrb..20..501B
4992:10.1093/bjsw/bch003
4604:De Jong JT (2002).
4089:2006JEnvM..80..387P
4050:"Outside Agitators"
3595:"Children's Health"
3110:10.2307/j.ctv8pzd5z
2960:Pollock LA (2000).
2950:(London 1993) p. 29
2635:on 31 October 2010.
2483:Merriam-Webster.com
2311:). Text taken from
2289:). Text taken from
1061:published the book
1050:published the book
1024:Robert Baden-Powell
1022:was founded by Sir
312:Cultural-historical
6795:Emerging adulthood
6328:collateral descent
5820:(Routledge, 2014)
5276:Pediatric Research
5219:on 23 January 2018
5171:"Child protection"
4231:"Define Education"
3795:Butler CW (2008).
3461:Boehmer E (2004).
3329:Edwin Mellen Press
3325:Lewiston, New York
3319:Jordan TE (1998).
2657:on 3 February 2018
2422:Rathus SA (2013).
2192:
2151:
2068:
1995:child prostitution
1991:child sexual abuse
1523:
1462:right to education
1447:
1431:
1293:
1255:
1228:
1100:Healthy childhoods
994:
992:girls in Ethiopia.
983:
968:
956:
914:With the onset of
912:
897:William Wordsworth
893:
852:that followed it.
842:
776:
724:
589:
581:
569:
521:(sometimes termed
469:
419:alcoholic beverage
227:Pre- and perinatal
45:
6853:
6852:
6717:Adult development
6695:Child development
6606:
6605:
6406:
6405:
6323:Lineal descendant
6293:Bilateral descent
6046:Great-grandparent
5931:Matrifocal family
5857:
5856:
5848:Succeeded by
5780:Improving schools
5682:978-0-7425-1189-7
5451:on 24 March 2009.
5257:978-0-203-85292-7
5102:PsycEXTRA Dataset
5015:PsycEXTRA Dataset
4951:(12): 1469–1486.
4879:978-0-7619-1826-4
4645:978-92-3-100113-0
4615:978-0-306-47675-4
4555:978-92-806-4445-6
3961:978-0-203-01752-4
3806:978-0-7546-7416-0
3542:978-1-315-63767-9
3397:978-0-8147-1665-6
3338:978-0-7734-8289-0
3249:978-1-135-07425-8
3189:, pp. 41–42.
3119:978-90-485-3498-2
3096:Reeves M (2018).
3077:978-1-134-86782-0
3015:Medieval Children
2971:978-0-521-25009-2
2906:978-0-674-04566-8
2887:Konner M (2010).
2873:978-1-319-01587-9
2862:Berger K (2017).
2835:978-0-309-03478-4
2582:on 1 October 2013
2554:"23.8: Adulthood"
2439:978-1-285-67759-0
2389:978-0-323-07403-2
2188:
2116:People living in
2077:than adults. The
1999:child pornography
1983:child trafficking
1958:quality education
1941:social protection
1905:
1904:
1650:natural disasters
1616:Save the Children
1569:population growth
1367:in his 2005 book
1122:Childhood obesity
1116:Children's health
1089:Lord of the Flies
952:Davis, California
916:industrialisation
810:countries of the
634:Special education
550:Child development
505:, for example, a
397:, or between the
371:
370:
6883:
6833:Social and legal
6633:
6626:
6619:
6610:
6609:
6588:Astronaut family
6359:
6358:
6260:Iroquois kinship
6250:Sudanese kinship
6245:Hawaiian kinship
6220:Family of choice
6051:Great-grandchild
5926:Immediate family
5883:
5876:
5869:
5860:
5859:
5831:Preceded by
5828:
5827:
5706:
5705:
5693:
5687:
5686:
5666:
5660:
5659:
5658:on 14 July 2014.
5657:
5646:
5638:
5629:
5628:
5626:
5624:
5615:. The Guardian.
5608:
5602:
5601:
5599:
5597:
5578:
5572:
5571:
5553:
5544:(3): e164–e175.
5529:
5523:
5522:
5520:
5518:
5462:
5453:
5452:
5447:. Archived from
5437:
5431:
5430:
5394:
5388:
5387:
5385:
5383:
5349:
5316:
5310:
5309:
5291:
5267:
5261:
5260:
5235:
5229:
5228:
5226:
5224:
5218:
5212:. Archived from
5205:
5197:
5191:
5190:
5188:
5186:
5177:. Archived from
5167:
5161:
5160:
5120:
5114:
5113:
5097:
5091:
5090:
5069:
5063:
5062:
5033:
5027:
5026:
5010:
5004:
5003:
4975:
4969:
4968:
4939:
4933:
4932:
4914:
4899:Eurosurveillance
4890:
4884:
4883:
4858:
4852:
4851:
4841:
4817:
4808:
4807:
4781:
4757:
4751:
4750:
4714:
4708:
4707:
4697:
4672:(Pt 2): 105078.
4656:
4650:
4649:
4637:
4626:
4620:
4619:
4601:
4595:
4594:
4566:
4560:
4559:
4547:
4536:
4527:
4526:
4516:
4484:
4473:
4472:
4462:
4438:
4432:
4431:
4429:
4427:
4417:"Child marriage"
4413:
4407:
4406:
4405:on 8 March 2013.
4389:
4383:
4382:
4373:(4): 1239–1269.
4362:
4356:
4355:
4353:
4351:
4339:
4333:
4332:
4330:
4328:
4313:
4307:
4306:
4304:
4302:
4291:
4285:
4284:
4282:
4280:
4275:on 6 August 2014
4265:
4259:
4253:
4247:
4246:
4244:
4242:
4227:
4221:
4220:
4195:(1–2): 213–257.
4184:
4178:
4177:
4175:
4173:
4158:
4152:
4151:
4115:
4109:
4108:
4068:
4062:
4061:
4060:on 14 June 2011.
4056:. Archived from
4045:
4039:
4038:
4037:on 28 July 2012.
4033:. Archived from
4022:
4016:
4015:
4013:
4011:
3991:
3985:
3984:
3972:
3966:
3965:
3939:
3933:
3932:
3914:
3908:
3907:
3879:
3873:
3872:
3844:
3838:
3837:
3817:
3811:
3810:
3792:
3786:
3785:
3765:
3759:
3758:
3749:(8): 1493–1518.
3738:
3732:
3731:
3713:
3689:
3676:
3675:
3673:
3671:
3666:on 17 April 2021
3665:
3658:
3650:
3644:
3643:
3633:
3609:
3603:
3602:
3591:
3585:
3578:
3572:
3571:
3569:
3562:
3553:
3547:
3546:
3520:
3514:
3513:
3477:
3471:
3470:
3458:
3452:
3451:
3423:
3417:
3416:
3408:
3402:
3401:
3383:
3377:
3370:
3364:
3357:
3351:
3350:
3316:
3310:
3309:
3299:
3260:
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3253:
3235:
3229:
3228:
3216:
3210:
3209:
3199:
3190:
3184:
3178:
3153:
3147:
3146:
3144:
3142:
3093:
3082:
3081:
3066:Cohen D (1993).
3063:
3052:
3051:
3035:
3029:
3028:
3010:
3004:
3003:
2990:
2984:
2983:
2957:
2951:
2944:
2938:
2931:
2925:
2924:
2917:
2911:
2910:
2894:
2884:
2878:
2877:
2859:
2848:
2847:
2811:
2805:
2804:
2797:
2791:
2790:
2788:
2786:
2771:
2765:
2764:
2746:
2740:
2721:
2715:
2714:
2703:
2697:
2696:
2694:
2692:
2683:. Archived from
2673:
2667:
2666:
2664:
2662:
2653:. Archived from
2643:
2637:
2636:
2634:
2627:
2619:
2610:
2609:
2598:
2592:
2591:
2589:
2587:
2572:
2566:
2565:
2550:
2544:
2543:
2541:
2539:
2525:
2519:
2518:
2516:
2514:
2500:
2494:
2493:
2491:
2489:
2475:
2469:
2468:
2466:
2464:
2450:
2444:
2443:
2430:Cengage Learning
2419:
2410:
2409:
2378:. St. Louis MO:
2369:
2358:
2357:
2355:
2353:
2339:
2302:
2280:
2250:One-child policy
2212:
2210:
2199:
2198:
2189:
2179:
2177:
2172:
2141:Infant mortality
2007:child laundering
1949:
1908:Child protection
1897:
1890:
1883:
1817:In loco parentis
1811:Child protection
1780:Pre-kindergarten
1741:Outside the home
1690:
1689:
1684:Child protection
1677:Child protection
1661:conflict on the
1636:Refugee children
1405:Marriageable age
1211:Imaginary friend
1153:Child labor laws
1143:Child protection
1035:medieval history
839:
836:
765:Playing Children
611:Middle childhood
453:authority figure
447:of any age) or,
380:
363:
356:
349:
333:
332:
331:
232:Infant and child
72:
47:
46:
6891:
6890:
6886:
6885:
6884:
6882:
6881:
6880:
6856:
6855:
6854:
6849:
6845:Age of majority
6828:
6761:Early childhood
6736:
6683:Birth and after
6678:
6674:Gestational age
6642:
6637:
6607:
6602:
6546:
6447:
6402:
6391:Seize quartiers
6357:
6298:Common ancestor
6282:
6274:
6240:Chinese kinship
6235:Nurture kinship
6225:Fictive kinship
6166:
6126:
6115:daughter-in-law
6069:
6034:
5999:
5935:
5921:Conjugal family
5916:Extended family
5892:
5887:
5853:
5843:
5836:
5715:
5713:Further reading
5710:
5709:
5694:
5690:
5683:
5667:
5663:
5655:
5644:
5640:
5639:
5632:
5622:
5620:
5609:
5605:
5595:
5593:
5580:
5579:
5575:
5530:
5526:
5516:
5514:
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5456:
5439:
5438:
5434:
5395:
5391:
5381:
5379:
5317:
5313:
5268:
5264:
5258:
5237:
5236:
5232:
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5220:
5216:
5203:
5199:
5198:
5194:
5184:
5182:
5181:on 7 March 2023
5169:
5168:
5164:
5121:
5117:
5098:
5094:
5070:
5066:
5034:
5030:
5011:
5007:
4976:
4972:
4940:
4936:
4891:
4887:
4880:
4860:
4859:
4855:
4818:
4811:
4758:
4754:
4715:
4711:
4657:
4653:
4646:
4635:
4627:
4623:
4616:
4602:
4598:
4567:
4563:
4556:
4545:
4539:UNICEF (2010).
4537:
4530:
4485:
4476:
4439:
4435:
4425:
4423:
4415:
4414:
4410:
4391:
4390:
4386:
4363:
4359:
4349:
4347:
4340:
4336:
4326:
4324:
4323:. 10 April 2006
4315:
4314:
4310:
4300:
4298:
4293:
4292:
4288:
4278:
4276:
4267:
4266:
4262:
4254:
4250:
4240:
4238:
4229:
4228:
4224:
4185:
4181:
4171:
4169:
4159:
4155:
4116:
4112:
4069:
4065:
4046:
4042:
4031:Canadian Living
4023:
4019:
4009:
4007:
3992:
3988:
3973:
3969:
3962:
3940:
3936:
3915:
3911:
3880:
3876:
3845:
3841:
3818:
3814:
3807:
3793:
3789:
3766:
3762:
3739:
3735:
3690:
3679:
3669:
3667:
3663:
3656:
3652:
3651:
3647:
3610:
3606:
3593:
3592:
3588:
3579:
3575:
3567:
3560:
3556:Bloom, Harold.
3554:
3550:
3543:
3521:
3517:
3478:
3474:
3459:
3455:
3440:
3424:
3420:
3409:
3405:
3398:
3384:
3380:
3371:
3367:
3358:
3354:
3339:
3317:
3313:
3262:
3261:
3257:
3250:
3236:
3232:
3225:hiddenlives.org
3217:
3213:
3200:
3193:
3185:
3181:
3154:
3150:
3140:
3138:
3120:
3094:
3085:
3078:
3064:
3055:
3036:
3032:
3025:
3011:
3007:
2991:
2987:
2972:
2958:
2954:
2945:
2941:
2932:
2928:
2919:
2918:
2914:
2907:
2885:
2881:
2874:
2860:
2851:
2836:
2812:
2808:
2799:
2798:
2794:
2784:
2782:
2772:
2768:
2761:
2747:
2743:
2722:
2718:
2705:
2704:
2700:
2690:
2688:
2687:on 26 June 2018
2681:Ministry of Law
2675:
2674:
2670:
2660:
2658:
2645:
2644:
2640:
2632:
2625:
2621:
2620:
2613:
2600:
2599:
2595:
2585:
2583:
2574:
2573:
2569:
2552:
2551:
2547:
2537:
2535:
2527:
2526:
2522:
2512:
2510:
2502:
2501:
2497:
2487:
2485:
2477:
2476:
2472:
2462:
2460:
2452:
2451:
2447:
2440:
2420:
2413:
2390:
2382:. p. 345.
2370:
2361:
2351:
2349:
2341:
2340:
2329:
2324:
2273:
2226:
2225:
2214:
2208:
2206:
2203:This audio file
2200:
2193:
2184:
2181:
2175:
2174:
2170:
2167:
2143:
2137:Child mortality
2135:Main articles:
2133:
2131:Child mortality
2128:
2123:
2122:
2059:
2051:
1971:
1966:
1965:
1950:
1947:
1901:
1713:Extended family
1687:
1679:
1654:armed conflicts
1638:
1604:
1599:
1573:child mortality
1557:
1536:
1507:
1453:
1416:
1407:
1397:Age of majority
1389:
1361:
1355:
1339:
1323:spirit of place
1285:
1277:Main articles:
1275:
1247:The Tournament,
1217:
1203:Play (activity)
1199:
1167:
1145:
1132:
1118:
1113:
1107:
1105:Role of parents
1102:
1059:Hugh Cunningham
944:
932:Charles Dickens
868:Joshua Reynolds
850:Romantic period
837:
758:
752:
713:
708:
664:
658:
613:
592:Early childhood
557:
555:Early childhood
552:
542:
527:rite of passage
461:
415:age of majority
367:
329:
327:
274:
129:
113:
102:
62:and development
61:
42:Liberty Weekend
32:
17:
12:
11:
5:
6889:
6879:
6878:
6873:
6868:
6851:
6850:
6848:
6847:
6842:
6836:
6834:
6830:
6829:
6827:
6826:
6821:
6820:
6819:
6814:
6809:
6799:
6798:
6797:
6792:
6787:
6785:Preadolescence
6777:
6776:
6775:
6774:
6773:
6763:
6758:
6753:
6744:
6742:
6738:
6737:
6735:
6734:
6729:
6724:
6719:
6714:
6713:
6712:
6707:
6702:
6692:
6686:
6684:
6680:
6679:
6677:
6676:
6671:
6666:
6661:
6656:
6650:
6648:
6644:
6643:
6636:
6635:
6628:
6621:
6613:
6604:
6603:
6601:
6600:
6595:
6590:
6585:
6580:
6575:
6570:
6565:
6560:
6554:
6552:
6548:
6547:
6545:
6544:
6539:
6538:
6537:
6527:
6522:
6517:
6516:
6515:
6505:
6504:
6503:
6496:Children's Day
6493:
6488:
6483:
6478:
6473:
6468:
6467:
6466:
6455:
6453:
6449:
6448:
6446:
6445:
6440:
6435:
6430:
6425:
6420:
6414:
6412:
6408:
6407:
6404:
6403:
6401:
6400:
6399:
6398:
6393:
6388:
6378:
6373:
6371:Pedigree chart
6367:
6365:
6356:
6355:
6350:
6345:
6340:
6338:Patrilineality
6335:
6333:Matrilineality
6330:
6325:
6320:
6315:
6310:
6305:
6300:
6295:
6289:
6287:
6276:
6275:
6273:
6272:
6267:
6262:
6257:
6255:Eskimo kinship
6252:
6247:
6242:
6237:
6232:
6227:
6222:
6217:
6212:
6207:
6202:
6197:
6192:
6187:
6182:
6176:
6174:
6168:
6167:
6165:
6164:
6159:
6154:
6153:
6152:
6147:
6136:
6134:
6128:
6127:
6125:
6124:
6123:
6122:
6117:
6107:
6105:Sibling-in-law
6102:
6097:
6096:
6095:
6090:
6079:
6077:
6071:
6070:
6068:
6067:
6062:
6053:
6048:
6042:
6040:
6036:
6035:
6033:
6032:
6027:
6018:
6013:
6007:
6005:
6001:
6000:
5998:
5997:
5996:
5995:
5990:
5980:
5979:
5978:
5973:
5963:
5962:
5961:
5956:
5945:
5943:
5937:
5936:
5934:
5933:
5928:
5923:
5918:
5913:
5911:Nuclear family
5908:
5903:
5897:
5894:
5893:
5886:
5885:
5878:
5871:
5863:
5855:
5854:
5851:Preadolescence
5849:
5846:
5837:
5832:
5826:
5825:
5814:
5807:
5797:
5788:Sorin, Reesa.
5786:
5776:
5768:Klass, Perri.
5766:
5756:
5750:Fass, Paula S.
5747:
5740:
5730:
5714:
5711:
5708:
5707:
5688:
5681:
5661:
5630:
5603:
5586:www.unicef.org
5573:
5524:
5454:
5432:
5405:(2): 501–519.
5389:
5311:
5282:(2): 414–419.
5262:
5256:
5230:
5192:
5175:www.unicef.org
5162:
5115:
5092:
5064:
5045:(7): 929–944.
5028:
5005:
4970:
4934:
4885:
4878:
4853:
4832:(4): 244–252.
4809:
4772:(4): 199–206.
4752:
4725:(7): 427–429.
4709:
4651:
4644:
4621:
4614:
4596:
4561:
4554:
4528:
4474:
4453:(3): 219–228.
4433:
4408:
4384:
4357:
4334:
4308:
4286:
4260:
4258:, Article 13.1
4248:
4235:Dictionary.com
4222:
4179:
4153:
4126:(6): 672–680.
4110:
4083:(4): 387–393.
4063:
4048:O'Driscoll B.
4040:
4017:
4006:on 2 July 2007
3986:
3967:
3960:
3934:
3909:
3874:
3855:(2): 107–119.
3839:
3828:(8): 1473–76.
3812:
3805:
3787:
3776:(4): 515–543.
3760:
3733:
3704:(1): 182–191.
3677:
3645:
3624:(1): 193–198.
3604:
3586:
3580:Barrie, J. M.
3573:
3548:
3541:
3515:
3472:
3453:
3439:978-0839535942
3438:
3418:
3403:
3396:
3378:
3365:
3352:
3337:
3311:
3255:
3248:
3230:
3211:
3191:
3179:
3156:Postle, Martin
3148:
3118:
3083:
3076:
3053:
3030:
3023:
3005:
2985:
2970:
2952:
2939:
2935:Okay Parenting
2926:
2912:
2905:
2879:
2872:
2849:
2834:
2806:
2792:
2766:
2760:978-8178441986
2759:
2741:
2716:
2698:
2668:
2638:
2611:
2593:
2567:
2545:
2533:NSPCC Learning
2520:
2495:
2470:
2445:
2438:
2432:. p. 48.
2411:
2388:
2359:
2326:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2319:
2318:
2296:
2272:
2269:
2268:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2215:
2201:
2194:
2182:
2169:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2087:climate change
2060:
2052:
2050:
2049:Climate change
2047:
2046:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2020:
1970:
1967:
1945:
1903:
1902:
1900:
1899:
1892:
1885:
1877:
1874:
1873:
1872:
1871:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1844:Child marriage
1841:
1833:
1832:
1828:
1827:
1826:
1825:
1820:
1813:
1805:
1804:
1800:
1799:
1798:
1797:
1795:Primary school
1792:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1764:
1763:
1759:
1758:
1757:
1756:
1751:
1743:
1742:
1738:
1737:
1736:
1735:
1730:
1725:
1720:
1715:
1710:
1702:
1701:
1697:
1696:
1688:
1680:
1678:
1675:
1603:
1600:
1598:
1595:
1582:cultural norms
1556:
1553:
1540:child marriage
1535:
1534:Child marriage
1532:
1506:
1503:
1482:home-schooling
1466:United Nations
1449:Main article:
1445:, in the 1920s
1415:
1412:
1393:Age of consent
1388:
1385:
1357:Main article:
1354:
1351:
1338:
1335:
1274:
1273:Street culture
1271:
1198:
1195:
1187:child marriage
1144:
1141:
1117:
1114:
1109:Main article:
1106:
1103:
1101:
1098:
1031:Philippe Ariès
943:
940:
921:chimney sweeps
812:Dutch Republic
787:Philippe Ariès
772:Chinese artist
754:Main article:
751:
748:
712:
709:
707:
704:
662:Preadolescence
660:Main article:
657:
656:Late childhood
654:
612:
609:
556:
553:
541:
538:
480:United Nations
460:
457:
449:metaphorically
369:
368:
366:
365:
358:
351:
343:
340:
339:
338:
337:
322:
321:
320:
319:
314:
309:
304:
299:
294:
289:
284:
276:
275:
270:
267:
266:
265:
264:
259:
254:
249:
244:
239:
234:
229:
221:
220:
214:
213:
212:
211:
206:
201:
196:
191:
186:
181:
176:
171:
163:
162:
158:
157:
156:
155:
150:
145:
140:
135:
130:
124:
119:
114:
108:
103:
97:
92:
87:
79:
78:
74:
73:
65:
64:
56:
55:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6888:
6877:
6874:
6872:
6869:
6867:
6864:
6863:
6861:
6846:
6843:
6841:
6838:
6837:
6835:
6831:
6825:
6822:
6818:
6815:
6813:
6810:
6808:
6805:
6804:
6803:
6800:
6796:
6793:
6791:
6788:
6786:
6783:
6782:
6781:
6778:
6772:
6769:
6768:
6767:
6764:
6762:
6759:
6757:
6754:
6752:
6749:
6748:
6746:
6745:
6743:
6739:
6733:
6730:
6728:
6725:
6723:
6720:
6718:
6715:
6711:
6708:
6706:
6703:
6701:
6698:
6697:
6696:
6693:
6691:
6688:
6687:
6685:
6681:
6675:
6672:
6670:
6667:
6665:
6662:
6660:
6657:
6655:
6652:
6651:
6649:
6645:
6641:
6634:
6629:
6627:
6622:
6620:
6615:
6614:
6611:
6599:
6596:
6594:
6591:
6589:
6586:
6584:
6581:
6579:
6576:
6574:
6571:
6569:
6566:
6564:
6561:
6559:
6558:Single parent
6556:
6555:
6553:
6549:
6543:
6540:
6536:
6533:
6532:
6531:
6528:
6526:
6523:
6521:
6518:
6514:
6511:
6510:
6509:
6506:
6502:
6499:
6498:
6497:
6494:
6492:
6489:
6487:
6484:
6482:
6479:
6477:
6474:
6472:
6469:
6465:
6462:
6461:
6460:
6457:
6456:
6454:
6450:
6444:
6441:
6439:
6436:
6434:
6431:
6429:
6426:
6424:
6421:
6419:
6416:
6415:
6413:
6411:Relationships
6409:
6397:
6394:
6392:
6389:
6387:
6384:
6383:
6382:
6379:
6377:
6374:
6372:
6369:
6368:
6366:
6364:
6360:
6354:
6353:Royal descent
6351:
6349:
6346:
6344:
6341:
6339:
6336:
6334:
6331:
6329:
6326:
6324:
6321:
6319:
6316:
6314:
6311:
6309:
6306:
6304:
6301:
6299:
6296:
6294:
6291:
6290:
6288:
6286:
6281:
6277:
6271:
6270:Omaha kinship
6268:
6266:
6263:
6261:
6258:
6256:
6253:
6251:
6248:
6246:
6243:
6241:
6238:
6236:
6233:
6231:
6228:
6226:
6223:
6221:
6218:
6216:
6213:
6211:
6208:
6206:
6203:
6201:
6200:Consanguinity
6198:
6196:
6193:
6191:
6188:
6186:
6183:
6181:
6178:
6177:
6175:
6173:
6169:
6163:
6160:
6158:
6155:
6151:
6148:
6146:
6143:
6142:
6141:
6138:
6137:
6135:
6133:
6129:
6121:
6118:
6116:
6113:
6112:
6111:
6108:
6106:
6103:
6101:
6100:Parent-in-law
6098:
6094:
6091:
6089:
6086:
6085:
6084:
6081:
6080:
6078:
6076:
6075:Family-in-law
6072:
6066:
6063:
6061:
6057:
6054:
6052:
6049:
6047:
6044:
6043:
6041:
6037:
6031:
6028:
6026:
6022:
6019:
6017:
6014:
6012:
6009:
6008:
6006:
6002:
5994:
5991:
5989:
5986:
5985:
5984:
5981:
5977:
5974:
5972:
5969:
5968:
5967:
5964:
5960:
5957:
5955:
5952:
5951:
5950:
5947:
5946:
5944:
5942:
5938:
5932:
5929:
5927:
5924:
5922:
5919:
5917:
5914:
5912:
5909:
5907:
5904:
5902:
5899:
5898:
5895:
5891:
5884:
5879:
5877:
5872:
5870:
5865:
5864:
5861:
5852:
5845:
5842:
5835:
5829:
5823:
5819:
5815:
5812:
5808:
5806:
5803:14.1 (2007).
5802:
5798:
5795:
5791:
5787:
5785:
5781:
5777:
5775:
5771:
5767:
5765:
5761:
5757:
5754:
5751:
5748:
5745:
5741:
5739:
5735:
5731:
5729:
5728:online review
5725:
5721:
5717:
5716:
5703:
5699:
5692:
5684:
5678:
5674:
5673:
5665:
5654:
5650:
5643:
5637:
5635:
5618:
5614:
5607:
5591:
5587:
5583:
5577:
5569:
5565:
5561:
5557:
5552:
5547:
5543:
5539:
5535:
5528:
5512:
5508:
5504:
5500:
5496:
5492:
5488:
5484:
5480:
5476:
5472:
5468:
5461:
5459:
5450:
5446:
5442:
5436:
5428:
5424:
5420:
5416:
5412:
5408:
5404:
5400:
5393:
5377:
5373:
5369:
5365:
5361:
5357:
5353:
5348:
5343:
5339:
5335:
5331:
5327:
5323:
5315:
5307:
5303:
5299:
5295:
5290:
5285:
5281:
5277:
5273:
5266:
5259:
5253:
5249:
5245:
5241:
5234:
5215:
5211:
5210:
5202:
5196:
5180:
5176:
5172:
5166:
5158:
5154:
5150:
5146:
5142:
5138:
5135:(2): 91–102.
5134:
5130:
5126:
5119:
5111:
5107:
5103:
5096:
5088:
5084:
5080:
5076:
5068:
5060:
5056:
5052:
5048:
5044:
5040:
5032:
5024:
5020:
5016:
5009:
5001:
4997:
4993:
4989:
4985:
4981:
4974:
4966:
4962:
4958:
4954:
4950:
4946:
4938:
4930:
4926:
4922:
4918:
4913:
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4889:
4881:
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4767:
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4502:
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4412:
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4388:
4380:
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4372:
4368:
4367:Social Forces
4361:
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4318:
4312:
4296:
4290:
4274:
4270:
4264:
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4032:
4028:
4021:
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4001:
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3963:
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3930:
3926:
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3507:
3503:
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3483:
3482:Art Education
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3303:
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3251:
3245:
3241:
3234:
3226:
3222:
3215:
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3206:
3198:
3196:
3188:
3187:Reeves (2018)
3183:
3177:
3173:
3169:
3165:
3161:
3157:
3152:
3137:
3133:
3129:
3125:
3121:
3115:
3111:
3107:
3103:
3099:
3092:
3090:
3088:
3079:
3073:
3069:
3062:
3060:
3058:
3050:(3): 286–306.
3049:
3045:
3041:
3034:
3026:
3024:0-300-08541-9
3020:
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3009:
3001:
3000:
2995:
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2981:
2977:
2973:
2967:
2963:
2956:
2949:
2943:
2936:
2933:Mavis Klein,
2930:
2922:
2916:
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2898:
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2777:
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2762:
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2733:
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2679:. Singapore:
2678:
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2624:
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2603:
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2332:
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2266:
2263:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2240:Childlessness
2238:
2236:
2235:Child slavery
2233:
2231:
2228:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2204:
2162:
2160:
2156:
2147:
2142:
2138:
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2113:
2109:
2105:
2100:
2098:
2094:
2093:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2064:
2057:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2015:
2014:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1987:child selling
1984:
1980:
1976:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1944:
1942:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1920:
1915:
1911:
1909:
1898:
1893:
1891:
1886:
1884:
1879:
1878:
1876:
1875:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1840:
1837:
1836:
1835:
1834:
1830:
1829:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1818:
1814:
1812:
1809:
1808:
1807:
1806:
1802:
1801:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1775:Homeschooling
1773:
1771:
1768:
1767:
1766:
1765:
1761:
1760:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1746:
1745:
1744:
1740:
1739:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1705:
1704:
1703:
1699:
1698:
1695:
1692:
1691:
1685:
1674:
1672:
1668:
1667:mental health
1664:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1594:
1591:
1590:peer pressure
1587:
1583:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1561:contraception
1552:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1531:
1529:
1520:
1516:
1511:
1502:
1499:
1494:
1489:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1452:
1444:
1440:
1435:
1429:
1425:
1420:
1411:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1384:
1381:
1380:National Park
1375:
1373:
1371:
1366:
1360:
1350:
1348:
1343:
1334:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1311:
1309:
1306:
1305:working class
1302:
1298:
1289:
1284:
1280:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1260:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1226:
1221:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1194:
1192:
1188:
1185:/cutting and
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1157:Risk aversion
1154:
1150:
1140:
1138:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1112:
1097:
1095:
1091:
1090:
1085:
1084:
1079:
1078:coming of age
1074:
1070:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1055:
1053:
1049:
1044:
1042:
1041:
1036:
1032:
1027:
1025:
1021:
1015:
1012:
1010:
1009:
1004:
1003:Lewis Carroll
1000:
991:
987:
980:
976:
972:
965:
960:
953:
948:
939:
937:
933:
929:
924:
922:
917:
908:
904:
902:
901:Henry Vaughan
898:
890:
886:
881:
877:
875:
874:
869:
865:
861:
860:
855:
851:
847:
846:Enlightenment
833:
832:
827:
823:
821:
817:
813:
809:
805:
801:
797:
792:
791:Nicholas Orme
788:
783:
781:
773:
770:
766:
762:
757:
747:
744:
743:psychological
740:
736:
732:
728:
722:
717:
703:
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
684:relationships
681:
677:
673:
669:
663:
653:
649:
647:
643:
639:
635:
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627:
623:
619:
608:
606:
601:
597:
593:
585:
578:
573:
566:
561:
551:
547:
537:
535:
534:child custody
530:
528:
524:
520:
516:
511:
508:
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
481:
476:
474:
465:
456:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
376:
364:
359:
357:
352:
350:
345:
344:
342:
341:
336:
326:
325:
324:
323:
318:
315:
313:
310:
308:
305:
303:
300:
298:
295:
293:
290:
288:
285:
283:
280:
279:
278:
277:
273:
269:
268:
263:
260:
258:
255:
253:
250:
248:
245:
243:
240:
238:
235:
233:
230:
228:
225:
224:
223:
222:
219:
216:
215:
210:
207:
205:
202:
200:
197:
195:
192:
190:
187:
185:
182:
180:
177:
175:
172:
170:
169:Fertilization
167:
166:
165:
164:
160:
159:
154:
151:
149:
146:
144:
141:
139:
136:
134:
131:
128:
125:
123:
122:Preadolescent
120:
118:
115:
112:
109:
107:
104:
101:
98:
96:
93:
91:
88:
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83:
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80:
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75:
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58:
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6812:Middle adult
6770:
6747:Early years
6647:Before birth
6491:Parents' Day
6481:Siblings Day
6471:Father's Day
6459:Mother's Day
6443:Polyfidelity
6438:Filial piety
6363:Family trees
6265:Crow kinship
6215:Estrangement
6110:Child-in-law
6030:Niece/Nephew
5965:
5839:
5817:
5810:
5800:
5789:
5779:
5769:
5759:
5752:
5743:
5733:
5719:
5701:
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5671:
5664:
5653:the original
5621:. Retrieved
5606:
5594:. Retrieved
5585:
5576:
5541:
5537:
5527:
5515:. Retrieved
5474:
5470:
5449:the original
5444:
5435:
5402:
5398:
5392:
5380:. Retrieved
5329:
5325:
5314:
5279:
5275:
5265:
5239:
5233:
5221:. Retrieved
5214:the original
5207:
5195:
5183:. Retrieved
5179:the original
5174:
5165:
5132:
5128:
5118:
5101:
5095:
5078:
5074:
5067:
5042:
5038:
5031:
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5008:
4986:(1): 21–36.
4983:
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4829:
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4669:
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4624:
4605:
4599:
4577:(1): 80–93.
4574:
4570:
4564:
4541:
4496:
4492:
4450:
4446:
4436:
4424:. Retrieved
4420:
4411:
4403:the original
4396:
4387:
4370:
4366:
4360:
4348:. Retrieved
4337:
4325:. Retrieved
4320:
4311:
4299:. Retrieved
4289:
4277:. Retrieved
4273:the original
4263:
4255:
4251:
4239:. Retrieved
4234:
4225:
4192:
4188:
4182:
4170:. Retrieved
4165:
4156:
4123:
4119:
4113:
4080:
4076:
4066:
4058:the original
4053:
4043:
4035:the original
4030:
4020:
4008:. Retrieved
4004:the original
3999:
3994:Swanbrow D.
3989:
3980:
3970:
3943:
3937:
3919:
3912:
3890:(2): 77–92.
3887:
3883:
3877:
3852:
3848:
3842:
3825:
3821:
3815:
3796:
3790:
3773:
3769:
3763:
3746:
3742:
3736:
3701:
3697:
3668:. Retrieved
3661:the original
3648:
3621:
3617:
3607:
3598:
3589:
3581:
3576:
3551:
3524:
3518:
3488:(6): 12–17.
3485:
3481:
3475:
3462:
3456:
3428:
3421:
3412:
3406:
3387:
3381:
3376:, pp. 303–38
3373:
3368:
3363:, pp. 275–84
3360:
3355:
3320:
3314:
3271:
3267:
3258:
3239:
3233:
3224:
3214:
3204:
3182:
3163:
3159:
3151:
3139:. Retrieved
3101:
3067:
3047:
3043:
3033:
3014:
3008:
2998:
2988:
2961:
2955:
2947:
2942:
2934:
2929:
2915:
2890:
2882:
2863:
2816:
2809:
2795:
2783:. Retrieved
2779:
2769:
2750:
2744:
2736:
2730:
2724:
2723:See Shorter
2719:
2710:
2701:
2689:. Retrieved
2685:the original
2671:
2659:. Retrieved
2655:the original
2650:
2641:
2630:the original
2606:the original
2596:
2584:. Retrieved
2580:the original
2570:
2561:
2557:
2548:
2536:. Retrieved
2532:
2523:
2511:. Retrieved
2507:
2498:
2486:. Retrieved
2473:
2461:. Retrieved
2448:
2424:
2374:
2350:. Retrieved
2313:
2305:free content
2291:
2283:free content
2260:Youth rights
2152:
2112:inequalities
2101:
2090:
2069:
1993:, including
1972:
1938:
1924:
1916:
1912:
1906:
1815:
1790:Kindergarten
1639:
1558:
1537:
1528:West Germany
1526:Ireland and
1524:
1515:breaker boys
1490:
1454:
1408:
1376:
1368:
1365:Richard Louv
1362:
1344:
1340:
1312:
1301:secret world
1300:
1294:
1267:
1263:
1256:
1246:
1243:Ralph Hedley
1233:
1229:
1179:child labour
1168:
1137:malnutrition
1133:
1087:
1081:
1075:
1071:
1062:
1056:
1051:
1045:
1038:
1028:
1016:
1013:
1006:
995:
936:Factory Acts
925:
913:
894:
871:
857:
843:
829:
784:
777:
769:Song dynasty
764:
725:
700:independence
679:
665:
650:
614:
594:follows the
590:
575:Children in
531:
522:
517:include the
514:
512:
506:
498:
486:
477:
472:
470:
432:
431:
406:
382:
374:
372:
317:Evolutionary
292:Psychosocial
143:Middle adult
116:
60:Human growth
33:
6817:Elder adult
6807:Young adult
6790:Adolescence
6654:Development
6318:Inheritance
6303:Family name
6162:Stepsibling
6056:Great-uncle
6011:Grandparent
5834:Toddlerhood
5724:online book
5347:10871/40583
5081:(1): 1–14.
4421:UNICEF DATA
4172:13 December
3849:Early Years
3599:MedlinePlus
3219:Daniels B.
3170:, pp. 7–8.
3141:11 February
3128:j.ctv8pzd5z
2948:Adolescence
2826:10.17226/56
2508:Alcohol.org
2009:in illegal
1979:child labor
1839:Child abuse
1519:Child labor
1327:video games
1319:playgrounds
1175:trafficking
1161:Child abuse
1149:Child labor
1067:Middle Ages
1048:George Boas
1005:'s fantasy
928:child labor
887:(left) and
838: 1785
800:tabula rasa
780:Renaissance
727:Adolescence
721:Paolo Monti
711:Adolescence
668:adolescence
626:dyscalculia
600:toddlerhood
252:Young adult
138:Young adult
6860:Categories
6727:Senescence
6563:Only child
6508:Family Day
6381:Ahnentafel
6343:Progenitor
6205:Disownment
6150:stepmother
6145:stepfather
6140:Stepparent
6132:Stepfamily
6120:son-in-law
6060:Great-aunt
6016:Grandchild
5844:Childhood
5726:see also
5477:(1): 3–9.
5223:23 January
4168:(in Hindi)
3698:Pediatrics
3176:0903679094
3158:. (2005) "
2691:21 October
2661:20 October
2322:References
2218:Audio help
2209:2008-06-24
2085:caused by
1854:Family law
1723:Babysitter
1606:See also:
1565:abstinence
1486:e-learning
1331:television
1207:Playground
1020:Boy Scouts
885:Leopoldina
864:John Locke
820:Puritanism
808:Protestant
804:capitalism
796:John Locke
676:spermarche
577:Madagascar
523:the unborn
287:Ecological
282:Attachment
242:Adolescent
179:Childbirth
127:Adolescent
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