Ageing - Knowledge

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this "requires, among others, working towards the development of international human rights instruments and their translation into national laws and regulations and affirmative measures that challenge age discrimination and recognise older people as autonomous subjects". Older people's music participation contributes to the maintenance of interpersonal relationships and promoting successful ageing. At the same time, older persons can make contributions to society including caregiving and volunteering. For example, "A study of Bolivian migrants who moved to Spain found that 69% left their children at home, usually with grandparents. In rural China, grandparents care for 38% of children aged under five whose parents have gone to work in cities."

1577:(UNFPA) estimates that by 2050 that number will rise to approximately 22%. Ageing has occurred due to development which has enabled better nutrition, sanitation, health care, education and economic well-being. Consequently, fertility rates have continued to decline and life expectancy has risen. Life expectancy at birth is over 80 now in 33 countries. Ageing is a "global phenomenon", that is occurring fastest in developing countries, including those with large youth populations, and poses social and economic challenges to the work which can be overcome with "the right set of policies to equip individuals, families and societies to address these challenges and to reap its benefits". 1424: 1784:

and disability, b) high cognitive and physical functioning, and c) social and productive engagement. The study cited previous was also done back in 1987 and therefore, these factors associated with successful ageing have probably been changed. With the current knowledge, scientists started to focus on learning about the effect spirituality in successful ageing. There are some differences in cultures which of these components are the most important. Most often across cultures social engagement was the most highly rated but depending on the culture the definition of successful ageing changes.

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the study sample remained in the same status at baseline and follow-up (61%). Around one-fourth of participants transitioned from the high IC to the low deterioration status, and only 3% of the participants improved their status. Interestingly, the probability of improvement was observed in the status of high deterioration. Participants in the latent statuses of low and high levels of deterioration had a significantly higher risk of frailty, disability and dementia than their high IC counterparts.

1742:), the R70i exoskeleton, and the AGNES (Age Gain Now Empathy Suit) suits. These suits create the feelings of the effects of ageing by adding extra weight and increased pressure in certain points like the wrists, ankles and other joints. In addition, the various suits have different ways to impair vision and hearing to simulate the loss of these senses. To create the loss of feeling in hands that the elderly experience, special gloves are a part of the uniforms. 835:

through surgery. Glaucoma is another common visual disease that appears in older adults. Glaucoma is caused by damage to the optic nerve, causing vision loss. Glaucoma usually develops over time, but there are variations to glaucoma, and some have a sudden onset. There are a few procedures for glaucoma, but there is no cure or fix for the damage, once it has occurred. Prevention is the best measure in the case of glaucoma.

449: 1246:: Dogs annually lose approximately 3.3% of the DNA in their heart muscle cells while humans lose approximately 0.6% of their heart muscle DNA each year. These numbers are close to the ratio of the maximum longevities of the two species (120 years vs. 20 years, a 6/1 ratio). The comparative percentage is also similar between the dog and human for yearly DNA loss in the brain and lymphocytes. As stated by lead author, 612: 1446: 1605:

persons, also benefit entire families especially in times of crisis when there may be a shortage or loss of employment within households. A study by the Australian Government in 2003 estimated that "women between the ages of 65 and 74 years contribute A$ 16 billion per year in unpaid caregiving and voluntary work. Similarly, men in the same age group contributed A$ 10 billion per year."

315: 1671:"A life-cycle approach to health care – one that starts early, continues through the reproductive years and lasts into old age – is essential for the physical and emotional well-being of older persons, and, indeed, all people. Public policies and programmes should additionally address the needs of older impoverished people who cannot afford health care." 1660:, who states that life can be worthwhile during old age, and that longevity should be pursued in association with the attainment of quality of life. Faria claims that postponement of senescence as well as happiness and wisdom can be attained in old age in a large proportion of those who lead healthy lifestyles and remain intellectually active. 1597:

developed countries. UNFPA stated that, "Sustainability of these systems is of particular concern, particularly in developed countries, while social protection and old-age pension coverage remain a challenge for developing countries, where a large proportion of the labour force is found in the informal sector."

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the number of young workers. Older people generally incur more health-related costs than do younger people in the workplace and can also cost more in worker's compensation and pension liabilities. In most developed countries an older workforce is somewhat inevitable. In the United States for instance, the

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It has been estimated that population ageing only explains 0.2 percentage points of the annual growth rate in medical spending of 4.3% since 1970. In addition, certain reforms to the Medicare system in the United States decreased elderly spending on home health care by 12.5% per year between 1996 and

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Studies of mtDNA mutator mice have shown that increased levels of somatic mtDNA mutations directly can cause a variety of ageing phenotypes. The authors propose that mtDNA mutations lead to respiratory-chain-deficient cells and thence to apoptosis and cell loss. They cast doubt experimentally however

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Other visual diseases that often appear with age are cataracts and glaucoma. A cataract occurs when the lens of the eye becomes cloudy, making vision blurry; it eventually causes blindness if untreated. They develop over time and are seen most often with those that are older. Cataracts can be treated

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A man's days are numbered. You know the number of his months. He cannot live longer than the time You have set. So now look away from him that he may rest, until he has lived the time set for him like a man paid to work. For there is hope for a tree, when it is cut down, that it will grow again, and

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have evolved over time, and as scientific research in cosmeceuticals, cosmetic products seen to have medicinal benefits like anti-ageing creams, has increased, the industry has also expanded; the kinds of products they produce (such as serums and creams) have gradually gained popularity and become a

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However, the annual growth in national health spending is not mainly due to increasing demand from ageing populations, but rather has been driven by rising incomes, costly new medical technology, a shortage of health care workers and informational asymmetries between providers and patients. A number

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age rises accordingly. According to the United Nations, this process is taking place in nearly every country in the world. A rising median age can have significant social and economic implications, as the workforce gets progressively older and the number of old workers and retirees grows relative to

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A recent study found four "profiles" or "statuses" of intrinsic capacity among older adults, namely high IC (43% at baseline), low deterioration with impaired locomotion (17%), high deterioration without cognitive impairment (22%) and high deterioration with cognitive impairment (18%). Over half of

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is held to celebrate and congratulate an individual for turning 60 years old. In China, respect for elderly is often the basis for how a community is organized and has been at the foundation of Chinese culture and morality for thousands of years. Older people are respected for their wisdom and most

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The global economic crisis has increased financial pressure to ensure economic security and access to health care in old age. To elevate this pressure "social protection floors must be implemented in order to guarantee income security and access to essential health and social services for all older

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and may, in fact, remain steady throughout most of the human lifespan, dropping suddenly only as people near the end of their lives. Individual variations in the rate of cognitive decline may therefore be explained in terms of people having different lengths of life. There are changes to the brain:

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can be traced back to the 1950s and was popularized in the 1980s. Traditional definitions of successful ageing have emphasized absence of physical and cognitive disabilities. In their 1987 article, Rowe and Kahn characterized successful ageing as involving three components: a) freedom from disease

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includes disengagement theory, activity theory, selectivity theory, and continuity theory. Retirement, a common transition faced by the elderly, may have both positive and negative consequences. As cyborgs currently are on the rise some theorists argue there is a need to develop new definitions of

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Design is another field that could benefit from the empathy these suits may cause. When designers understand what it feels like to have the impairments of old age, they can better design buildings, packaging, or even tools to help with the simple day-to-day tasks that are more difficult with less

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has been correlated with higher well-being and reduced mortality among the elderly. Various reasons have been proposed for this association; people who are objectively healthy may naturally rate their health better as than that of their ill counterparts, though this link has been observed even in

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study. In a UNFPA report about ageing in the 21st century, it highlighted the need to "Develop a new rights-based culture of ageing and a change of mindset and societal attitudes towards ageing and older persons, from welfare recipients to active, contributing members of society". UNFPA said that

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In addition to physical symptoms, aging can also cause a number of mental health issues as older adults deal with challenges such as the death of loved ones, retirement and loss of purpose, as well as their own health issues. Some warning signs are: changes in mood or energy, changes in sleep or

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It has been argued that population ageing has undermined economic development and can lead to lower inflation because elderly individuals care especially strongly about the value of their pensions and savings. Evidence suggests that pensions, while making a difference to the well-being of older

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Among the most urgent concerns of older persons worldwide is income security. This poses challenges for governments with ageing populations to ensure investments in pension systems continues to provide economic independence and reduce poverty in old age. These challenges vary for developing and

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Many societies in Western Europe and Japan have ageing populations. While the effects on society are complex, there is a concern about the impact on health care demand. The large number of suggestions in the literature for specific interventions to cope with the expected increase in demand for

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effect when referring to an entire genetic programme (the organism diverting limited resources from maintenance to reproduction). The biological mechanisms which regulate lifespan probably evolved with the first multicellular organisms more than a billion years ago. However, even single-celled

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In humans, ageing represents the accumulation of changes in a human being over time and can encompass physical, psychological, and social changes. Reaction time, for example, may slow with age, while memories and general knowledge typically increase. Ageing is associated with increased risk of

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Due to increasing share of the elderly in the population, health care expenditures will continue to grow relative to the economy in coming decades. This has been considered as a negative phenomenon and effective strategies like labour productivity enhancement should be considered to deal with

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induction can enhance clearance of toxic intracellular waste associated with neurodegenerative diseases and has been comprehensively demonstrated to improve lifespan in yeast, worms, flies, rodents and primates. The situation, however, has been complicated by the identification that autophagy

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The increase in demand for cosmeceuticals has led scientists to find ingredients for these products in unorthodox places. For example, the secretion of cryptomphalus aspersa (or brown garden snail) has been found to have antioxidant properties, increase skin cell proliferation, and increase

1570:), they are more likely to push for political and social change, to develop and adopt new technologies, and to need education. Older people have different requirements from society and government, and frequently have differing values as well, such as for property and pension rights. 747:

is classified as an ageing disease. It leads to cardiovascular disease (for example, stroke and heart attacks), which, globally, is the most common cause of death. Vessel ageing causes vascular remodelling and loss of arterial elasticity, and as a result, causes the stiffness of the

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As people age, subjective health remains relatively stable, even though objective health worsens. In fact, perceived health improves with age when objective health is controlled in the equation. This phenomenon is known as the "paradox of ageing". This may be a result of

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alterations (including DNA methylation patterns, post-translational modification of histones, and chromatin remodelling). Ageing and disease are related to a misregulation of gene expression through impaired methylation patterns, from hypomethylation to hypermethylation.

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Wolf FI, Fasanella S, Tedesco B, Cavallini G, Donati A, Bergamini E, Cittadini A (March 2005). "Peripheral lymphocyte 8-OHdG levels correlate with age-associated increase of tissue oxidative DNA damage in Sprague-Dawley rats. Protective effects of caloric restriction".

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Intrinsic capacity is a construct encompassing people's physical and mental abilities which can be drawn upon during ageing. Intrinsic capacity comprises the domains of: cognition, locomotion, vitality/nutrition, psychological and sensory (visual and hearing).

4862:"A heart that beats for 500 years: age-related changes in cardiac proteasome activity, oxidative protein damage and expression of heat shock proteins, inflammatory factors, and mitochondrial complexes in Arctica islandica, the longest-living noncolonial animal" 1378:

is credited with lowering the risk of heart disease and early death. The major contributors to mortality risk reduction appear to be a higher consumption of vegetables, fish, fruits, nuts and monounsaturated fatty acids, such as by consuming olive oil.

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Use of these suits may help to increase the amount of empathy felt for the elderly and could be considered particularly useful for those who are either learning about ageing, or those who work with the elderly, such as nurses or care centre staff.

1635:, ageing as decline, ageing as a life-cycle event, ageing as generation, and ageing as survival. Positive correlates with ageing often include economics, employment, marriage, children, education, and sense of control, as well as many others. The 847:

A distinction can be made between "proximal ageing" (age-based effects that come about because of factors in the recent past) and "distal ageing" (age-based differences that can be traced to a cause in a person's early life, such as childhood

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causes vision loss and increases with age, affecting nearly 12% of those above the age of 80. This degeneration is caused by systemic changes in the circulation of waste products and by the growth of abnormal vessels around the retina.

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DNA damage in organs of ageing rats and mice. Thus, reduction of oxidative DNA damage is associated with a slower rate of ageing and increased lifespan. In a 2021 review article, Vijg stated that "Based on an abundance of evidence,

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is reduced, which can lead to isolation and possible depression. Older adults, however, may not experience depression as much as younger adults, and were paradoxically found to have improved mood, despite declining physical health.

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and therefore hindering regeneration. However, lifelong studies of mice suggest that most mutations happen during embryonic and childhood development, when cells divide often, as each cell division is a chance for errors in DNA

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People who participate in moderate to high levels of physical exercise have a lower mortality rate compared to individuals who are not physically active. The majority of the benefits from exercise are achieved with around 3500

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extracellular proteins such as collagen and fibronectin (important proteins for cell proliferation). Another substance used to prevent the physical manifestations of ageing is onobotulinumtoxinA, the toxin injected for Botox.

737:, a syndrome of decreased strength, physical activity, physical performance and energy, affects 25% of those over 85. Muscles have a reduced capacity of responding to exercise or injury and loss of muscle mass and strength ( 6112: 1731:; for instance, the older people get, the more they may consider themselves in better health than their same-aged peers. Elderly people often associate their functional and physical decline with the normal ageing process. 7556: 6143:"Physical activity and risk of breast cancer, colon cancer, diabetes, ischemic heart disease, and ischemic stroke events: systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013" 925:

that affect the systems responsible for maintenance, repair and defense responses. Factors causing errors or damage include internal and environmental events that induce cumulative deterioration in one or more

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hypothesis is a "fantasy" and that human life is not worth living after age 75; longevity then should not be a goal of health care policy. This opinion has been contested by neurosurgeon and medical ethicist

1723:, psychological functioning and health status. This finding is generally stronger for men than women, though this relationship is not universal across all studies and may only be true in some circumstances. 587: 543:, adult cells can be rejuvenated to embryonic status and then used to grow a new tissue or animal without ageing. Normal human cells however die after about 50 cell divisions in laboratory culture (the 1758:

The healthy ageing framework, proposed by the World Health Organation operationalizes health as functional ability, which results from the interactions of intrinsic capacity and the environments.

421:. Of the roughly 150,000 people who die each day across the globe, about two-thirds die from age-related causes. Certain lifestyle choices and socioeconomic conditions have been linked to ageing. 1186:

effect when referring to a gene (pleiotropy signifying the gene has a double function – enabling reproduction at a young age but costing the organism life expectancy in old age) and is called the

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becomes more common with age. About 3% of people between the ages of 65 and 74, 19% of those between 75 and 84, and nearly half of those over 85 years old have dementia. The spectrum ranges from

921:. Programmed factors follow a biological timetable that might be a continuation of inherent mechanisms that regulate childhood growth and development. This regulation would depend on changes in 7033: 1403:(MET) minutes per week. For example, climbing stairs 10 minutes, vacuuming 15 minutes, gardening 20 minutes, running 20 minutes, and walking or bicycling for 25 minutes on a daily basis would 2760:

Rodríguez Valiente A, Trinidad A, García Berrocal JR, Górriz C, Ramírez Camacho R (August 2014). "Extended high-frequency (9–20 kHz) audiometry reference thresholds in 645 healthy subjects".

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long-term care in ageing societies can be organized under four headings: improve system performance; redesign service delivery; support informal caregivers; and shift demographic parameters.

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Even within humans and other mortal species, there are cells with the potential for immortality: cancer cells which have lost the ability to die when maintained in a cell culture such as the

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ageing may be distinguished from "social ageing" (cultural age-expectations of how people should act as they grow older) and "biological ageing" (an organism's physical state as it ages).

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Sargent-Cox KA, Anstey KJ, Luszcz MA (September 2008). "Determinants of self-rated health items with different points of reference: implications for health measurement of older adults".

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important decisions have traditionally not been made without consulting them. This is a similar case for most Asian countries such as the Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam, Singapore, etc.

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Kunzmann U, Little TD, Smith J (September 2000). "Is age-related stability of subjective well-being a paradox? Cross-sectional and longitudinal evidence from the Berlin Aging Study".

7642:"Screening for intrinsic capacity impairments as markers of increased risk of frailty and disability in the context of integrated care for older people: Secondary analysis of MAPT" 842:

Older adults are more prone to social isolation as well, which can further increase the risk for physical and mental conditions such as anxiety, depression, and cognitive decline.

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Lopez AD, Mathers CD, Ezzati M, Jamison DT, Murray CJ (May 2006). "Global and regional burden of disease and risk factors, 2001: systematic analysis of population health data".

7216:"Gender differences in the self-rated health-mortality association: is it poor self-rated health that predicts mortality or excellent self-rated health that predicts survival?" 716:(presbycusis), inhibiting spoken communication. Many vertebrates such as fish, birds and amphibians do not develop presbycusis in old age, as they are able to regenerate their 8614: 345: 8634: 1000:(the authors point out however that a causal link between ageing and increased mitochondrial production of reactive oxygen species is no longer supported by recent research) 4974:

Durkin A, Fisher CR, Cordes EE (August 2017). "Extreme longevity in a deep-sea vestimentiferan tubeworm and its implications for the evolution of life history strategies".

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for in evolution. Traits that benefit early survival and reproduction will be selected for even if they contribute to an earlier death. Such a genetic effect is called the

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and the postponement of senescence are cost-effective health care goals given finite health care resources. Because of the accumulated infirmities of old age, bioethicist

1317:, create damage that may give rise to the symptoms we recognise as ageing. The effect of calorie restriction may be due to increased formation of free radicals within the 8639: 1573:

In the 21st century, one of the most significant population trends is ageing. Currently, over 11% of the world's current population are people aged 60 and older and the

1528:. A bus fare might be discounted for the young or old. Each nation, government, and non-governmental organization has different ways of classifying age. In other words, 1040:(e.g., loss of microbial diversity, expansion of enteropathogens, and altered vitamin B12 biosynthesis) is correlated with biological age rather than chronological age. 8701: 8676: 7744:

Baltes PB, Baltes MM (1990). "Psychological perspectives on successful aging: The model of selective optimization with compensation". In Baltes PB, Baltes MM (eds.).

3240:"International variability in ages at menarche, first livebirth, and menopause. World Health Organization Collaborative Study of Neoplasia and Steroid Contraceptives" 1566:(decreased death rate) and decreased birth rate. Ageing has a significant impact on society. Young people tend to have fewer legal privileges (if they are below the 1453:

Different cultures express age in different ways. The age of an adult human is commonly measured in whole years since the day of birth. (The most notable exception—

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such as wheat and watermelons die each year and reproduce by sexual reproduction. In 2008 it was discovered that inactivation of only two genes in the annual plant

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Teenagers begin to lose the ability to hear high-pitched sounds. Beyond the age of 25, many adults cannot hear this 10-second audio clip at a frequency of 17.4 kHz.

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Pathai S, Shiels PG, Lawn SD, Cook C, Gilbert C (March 2013). "The eye as a model of ageing in translational research—molecular, epigenetic and clinical aspects".

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One 2013 review assessed ageing through the lens of the damage theory, proposing nine metabolic "hallmarks" of ageing in various organisms but especially mammals:

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In the 21st century, researchers are only beginning to investigate the biological basis of ageing even in relatively simple and short-lived organisms, such as

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dexterity. Designing with the elderly in mind may help to reduce the negative feelings that are associated with the loss of abilities that the elderly face.

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Population ageing is the increase in the number and proportion of older people in society. Population ageing has three possible causes: migration, longer

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Human beings and members of other species, especially animals, age and die. Fungi, too, can age. In contrast, many species can be considered potentially

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Accumulation of errors: The idea that ageing results from chance events that escape proofreading mechanisms, which gradually damages the genetic code.

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Truscott RJ (February 2009). "Presbyopia. Emerging from a blur towards an understanding of the molecular basis for this most common eye condition".

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Most legal systems define a specific age for when an individual is allowed or obliged to do particular activities. These age specifications include

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of health problems become more prevalent as people get older. These include mental health problems as well as physical health problems, especially

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It is likely that most of these pathways affect ageing separately, because targeting them simultaneously leads to additive increases in lifespan.

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with respect to the survival of its species. This classic biological idea has however been perturbed recently by the discovery that the bacterium

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Ryall JG, Schertzer JD, Lynch GS (August 2008). "Cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying age-related skeletal muscle wasting and weakness".

276: 588: 8726: 7531: 6685:"Why I hope to die at 75: An argument that society and families – and you – will be better off if nature takes its course swiftly and promptly" 6634: 5147:

Sampaio-Marques, Belém; Burhans, William C.; Ludovico, Paula (2019). "Yeast at the Forefront of Research on Ageing and Age-Related Diseases".

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320 million years ago. The sexual organism could henceforth pass on some of its genetic material to produce new individuals and could itself

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is formed by a complex reaction in cells that binds fat to proteins. Lipofuscin may accumulate in the cells as small granules during ageing.

432:) may cause biological systems to fail, or to the programmed ageing concept, whereby the internal processes (epigenetic maintenance such as 8731: 8716: 8681: 8624: 8619: 8561: 1089:

The rate of ageing varies substantially across different species, and this, to a large extent, is genetically based. For example, numerous

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A number of characteristic ageing symptoms are experienced by a majority, or by a significant proportion of humans during their lifetimes.

3427:, Tangen CM, Walston J, Newman AB, Hirsch C, Gottdiener J, et al. (March 2001). "Frailty in older adults: evidence for a phenotype". 8789: 8779: 8721: 8629: 8084: 889:. Little is known of mammalian ageing, in part due to the much longer lives of even small mammals, such as the mouse (around 3 years). A 291: 8769: 8736: 8656: 8644: 8583: 7451: 3569: 1191:

organisms such as yeast have been used as models in ageing, hence ageing has its biological roots much earlier than multi-cellularity.

1489:", "teenagers", "twentysomething", "thirtysomething", etc. as well as "denarian", "vicenarian", "tricenarian", "quadragenarian", etc. 1279:

Wear-and-tear theory: The general idea that changes associated with ageing are the result of chance damage that accumulates over time.

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on the common assumption that mitochondrial mutations and dysfunction lead to increased generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS).

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in the elderly in the absence of viral infection, due to over-activation and a decrease in the precision of the innate immune system

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leads to its conversion into a potentially immortal perennial plant. The oldest animals known so far are 15,000-year-old Antarctic

4053:"Improved mood despite worsening physical health in older adults: Findings from the International Mobility in Aging Study (IMIAS)" 1800:

as having a regenerative capacity which makes it immortal, which is the historical background to the name of the biological genus

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persons and provide a safety net that contributes to the postponement of disability and prevention of impoverishment in old age".

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Clonal immortality apart, there are certain species whose individual lifespans stand out among Earth's life-forms, including the

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Enlarged ears and noses of old humans are sometimes blamed on continual cartilage growth, but the cause is more probably gravity.

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Marner L, Nyengaard JR, Tang Y, Pakkenberg B (July 2003). "Marked loss of myelinated nerve fibers in the human brain with age".

8248: 7085:"Associations of Awareness of Age-Related Change With Emotional and Physical Well-being: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis" 6811:

Saltman RB, Dubois HF, Chawla M (2006). "The impact of aging on long-term care in Europe and some potential policy responses".

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Worrall L, Hickson LM (2003). "Theoretical foundations of communication disability in aging". In Worrall L, Hickson LM (eds.).

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Idler EL (November 1993). "Age differences in self-assessments of health: age changes, cohort differences, or survivorship?".

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Evidence suggests that age-related risk of death plateaus after the age of 105. The maximum human lifespan is suggested to be

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altered intercellular communication (encompassing especially inflammation but possibly also other intercellular interactions

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Carroll B, Hewitt G, Korolchuk VI (2013). "Autophagy and ageing: implications for age-related neurodegenerative diseases".

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Nussbaum JF, Thompson TL, Robinson JD (1989). "Barriers to conversation". In Nussbaum JF, Thompson TL, Robinson JD (eds.).

1457:—is becoming less common, particularly in official contexts.) Arbitrary divisions set to mark periods of life may include 1211:: DNA damage is thought to be the common basis of both cancer and ageing, and it has been argued that intrinsic causes of 843: 794:

or general knowledge such as vocabulary definitions. These typically increase or remain steady until late adulthood (see

502:, which occurred with the emergence of the fungal/animal kingdoms approximately a billion years ago, and the evolution of 8331: 7895: 2832: 2804: 516:

may split into distinguishable daughter cells, which opens the theoretical possibility of "age classes" among bacteria.

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Early life forms on Earth, starting at least 3.7 billion years ago, were single-celled organisms. Such organisms (

4188: 5033: 906:, and other factors. Most known mutations and RNA interference targets that extend lifespan were first discovered in 211: 6762:"Longevity and compression of morbidity from a neuroscience perspective: Do we have a duty to die by a certain age?" 6711:"Bioethics and why I hope to live beyond age 75 attaining wisdom!: A rebuttal to Dr. Ezekiel Emanuel's 75 age limit" 6516: 5300:

Robert L, Labat-Robert J, Robert AM (August 2010). "Genetic, epigenetic and posttranslational mechanisms of aging".

3617:"Aging and atherosclerosis: mechanisms, functional consequences, and potential therapeutics for cellular senescence" 1354:

is now considered as the single most important driver of the degenerative processes that collectively cause ageing."

8963: 8474: 7296:"Walking difficulty, walking speed, and age as predictors of self-rated health: the women's health and aging study" 1849: 1714:

Positive self-perceptions of ageing are associated with better mental and physical health and well-being. Positive

1351: 1250:, "... genetic damage (particularly gene loss) is almost certainly (or probably the) central cause of ageing." 1212: 957:

attrition (the authors note that artificial telomerase confers non-cancerous immortality to otherwise mortal cells)

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Juhász ML, Levin MK, Marmur ES (June 2018). "The use of natural ingredients in innovative Korean cosmeceuticals".

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With age inevitable biological changes occur that increase the risk of illness and disability. UNFPA states that:

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Gavrilov LA, Gavrilova NA (2006). "Reliability Theory of Aging and Longevity". In Masoro EJ, Austad SN (eds.).

5047: 1924: 1621: 1574: 1509: 1328: 859:. Of the roughly 150,000 people who die each day across the globe, about two-thirds--100,000 per day--die from 296: 3697: 3524:

Betik AC, Hepple RT (February 2008). "Determinants of VO2 max decline with aging: an integrated perspective".

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This article is about ageing specifically in humans. For the ageing of whole organisms including animals, see

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Vincent JA (December 2005). "Understanding generations: political economy and culture in an ageing society".

1228: 902:– having a short lifespan of 2–3 weeks – enabling genetic manipulations or suppression of gene activity with 44: 7136:"Discussion: Gender Differences in Self-Rated Health, in Mortality, and in the Relationship Between the Two" 5941:

Rees K, Takeda A, Martin N, Ellis L, Wijesekara D, Vepa A, et al. (Cochrane Heart Group) (March 2019).

1224: 8834: 8127: 7689:"Exploring the natural history of intrinsic capacity impairments: longitudinal patterns in the 10/66 study" 7342:

Developmental Regulation in Adulthood: Age-Normative and Sociostructural Constraints as Adaptive Challenges

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Guerin JC (June 2004). "Emerging area of aging research: long-lived animals with "negligible senescence"".

3658:"Epidemiology of Atherosclerosis and the Potential to Reduce the Global Burden of Atherothrombotic Disease" 1536: 1525: 839:

eating habits, pain, sadness, unhealthy coping mechanisms such as smoking, suicidal ideations, and others.

689: 578: 256: 7868: 3741: 8158: 7058: 4910: 2958:. Cologne: Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care. 25 March 2015 – via NCBI Bookshelf. 2186: 666:

After age 30, the mass of the human body is decreased until 70 years and then shows damping oscillations.

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In the field of sociology and mental health, ageing is seen in five different views: ageing as

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after 20 years of age, there is a 10% reduction each decade in the total length of the brain's

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into daughter cells, thus do not age and are potentially immortal under favourable conditions.

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A meta-analysis showed that loneliness carries a higher mortality risk than smoking.

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exhaustion (in the authors' view caused by damage factors such as those listed above)

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Retrieved on 11 April 2012. 4178: 3720:"Does Human Life Span Really Have a Limit?" 3614: 3523: 3279:Thomas E, Peat G, Croft P (February 2014). 2563: 2402: 1999: 1274:up-regulation can also occur during ageing. 1014:to stop cancerous cells from proliferating) 8332: 8318: 8085: 8071: 7903: 7889: 7452:Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 7334: 7127: 6633:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 6425: 6038: 5587:Trifunovic A, Larsson NG (February 2008). 5098:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 4967: 4811: 4719:Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology 4706: 4370:Wilkinson DS, Taylor RC, Dillin A (2012). 4254: 3888: 3812: 3570:Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 3417: 3272: 3154:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 2988: 2252:"Obesity May Accelerate the Aging Process" 1097:typically produce clones of themselves by 1093:ranging from strawberries and potatoes to 934:Molecular and cellular hallmarks of ageing 705:In the 60–64 age cohort, the incidence of 346: 332: 7910: 7853: 7720: 7311: 7248: 7231: 7187: 7160: 7151: 7110: 7100: 6963: 6953: 6912: 6871: 6853: 6787: 6777: 6736: 6726: 6702: 6676: 6647: 6571:A Handbook for the Study of Mental Health 6487: 6446: 6442:. UNFPA – United Nations Population Fund. 6289: 6279: 6217: 6207: 6166: 6087: 6015: 5966: 5917: 5868: 5849:Journal of the American Aging Association 5842: 5775: 5765: 5716: 5671: 5661: 5604: 5520: 5494: 5471: 5461: 5164: 5048:"Is there a 400 pound lobster out there?" 5045: 4942: 4885: 4738: 4671: 4630: 4620: 4571: 4526: 4477: 4427: 4346: 4336: 4229: 4086: 4076: 3933:The Psychology of Ageing: An Introduction 3926: 3924: 3905:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195156737.001.0001 3844: 3821:"New insights into the dementia epidemic" 3673: 3649: 3632: 3605: 3440: 3378: 3346: 3304: 3255: 3128: 2927: 2917: 2833:"Big ears: they really do grow as we age" 2733: 2692: 2597: 2587: 2377: 2277: 2267: 2161: 2151: 2058: 2048: 1558:A map showing median age figures for 2017 1194: 1101:and are thus potentially immortal, while 755:. The oldest reliably recorded human was 712:Almost half of people older than 75 have 7776: 7169: 6813:International Journal of Health Services 6608: 6131: 5342: 5149:Yeasts in Biotechnology and Human Health 4552:"Consensus Paper: Cerebellum and Ageing" 4444: 4392: 3238:Morabia A, Costanza MC (December 1998). 3151: 3032: 2972:. National Eye Institute. Archived from 2534: 2457: 2184: 1813:that its branches will not stop growing. 1616: 1553: 1444: 1422: 876: 646:high-frequency sounds above 20 kHz. 626: 618: 610: 447: 385:and some simple animals are potentially 7521: 6374: 5064: 4215: 4103: 3935:. London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers. 3867: 3395: 3196: 2106: 2030: 1407:achieve about 3000 MET minutes a week. 8977: 6544:Journal of Research in Health Sciences 5635: 5095: 4831: 4218:Studies in Ethics, Law, and Technology 3998: 3949: 3921: 3894: 3736: 2344:Mortimer RK, Johnston JR (June 1959). 2217:Studies in Ethics, Law, and Technology 2140:World Journal of Experimental Medicine 2109:The Indian Journal of Medical Research 1787: 1418: 1260:. For example, a waste product called 1163: 8313: 8066: 7884: 7524:"Hands on: Genworth R70i Exoskeleton" 7409: 7133: 6759: 6708: 5450:Experimental & Molecular Medicine 5068:Consider the Lobster and Other Essays 4462:"Modern Biological Theories of Aging" 4109: 2994: 2346:"Life span of individual yeast cells" 1915:List of life extension-related topics 1761: 1663: 1084: 1045:Metabolic pathways involved in ageing 770:to the neurodegenerative diseases of 6895:Meara E, White C, Cutler DM (2004). 6327:"Ageing in the Twenty-First Century" 6055: 5891: 5885: 4378:. Academic Press. pp. 353–381. 4161:"Cataracts | National Eye Institute" 3958:The Journal of Comparative Neurology 3205:The Medical Clinics of North America 3202: 2830: 2468:. New York: Oxford University Press. 2463: 2210: 1774: 1584:decline in developed countries, the 1221:methylation of gene promoter regions 7534:from the original on 8 January 2016 6588:. San Francisco: Harper & Row. 6419:"Population Ageing and Development" 4841:. Rocky Mountain Tree Ring Research 4459: 4374:. In Rothman JH, Singson A (eds.). 4189:"Glaucoma | National Eye Institute" 3825:The New England Journal of Medicine 866: 579:Hearing loss with age (presbycusis) 16:Biological process of getting older 13: 8052:Evolutionary developmental biology 7613:World Health Organization (2015). 7586:World Health Organization (2015). 7465:10.1111/j.1532-5415.1996.tb04066.x 6454:"UN Human Development Report 2005" 6339: 6242:Key Concepts in Social Gerontology 5843:Anson RM, Bohr VA (October 2000). 4814:"The oldest living thing on Earth" 3583:10.1046/j.1532-5415.2001.4911240.x 3257:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a009609 3174:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1951.tb31971.x 2879:10.1023/B:JOEY.0000042639.72529.e1 2762:International Journal of Audiology 1719:studies which have controlled for 1690: 1382:As of 2021, there is insufficient 1128:in New England) at 508 years, the 990:complexes, probably responsive to 567: 14: 9006: 7616:World report on ageing and health 7589:World report on ageing and health 7290:Jylhä M, Guralnik JM, Balfour J, 4666:(2). Cold Spring Harbor: 347–62. 2861:Gerasimov IG, Ignatov DY (2004). 2185:Renstrom, Joelle (2 March 2020). 1753: 1609:negative consequences of ageing. 1410: 1136:at over 300 years, fish like the 971:(protein folding and proteolysis) 8475:Biodemography of human longevity 7862: 7813: 7737: 7680: 7633: 7606: 7579: 7515: 7438: 7403: 7360: 7328: 7283: 7226:(3): 396–405, discussion 372–5. 7051: 7034:"Botox injections – Mayo Clinic" 7026: 6983: 6929: 6766:Surgical Neurology International 6715:Surgical Neurology International 6602: 6577: 6562: 6411: 6389:10.1111/j.1468-4446.2005.00084.x 6377:The British Journal of Sociology 6333: 6255: 6234: 6104: 5606:10.1111/j.1365-2796.2007.01905.x 5388:Handbook of the Biology of Aging 4713:Taylor RC, Dillin A (May 2011). 3615:Wang JC, Bennett M (July 2012). 3244:American Journal of Epidemiology 2673:Proceedings. Biological Sciences 1850:Biodemography of human longevity 1427:A grandmother and her grandchild 1061:pathway, probably responsive to 602:Problems playing this file? See 583: 500:evolution of sexual reproduction 313: 53: 7658:10.1016/j.maturitas.2021.05.011 7059:"Korea – Birthday Celebrations" 6992:Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology 6039:de Gaetano G (29 August 2016). 5934: 5836: 5688: 5629: 5580: 5537: 5488: 5437: 5379: 5336: 5293: 5258: 5216:The Quarterly Review of Biology 5207: 5140: 5089: 5058: 5039: 5018: 4755: 4647: 4297: 4153: 4044: 4029: 3992: 3861: 3712: 3690: 3560: 3517: 3474: 3465: 3329:"Hearing Loss and Older Adults" 3321: 3231: 3145: 3104: 3061: 2962: 2944: 2796: 2136:"Effect of aging on stem cells" 1132:at 400 years, various deep-sea 893:for the study of ageing is the 7346:. Cambridge University Press. 7170:Deeg DJ, Bath PA (June 2003). 6043:European Society of Cardiology 5959:10.1002/14651858.CD009825.pub3 5495:Tsurumi A, Li WX (July 2012). 4622:10.3390/microorganisms10030668 2294: 2243: 2204: 2178: 2127: 2100: 2075: 2024: 1993: 1925:Mitochondrial theory of ageing 1622:Christoffer Wilhelm Eckersberg 1575:United Nations Population Fund 1510:age of criminal responsibility 1329:Mitochondrial theory of ageing 986:transcription factors and the 1: 8339: 8094:Development of the human body 7619:. World Health Organization. 7592:. World Health Organization. 6488:Chosewood LC (19 July 2012). 5697:"Glucose restriction extends 4812:Chesterton M (12 June 2017). 4673:10.1016/s0092-8674(00)80567-x 4275:10.1016/S0140-6736(06)68770-9 3675:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.115.307611 3634:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.111.261388 3009:10.1016/S0039-6257(03)00086-9 2839:. MeshID:D000375; OMIM:502000 2803:Education.com (23 May 2013). 2466:Evolutionary Biology of Aging 1986: 1580:As life expectancy rises and 786:. Furthermore, many types of 458:, a relative of the jellyfish 369:) is the process of becoming 7754:10.1017/CBO9780511665684.003 7522:Prindle D (7 January 2016). 6955:10.4103/jispcd.JISPCD_430_18 6683:Emmanuel EJ (October 2014). 6662:10.1016/j.jaging.2014.09.003 6584:Panek PE, Hayslip B (1989). 6569:Scheid TL, Brown TN (2010). 6209:10.1371/journal.pmed.1000316 5593:Journal of Internal Medicine 5558:10.1016/0531-5565(90)90039-5 5357:10.1016/0531-5565(86)90038-0 4656:"Molecular Biology of Aging" 4420:10.1016/j.bbagen.2009.05.011 4078:10.1371/journal.pone.0214988 3698:"The top 10 causes of death" 3371:10.1016/j.heares.2012.12.014 2774:10.3109/14992027.2014.893375 2638:10.1016/0531-5565(92)90006-L 2589:10.1371/journal.pbio.0030045 2031:Liochev SI (December 2015). 1792:The ancient Greek dramatist 1612: 1543: 1537:Yale School of Public Health 1526:motion picture rating system 373:. The term refers mainly to 257:Developmental stage theories 118:Emerging and early adulthood 7: 7369:Journal of Aging and Health 6825:10.2190/AUL1-4LAM-4VNB-3YH0 6586:Adult development and aging 5814:10.1016/j.exger.2004.11.002 5279:10.1016/j.mrrev.2011.05.001 5157:10.1007/978-3-030-13035-0_9 5073:Little, Brown & Company 5046:Silverman J (5 July 2007). 4731:10.1101/cshperspect.a004440 3999:Peters A (1 January 2007). 3871:Neurological rehabilitation 3297:10.1093/rheumatology/ket346 3113:"Premature graying of hair" 3111:Pandhi D, Khanna D (2013). 2087:National Institute on Aging 1817: 1393: 1358: 1209:DNA damage theory of ageing 1073:the activity levels of the 554: 10: 9011: 8416:research into centenarians 7269:10.1037/0882-7974.15.3.511 6609:Barfield, Woodrow (2015). 5718:10.1016/j.cmet.2007.08.011 5636:Harman D (November 1981). 5463:10.1038/s12276-020-00497-4 4564:10.1007/s12311-023-01577-7 4519:10.1016/j.cell.2013.05.039 3931:Stuart-Hamilton I (2006). 3332:(Last Updated 3 June 2016) 3217:10.1016/j.mcna.2015.07.003 3047:10.1016/j.exer.2008.07.003 2735:10.1016/j.stem.2013.01.005 2256:Frontiers in Endocrinology 1975:Thermoregulation in humans 1965:Stem cell theory of ageing 1880:DNA damage theory of aging 1591:Bureau of Labor Statistics 1547: 1485:. Informal terms include " 1436: 1430: 1362: 1202:DNA damage theory of aging 1167: 937: 870: 788:memory decline with ageing 759:, who died in 1997 at 122. 558: 203:Development and psychology 18: 8936: 8885: 8845: 8807: 8762: 8607: 8549: 8538: 8485:Longevity escape velocity 8448: 8372:aging-associated diseases 8347: 8286: 8194: 8136: 8100: 8047: 7918: 7838:10.1093/geroni/igy023.601 7313:10.1093/gerona/56.10.m609 6354:10.1017/S0144686X14000439 5910:10.1016/j.arr.2021.101316 5861:10.1007/s11357-000-0020-y 5314:10.1007/s10522-010-9262-y 5024:Timiras, Paola S. (2003) 4996:10.1007/s00114-017-1479-z 4124:10.1016/j.pop.2015.05.009 3495:10.1007/s10522-008-9131-0 3082:10.1016/j.arr.2012.11.002 3035:Experimental Eye Research 2906:Chemistry Central Journal 1716:self-perception of health 1237:affecting stem cell pools 1029:, a chronic inflammatory 998:mitochondrial dysfunction 768:mild cognitive impairment 677:. Most people experience 444:Ageing versus immortality 8964:Longest-living organisms 7424:10.1093/geronj/48.6.s289 7381:10.1177/0898264308321035 6914:10.1377/hlthaff.23.4.176 6779:10.4103/2152-7806.154273 6728:10.4103/2152-7806.152733 6650:Journal of Aging Studies 5802:Experimental Gerontology 5546:Experimental Gerontology 5345:Experimental Gerontology 4503:"The hallmarks of aging" 3451:10.1093/gerona/56.3.m146 3130:10.4103/0378-6323.116733 2970:"Facts About Presbyopia" 2626:Experimental Gerontology 2417:(Submitted manuscript). 2269:10.3389/fendo.2019.00266 1980:Transgenerational design 1653:compression of morbidity 1637:social science of ageing 1522:mandatory retirement age 1455:East Asian age reckoning 1229:regulate gene expression 1075:electron transport chain 823:non-verbal communication 523:cell line, and specific 282:Psychosexual development 7799:10.1126/science.3299702 7233:10.1093/geront/43.3.396 7189:10.1093/geront/43.3.369 7153:10.1093/geront/43.3.372 6873:10.1377/hlthaff.22.6.27 6080:10.1126/science.abe7365 5898:Ageing Research Reviews 5663:10.1073/pnas.78.11.7124 5118:10.1196/annals.1297.096 5028:. Informa Health Care. 4976:Die Naturwissenschaften 4935:10.1126/science.aaf1703 4147:Communication and aging 3070:Ageing Research Reviews 2997:Survey of Ophthalmology 2952:"Infertility: Overview" 2379:2027/mdp.39015078535278 1870:Clinical geropsychology 1830:Ageing movement control 1369: 1311:reactive oxygen species 1253:Accumulation of waste: 1184:antagonistic pleiotropy 1099:vegetative reproduction 776:cerebrovascular disease 395:population of a species 25:Ageing (disambiguation) 8959:Transhumanist politics 8877:Immortality in fiction 8855:Biological immortality 8399:cognitive epidemiology 7986:Indirect development: 7705:10.1093/ageing/afad137 7412:Journal of Gerontology 5767:10.1073/pnas.171202698 5699:Caenorhabditis elegans 5403:Essays in Biochemistry 4460:Jin K (October 2010). 4240:10.2202/1941-6008.1011 4003:. In Riddle DR (ed.). 3700:. WHO. 9 December 2020 3403:"Facts About Cataract" 2919:10.1186/1752-153X-6-34 2685:10.1098/rspb.2014.2898 2229:10.2202/1941-6008.1011 1930:Neuroscience of ageing 1860:Biological immortality 1815: 1628: 1559: 1450: 1428: 1288:loss, model of ageing. 1223:or alterations of the 1195:Damage-related factors 1174:Life span, like other 882: 652:develop mainly due to 635: 624: 616: 572: 459: 411:cardiovascular disease 23:. For other uses, see 8763:regions by continents 8382:negligible senescence 8377:degenerative diseases 7912:Developmental biology 7102:10.1093/geront/gnz101 6854:Reinhardt UE (2003). 6281:10.1093/geront/gny131 6244:. SAGE Publications. 4878:10.1093/gerona/glt201 2187:"Is Aging a Disease?" 2050:10.3390/antiox4040793 1810: 1620: 1557: 1448: 1426: 1154:negligible senescence 880: 630: 622: 614: 571: 504:seed-producing plants 451: 387:biologically immortal 320:Psychology portal 222:Nature versus nurture 146:Biological milestones 8608:regions of countries 8428:LGBT life expectancy 7257:Psychology and Aging 5892:Vijg J (July 2021). 3837:10.1056/nejmp1311405 3662:Circulation Research 3621:Circulation Research 2831:Moss S (July 2013). 2153:10.5493/wjem.v7.i1.1 2000:Smadent.com (2021). 1865:Biomarkers of ageing 1845:Anti-ageing movement 1721:socioeconomic status 1473:, and adolescence), 1401:metabolic equivalent 1309:, or more generally 1107:Arabidopsis thaliana 1010:INK4a/Rb and p19ARF/ 828:Macular degeneration 784:Lou Gehrig's disease 561:Old age § Signs 174:Language acquisition 8949:Longevity insurance 8867:Digital immortality 8493:calorie restriction 8480:Indefinite lifespan 8470:Anti-aging movement 8440:Biomarkers of aging 7826:Innovation in Aging 7791:1987Sci...237..143R 5758:2001PNAS...9810469H 5654:1981PNAS...78.7124H 5638:"The aging process" 5110:2004NYASA1019..518G 5065:Wallace DF (2005). 4988:2017SciNa.104...63D 4927:2016Sci...353..702N 4372:"Analysis of Aging" 4338:10.7554/eLife.08527 4069:2019PLoSO..1414988L 3790:10.1038/nature19793 3782:2016Natur.538..257D 3166:1951NYASA..53..708H 2810:Scientific American 2493:1993Natur.362..305P 2435:10.1038/nature19355 2427:2016Natur.537..535N 2362:1959Natur.183.1751M 2315:10.4161/cc.6.3.3795 1890:Evolution of ageing 1788:Cultural references 1419:Society and culture 1388:calorie restriction 1303:Free-radical theory 1248:Bernard L. Strehler 1244:Genetic instability 1170:Evolution of ageing 1164:Evolution of ageing 1063:caloric restriction 1004:cellular senescence 992:caloric restriction 949:genomic instability 780:Parkinson's disease 772:Alzheimer's disease 633:Alzheimer's disease 403:Alzheimer's disease 297:Cultural-historical 8599:World macroregions 8498:Diet and longevity 8249:Emerging adulthood 8001:Direct development 7992:Hypermetamorphosis 7038:www.mayoclinic.org 7004:10.1111/jocd.12492 6494:NIOSH Science Blog 6342:Ageing and Society 6074:(6570): eabe7365. 6002:(sep11 2): a1344. 5415:10.1042/bse0550119 3895:Schaie KW (2005). 3868:Umphred D (2012). 3747:The New York Times 3740:(5 October 2016). 2956:InformedHealth.org 2679:(1803): 20142898. 1895:Genetics of ageing 1762:Intrinsic capacity 1664:Health care demand 1629: 1560: 1451: 1429: 1376:Mediterranean diet 1085:Programmed factors 940:Hallmarks of aging 883: 861:age-related causes 817:Age can result in 636: 625: 617: 573: 460: 212:Pre- and perinatal 8972: 8971: 8803: 8802: 8523:stem-cell therapy 8435:Maximum life span 8307: 8306: 8171:Adult development 8149:Child development 8060: 8059: 7763:978-0-511-66568-4 7748:. pp. 1–34. 7626:978-92-4-156504-2 7599:978-92-4-156504-2 7353:978-0-521-02713-7 7220:The Gerontologist 7176:The Gerontologist 7140:The Gerontologist 7134:Idler EL (2003). 7089:The Gerontologist 7063:www.asianinfo.org 6760:Faria MA (2015). 6709:Faria MA (2015). 6620:978-3-319-25048-9 6595:978-0-06-045012-0 6268:The Gerontologist 6250:978-1-4462-0428-3 6159:10.1136/bmj.i3857 6124:978-1-4289-2794-0 6008:10.1136/bmj.a1344 5513:10.4161/epi.20540 5267:Mutation Research 5176:978-3-030-13034-3 5082:978-0-316-15611-0 4683:978-0-87969-824-9 4466:Aging and Disease 4414:(10): 1075–1083. 4385:978-0-12-394620-1 4269:(9524): 1747–57. 4014:978-0-8493-3818-2 3970:10.1002/cne.10714 3942:978-1-84310-426-1 3914:978-0-19-515673-7 3881:978-0-323-07586-2 3776:(7624): 257–259. 2976:on 4 October 2016 2421:(7621): 535–538. 2370:10.1038/1831751a0 1950:Population ageing 1781:successful ageing 1775:Successful ageing 1729:social comparison 1550:Population ageing 1433:Aging and society 1384:clinical evidence 1325:defence capacity. 1036:dysbiosis of gut 819:visual impairment 694:Pattern hair loss 589: 539:). In artificial 508:become disposable 356: 355: 9002: 8815:Longevity claims 8547: 8546: 8411:supercentenarian 8334: 8327: 8320: 8311: 8310: 8287:Social and legal 8087: 8080: 8073: 8064: 8063: 7905: 7898: 7891: 7882: 7881: 7875: 7873:New Life Version 7866: 7860: 7859: 7857: 7832:(Suppl 1): 167. 7817: 7811: 7810: 7774: 7768: 7767: 7746:Successful Aging 7741: 7735: 7734: 7724: 7684: 7678: 7677: 7637: 7631: 7630: 7610: 7604: 7603: 7583: 7577: 7576: 7574: 7572: 7563:. Archived from 7553: 7544: 7543: 7541: 7539: 7519: 7513: 7512: 7510: 7508: 7494: 7485: 7484: 7442: 7436: 7435: 7407: 7401: 7400: 7364: 7358: 7357: 7345: 7332: 7326: 7325: 7315: 7294:(October 2001). 7287: 7281: 7280: 7252: 7246: 7245: 7235: 7211: 7202: 7201: 7191: 7167: 7158: 7157: 7155: 7131: 7125: 7124: 7114: 7104: 7095:(6): e477–e490. 7080: 7074: 7073: 7071: 7069: 7055: 7049: 7048: 7046: 7044: 7030: 7024: 7023: 6987: 6981: 6980: 6967: 6957: 6933: 6927: 6926: 6916: 6892: 6886: 6885: 6875: 6851: 6845: 6844: 6808: 6802: 6801: 6791: 6781: 6757: 6751: 6750: 6740: 6730: 6706: 6700: 6699: 6697: 6695: 6680: 6674: 6673: 6645: 6639: 6638: 6632: 6624: 6606: 6600: 6599: 6581: 6575: 6574: 6566: 6560: 6559: 6535: 6529: 6528: 6521:Payavard Salamat 6512: 6506: 6505: 6503: 6501: 6485: 6476: 6475: 6473: 6471: 6465: 6458: 6450: 6444: 6443: 6432: 6423: 6422: 6415: 6409: 6408: 6372: 6366: 6365: 6337: 6331: 6330: 6323: 6304: 6303: 6293: 6283: 6259: 6253: 6238: 6232: 6231: 6221: 6211: 6187: 6181: 6180: 6170: 6138: 6129: 6128: 6108: 6102: 6101: 6091: 6059: 6053: 6052: 6036: 6030: 6029: 6019: 5987: 5981: 5980: 5970: 5938: 5932: 5931: 5921: 5889: 5883: 5882: 5872: 5840: 5834: 5833: 5796: 5790: 5789: 5779: 5769: 5752:(18): 10469–74. 5737: 5731: 5730: 5720: 5692: 5686: 5685: 5675: 5665: 5633: 5627: 5626: 5608: 5584: 5578: 5577: 5541: 5535: 5534: 5524: 5492: 5486: 5485: 5475: 5465: 5456:(9): 1466–1474. 5441: 5435: 5434: 5398: 5392: 5391: 5383: 5377: 5376: 5351:(4–5): 283–319. 5340: 5334: 5333: 5297: 5291: 5290: 5262: 5256: 5255: 5211: 5205: 5204: 5168: 5144: 5138: 5137: 5093: 5087: 5086: 5062: 5056: 5055: 5043: 5037: 5022: 5016: 5015: 4971: 4965: 4964: 4946: 4906: 4900: 4899: 4889: 4857: 4851: 4850: 4848: 4846: 4835: 4829: 4828: 4826: 4824: 4809: 4800: 4799: 4759: 4753: 4752: 4742: 4710: 4704: 4703: 4675: 4651: 4645: 4644: 4634: 4624: 4600: 4594: 4593: 4575: 4547: 4541: 4540: 4530: 4498: 4492: 4491: 4481: 4457: 4442: 4441: 4431: 4399: 4390: 4389: 4367: 4361: 4360: 4350: 4340: 4316: 4307: 4301: 4295: 4294: 4258: 4252: 4251: 4233: 4213: 4204: 4203: 4201: 4199: 4185: 4176: 4175: 4173: 4171: 4157: 4151: 4150: 4142: 4136: 4135: 4107: 4101: 4100: 4090: 4080: 4048: 4042: 4041: 4033: 4027: 4026: 3996: 3990: 3989: 3953: 3947: 3946: 3928: 3919: 3918: 3892: 3886: 3885: 3865: 3859: 3858: 3848: 3816: 3810: 3809: 3765: 3759: 3758: 3756: 3754: 3734: 3728: 3727: 3716: 3710: 3709: 3707: 3705: 3694: 3688: 3687: 3677: 3653: 3647: 3646: 3636: 3612: 3603: 3602: 3564: 3558: 3557: 3521: 3515: 3514: 3478: 3472: 3469: 3463: 3462: 3444: 3421: 3415: 3414: 3412: 3410: 3405:. September 2015 3399: 3393: 3392: 3382: 3359:Hearing Research 3350: 3344: 3343: 3341: 3339: 3333: 3325: 3319: 3318: 3308: 3276: 3270: 3269: 3259: 3250:(12): 1195–205. 3235: 3229: 3228: 3200: 3194: 3193: 3149: 3143: 3142: 3132: 3108: 3102: 3101: 3065: 3059: 3058: 3030: 3021: 3020: 2992: 2986: 2985: 2983: 2981: 2966: 2960: 2959: 2948: 2942: 2941: 2931: 2921: 2897: 2891: 2890: 2858: 2849: 2848: 2846: 2844: 2828: 2822: 2821: 2819: 2817: 2800: 2794: 2793: 2757: 2748: 2747: 2737: 2713: 2707: 2706: 2696: 2664: 2658: 2657: 2621: 2612: 2611: 2601: 2591: 2567: 2561: 2560: 2532: 2521: 2520: 2501:10.1038/362305a0 2487:(6418): 305–11. 2476: 2470: 2469: 2464:Rose MR (1991). 2461: 2455: 2454: 2406: 2400: 2399: 2381: 2356:(4677): 1751–2. 2341: 2335: 2334: 2298: 2292: 2291: 2281: 2271: 2247: 2241: 2240: 2208: 2202: 2201: 2199: 2197: 2182: 2176: 2175: 2165: 2155: 2131: 2125: 2124: 2104: 2098: 2097: 2095: 2093: 2079: 2073: 2072: 2062: 2052: 2028: 2022: 2021: 2019: 2017: 2002:"Age Calculator" 1997: 1970:Supercentenarian 1885:Epigenetic clock 1835:Ageing of Europe 1696:Beauty standards 1518:age of candidacy 1514:marriageable age 1479:middle adulthood 1315:oxidative stress 1118:bristlecone pine 1091:perennial plants 904:RNA interference 867:Biological basis 729:cataract surgery 683:alpha-crystallin 591: 590: 570: 549:Leonard Hayflick 547:, discovered by 383:perennial plants 367:American English 348: 341: 334: 318: 317: 316: 217:Infant and child 57: 32: 31: 9010: 9009: 9005: 9004: 9003: 9001: 9000: 8999: 8975: 8974: 8973: 8968: 8932: 8886:Longevity genes 8881: 8841: 8799: 8758: 8603: 8542:life expectancy 8540: 8534: 8444: 8423:Life expectancy 8362:Longevity myths 8343: 8338: 8308: 8303: 8299:Age of majority 8282: 8215:Early childhood 8190: 8137:Birth and after 8132: 8128:Gestational age 8096: 8091: 8061: 8056: 8043: 8012:Model organisms 7914: 7909: 7879: 7878: 7867: 7863: 7818: 7814: 7785:(4811): 143–9. 7775: 7771: 7764: 7742: 7738: 7685: 7681: 7638: 7634: 7627: 7611: 7607: 7600: 7584: 7580: 7570: 7568: 7567:on 6 April 2021 7555: 7554: 7547: 7537: 7535: 7520: 7516: 7506: 7504: 7496: 7495: 7488: 7459:(12): 1429–34. 7445:Williamson JD, 7443: 7439: 7418:(6): S289-300. 7408: 7404: 7365: 7361: 7354: 7333: 7329: 7306:(10): M609-17. 7288: 7284: 7253: 7249: 7212: 7205: 7168: 7161: 7132: 7128: 7081: 7077: 7067: 7065: 7057: 7056: 7052: 7042: 7040: 7032: 7031: 7027: 6988: 6984: 6934: 6930: 6893: 6889: 6852: 6848: 6809: 6805: 6758: 6754: 6707: 6703: 6693: 6691: 6681: 6677: 6646: 6642: 6626: 6625: 6621: 6607: 6603: 6596: 6582: 6578: 6567: 6563: 6536: 6532: 6513: 6509: 6499: 6497: 6486: 6479: 6469: 6467: 6463: 6456: 6452: 6451: 6447: 6434: 6433: 6426: 6417: 6416: 6412: 6373: 6369: 6338: 6334: 6325: 6324: 6307: 6260: 6256: 6239: 6235: 6202:(7): e1000316. 6188: 6184: 6139: 6132: 6125: 6109: 6105: 6060: 6056: 6037: 6033: 5988: 5984: 5953:(3): CD009825. 5939: 5935: 5890: 5886: 5841: 5837: 5797: 5793: 5738: 5734: 5705:Cell Metabolism 5693: 5689: 5634: 5630: 5585: 5581: 5542: 5538: 5493: 5489: 5442: 5438: 5399: 5395: 5384: 5380: 5341: 5337: 5298: 5294: 5263: 5259: 5212: 5208: 5177: 5145: 5141: 5094: 5090: 5083: 5063: 5059: 5044: 5040: 5023: 5019: 4972: 4968: 4921:(6300): 702–4. 4907: 4903: 4872:(12): 1448–61. 4858: 4854: 4844: 4842: 4837: 4836: 4832: 4822: 4820: 4810: 4803: 4774:(12): 1489–92. 4768:Nature Genetics 4760: 4756: 4711: 4707: 4684: 4652: 4648: 4601: 4597: 4548: 4544: 4513:(6): 1194–217. 4499: 4495: 4458: 4445: 4400: 4393: 4386: 4368: 4364: 4317: 4310: 4302: 4298: 4259: 4255: 4214: 4207: 4197: 4195: 4193:www.nei.nih.gov 4187: 4186: 4179: 4169: 4167: 4165:www.nei.nih.gov 4159: 4158: 4154: 4143: 4139: 4108: 4104: 4063:(4): e0214988. 4049: 4045: 4034: 4030: 4015: 3997: 3993: 3954: 3950: 3943: 3929: 3922: 3915: 3893: 3889: 3882: 3866: 3862: 3817: 3813: 3766: 3762: 3752: 3750: 3735: 3731: 3726:. 28 June 2018. 3718: 3717: 3713: 3703: 3701: 3696: 3695: 3691: 3654: 3650: 3613: 3606: 3577:(11): 1478–84. 3565: 3561: 3538:10.1139/H07-174 3522: 3518: 3479: 3475: 3470: 3466: 3422: 3418: 3408: 3406: 3401: 3400: 3396: 3351: 3347: 3337: 3335: 3331: 3327: 3326: 3322: 3277: 3273: 3236: 3232: 3211:(6): 1195–211. 3201: 3197: 3150: 3146: 3109: 3105: 3066: 3062: 3031: 3024: 2993: 2989: 2979: 2977: 2968: 2967: 2963: 2950: 2949: 2945: 2898: 2894: 2859: 2852: 2842: 2840: 2829: 2825: 2815: 2813: 2801: 2797: 2758: 2751: 2714: 2710: 2665: 2661: 2632:(5–6): 519–22. 2622: 2615: 2568: 2564: 2549:10.2307/2406060 2533: 2524: 2477: 2473: 2462: 2458: 2407: 2403: 2342: 2338: 2299: 2295: 2248: 2244: 2209: 2205: 2195: 2193: 2183: 2179: 2132: 2128: 2105: 2101: 2091: 2089: 2081: 2080: 2076: 2029: 2025: 2015: 2013: 1998: 1994: 1989: 1984: 1900:Gerontechnology 1820: 1790: 1779:The concept of 1777: 1764: 1756: 1693: 1691:Self-perception 1666: 1649:Ezekiel Emanuel 1615: 1568:age of majority 1564:life expectancy 1552: 1546: 1506:age of majority 1475:early adulthood 1441: 1435: 1421: 1413: 1396: 1372: 1367: 1361: 1286:Heterochromatin 1225:DNA scaffolding 1197: 1188:disposable soma 1172: 1166: 1130:Greenland shark 1087: 1047: 942: 936: 923:gene expression 875: 869: 792:semantic memory 745:Atherosclerosis 690:hair turns grey 688:Around age 55, 609: 608: 600: 598: 597: 596: 595: 592: 584: 581: 574: 568: 563: 557: 446: 434:DNA methylation 426:ageing theories 391:ceased dividing 352: 314: 312: 259: 114: 98: 87: 47:and development 46: 28: 17: 12: 11: 5: 9008: 8998: 8997: 8992: 8987: 8970: 8969: 8967: 8966: 8961: 8956: 8954:Longevity risk 8951: 8946: 8940: 8938: 8934: 8933: 8931: 8930: 8925: 8920: 8915: 8910: 8905: 8900: 8895: 8889: 8887: 8883: 8882: 8880: 8879: 8874: 8869: 8864: 8863: 8862: 8851: 8849: 8843: 8842: 8840: 8839: 8838: 8837: 8832: 8827: 8817: 8811: 8809: 8805: 8804: 8801: 8800: 8798: 8797: 8792: 8787: 8782: 8777: 8772: 8766: 8764: 8760: 8759: 8757: 8756: 8755: 8754: 8749: 8739: 8734: 8729: 8724: 8719: 8714: 8709: 8704: 8699: 8694: 8689: 8684: 8679: 8674: 8669: 8664: 8659: 8654: 8649: 8648: 8647: 8637: 8632: 8627: 8622: 8617: 8611: 8609: 8605: 8604: 8602: 8601: 8596: 8591: 8586: 8581: 8580: 8579: 8574: 8564: 8559: 8553: 8551: 8544: 8536: 8535: 8533: 8532: 8531: 8530: 8525: 8520: 8515: 8513:organ printing 8510: 8505: 8500: 8495: 8487: 8482: 8477: 8472: 8467: 8466: 8465: 8454: 8452: 8450:Life extension 8446: 8445: 8443: 8442: 8437: 8432: 8431: 8430: 8420: 8419: 8418: 8413: 8403: 8402: 8401: 8396: 8394:biogerontology 8386: 8385: 8384: 8379: 8374: 8364: 8359: 8353: 8351: 8345: 8344: 8337: 8336: 8329: 8322: 8314: 8305: 8304: 8302: 8301: 8296: 8290: 8288: 8284: 8283: 8281: 8280: 8275: 8274: 8273: 8268: 8263: 8253: 8252: 8251: 8246: 8241: 8239:Preadolescence 8231: 8230: 8229: 8228: 8227: 8217: 8212: 8207: 8198: 8196: 8192: 8191: 8189: 8188: 8183: 8178: 8173: 8168: 8167: 8166: 8161: 8156: 8146: 8140: 8138: 8134: 8133: 8131: 8130: 8125: 8120: 8115: 8110: 8104: 8102: 8098: 8097: 8090: 8089: 8082: 8075: 8067: 8058: 8057: 8055: 8054: 8048: 8045: 8044: 8042: 8041: 8036: 8035: 8034: 8024: 8019: 8014: 8009: 8008: 8007: 7998: 7996:hemimetabolism 7988:holometabolism 7979: 7974: 7969: 7964: 7959: 7958: 7957: 7952: 7947: 7940: 7930: 7925: 7919: 7916: 7915: 7908: 7907: 7900: 7893: 7885: 7877: 7876: 7861: 7812: 7769: 7762: 7736: 7693:Age and Ageing 7679: 7632: 7625: 7605: 7598: 7578: 7561:agelab.mit.edu 7545: 7514: 7486: 7437: 7402: 7359: 7352: 7327: 7282: 7247: 7203: 7159: 7126: 7075: 7050: 7025: 6998:(3): 305–312. 6982: 6928: 6901:Health Affairs 6887: 6860:Health Affairs 6846: 6803: 6752: 6701: 6675: 6640: 6619: 6601: 6594: 6576: 6561: 6530: 6507: 6477: 6466:on 27 May 2008 6445: 6424: 6421:. UNFPA. 2002. 6410: 6367: 6348:(8): 1614–34. 6332: 6329:. UNFPA. 2012. 6305: 6274:(1): 174–181. 6254: 6233: 6182: 6130: 6123: 6103: 6054: 6031: 5982: 5933: 5884: 5855:(4): 199–218. 5835: 5791: 5732: 5687: 5648:(11): 7124–8. 5628: 5579: 5536: 5487: 5436: 5393: 5378: 5335: 5302:Biogerontology 5292: 5273:(1–2): 12–22. 5257: 5228:10.1086/412317 5222:(3): 279–303. 5206: 5175: 5139: 5088: 5081: 5057: 5038: 5017: 4966: 4901: 4852: 4830: 4801: 4780:10.1038/ng.253 4754: 4725:(5): a004440. 4705: 4682: 4646: 4609:Microorganisms 4595: 4542: 4493: 4443: 4391: 4384: 4362: 4308: 4296: 4253: 4231:10.1.1.395.745 4205: 4177: 4152: 4137: 4102: 4043: 4028: 4013: 3991: 3948: 3941: 3920: 3913: 3887: 3880: 3860: 3831:(24): 2275–7. 3811: 3760: 3729: 3711: 3689: 3648: 3604: 3559: 3516: 3483:Biogerontology 3473: 3464: 3442:10.1.1.456.139 3435:(3): M146-56. 3416: 3394: 3345: 3320: 3271: 3230: 3195: 3144: 3103: 3076:(2): 490–508. 3060: 3022: 2987: 2961: 2943: 2892: 2873:(3): 343–349. 2850: 2823: 2795: 2749: 2722:Cell Stem Cell 2708: 2659: 2613: 2562: 2543:(4): 398–411. 2522: 2471: 2456: 2401: 2336: 2309:(3): 312–317. 2293: 2242: 2203: 2191:Slate Magazine 2177: 2126: 2099: 2074: 2043:(4): 793–810. 2023: 1991: 1990: 1988: 1985: 1983: 1982: 1977: 1972: 1967: 1962: 1957: 1952: 1947: 1942: 1937: 1932: 1927: 1922: 1917: 1912: 1907: 1902: 1897: 1892: 1887: 1882: 1877: 1872: 1867: 1862: 1857: 1855:Biogerontology 1852: 1847: 1842: 1840:Ageing studies 1837: 1832: 1827: 1821: 1819: 1816: 1789: 1786: 1776: 1773: 1763: 1760: 1755: 1754:Healthy ageing 1752: 1692: 1689: 1665: 1662: 1614: 1611: 1545: 1542: 1502:age of consent 1483:late adulthood 1471:preadolescence 1449:An elderly man 1431:Main article: 1420: 1417: 1412: 1411:Social factors 1409: 1395: 1392: 1371: 1368: 1365:Life extension 1360: 1357: 1356: 1355: 1340: 1326: 1300: 1296: 1289: 1283: 1280: 1277: 1276: 1275: 1268: 1265: 1251: 1241: 1200:Main article: 1196: 1193: 1168:Main article: 1165: 1162: 1086: 1083: 1079: 1078: 1071: 1065: 1046: 1043: 1042: 1041: 1034: 1024: 1021: 1015: 1001: 995: 972: 965: 958: 952: 938:Main article: 935: 932: 891:model organism 871:Main article: 868: 865: 761: 760: 757:Jeanne Calment 749: 742: 732: 721: 710: 707:osteoarthritis 703: 697: 686: 671:ciliary muscle 667: 664: 657: 647: 599: 593: 582: 577: 576: 575: 566: 565: 564: 556: 553: 545:Hayflick Limit 491:) multiply by 445: 442: 354: 353: 351: 350: 343: 336: 328: 325: 324: 323: 322: 307: 306: 305: 304: 299: 294: 289: 284: 279: 274: 269: 261: 260: 255: 252: 251: 250: 249: 244: 239: 234: 229: 224: 219: 214: 206: 205: 199: 198: 197: 196: 191: 186: 181: 176: 171: 166: 161: 156: 148: 147: 143: 142: 141: 140: 135: 130: 125: 120: 115: 109: 104: 99: 93: 88: 82: 77: 72: 64: 63: 59: 58: 50: 49: 41: 40: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9007: 8996: 8993: 8991: 8988: 8986: 8983: 8982: 8980: 8965: 8962: 8960: 8957: 8955: 8952: 8950: 8947: 8945: 8942: 8941: 8939: 8935: 8929: 8926: 8924: 8921: 8919: 8916: 8914: 8911: 8909: 8906: 8904: 8901: 8899: 8896: 8894: 8891: 8890: 8888: 8884: 8878: 8875: 8873: 8872:Eternal youth 8870: 8868: 8865: 8861: 8858: 8857: 8856: 8853: 8852: 8850: 8848: 8844: 8836: 8833: 8831: 8828: 8826: 8823: 8822: 8821: 8820:Oldest people 8818: 8816: 8813: 8812: 8810: 8806: 8796: 8795:South America 8793: 8791: 8788: 8786: 8785:North America 8783: 8781: 8778: 8776: 8773: 8771: 8768: 8767: 8765: 8761: 8753: 8750: 8748: 8745: 8744: 8743: 8740: 8738: 8735: 8733: 8730: 8728: 8725: 8723: 8720: 8718: 8715: 8713: 8710: 8708: 8705: 8703: 8700: 8698: 8695: 8693: 8690: 8688: 8685: 8683: 8680: 8678: 8675: 8673: 8670: 8668: 8665: 8663: 8660: 8658: 8655: 8653: 8650: 8646: 8643: 8642: 8641: 8638: 8636: 8633: 8631: 8628: 8626: 8623: 8621: 8618: 8616: 8613: 8612: 8610: 8606: 8600: 8597: 8595: 8592: 8590: 8587: 8585: 8582: 8578: 8577:South America 8575: 8573: 8572:North America 8570: 8569: 8568: 8565: 8563: 8560: 8558: 8555: 8554: 8552: 8548: 8545: 8543: 8537: 8529: 8526: 8524: 8521: 8519: 8516: 8514: 8511: 8509: 8506: 8504: 8501: 8499: 8496: 8494: 8491: 8490: 8488: 8486: 8483: 8481: 8478: 8476: 8473: 8471: 8468: 8464: 8461: 8460: 8459: 8458:Topic outline 8456: 8455: 8453: 8451: 8447: 8441: 8438: 8436: 8433: 8429: 8426: 8425: 8424: 8421: 8417: 8414: 8412: 8409: 8408: 8407: 8404: 8400: 8397: 8395: 8392: 8391: 8390: 8387: 8383: 8380: 8378: 8375: 8373: 8370: 8369: 8368: 8365: 8363: 8360: 8358: 8355: 8354: 8352: 8350: 8346: 8342: 8335: 8330: 8328: 8323: 8321: 8316: 8315: 8312: 8300: 8297: 8295: 8292: 8291: 8289: 8285: 8279: 8276: 8272: 8269: 8267: 8264: 8262: 8259: 8258: 8257: 8254: 8250: 8247: 8245: 8242: 8240: 8237: 8236: 8235: 8232: 8226: 8223: 8222: 8221: 8218: 8216: 8213: 8211: 8208: 8206: 8203: 8202: 8200: 8199: 8197: 8193: 8187: 8184: 8182: 8179: 8177: 8174: 8172: 8169: 8165: 8162: 8160: 8157: 8155: 8152: 8151: 8150: 8147: 8145: 8142: 8141: 8139: 8135: 8129: 8126: 8124: 8121: 8119: 8116: 8114: 8111: 8109: 8106: 8105: 8103: 8099: 8095: 8088: 8083: 8081: 8076: 8074: 8069: 8068: 8065: 8053: 8050: 8049: 8046: 8040: 8037: 8033: 8030: 8029: 8028: 8025: 8023: 8020: 8018: 8015: 8013: 8010: 8006: 8002: 7999: 7997: 7993: 7989: 7985: 7984: 7983: 7982:Metamorphosis 7980: 7978: 7975: 7973: 7970: 7968: 7965: 7963: 7960: 7956: 7953: 7951: 7948: 7946: 7945: 7941: 7939: 7936: 7935: 7934: 7933:Embryogenesis 7931: 7929: 7926: 7924: 7921: 7920: 7917: 7913: 7906: 7901: 7899: 7894: 7892: 7887: 7886: 7883: 7874: 7870: 7865: 7856: 7851: 7847: 7843: 7839: 7835: 7831: 7827: 7823: 7816: 7808: 7804: 7800: 7796: 7792: 7788: 7784: 7780: 7773: 7765: 7759: 7755: 7751: 7747: 7740: 7732: 7728: 7723: 7718: 7714: 7710: 7706: 7702: 7698: 7694: 7690: 7683: 7675: 7671: 7667: 7663: 7659: 7655: 7651: 7647: 7643: 7636: 7628: 7622: 7618: 7617: 7609: 7601: 7595: 7591: 7590: 7582: 7566: 7562: 7558: 7552: 7550: 7533: 7529: 7528:digitaltrends 7525: 7518: 7503: 7499: 7493: 7491: 7482: 7478: 7474: 7470: 7466: 7462: 7458: 7454: 7453: 7448: 7441: 7433: 7429: 7425: 7421: 7417: 7413: 7406: 7398: 7394: 7390: 7386: 7382: 7378: 7375:(6): 739–61. 7374: 7370: 7363: 7355: 7349: 7344: 7343: 7337: 7331: 7323: 7319: 7314: 7309: 7305: 7301: 7297: 7293: 7286: 7278: 7274: 7270: 7266: 7263:(3): 511–26. 7262: 7258: 7251: 7243: 7239: 7234: 7229: 7225: 7221: 7217: 7210: 7208: 7199: 7195: 7190: 7185: 7182:(3): 369–71. 7181: 7177: 7173: 7166: 7164: 7154: 7149: 7146:(3): 372–75. 7145: 7141: 7137: 7130: 7122: 7118: 7113: 7108: 7103: 7098: 7094: 7090: 7086: 7079: 7064: 7060: 7054: 7039: 7035: 7029: 7021: 7017: 7013: 7009: 7005: 7001: 6997: 6993: 6986: 6979: 6975: 6971: 6966: 6961: 6956: 6951: 6948:(2): 99–105. 6947: 6943: 6939: 6932: 6924: 6920: 6915: 6910: 6907:(4): 176–83. 6906: 6902: 6898: 6891: 6883: 6879: 6874: 6869: 6865: 6861: 6857: 6850: 6842: 6838: 6834: 6830: 6826: 6822: 6819:(4): 719–46. 6818: 6814: 6807: 6799: 6795: 6790: 6785: 6780: 6775: 6771: 6767: 6763: 6756: 6748: 6744: 6739: 6734: 6729: 6724: 6720: 6716: 6712: 6705: 6690: 6686: 6679: 6671: 6667: 6663: 6659: 6655: 6651: 6644: 6636: 6630: 6622: 6616: 6612: 6605: 6597: 6591: 6587: 6580: 6572: 6565: 6557: 6553: 6549: 6545: 6541: 6534: 6526: 6522: 6518: 6511: 6495: 6491: 6484: 6482: 6462: 6455: 6449: 6441: 6437: 6431: 6429: 6420: 6414: 6406: 6402: 6398: 6394: 6390: 6386: 6383:(4): 579–99. 6382: 6378: 6371: 6363: 6359: 6355: 6351: 6347: 6343: 6336: 6328: 6322: 6320: 6318: 6316: 6314: 6312: 6310: 6301: 6297: 6292: 6287: 6282: 6277: 6273: 6269: 6265: 6258: 6251: 6247: 6243: 6237: 6229: 6225: 6220: 6215: 6210: 6205: 6201: 6197: 6196:PLOS Medicine 6193: 6186: 6178: 6174: 6169: 6164: 6160: 6156: 6152: 6148: 6144: 6137: 6135: 6126: 6120: 6116: 6115: 6107: 6099: 6095: 6090: 6085: 6081: 6077: 6073: 6069: 6065: 6058: 6050: 6046: 6044: 6035: 6027: 6023: 6018: 6013: 6009: 6005: 6001: 5997: 5993: 5986: 5978: 5974: 5969: 5964: 5960: 5956: 5952: 5948: 5944: 5937: 5929: 5925: 5920: 5915: 5911: 5907: 5903: 5899: 5895: 5888: 5880: 5876: 5871: 5866: 5862: 5858: 5854: 5850: 5846: 5839: 5831: 5827: 5823: 5819: 5815: 5811: 5807: 5803: 5795: 5787: 5783: 5778: 5773: 5768: 5763: 5759: 5755: 5751: 5747: 5743: 5736: 5728: 5724: 5719: 5714: 5711:(4): 280–93. 5710: 5706: 5702: 5700: 5691: 5683: 5679: 5674: 5669: 5664: 5659: 5655: 5651: 5647: 5643: 5639: 5632: 5624: 5620: 5616: 5612: 5607: 5602: 5599:(2): 167–78. 5598: 5594: 5590: 5583: 5575: 5571: 5567: 5563: 5559: 5555: 5551: 5547: 5540: 5532: 5528: 5523: 5518: 5514: 5510: 5506: 5502: 5498: 5491: 5483: 5479: 5474: 5469: 5464: 5459: 5455: 5451: 5447: 5440: 5432: 5428: 5424: 5420: 5416: 5412: 5408: 5404: 5397: 5389: 5382: 5374: 5370: 5366: 5362: 5358: 5354: 5350: 5346: 5339: 5331: 5327: 5323: 5319: 5315: 5311: 5308:(4): 387–99. 5307: 5303: 5296: 5288: 5284: 5280: 5276: 5272: 5268: 5261: 5253: 5249: 5245: 5241: 5237: 5233: 5229: 5225: 5221: 5217: 5210: 5202: 5198: 5194: 5190: 5186: 5182: 5178: 5172: 5167: 5162: 5158: 5154: 5150: 5143: 5135: 5131: 5127: 5123: 5119: 5115: 5111: 5107: 5104:(1): 518–20. 5103: 5099: 5092: 5084: 5078: 5074: 5070: 5069: 5061: 5053: 5052:howstuffworks 5049: 5042: 5035: 5034:0-8493-0948-4 5031: 5027: 5021: 5013: 5009: 5005: 5001: 4997: 4993: 4989: 4985: 4981: 4977: 4970: 4962: 4958: 4954: 4950: 4945: 4940: 4936: 4932: 4928: 4924: 4920: 4916: 4912: 4905: 4897: 4893: 4888: 4883: 4879: 4875: 4871: 4867: 4863: 4856: 4840: 4834: 4819: 4815: 4808: 4806: 4797: 4793: 4789: 4785: 4781: 4777: 4773: 4769: 4765: 4758: 4750: 4746: 4741: 4736: 4732: 4728: 4724: 4720: 4716: 4709: 4701: 4697: 4693: 4689: 4685: 4679: 4674: 4669: 4665: 4661: 4657: 4650: 4642: 4638: 4633: 4628: 4623: 4618: 4614: 4610: 4606: 4599: 4591: 4587: 4583: 4579: 4574: 4569: 4565: 4561: 4557: 4553: 4546: 4538: 4534: 4529: 4524: 4520: 4516: 4512: 4508: 4504: 4497: 4489: 4485: 4480: 4475: 4471: 4467: 4463: 4456: 4454: 4452: 4450: 4448: 4439: 4435: 4430: 4425: 4421: 4417: 4413: 4409: 4405: 4398: 4396: 4387: 4381: 4377: 4373: 4366: 4358: 4354: 4349: 4344: 4339: 4334: 4330: 4326: 4322: 4315: 4313: 4305: 4300: 4292: 4288: 4284: 4280: 4276: 4272: 4268: 4264: 4257: 4249: 4245: 4241: 4237: 4232: 4227: 4223: 4219: 4212: 4210: 4194: 4190: 4184: 4182: 4166: 4162: 4156: 4148: 4141: 4133: 4129: 4125: 4121: 4118:(3): 377–91. 4117: 4113: 4106: 4098: 4094: 4089: 4084: 4079: 4074: 4070: 4066: 4062: 4058: 4054: 4047: 4039: 4032: 4024: 4020: 4016: 4010: 4006: 4002: 3995: 3987: 3983: 3979: 3975: 3971: 3967: 3964:(2): 144–52. 3963: 3959: 3952: 3944: 3938: 3934: 3927: 3925: 3916: 3910: 3906: 3902: 3898: 3891: 3883: 3877: 3873: 3872: 3864: 3856: 3852: 3847: 3842: 3838: 3834: 3830: 3826: 3822: 3815: 3807: 3803: 3799: 3795: 3791: 3787: 3783: 3779: 3775: 3771: 3764: 3749: 3748: 3743: 3739: 3733: 3725: 3721: 3715: 3699: 3693: 3685: 3681: 3676: 3671: 3668:(4): 535–46. 3667: 3663: 3659: 3652: 3644: 3640: 3635: 3630: 3627:(2): 245–59. 3626: 3622: 3618: 3611: 3609: 3600: 3596: 3592: 3588: 3584: 3580: 3576: 3572: 3571: 3563: 3555: 3551: 3547: 3543: 3539: 3535: 3532:(1): 130–40. 3531: 3527: 3520: 3512: 3508: 3504: 3500: 3496: 3492: 3489:(4): 213–28. 3488: 3484: 3477: 3468: 3460: 3456: 3452: 3448: 3443: 3438: 3434: 3430: 3426: 3420: 3404: 3398: 3390: 3386: 3381: 3376: 3372: 3368: 3364: 3360: 3356: 3349: 3330: 3324: 3316: 3312: 3307: 3302: 3298: 3294: 3291:(2): 338–45. 3290: 3286: 3282: 3275: 3267: 3263: 3258: 3253: 3249: 3245: 3241: 3234: 3226: 3222: 3218: 3214: 3210: 3206: 3199: 3191: 3187: 3183: 3179: 3175: 3171: 3167: 3163: 3160:(3): 708–28. 3159: 3155: 3148: 3140: 3136: 3131: 3126: 3123:(5): 641–53. 3122: 3118: 3114: 3107: 3099: 3095: 3091: 3087: 3083: 3079: 3075: 3071: 3064: 3056: 3052: 3048: 3044: 3040: 3036: 3029: 3027: 3018: 3014: 3010: 3006: 3003:(5): 515–43. 3002: 2998: 2991: 2975: 2971: 2965: 2957: 2953: 2947: 2939: 2935: 2930: 2925: 2920: 2915: 2911: 2907: 2903: 2896: 2888: 2884: 2880: 2876: 2872: 2868: 2864: 2857: 2855: 2838: 2834: 2827: 2812: 2811: 2806: 2799: 2791: 2787: 2783: 2779: 2775: 2771: 2768:(8): 531–45. 2767: 2763: 2756: 2754: 2745: 2741: 2736: 2731: 2727: 2723: 2719: 2712: 2704: 2700: 2695: 2690: 2686: 2682: 2678: 2674: 2670: 2663: 2655: 2651: 2647: 2643: 2639: 2635: 2631: 2627: 2620: 2618: 2609: 2605: 2600: 2595: 2590: 2585: 2581: 2577: 2573: 2566: 2558: 2554: 2550: 2546: 2542: 2538: 2531: 2529: 2527: 2518: 2514: 2510: 2506: 2502: 2498: 2494: 2490: 2486: 2482: 2475: 2467: 2460: 2452: 2448: 2444: 2440: 2436: 2432: 2428: 2424: 2420: 2416: 2412: 2405: 2397: 2393: 2389: 2385: 2380: 2375: 2371: 2367: 2363: 2359: 2355: 2351: 2347: 2340: 2332: 2328: 2324: 2320: 2316: 2312: 2308: 2304: 2297: 2289: 2285: 2280: 2275: 2270: 2265: 2261: 2257: 2253: 2246: 2238: 2234: 2230: 2226: 2222: 2218: 2214: 2207: 2192: 2188: 2181: 2173: 2169: 2164: 2159: 2154: 2149: 2145: 2141: 2137: 2130: 2122: 2118: 2114: 2110: 2103: 2088: 2084: 2078: 2070: 2066: 2061: 2056: 2051: 2046: 2042: 2038: 2034: 2027: 2011: 2007: 2003: 1996: 1992: 1981: 1978: 1976: 1973: 1971: 1968: 1966: 1963: 1961: 1958: 1956: 1953: 1951: 1948: 1946: 1943: 1941: 1938: 1936: 1933: 1931: 1928: 1926: 1923: 1921: 1918: 1916: 1913: 1911: 1910:Gerascophobia 1908: 1906: 1903: 1901: 1898: 1896: 1893: 1891: 1888: 1886: 1883: 1881: 1878: 1876: 1873: 1871: 1868: 1866: 1863: 1861: 1858: 1856: 1853: 1851: 1848: 1846: 1843: 1841: 1838: 1836: 1833: 1831: 1828: 1826: 1823: 1822: 1814: 1809: 1807: 1803: 1799: 1795: 1785: 1782: 1772: 1768: 1759: 1751: 1747: 1743: 1741: 1737: 1732: 1730: 1724: 1722: 1717: 1712: 1709: 1704: 1700: 1697: 1688: 1684: 1682: 1676: 1672: 1669: 1661: 1659: 1654: 1650: 1646: 1641: 1638: 1634: 1627: 1623: 1619: 1610: 1606: 1602: 1598: 1594: 1592: 1587: 1583: 1578: 1576: 1571: 1569: 1565: 1556: 1551: 1541: 1538: 1533: 1531: 1530:chronological 1527: 1523: 1519: 1515: 1511: 1507: 1503: 1499: 1495: 1490: 1488: 1484: 1480: 1476: 1472: 1468: 1464: 1460: 1456: 1447: 1443: 1440: 1434: 1425: 1416: 1408: 1406: 1402: 1391: 1389: 1385: 1380: 1377: 1366: 1353: 1348: 1344: 1343:DNA oxidation 1341: 1338: 1337:mitochondrial 1334: 1333:free radicals 1330: 1327: 1324: 1320: 1316: 1312: 1308: 1307:free radicals 1304: 1301: 1297: 1294: 1290: 1287: 1284: 1281: 1278: 1272: 1269: 1266: 1263: 1259: 1255: 1254: 1252: 1249: 1245: 1242: 1238: 1234: 1230: 1226: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1210: 1207: 1206: 1205: 1204: 1203: 1192: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1171: 1161: 1159: 1155: 1151: 1147: 1143: 1139: 1135: 1131: 1127: 1123: 1119: 1114: 1112: 1108: 1104: 1103:annual plants 1100: 1096: 1092: 1082: 1076: 1072: 1070: 1066: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1052: 1051: 1050: 1039: 1035: 1032: 1028: 1027:inflammageing 1025: 1022: 1019: 1016: 1013: 1009: 1005: 1002: 999: 996: 993: 989: 985: 981: 977: 973: 970: 966: 962: 959: 956: 953: 950: 947: 946: 945: 941: 931: 929: 924: 920: 919:error-related 916: 911: 909: 905: 901: 900: 896: 892: 888: 879: 874: 864: 862: 858: 853: 851: 850:poliomyelitis 845: 844: 841: 836: 832: 829: 824: 820: 815: 813: 810: 805: 801: 797: 793: 789: 785: 781: 777: 773: 769: 765: 758: 754: 750: 746: 743: 740: 736: 733: 730: 726: 722: 719: 715: 711: 708: 704: 701: 698: 695: 691: 687: 684: 680: 676: 672: 668: 665: 662: 658: 655: 651: 648: 645: 641: 640: 639: 634: 629: 621: 613: 607: 605: 580: 562: 552: 550: 546: 542: 538: 534: 530: 526: 522: 517: 515: 514: 509: 505: 501: 496: 494: 490: 486: 482: 477: 475: 474: 469: 465: 457: 456: 450: 441: 439: 435: 431: 430:DNA oxidation 427: 422: 420: 416: 415:mental health 412: 408: 404: 398: 396: 392: 388: 384: 380: 377:, many other 376: 372: 368: 364: 360: 349: 344: 342: 337: 335: 330: 329: 327: 326: 321: 311: 310: 309: 308: 303: 300: 298: 295: 293: 290: 288: 285: 283: 280: 278: 275: 273: 270: 268: 265: 264: 263: 262: 258: 254: 253: 248: 245: 243: 240: 238: 235: 233: 230: 228: 225: 223: 220: 218: 215: 213: 210: 209: 208: 207: 204: 201: 200: 195: 192: 190: 187: 185: 182: 180: 177: 175: 172: 170: 167: 165: 162: 160: 157: 155: 154:Fertilization 152: 151: 150: 149: 145: 144: 139: 136: 134: 131: 129: 126: 124: 121: 119: 116: 113: 110: 108: 107:Preadolescent 105: 103: 100: 97: 94: 92: 89: 86: 83: 81: 78: 76: 73: 71: 68: 67: 66: 65: 61: 60: 56: 52: 51: 48: 43: 42: 38: 34: 33: 30: 26: 22: 8860:Regeneration 8712:South Africa 8518:rejuvenation 8508:nanomedicine 8503:gene therapy 8348: 8266:Middle adult 8201:Early years 8175: 8101:Before birth 8027:Regeneration 7943: 7922: 7864: 7829: 7825: 7815: 7782: 7778: 7772: 7745: 7739: 7696: 7692: 7682: 7649: 7645: 7635: 7615: 7608: 7588: 7581: 7569:. Retrieved 7565:the original 7560: 7536:. Retrieved 7527: 7517: 7505:. Retrieved 7502:www.wbur.org 7501: 7456: 7450: 7440: 7415: 7411: 7405: 7372: 7368: 7362: 7341: 7336:Heckhausen J 7330: 7303: 7299: 7285: 7260: 7256: 7250: 7223: 7219: 7179: 7175: 7143: 7139: 7129: 7092: 7088: 7078: 7066:. Retrieved 7062: 7053: 7041:. Retrieved 7037: 7028: 6995: 6991: 6985: 6977: 6945: 6941: 6931: 6904: 6900: 6890: 6866:(6): 27–39. 6863: 6859: 6849: 6816: 6812: 6806: 6769: 6765: 6755: 6718: 6714: 6704: 6692:. Retrieved 6689:The Atlantic 6688: 6678: 6653: 6649: 6643: 6610: 6604: 6585: 6579: 6570: 6564: 6550:(2): 152–6. 6547: 6543: 6533: 6527:(2): 131–46. 6524: 6520: 6510: 6498:. Retrieved 6493: 6468:. Retrieved 6461:the original 6448: 6439: 6413: 6380: 6376: 6370: 6345: 6341: 6335: 6271: 6267: 6257: 6252:. pp. 12–13. 6241: 6236: 6199: 6195: 6185: 6150: 6146: 6113: 6106: 6071: 6067: 6057: 6049:ScienceDaily 6048: 6042: 6034: 5999: 5995: 5985: 5950: 5946: 5936: 5901: 5897: 5887: 5852: 5848: 5838: 5808:(3): 181–8. 5805: 5801: 5794: 5749: 5745: 5735: 5708: 5704: 5698: 5690: 5645: 5641: 5631: 5596: 5592: 5582: 5549: 5545: 5539: 5507:(7): 680–8. 5504: 5500: 5490: 5453: 5449: 5439: 5406: 5402: 5396: 5387: 5381: 5348: 5344: 5338: 5305: 5301: 5295: 5270: 5266: 5260: 5219: 5215: 5209: 5148: 5142: 5101: 5097: 5091: 5067: 5060: 5041: 5025: 5020: 4979: 4975: 4969: 4918: 4914: 4904: 4869: 4865: 4855: 4843:. Retrieved 4833: 4823:16 September 4821:. Retrieved 4817: 4771: 4767: 4757: 4722: 4718: 4708: 4663: 4659: 4649: 4612: 4608: 4598: 4555: 4545: 4510: 4506: 4496: 4472:(2): 72–74. 4469: 4465: 4411: 4407: 4375: 4365: 4328: 4324: 4299: 4266: 4262: 4256: 4221: 4217: 4196:. Retrieved 4192: 4168:. 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