750:(born 1931) compiled in his essay from 1981 the psychoanalytic approaches to prenatal mental life as well as the physiological findings of the human ontogenesis concerning fetal development. He took several assumptions from the works of Grof and Mott, but left away their metaphysical implications completely. In his own approach he assumes, that the placenta becomes the first object of the fetus, namely in two split versions: a positive and a negative one, he called the "nurturing" and the "poisonous placenta". DeMause presumed that in every gestation – especially at the end of this period – there are problems of supply with oxygen for the fetus. Because of physiological conditions the placenta would not be able anymore to supply the growing fetus with enough oxygen. This would give rise to states of pain and deprivation. Pre- and perinatal experiences lead to a mental script, a kind of pattern, to which later experiences would be connected with and internalized. He calls the experience of successive good and painful states the "fetal drama", long precursing the well known "oedipal drama" sensu Freud. Besides these theories about prenatal psychology deMause also developed approaches in the field of
769:(1992). Using sonography she examined the behaviour of 11 fetuses. The fetuses showed a very complex behavioural repertoire and were quite different concerning their forms of activities. They reacted to stimuli in complex ways. Piontelli's study suggested that certain prenatal experiences determined later mental life. Psychological traits, e.g. enhanced oral activity, were recognizable in the prenatal phase, and also after birth. Piontelli interpreted her observations in psychoanalytical terms. Piontelli saw a remarkable continuity between pre- and postnatal mental development. Her study is important, because it combines the assessment of empirical data with the observation of single case studies in the postnatal phase and also in infancy. Her study use equally the methods of academic psychology together with the hermeneutics of psychoanalysis, what makes it unique in the scientific landscape.
612:). There he stated that the emotional shock of being born is an individual's first source of anxiety. Because of this book the friendship between Freud and Rank came to an end. Rank was of the opinion that birth is connected with an overwhelming experience of fear of the fetus. He also presumed that this trauma was the cause of later anxieties. He also claimed that aspects of the later prenatal phase can be remembered. So already Rank himself had developed the outlines of a true prenatal psychology. In the light of such assumptions he interpreted cultural aspects, e.g. he understood Christian fantasies of the hell as being based on aversive intrauterine situations. In his book, he treated the interpretation of symbols, art and myths by using pre- and perinatal assumptions. Rank believed that a "primal fixation" with the prenatal state is the root of all
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stimulus and the recording of the according reaction. When the new stimulus is identified by the fetus as different from the old one, it releases a new pattern of reaction, e.g. accelerated frequency of the heart. If this does not happen, the new stimulus cannot be distinguished from the old focal stimulus. In 1991 a study demonstrated the acoustic habituation by recording the heart frequency of foetuses in the 29th week of gestation. Such studies can be used for examining memory. Fetuses older than 34 weeks of gestation can reproduce learned content over a period of 4 weeks. The earliest vibro-acoustic conditioning is successful at 22-week-old fetuses. Maybe habituation to taste is possible even earlier. Such habituation was also demonstrated in fetal rats.
626:(1896–1971) tried to understand very early forms of symbol formation. He described in several case studies the reenactment of perinatal experiences in psychotherapies, especially of children. A five-year-old boy climbed into Winnicott's jacket and then slit down the pants onto the ground. He repeated this again and again. Winnicott interpreted this game as a regression and a repeating of birth. He presumed that some babies developed a paranoid attitude by having problems at birth, e.g. in the case of asphyxia. Also psychosomatic symptoms (headaches, breast- and breathing problems and feelings of getting choked) were interpreted as possible consequences of birth experiences by Winnicott. Nevertheless, he rejected the assumption of a universal birth trauma.
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be remembered after birth under certain circumstances. In psychoanalysis pre- and perinatal topics usually are seen as fantasies. The manifest prenatal content of dreaming or fantasizing of swimming under water while breathing, being inside of a cave, fighting with underwater monsters – are interpreted as re-projections in time onto the early phase. Janus assumes that in many psychoanalytical approaches there can be found contentual and phenomenological aspects close to prenatal psychology – but without explicit references. Janus wrote of the "hidden attendance of the prenatal existence" in the works of psychoanalysts such as
42:
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384:, which itself is the subject of argument in the field. A widespread assumption concerning the prenatal phase was that the fetus is almost completely shielded from outside stimuli. Thus, perception and consciousness would develop after birth. Meanwhile, there is a great number of scientific studies which show clearly that behaviour, perception and learning is already developed before birth. This also holds for nonhuman species, as for rat fetuses acoustic conditioning can be demonstrated.
758:
393:
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637:(1895–1964) traced certain forms of anxiety back to unprocessed and repressed birth experiences following Rank's assumptions, who had been his psychoanalyst. Fodor interpreted dreams, experiencing the lack of oxygen, claustrophobia and sexual disorders and their etiology, which he explained by assuming specific pre- and perinatal experiences.
570:
and Ludwig Janus. They think that the structuring of the unconscious psyche starts in the prenatal phase. The fetus already has early, emotionally relevant experiences. They assume the existence of perception in several sense modaliaties, states of asphyxia, fears and stress, which are stored and can
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Prenatal learning often is examined by using the habituation paradigm. The fetus gets exposed to a stimulus, e.g. an acoustic one. Afterwards the experimenter watches the extinction of the reaction while repeating the same stimulus again and again. This procedure becomes completed by the use of a new
375:
effects and implications of the earliest experiences of the individual, before birth (prenatal), as well as during and immediately after childbirth (perinatal). Although there are various perspectives on the topic, a common thread is the importance of prenatal and perinatal experiences in the shaping
449:
Breath movements can be seen from the 19th week on, with the fetus taking amniotic fluid into his lungs. Eye movements are shown to exist from the 18th week on, from the 23rd week on there are rapid-eye-movements (REM-phases). These are connected with sleeping patterns and dreaming. Fetuses drink
420:
The basis of perception, experience, and behaviour is the brain. While in gestation, a giant neuronal net is developing, delivering the condition for any mental process. About half of the developing neurons become destroyed again during the development of the brain because of the "programmed cell
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The sense modalities of the fetus develop prenatally and are functioning very well at birth. The examination of such abilities is connected with experimental examination of behaviour, provoked by stimuli. Ray examined vibro-acoustic conditioning of human fetuses. According to Hepper it rested
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of embryo and fetus can be examined with ultrasound techniques quite easily. From the eighth week on the embryo moves the rump, shortly after that his extremities. With the means of sonography one could demonstrate that these were not simple reflexes, but also endogenously provoked movements.
425:). At birth the infantile brain contains 100 billion neurons – as many as in the brain of an adult. At birth, every cortical neuron is connected with about 2500 neurons; after a year, with about 15 000. Synapses develop, and are destroyed, over the whole life span – a process called
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as the first object of the fetus. He wrote, that the fetus fears his placenta as a "blood sucker" or experience it as a "feeder" or "life-giver". His work an prenatal aspects is connected with his speculative assumptions on a quasi-religious design of the universe.
549:
Most psychoanalytical theories assume that the development of objects, the self and even consciousness begins after birth. Nevertheless, some psychoanalysts explicitly write that pre- and perinatal aspects are responsible for certain symptom formations, among them
532:
Also the development of speech is based on prenatal learning, as the study of DeCasper and Fifer from 1980 seems to demonstrate. This study used operant conditioning as a paradigm. Several empirical studies demonstrated that prenatal learning exists.
754:– a system of cultural psychological assumptions, which explain historical processes and phenomenons by using psychological theories. Especially aspects of childhood history and prenatal psychology play an important role.
1114:
Remaining in Touch. Gesammelte
Schriften 1965–2000. Zur Bedeutung der Kontinuität früher Beziehungserfahrungen. Konsequenzen aus der psychoanalytischen Entwicklungspsychologie für die Prophylaxe früher
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uncertain, if such conditioning was successful. Hepper claims to have repeat such conditioning experiments successfully, with the earliest vibro-acoustic conditioning in the 32nd week of gestation.
1540:, see also the professional organization founded by Verny to train professionals, the Association for Prenatal and Perinatal Psychology and Health, APPPAH, at www.birthpsychology.com.
332:
680:(1897–1957) as an alternative to the use of psychedelic drugs, which was subject to considerable legal difficulty from the mid-1960s onwards. A related technique called
1565:
827:
Smotherman, William P.; Robinson, Scott R. (1994). Classical conditioning of opioid activity in the fetal rat. In: Behavioral
Neuroscience, 108 (5), S. 951–961.
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was developed by psychotherapist
Leonard Orr in the 1970s, and Core Process psychotherapy trainees relive presumed birth trauma as part of their training.
567:
672:. Grof went on to formulate an extensive theoretical framework for the analysis of pre- and perinatal experiences, based on the four constructs he called
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438:
325:
273:
559:
526:
1733:
1681:
263:
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Demonstration of fetal habituation and patterns of fetal heart rate response to vibroacoustic stimulation in normal and high-risk pregnancies.
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the future psychological development. There is a debate among scientists regarding the extent to which newborn infants are capable of forming
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1558:
318:
2304:
1661:
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1489:. Northvale, NJ: Jason Aronson, Inc., 1997, 277 pages. (Originally published in German in 1991 by Hoffmann und Campe, Verlag, Hamburg.)
529:– a grandson of Sigmund Freud – could demonstrate. The empirical proof used the registration of heart frequency and motorical activity.
657:
404:– is of particular importance for prenatal psychology. In the first eight weeks after insemination, the developing child is called an
1418:, Routledge, London, 1992. See also: Alessandra Piontelli, Luisa Bocconi, Chiara Boschetto, Alessandra Kustermann, Umberto Nicolini,
1441:
1551:
715:
486:
104:
2500:
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1739:
288:
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DeMause, Lloyd (1982). The fetal origins of history, pp. 258. In: “Foundations of psychohistory.“ New York: Creative Roots.
2005:
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was the foundation for research into the enduring effects of pre- and perinatal experiences in adult life conducted by
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2505:
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1451:
1402:
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According to
Alessandra Piontelli the fetus shows all patterns of movement, which later can be found in the newborn.
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1834:
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and postnatal consequences as well. In so far as the actual birth process is involved one can consider this
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2415:
1914:
1638:
1595:
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In 1992 the
Italian child neuropsychiatrist Alessandra Piontelli (born 1945) published a study in her book
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2095:
2068:
66:
380:, the effects of any such memories on their personality, and the possibility of recovering them from an
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1980:
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23:
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Historical development of psychoanalytical and depth psychological theories concerning prenatal life
356:. Its scope is the description and explanation of experience and behaviour of the individual before
1902:
1651:
1625:
1582:
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Francis John Mott (1901–1980) was a disciple of Fodor and the first author who concentrated on the
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349:
268:
233:
203:
189:
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The Search for the
Beloved: A Clinical Investigation of the Trauma of Birth and Prenatal Condition
1355:
The Search for the
Beloved: A Clinical Investigation of the Trauma of Birth and Prenatal Condition
631:
The Search for the
Beloved: A Clinical Investigation of the Trauma of Birth and Prenatal Condition
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2078:
1839:
1806:
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Hepper, P. G. (1994). The beginnings of the mind: evidence from the behaviour of the fetus. In:
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Der Säugling: Bindung, Neurobiologie und Gene. Grundlagen für Prävention, Beratung und
Therapie.
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21(1/2), 2009, (S. 91–105), S. 91. Similarly: Carolin
Sheridan Hubert Preissl, Niels Birbaumer:
2594:
2410:
1975:
1854:
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supplement, 416, 1996, S. 16–20. (S. 17). Spelt repeated these experiments in 1948. G. Hepper:
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Differences and similarities in the intra-uterine behaviour of monozygotic and dizygotic twins
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2400:
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1950:
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Wie reagiert das fetale Gehirn auf Reize? Untersuchungen mit fetaler Magnetoenzephalographie.
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208:
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examined reflexes or reactions, respectively of aborted fetuses extrauterine. Nowadays, the
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The assessment and significance of habituation to a repeated stimulus by the human fetus.
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Hepper, P. G. (1991). An examination of fetal learning before and after birth. In:
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The physiological development while in the prenatal phase – especially that of the
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1955:
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Psychology of the effects from pre-birth, during birth, and post-birth and events
408:. After the inner organs have developed (from the ninth week on) it is called a
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Suhrkamp, Frankfurt am Main 1987 (S. 141–155), S. 146; Alessandra Piontelli:
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599:
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DeMause, Lloyd (1982). The fetal origins of history, (p. 244–332). In:
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Erbe und Umwelt: Zur Natur von Anlage und Selbstbestimmung des Menschen.
927:
Erbe und Umwelt: Zur Natur von Anlage und Selbstbestimmung des Menschen.
897:
Erbe und Umwelt: Zur Natur von Anlage und Selbstbestimmung des Menschen.
867:
International Journal of Prenatal and Perinatal Psychology and Medicine.
842:
International Journal of Prenatal and Perinatal Psychology and Medicine.
676:. Lake and Grof independently developed breathing techniques, following
2671:
2189:
2111:
1990:
1785:
661:
150:
114:
861:
Otwin Linderkamp, Ludwig Janus, Rupert Linder, Dagmar Beate Skoruppa:
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Otwin Linderkamp, Ludwig Janus, Rupert Linder, Dagmar Beate Skoruppa:
352:, although historically it was developed in the heterogenous field of
1781:
1080:
The beginnings of the mind: evidence from the behaviour of the fetus.
595:
551:
422:
387:
170:
145:
2550:
2266:
1502:
The Knowledge of the womb – Autopsychognosia with psychedelic drugs
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613:
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Otto Rank (standing, left corner) and other psychoanalysts in 1922
453:
2073:
525:
Babies remember musical patterns they once heard in the womb, as
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119:
82:
1251:
Das Trauma der Geburt und seine Bedeutung für die Psychoanalyse.
1238:
Das Trauma der Geburt und seine Bedeutung für die Psychoanalyse.
1208:
Die Psychoanalyse der vorgeburtlichen Lebenszeit und der Geburt.
1195:
Die Psychoanalyse der vorgeburtlichen Lebenszeit und der Geburt.
812:
Die Psychoanalyse der vorgeburtlichen Lebenszeit und der Geburt.
2579:
2041:
2036:
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From Fetus to Child: An Observational and Psychoanalytic Study.
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From Fetus to Child: An Observational and Psychoanalytic Study.
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From Fetus to Child: An Observational and Psychoanalytic Study.
610:
Das Trauma der Geburt und seine Bedeutung für die Psychoanalyse
405:
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Fetus, connected with the mother by umbilical cord and placenta
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175:
77:
61:
56:
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From Fetus to Child: An Observational and Psychoanalytic Study
1416:
From Fetus to Child: An Observational and Psychoanalytic Study
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From Fetus to Child: An Observational and Psychoanalytic Study
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2289:
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409:
401:
357:
180:
124:
88:
71:
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Kafkalides, Zephyros and Kafkalides, Constantine MD (2017).
1097:
Classical conditioning of opioid activity in the fetal rat.
392:
364:. Pre- and perinatal aspects are often discussed together.
1136:
Fetal learning: a prospective randomized controlled study.
810:
Creative Roots, New York, 1982, p. 244–332; Ludwig Janus:
653:
1509:
Studies on Prenatal Psychology & Psychedelic Science
1161:
Of Human Bonding: Newborns Prefer Their Mothers' Voices.
1341:
Collected Papers: Through Pediatrics to Psychoanalysis.
1324:
Collected Papers: Through Pediatrics to Psychoanalysis.
899:
Suhrkamp, Frankfurt am Main 1987, (S. 141–155), S. 142.
814:
Centaurus, Pfaffenweiler 1993, S. 1–72; Ralph Frenken:
1044:
Chantal E. H. Dirix, Jan G. Nijhuis, Gerard Hornstra:
929:
Suhrkamp, Frankfurt am Main 1987 (S. 141–155), S. 143.
1221:
Einsicht und Blindheit: Zur Aktualität von Otto Rank.
1306:
The Myth of the Birth of the Hero and Other Writings
415:
1573:
1061:L. R. Leader, P. Baillie, B. Martin, E. Vermeulen:
848:In: Karl Heinz Brisch, Theodor Hellbrügge (Hrsg.):
816:
Symbol Plazenta: Die Pränatalpsychologie der Kunst.
616:and character disorders and developed a process of
1343:Routledge, New York 1949, (p. 174–193), p. 185 ff.
1326:Routledge, New York 1949, (p. 174–193), S. 177 ff.
882:University of Kansas Press, Lawrence, Kansas 1952.
388:Psycho-physiological aspects of the prenatal phase
940:Wie entwickelt sich das Verhalten vor der Geburt.
923:Wie entwickelt sich das Verhalten vor der Geburt.
893:Wie entwickelt sich das Verhalten vor der Geburt.
2709:
1734:Neo-Piagetian theories of cognitive development
1142:20, 2002, S. 431–438. Richard Ferner Parncutt:
454:Development of perception and prenatal learning
367:Prenatal and perinatal psychology explores the
1134:D. K. James, C. J. B. Spencer, B. W. Stepsis:
1084:Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology.
1766:
1559:
1480:Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology
999:Fetal memory: Does it exist? What does it do?
982:Fetal memory: Does it exist? What does it do?
974:Fetal memory: Does it exist? What does it do?
326:
1780:
714:. There might be a discussion about this on
485:. There might be a discussion about this on
1487:The Enduring Effects of Prenatal Experience
633:of 1949 the British-American psychoanalyst
1773:
1759:
1566:
1552:
1375:Creative Roots, New York, 1982, p. 249 ff.
1095:William P. Smotherman, Scott R. Robinson:
333:
319:
1388:Wingate, London 1959, p. 82 ff; p. 181 f.
1337:Birth Memories, Birth Trauma and Anxiety.
1320:Birth Memories, Birth Trauma and Anxiety.
1117:Edition Déjà-vu, Frankfurt am Main 2003,
863:Entwicklungsschritte des fetalen Gehirns.
838:Entwicklungsschritte des fetalen Gehirns.
734:Learn how and when to remove this message
505:Learn how and when to remove this message
1253:Fischer, Frankfurt am Main 1988, S. 142.
1197:Centaurus, Pfaffenweiler 1993, S. 21–75.
1140:Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology.
1005:supplement, 416, 1996, S. 16–20 (S. 17).
988:supplement, 416, 1996, S. 16–20 (S. 17).
756:
540:
391:
1240:Fischer, Frankfurt am Main 1988, S. 98.
1159:Anthony J. DeCasper, William P. Fifer:
1150:Oxford University Press, 2006, S. 1–31.
2710:
1018:Klett-Cotta: Stuttgart 1993, S. 65 ff.
1754:
1740:Evolutionary developmental psychology
1547:
1468:, New Hyde Park, NY: University Books
1357:, New Hyde Park, NY: University Books
1352:
1262:
1256:
1210:Centaurus, Pfaffenweiler 1993, S. 55.
1046:Aspects of Fetal Learning and Memory.
1303:
1288:
802:For an overview see: Lloyd DeMause:
686:
457:
450:amniotic fluid and urinate into it.
432:
2605:Psychiatric disorders of childbirth
1530:The Secret Life of the Unborn Child
1500:Kafkalides, Athanassios MD (2005).
1266:Introduction to Prenatal Psychology
852:Klett-Cotta, Stuttgart 2008, S. 32.
648:Material emerging from sessions of
13:
1446:. New York: Creative Roots. 1982.
1433:
1426:, 1999, 2, S. 264–273 (S. 270 ff.)
1178:Fetal Learning: a Critical Review.
1016:Die Lebenserfahrung des Säuglings.
818:Springer, Wiesbaden 2015, S. 5–61.
14:
2734:
1269:, Church Gate Books, p. 16,
746:The US-American social scientist
602:'s disciples, published his book
416:Prenatal development of the brain
2610:Postpartum physiological changes
2310:Postpartum physiological changes
1835:Assisted reproductive technology
1596:Cognitive development of infants
1069:7(3), 1982, S. 211–219 (S. 211).
1027:J. W. Goldkrand, B. L. Litvack:
880:The Prenatal Origin of Behavior.
691:
462:
300:
40:
2662:Adaptation to extrauterine life
1662:Theory of cognitive development
1575:Human psychological development
1408:
1391:
1378:
1361:
1346:
1329:
1312:
1297:
1282:
1243:
1230:
1213:
1200:
1187:
1170:
1167:208 (4448), 1980, S. 1174–1176.
1153:
1128:
1106:
1089:
1086:12, 1994, S. 143–154. (S. 143).
1072:
1055:
1038:
1035:11(1), 1991, S. 25–29. (S. 25).
1021:
1008:
991:
966:
953:
2305:Maternal physiological changes
1672:Cultural-historical psychology
1514:Piontelli, Alessandra (1992).
932:
915:
902:
885:
872:
855:
830:
821:
796:
437:In the 1930s the physiologist
1:
1860:partner-assisted reproduction
1732: (b. 1950), and others (
1373:Foundations of Psychohistory.
1369:The fetal origins of history.
1182:Infant and Child Development.
1176:Overview in: David K. James:
1146:In: G. E. McPherson (Hrsg.):
942:In: Carsten Niemitz (Hrsg.):
925:In: Carsten Niemitz (Hrsg.):
895:In: Carsten Niemitz (Hrsg.):
808:Foundations of Psychohistory.
804:The fetal origins of history.
789:
1443:Foundations of psychohistory
620:based on birth experiences.
244:Developmental stage theories
105:Emerging and early adulthood
7:
2096:Traditional birth attendant
1712:Stages of moral development
1525:, New York: Richard Brunner
1473:Irish Journal of Psychology
1293:, New York: Richard Brunner
1052:80 (4), 2009, S. 1251–1258.
772:
761:Fetus at 14 weeks (profile)
10:
2739:
2328:Brain health and pollution
1621:Positive adult development
1606:Positive youth development
1103:108 (5), 1994, S. 951–961.
190:Development and psychology
2689:
2654:
2618:
2572:
2563:
2541:Chorionic villus sampling
2523:
2318:
2275:
2244:
2237:
2104:
2029:
1998:
1989:
1923:
1893:Obstetric ultrasonography
1880:
1825:
1817:Pre-conception counseling
1792:
1702:Ecological systems theory
1634:
1581:
650:psychedelic psychotherapy
348:can be seen as a part of
2718:Developmental psychology
2431:Intrahepatic cholestasis
1682:Psychosocial development
1652:Psychosexual development
1583:Developmental psychology
1308:, New York: Random House
1101:Behavioral Neuroscience.
1067:Early Human Development.
1033:Journal of Perinatology.
674:Basic Perinatal Matrices
350:developmental psychology
269:Psychosexual development
2501:Motor vehicle emissions
2362:Concomitant conditions
2336:environmental toxicants
2079:Auxiliary nurse midwife
1840:artificial insemination
1807:Natural family planning
1528:Verny, Thomas (1981).
1386:The nature of the self.
1263:Maret, Stephen (2009),
2595:Postpartum confinement
1855:in vitro fertilisation
1485:Janus, Ludwig (1997).
1464:Fodor, Nandor (1949).
1414:Alessandra Piontelli,
1353:Fodor, Nandor (1949),
1148:The child as musician.
959:Alessandra Piontelli:
908:Alessandra Piontelli:
762:
546:
397:
2590:Postpartum depression
2471:Pruritic folliculitis
2215:Unassisted childbirth
1532:, Dell 1982 reprint:
1335:Donald W. Winnicott:
1318:Donald W. Winnicott:
1227:53, 1999, S. 158–200.
1144:Prenatal development.
1014:See Daniel N. Stern:
938:Heinz F. R. Prechtl:
921:Heinz F. R. Prechtl:
891:Heinz F. R. Prechtl:
869:21(1/2), 2009, S. 99.
760:
666:Athanasios Kafkalides
544:
395:
307:Psychology portal
209:Nature versus nurture
133:Biological milestones
2697:Gravidity and parity
2677:Congenital disorders
2636:Lactation consultant
2506:Pre-existing disease
2185:Childbirth positions
2175:Rupture of membranes
1872:Unintended pregnancy
1850:fertility medication
779:Prenatal development
704:confusing or unclear
658:hallucinogenic drugs
598:(1884–1939), one of
475:confusing or unclear
362:perinatal psychology
161:Language acquisition
2600:Sex after pregnancy
2407:Endocrine diseases
2353:Prenatal depression
2225:Placental expulsion
2143:Uterine contraction
2126:cervical effacement
1867:Fertility awareness
1724: (1943–2020),
1710: (1927–1987) (
1700: (1917–2005) (
1690: (1907–1990) (
1680: (1902–1994) (
1670: (1896–1934) (
1660: (1896–1980) (
1650: (1856–1939) (
1523:The Trauma of Birth
1521:Rank, Otto (1952).
1371:In: Lloyd deMause:
1304:Rank, Otto (1932),
1291:The Trauma of Birth
1289:Rank, Otto (1952),
1184:19, 2010, S. 45–54.
963:London 1992, S. 31.
950:London 1992, S. 32.
912:London 1992, S. 28.
806:In: Lloyd deMause:
712:clarify the section
605:The Trauma of Birth
483:clarify the section
373:psychophysiological
346:Prenatal psychology
284:Cultural-historical
2376:Hypercoagulability
2205:Natural childbirth
2054:Postterm pregnancy
1812:Male contraceptive
1504:, Authorhouse, USA
1050:Child Development.
878:Davenport Hooker:
763:
568:Gustav Hans Graber
547:
398:
199:Pre- and perinatal
2723:Child development
2705:
2704:
2690:Obstetric history
2685:
2684:
2646:Confinement nanny
2559:
2558:
2426:Acute fatty liver
2233:
2232:
2121:cervical dilation
1748:
1747:
1728: (b. 1946),
1720: (b. 1939),
1692:Attachment theory
1616:Adult development
1601:Child development
1482:, 12, S. 143–154.
1384:Francis J. Mott:
1112:W. Ernest Freud:
744:
743:
736:
515:
514:
507:
433:Motor development
343:
342:
2730:
2570:
2569:
2536:Cardiotocography
2242:
2241:
2148:Vaginal delivery
2021:Nesting instinct
1996:
1995:
1981:Rudimentary horn
1910:Prenatal testing
1775:
1768:
1761:
1752:
1751:
1568:
1561:
1554:
1545:
1544:
1461:
1456:. Archived from
1427:
1412:
1406:
1395:
1389:
1382:
1376:
1365:
1359:
1358:
1350:
1344:
1333:
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1310:
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1295:
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1260:
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1234:
1228:
1217:
1211:
1204:
1198:
1191:
1185:
1174:
1168:
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1132:
1126:
1110:
1104:
1093:
1087:
1076:
1070:
1059:
1053:
1042:
1036:
1025:
1019:
1012:
1006:
1003:Acta Paeditrica.
995:
989:
986:Acta Paeditrica.
978:Acta Paeditrica.
970:
964:
957:
951:
936:
930:
919:
913:
906:
900:
889:
883:
876:
870:
859:
853:
834:
828:
825:
819:
800:
739:
732:
728:
725:
719:
695:
694:
687:
668:(1919–1989) and
624:Donald Winnicott
577:Carl Gustav Jung
564:Donald Winnicott
510:
503:
499:
496:
490:
466:
465:
458:
439:Davenport Hooker
382:unconscious mind
335:
328:
321:
305:
304:
303:
204:Infant and child
44:
19:
18:
2738:
2737:
2733:
2732:
2731:
2729:
2728:
2727:
2708:
2707:
2706:
2701:
2681:
2650:
2614:
2585:Postpartum care
2555:
2519:
2422:Liver diseases
2416:Thyroid disease
2314:
2300:Gestational age
2271:
2229:
2195:Labor induction
2100:
2091:Perinatal nurse
2064:Birth attendant
2025:
1985:
1919:
1915:Medical imaging
1876:
1845:fertility fraud
1821:
1788:
1779:
1749:
1744:
1641:
1637:
1630:
1577:
1572:
1475:, 12, S. 95–107
1454:
1440:
1436:
1434:Further reading
1431:
1430:
1413:
1409:
1396:
1392:
1383:
1379:
1367:Lloyd DeMause:
1366:
1362:
1351:
1347:
1334:
1330:
1317:
1313:
1302:
1298:
1287:
1283:
1277:
1261:
1257:
1248:
1244:
1235:
1231:
1219:Robert Kramer:
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1205:
1201:
1192:
1188:
1175:
1171:
1158:
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996:
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886:
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860:
856:
835:
831:
826:
822:
801:
797:
792:
784:Prenatal memory
775:
740:
729:
723:
720:
709:
696:
692:
589:Françoise Dolto
585:Bela Grunberger
573:Sandor Ferenczi
560:Francis J. Mott
539:
527:W. Ernest Freud
511:
500:
494:
491:
480:
467:
463:
456:
435:
427:neuroplasticity
418:
390:
339:
301:
299:
246:
101:
85:
74:
34:and development
33:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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2638:
2633:
2631:Health visitor
2628:
2622:
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2613:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2576:
2574:
2567:
2561:
2560:
2557:
2556:
2554:
2553:
2548:
2546:Nonstress test
2543:
2538:
2533:
2527:
2525:
2521:
2520:
2518:
2517:
2516:
2515:
2514:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2480:
2479:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2462:Skin diseases
2460:
2459:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2435:
2434:
2433:
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2420:
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2259:
2254:
2252:Amniotic fluid
2248:
2246:
2239:
2235:
2234:
2231:
2230:
2228:
2227:
2222:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2200:Multiple birth
2197:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2171:
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2145:
2140:
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2050:
2049:
2039:
2033:
2031:
2027:
2026:
2024:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2006:Bradley method
2002:
2000:
1993:
1987:
1986:
1984:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1927:
1925:
1921:
1920:
1918:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1906:
1905:
1898:Pregnancy test
1895:
1890:
1884:
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1737:
1715:
1705:
1698:Bronfenbrenner
1695:
1685:
1675:
1665:
1655:
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1642:
1635:
1632:
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1629:
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1542:
1541:
1526:
1519:
1512:
1505:
1498:
1483:
1476:
1469:
1462:
1460:on 2002-10-20.
1452:
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1407:
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1360:
1345:
1328:
1311:
1296:
1281:
1275:
1255:
1242:
1229:
1212:
1206:Ludwig Janus:
1199:
1193:Ludwig Janus:
1186:
1169:
1152:
1127:
1105:
1088:
1078:P. G. Hepper:
1071:
1054:
1037:
1020:
1007:
997:P. G. Hepper:
990:
972:P. G. Hepper:
965:
952:
931:
914:
901:
884:
871:
854:
829:
820:
794:
793:
791:
788:
787:
786:
781:
774:
771:
742:
741:
724:September 2021
699:
697:
690:
670:Stanislav Grof
618:psychoanalysis
538:
535:
513:
512:
495:September 2021
470:
468:
461:
455:
452:
434:
431:
417:
414:
389:
386:
354:psychoanalysis
341:
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51:
50:
46:
45:
37:
36:
28:
27:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2735:
2724:
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2719:
2716:
2715:
2713:
2698:
2695:
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2692:
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2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2659:
2657:
2653:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2641:Monthly nurse
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2623:
2621:
2617:
2611:
2608:
2606:
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2601:
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2578:
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2568:
2566:
2562:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2531:Amniocentesis
2529:
2528:
2526:
2522:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2491:Vaginal flora
2489:
2487:
2484:
2483:
2481:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2463:
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2406:
2402:
2399:
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2394:
2392:
2389:
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2381:Substance use
2379:
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2364:
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2354:
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2325:
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2321:
2317:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2295:Fundal height
2293:
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2288:
2286:
2283:
2282:
2280:
2278:
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2119:
2118:
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2110:
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2097:
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2077:
2076:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2048:
2047:Preterm birth
2045:
2044:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2034:
2032:
2028:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2011:Hypnobirthing
2009:
2007:
2004:
2003:
2001:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1988:
1982:
1979:
1977:
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1969:
1967:
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1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1904:
1901:
1900:
1899:
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1894:
1891:
1889:
1888:3D ultrasound
1886:
1885:
1883:
1879:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
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1856:
1853:
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1833:
1832:
1830:
1828:
1824:
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1813:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1802:Birth control
1800:
1799:
1797:
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1669:
1666:
1663:
1659:
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1653:
1649:
1646:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1636:Theorists and
1633:
1627:
1624:
1622:
1619:
1617:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1597:
1594:
1592:
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1586:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1569:
1564:
1562:
1557:
1555:
1550:
1549:
1546:
1539:
1538:0-440-50565-8
1535:
1531:
1527:
1524:
1520:
1518:, London 1992
1517:
1513:
1510:
1506:
1503:
1499:
1496:
1495:1-56821-853-2
1492:
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1470:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1453:0-940508-01-X
1449:
1445:
1444:
1438:
1437:
1425:
1424:Twin Research
1421:
1417:
1411:
1404:
1403:0-940508-01-X
1400:
1394:
1387:
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1307:
1300:
1292:
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1276:9780578089980
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1131:
1124:
1123:3-9805317-4-0
1120:
1116:
1115:Schädigungen.
1109:
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768:
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755:
753:
752:psychohistory
749:
748:Lloyd deMause
738:
735:
727:
717:
716:the talk page
713:
707:
705:
700:This section
698:
689:
688:
685:
683:
679:
678:Wilhelm Reich
675:
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663:
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646:
643:
638:
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632:
627:
625:
621:
619:
615:
611:
607:
606:
601:
600:Sigmund Freud
597:
592:
590:
586:
582:
581:Melanie Klein
578:
574:
569:
565:
561:
557:
553:
543:
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509:
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487:the talk page
484:
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471:This section
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369:psychological
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141:Fertilization
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2371:Hypertension
2358:Immunization
2341:in pregnancy
2257:Amniotic sac
2210:Silent birth
2153:Presentation
2116:Bishop score
2086:Obstetrician
1976:Interstitial
1903:home testing
1590:
1529:
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1465:
1458:the original
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766:
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730:
721:
710:Please help
701:
647:
639:
635:Nandor Fodor
630:
629:In his book
628:
622:
609:
603:
593:
591:and others.
556:Nandor Fodor
548:
531:
524:
520:
516:
501:
492:
481:Please help
472:
448:
443:motor skills
436:
419:
399:
366:
361:
345:
344:
289:Evolutionary
264:Psychosocial
198:
115:Middle adult
32:Human growth
2667:Apgar score
2451:Hepatitis C
2437:Infections
2277:Development
2262:Endometrium
2220:Water birth
2138:Bloody show
2069:Men's roles
1999:Preparation
1951:Heterotopic
1611:Young adult
1249:Otto Rank:
1236:Otto Rank:
224:Young adult
110:Young adult
2712:Categories
2672:Child care
2565:Postpartum
2524:Procedures
2476:Dermatoses
2332:Nutrition
2190:Home birth
2112:Pelvimetry
1991:Childbirth
1971:Unintended
1827:Conception
1786:childbirth
790:References
706:to readers
682:Rebirthing
662:Frank Lake
656:and other
477:to readers
259:Ecological
254:Attachment
214:Adolescent
151:Childbirth
99:Adolescent
2180:Caesarean
1946:Abdominal
1782:Pregnancy
1730:Demetriou
1591:Antenatal
608:(German:
596:Otto Rank
552:Otto Rank
423:apoptosis
279:Cognitive
171:Menopause
146:Pregnancy
120:Old adult
2573:Maternal
2551:Abortion
2496:Bleeding
2446:COVID-19
2411:Diabetes
2396:Cannabis
2346:prenatal
2267:Placenta
2238:Prenatal
2168:shoulder
2163:cephalic
2131:position
2105:Delivery
1966:Postterm
1931:Cervical
1794:Planning
1708:Kohlberg
1668:Vygotsky
1639:theories
1626:Maturity
1165:Science.
773:See also
642:placenta
614:neuroses
594:In 1924
421:death" (
378:memories
234:Maturity
24:a series
22:Part of
2482:Others
2456:Malaria
2401:Opioids
2391:Alcohol
2386:Smoking
2245:Anatomy
2074:Midwife
2042:Newborn
1961:Ovarian
1941:Ectopic
1936:Cryptic
1881:Testing
1722:Fischer
1718:Commons
1678:Erikson
1225:Psyche.
702:may be
473:may be
166:Puberty
156:Walking
83:Toddler
2655:Infant
2580:Lochia
2366:Anemia
2285:Embryo
2158:breech
2037:Mother
2016:Lamaze
1688:Bowlby
1658:Piaget
1536:
1493:
1450:
1401:
1273:
1121:
652:using
406:embryo
176:Ageing
78:Infant
67:Embryo
62:Zygote
57:Gamete
49:Stages
2626:Doula
2619:Roles
2511:Sleep
2486:Drugs
2466:Lupus
2290:Fetus
2059:Doula
2030:Roles
1956:Molar
1924:Types
1726:Kegan
1648:Freud
1511:, TRP
410:fetus
402:brain
358:birth
274:Moral
229:Adult
219:Youth
181:Death
125:Dying
89:Child
72:Fetus
2320:Care
1784:and
1534:ISBN
1491:ISBN
1448:ISBN
1399:ISBN
1339:In:
1322:In:
1271:ISBN
1223:In:
1180:In:
1163:In:
1138:In:
1119:ISBN
1099:In:
1082:In:
1065:In:
1048:In:
1031:In:
1001:In:
984:In:
976:In:
865:In:
840:In:
371:and
2441:HIV
654:LSD
2714::
2114:/
1422:,
664:,
587:,
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558:,
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334:e
327:t
320:v
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