Fall of the Berlin Wall

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demolition. Unofficially, the demolition of the Bornholmer Straße crossing began because of construction work on the railway. This involved a total of 300 GDR border guards and—after 3 October 1990—600 Pioneers of the Bundeswehr. These were equipped with 175 trucks, 65 cranes, 55 excavators and 13 bulldozers. Virtually every road that was severed by the Berlin Wall, every road that once linked from West Berlin to East Berlin, was reconstructed and reopened by 1 August 1990. In Berlin alone, 184 km (114 mi) of wall, 154 km (96 mi) border fence, 144 km (89 mi) signal systems and 87 km (54 mi) barrier ditches were removed. What remained were six sections that were to be preserved as a memorial. Various military units dismantled the Berlin/Brandenburg border wall, completing the job in November 1991. Painted wall segments with artistically valuable motifs were put up for auction in 1990 in

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requirements for those trips. To ease the difficulties, the Krenz-led Politburo decided on 9 November refugees could exit directly through crossing points between East Germany and West Germany, including between East and West Berlin. Later the same day, the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private, round-trip, travel. The new regulations would take effect the next day.

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to East Germany—in effect, revoking their citizenship. However, this still left thousands of people demanding to be let through "as Schabowski said we can". It soon became clear that no one among the East German authorities would take personal responsibility for issuing orders to use lethal force, so the vastly outnumbered soldiers had no way to hold back the huge crowd of East German citizens.

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immediately open the gates. The surprised and overwhelmed guards made many hectic telephone calls to their superiors about the problem. At first, they were ordered to find the "more aggressive" people gathered at the gates and stamp their passports with a special stamp that barred them from returning

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for prayer since 1982. Over the next seven years the church's congregation grew, despite authorities' barricading the adjacent streets, and peaceful candlelit marches took place following its services. The secret police issued death threats and even attacked some of the marchers, but the crowds still

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duly elected him. Although Krenz promised reforms in his first public speech, he was considered by the East German public to be following his predecessor's policies, and public protests demanding his resignation continued. Despite promises of reform, public opposition to the regime continued to grow.

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The emigration was initially tolerated because of long-standing agreements with the communist Czechoslovak government, allowing free travel across their common border. However, this movement of people grew so large it caused difficulties for both countries. In addition, East Germany was struggling to

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On 9 November 2009, Berlin celebrated the 20th anniversary of the fall of the Berlin Wall with a "Festival of Freedom" with dignitaries from around the world in attendance for an evening celebration around the Brandenburg Gate. A high point was when over 1,000 colourfully designed foam domino tiles,

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Schabowski had not been involved in the discussions about the new regulations and had not been fully updated. Shortly before the press conference, he was handed a note from Krenz announcing the changes, but given no further instructions on how to handle the information. The text stipulated that East

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1) Applications by private individuals for travel abroad can now be made without the previously existing requirements (of demonstrating a need to travel or proving familial relationships). The travel authorizations will be issued within a short period of time. Grounds for denial will only be applied

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2. Die zuständigen Abteilungen Paß- und Meldewesen der VPKÄ in der DDR sind angewiesen, Visa zur ständigen Ausreise unverzüglich zu erteilen, ohne daß dafür noch geltende Voraussetzungen für eine ständige Ausreise vorliegen müssen. Die Antragstellung auf ständige Ausreise ist wie bisher auch bei den

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a) Applications by private individuals for travel abroad can now be made without the previously existing requirements (of demonstrating a need to travel or proving familial relationships). The travel authorizations will be issued within a short period of time. Grounds for denial will only be applied

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b. Die zuständigen Abteilungen Paß- und Meldewesen der VPKÄ in der DDR sind angewiesen, Visa zur ständigen Ausreise unverzüglich zu erteilen, ohne daß dafür noch geltende Voraussetzungen für eine ständige Ausreise vorliegen müssen. Die Antragstellung auf ständige Ausreise ist wie bisher auch bei den

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In the United States, the German Embassy coordinated a public diplomacy campaign with the motto "Freedom Without Walls", to commemorate the 20th anniversary of the fall of the Berlin Wall. The campaign was focused on promoting awareness of the fall of the Berlin Wall among current college students.

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In 2009, Ehrman claimed that a member of the Central Committee had called him and urged him to ask about the travel law during the press conference, but Schabowski called that absurd. Ehrman later recanted this statement in a 2014 interview with an Austrian journalist, admitting that the caller was

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asked if the draft travel law of 6 November was a mistake. Schabowski gave a confusing answer that asserted it was necessary because West Germany had exhausted its capacity to accept fleeing East Germans, then remembered the note he had been given and added that a new regulation had been drafted to

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Wie die Presseabteilung des Ministeriums des Innern mitteilt, hat der Ministerrat der DDR beschlossen, daß bis zum Inkrafttreten einer entsprechenden gesetzlichen Regelung durch die Volkskammer folgende zeitweilige Übergangsregelung für Reisen und ständige Ausreisen aus der DDR ins Ausland in Kraft

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Berlin planned a week-long arts festival from 4 to 10 November 2019 and a citywide music festival on 9 November to celebrate the 30th anniversary. On 4 November, outdoor exhibits opened at Alexanderplatz, the Brandenburg Gate, the East Side Gallery, Gethsemane Church, Kurfürstendamm, Schlossplatz,

1362:. Crowds gathered on both sides of the historic crossings waiting for hours to cheer the bulldozers that tore down portions of the Wall to reconnect the divided roads. While the Wall officially remained guarded at a decreasing intensity, new border crossings continued for some time. Initially the 2634:

Schabowski replied to Brokaw in broken English that East Germans were "not further forced to leave GDR by transit through another country", and could now "go through the border". When Brokaw asked if this meant "freedom of travel", Schabowski replied, "Yes of course", and added that it was not "a

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district of Berlin hosted a number of events to mark the 20th anniversary of the fall of the Berlin Wall. The museum held a Special Exhibition entitled "Wall Patrol – The Western Powers and the Berlin Wall 1961–1990" which focused on the daily patrols deployed by the Western powers to observe the

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bureaucrats charged with drafting the new text concluded the proposal was not feasible, and instead crafted new text relating to both emigration and temporary travel. The revised text stipulated East German citizens could apply for permission to travel abroad, without having to meet the previous

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and around the Mitte district. From there, demolition continued through Prenzlauer Berg/Gesundbrunnen, Heiligensee and throughout the city of Berlin until December 1990. According to estimates by the border troops, a total of around 1.7 million tonnes of building rubble was produced by the

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2) The responsible departments of passport and registration control in the People's Police district offices in East Germany are instructed to issue visas for permanent exit without delays and without presentation of the existing requirements for permanent exit. It is still possible to apply for

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stepped down in favor of Krenz. Honecker had been seriously ill, and those looking to replace him were initially willing to wait for a "biological solution", but by October were convinced that the political and economic situation was too grave. Honecker approved the choice, naming Krenz in his

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On 6 November, the Interior Ministry published a draft of new travel regulations, which made cosmetic changes to Honecker-era rules, leaving the approval process opaque and maintaining uncertainty regarding access to foreign currency. The draft enraged ordinary citizens, and was denounced as

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As the Press Office of the Ministry of the Interior has announced, the East German Council of Ministers has decided that the following temporary transition regulation for travel abroad and permanent exit from East Germany will be effective until a corresponding law is put into effect by the

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car rally where 20 Trabants gathered in recognition of the 20th anniversary of the fall of the Berlin Wall. Rides were raffled every half-hour and a Trabant crashed through a Berlin Wall mock up. The Trabant was the East German people's car that many used to leave DDR after the collapse.

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story characterized the series of events leading to the fall of the Wall as an accident, saying "One of the most momentous events of the past century was, in fact, an accident, a semicomical and bureaucratic mistake that owes as much to the Western media as to the tides of history."

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allow permanent emigration at any border crossing. This caused a stir in the room; amid several questions at once, Schabowski expressed surprise that the reporters had not yet seen this regulation, and started reading from the note. After this, a reporter, either Ehrman or

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continued to gather. On 9 October 1989, the police and army units were given permission to use force against those assembled, but this did not deter the church service and march from taking place, which gathered 70,000 people and in which not a single shot was fired.

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indicates that he also acted independently and ordered the opening of the gate at Waltersdorf-Rudow a couple of hours earlier. This may explain reports of East Berliners appearing in West Berlin earlier than the opening of the Bornholmer Straße border crossing.

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asked what this law meant for the Berlin Wall. Schabowski sat frozen before giving a rambling statement about the Wall being tied to the larger disarmament question. He then ended the press conference promptly at 19:00 as journalists hurried from the room.

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reporter Peter Brinkmann, both of whom were sitting in the front row at the press conference, asked when the regulations would take effect. After a few seconds' hesitation, Schabowski replied, "As far as I know, it takes effect immediately, without delay"

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criticised the first euphoria, noting that "they forgot that 9 November has already entered into history—51 years earlier it marked the Kristallnacht." As reunification was not official and complete until 3 October (1990), that day was finally chosen as

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1. Privatreisen nach dem Ausland können ohne Vorliegen von Voraussetzungen (Reiseanlässe und Verwandtschaftsverhältnisse) beantragt werden. Die Genehmigungen werden kurzfristig erteilt. Versagungsgründe werden nur in besonderen Ausnahmefällen angewandt.

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district offices in East Germany are instructed to issue visas for permanent exit without delays and presentation of the existing requirements for permanent exit. It is still possible to apply for permanent exit in the departments for internal affairs .

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a. Privatreisen nach dem Ausland können ohne Vorliegen von Voraussetzungen (Reiseanlässe und Verwandtschaftsverhältnisse) beantragt werden. Die Genehmigungen werden kurzfristig erteilt. Versagungsgründe werden nur in besonderen Ausnahmefällen angewandt.

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issued a bulletin at 19:04 which reported that East German citizens would be able to cross the inner German border "immediately". Excerpts from Schabowski's press conference were broadcast on West Germany's two main news programs that night—at 19:17 on

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A small minority still support the wall or even support rebuilding the wall back up. In 2008 a poll found that 11% of participants from the former West Berlin and 12% form the former East Berlin said it would be better if the wall was still in place.

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may have originally written "Freedom" and changed it to "Joy" out of fear. The orchestra and choir were drawn from both East and West Germany, as well as the United Kingdom, France, the Soviet Union, and the United States. On New Year's Eve 1989,

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We do not want a united Germany. This would lead to a change to postwar borders and we cannot allow that because such a development would undermine the stability of the whole international situation and could endanger our security, Thatcher told

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The press conference on 9 November 1989 by Günter Schabowski (seated on stage, second from right) and other East German officials which led to the fall of the Wall. Riccardo Ehrman is sitting on the floor of the podium with the table just behind

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waiting with flowers and champagne amid wild rejoicing. Soon afterward, a crowd of West Berliners jumped on top of the Wall and were soon joined by East German youngsters. The evening of 9 November 1989 is known as the night the Wall came down.

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German citizens could apply for permission to travel abroad without having to meet the previous requirements for those trips, and also allowed for permanent emigration between all border crossings—including those between East and West Berlin.

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on the 30th anniversary, found that 8% of Berliners supported the idea if the wall was still standing, The overwhelming majority of Berliners at 87% however supported the fall of the wall. The poll also found that 28% of the

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both opposed the fall of the Berlin Wall and the eventual reunification of Germany, fearing potential German designs on its neighbours using its increased strength. In September 1989, Margaret Thatcher privately confided to

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since the late 1950s, were far more widely viewed than the East German channels, and had become accepted by the East German authorities, this is how most of the population heard the news. Later that night, on ARD's

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Students at over 30 universities participated in "Freedom Without Walls" events in late 2009. First place winner of the Freedom Without Walls Speaking Contest Robert Cannon received a free trip to Berlin for 2010.

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4) This decision revokes the temporary practice of issuing (travel) authorizations through East German consulates and permanent exit with only an East German personal identity card via third countries ceases.

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attempted repairing the damage done by the "wallpeckers"; gradually these attempts ceased, and guards became laxer, tolerating the increasing demolitions and "unauthorized" border crossing through the holes.

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for the Pan-European Picnic: "Habsburg distributed leaflets far into Poland, on which the East German holidaymakers were invited to a picnic. When they came to the picnic, they were given gifts, food and

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4. Damit entfällt die vorübergehend ermöglichte Erteilung von entsprechenden Genehmigungen in Auslandsvertretungen der DDR bzw. die ständige Ausreise mit dem Personalausweis der DDR über Drittstaaten.

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d. Damit entfällt die vorübergehend ermöglichte Erteilung von entsprechenden Genehmigungen in Auslandsvertretungen der DDR bzw. die ständige Ausreise mit dem Personalausweis der DDR über Drittstaaten.

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transit restrictions were overwhelmed and discarded. Sections of the wall were breached, and planned deconstruction began the following June. It was one of the series of events that started the

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per day of their planned stay, all of which hindered spontaneous visits. Thus, in the weeks between 9 November and 23 December, East Germans could actually travel more freely than Westerners.

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went to the Prague embassy to personally inform the thousands of refugees that they were allowed to leave for West Germany. His speech from the embassy's balcony, which included the line,

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d) The temporary practice of issuing (travel) authorizations through East German consulates and permanent exit with only an East German personal identity card via third countries ceases.

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1) Die Verordnung vom 30. November 1988 über Reisen von Bürgern der DDR in das Ausland (GBl. I Nr. 25 S. 271) findet bis zur Inkraftsetzung des neuen Reisegesetzes keine Anwendung mehr.

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The Berlin Wall was made up of two walls instead of one. Both walls were 4 metres tall, had a length of 155 kilometres and were separated by a mine corridor called the 'death strip.'

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each over 8 feet (2.4 m) tall, that were stacked along the former route of the Wall in the city center were toppled in stages, converging in front of the Brandenburg Gate.

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proclaimed, "This 9 November is a historic day. The GDR has announced that, starting immediately, its borders are open to everyone. The gates in the Wall stand open wide."

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enacted a portion of the draft travel regulations addressing permanent emigration immediately. Initially, the Politburo planned to create a special border crossing near

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Thomas Roser: DDR-Massenflucht: Ein Picknick hebt die Welt aus den Angeln (German – Mass exodus of the GDR: A picnic clears the world) in: Die Presse 16 August 2018.

2930: 1492: 2424:""Schabowskis Zettel": Zeitweilige Übergangsregelung des DDR-Ministerrates für Reisen und ständige Ausreise aus der DDR, 9. November 1989 | Chronik der Mauer" 2561: 4597: 573:("We came to you, to let you know that today, your departure...") was met with loud cheers and jubilations. The next day, the first of the embassy refugees left 2995: 45:, before this section was torn down on December 9 1989 in the hours before the West German leader walked through the Gate to greet his East German counterpart 8871: 8652: 6164: 1423:

border controls ceased, although the inter-German border had become meaningless for some time before that. The demolition of the Wall was completed in 1994.

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1. The decree from 30 November 1988 about travel abroad of East German citizens will no longer be applied until the new travel law comes into force.

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to decide when it took effect, Schabowski proceeded to read this clause, which stated it was in effect until a law on the matter was passed by the

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2. Starting immediately, the following temporary transition regulations for travel abroad and permanent exits from East Germany are in effect:

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Television coverage of citizens demolishing sections of the Wall on 9 November was soon followed by the East German regime announcing ten new

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in which he repeated that East Germans would be able to emigrate through the border and the regulations would go into effect immediately.

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It was heavily guarded and included 302 watchtowers; its guards had authorisation to shoot anyone who attempted to escape to West Berlin.

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it was 13%. A September 2009 poll found 15% of Germans supported a wall, while in the west it was 16% and in the east it was at 10%.

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2) Ab sofort treten folgende zeitweilige Übergangsregelungen für Reisen und ständige Ausreisen aus der DDR in das Ausland in Kraft:

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Removal of the Wall began on the evening of 9 November 1989 and continued over the following days and weeks, with people nicknamed

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Otmar Lahodynsky "Eiserner Vorhang: Picknick an der Grenze" (Iron curtain: picnic at the border – German), in Profil 13 June 2019.

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would make a suitable German national holiday, often initiated by former members of political opposition in East Germany, such as

1248: 9062: 6815: 5459: 3682: 1114: 901: 8297: 8847: 8599: 7676: 7613: 7308: 5580: 3573: 2699: 1232: 1012:). This was an apparent assumption based on the note's opening paragraph; as Beil attempted to interject that it was up to the 957:, the party leader in East Berlin and the top government spokesman, beginning at 18:00 CET on 9 November and broadcast live on 563: 944: 8926: 8813: 8389: 8221: 8201: 8176: 8078: 8023: 7303: 5238: 4925: 4903: 3866: 3822: 2162: 1164: 1126: 6326: 2645: 8785: 8241: 8231: 6145: 6070: 5730: 5330: 1013: 4014: 2913: 1551:

After the fall of the Berlin Wall, François Mitterrand warned Thatcher that a unified Germany could make more ground than

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3) Über die zeitweiligen Übergangsregelungen ist die beigefügte Pressemitteilung am 10. November 1989 zu veröffentlichen.

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and two-thirds of the Politburo; however, Krenz was unanimously re-elected as General Secretary by the Central Committee.

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A November 2009 poll found that 12% of Germans said the wall should be rebuilt. The poll also found that in the former

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perform songs dedicated to and about the Berlin Wall. U2 performed at the Brandenburg Gate, and Tokio Hotel performed "

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The announcement of the regulations which brought down the Wall took place at an hour-long press conference led by

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A Berlin Twitter Wall was set up to allow Twitter users to post messages commemorating the 20th anniversary. The

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Zur Veränderung der Situation der ständigen Ausreise von DDR-Bürgern nach der BRD über die CSSR wird festgelegt:

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An East German guard (with cap) talks to a Westerner through a broken seam in the Wall in late November 1989.

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3. Ständige Ausreisen können über alle Grenzübergangsstellen der DDR zur BRD bzw. zu Berlin (West) erfolgen.

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c. Ständige Ausreisen können über alle Grenzübergangsstellen der DDR zur BRD bzw. zu Berlin (West) erfolgen.

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3. The attached press release explaining the temporary transition regulation will be issued on 10 November.

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This is the publisher's catalogue entry for a DVD of Bernstein's Christmas 1989 "Ode to Freedom" concert.

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quickly shut down access to the Twitter Wall after internet users in China began using it to protest the

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3) Permanent exits are possible via all East German border crossings to West Germany and (West) Berlin.

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c) Permanent exits are possible via all East German border crossings to West Germany and (West) Berlin.

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To change the situation with regard to the permanent exit of East German citizens to West Germany via

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officer. After rising rapidly through the ranks he had recently been promoted to a position with the

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on 19 August 1989 set in motion a peaceful chain reaction, at the end of which there was no longer an

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found 35% of Berliners thought the construction of the Wall was not so wrong with supporters of the

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On 13 June 1990, the East German Border Troops officially began dismantling the Wall, beginning in

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to an opening of the border, tens of thousands of media-informed East Germans set off for Hungary.

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To commemorate the 20th anniversary of the fall of the Berlin Wall, the 3D online virtual world

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On 9 November 1999, the 10th anniversary was observed with a concert and fireworks at the vid

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as head of the department responsible for issuing passports and the registration of citizens.

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West Germans peer at East German border guards through a hole in the Wall on 5 January 1990.

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Andreas Rödder, Deutschland einig Vaterland – Die Geschichte der Wiedervereinigung (2009).

1993: 1355: 954: 8: 8969: 8948: 8942: 8379: 8354: 8150: 8135: 7734: 7474: 7255: 7170: 7165: 7065: 6928: 6725: 6609: 6524: 6412: 6265: 6260: 6240: 6225: 6135: 6130: 6035: 5968: 5958: 5870: 5865: 5855: 5755: 5695: 5668: 5494: 5479: 5449: 5427: 5213: 5203: 4930: 4853: 4823: 4807: 3889: 3477:"The Wall in the World 2009 – 20th anniversary of the Fall of the Wall – Goethe-Institut" 3300: 3000: 2842: 2054:(Pan-European picnic: the dress rehearsal for the fall of the Berlin Wall – German), in: 1885: 1199: 1163:

After hearing the 9 November broadcast, East Germans began gathering at the Wall, at the

1033: 515: 501: 448: 432: 110: 28: 7865: 6110: 6023: 4114: 2752:"The Guard Who Opened the Berlin Wall: 'I Gave my People the Order – Raise the Barrier'" 1379:

in the Berlin Wall was opened on 22 December 1989; on that date, West German Chancellor

1147: 1020:. Crucially, a journalist then asked if the regulation also applied to the crossings to 8979: 8862: 8322: 8211: 8206: 8196: 8191: 7409: 7205: 7190: 7115: 7095: 7090: 7075: 6922: 6670: 6422: 6306: 6060: 5963: 5948: 5860: 5850: 5825: 5820: 5585: 5539: 5454: 5439: 5382: 5198: 5121: 4997: 4888: 4878: 4485: 4019: 3368: 3257: 2784: 1960: 1796: 1681: 1223: 1173: 359: 339: 215: 161: 7681: 7105: 6934: 4039: 1896:

was presented to the Museum by David Guerra, Berlin veteran and webmaster of the site

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to unsuccessfully ask West Germany for a short-term loan to make interest payments.

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Following the summer of 1989, by early November refugees were finding their way to

251: 42: 4124: 1857:, in a demonstration marking the 20th anniversary of the fall of the Berlin Wall. 1310: 8857: 8818: 8679: 8515: 8505: 8364: 8272: 7593: 7568: 7545: 7404: 7260: 7250: 7235: 7215: 7200: 7175: 7120: 6885: 6853: 6745: 6705: 6467: 6462: 6402: 6343: 6075: 5953: 5780: 5745: 5653: 5648: 5372: 5266: 4940: 4873: 4863: 4828: 4784: 4771: 4723: 4335: 4295: 4202: 4197: 4187: 4044: 3812: 3726: 3548:"Washington, D.C., Spy Museum Hosts a Parade of ... Communist-Era Trabants?" 2935: 2589:"Schabowskis legendärer Auftritt: Das folgenreichste Versehen der DDR-Geschichte" 2534: 1956: 1877: 1712: 1653: 1499: 1351: 1309:

Another border crossing to the south may have been opened earlier. An account by

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A Berlin Wall segment in Los Angeles at 5900 Wilshire Boulevard. 43 second video

1190: 1024:. Schabowski shrugged and read item 3 of the note, which confirmed that it did. 484: 8999: 8994: 8540: 8444: 7960: 7940: 7719: 7500: 7230: 7155: 7145: 7140: 7000: 6740: 6529: 6452: 6180: 6085: 5835: 5775: 5407: 5325: 5228: 5188: 5158: 5058: 5013: 4415: 4327: 4279: 4192: 4119: 4094: 3924: 3476: 3272: 2756: 2703: 2154: 1897: 1800: 1780: 730: 696: 683: 571:"Wir sind zu Ihnen gekommen, um Ihnen mitzuteilen, dass heute Ihre Ausreise..." 539: 489: 3255:

Wiesel, Elie (17 November 1989). "Op-Ed in response to the fall of the wall".

2837:"East Germans may have arrived in West Berlin hours before previously thought" 2503: 2210: 2178: 1474:

Almost all of the remaining sections were rapidly chipped away. December 1990.

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Over the years, there has been a repeated controversial debate as to whether

1677: 1635:" while standing atop the partly demolished Wall in front of 200 000 people. 1416: 1388: 1143: 711: 548: 171: 3453:. Embassy of the Federal Republic of Germany, Washington, DC. Archived from 2872: 2729: 1010:

Das tritt nach meiner Kenntnis ... ist das sofort ... unverzüglich

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b) The responsible departments of passport and registration control in the

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question of tourism", but "a permission of leaving GDR". Sarotte, p. 129.

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reconstructed a true-to-scale section of the Wall in virtual Berlin. The

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Responsible: Government spokesman of East Germany; Council of Ministers

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Ludwig Greven "Und dann ging das Tor auf", in Die Zeit, 19 August 2014.

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walked through the gate and was greeted by East German Prime Minister

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in Leipzig has become a famous symbol of the reunification of Germany.

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Miklós Németh in Interview, Austrian TV – ORF "Report", 25 June 2019.

1850: 3683:"How Berlin is marking the 30th anniversary of the fall of the Wall" 1589:

gave a concert in Berlin celebrating the end of the Wall, including

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had disintegrated. After the picnic, which was based on an idea by

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Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union

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that she wanted the Soviet leader to do what he could to stop it.

8808: 8767: 7827: 6805: 6690: 6680: 6629: 6170: 4915: 3502: 3169:"Roger Waters Reclaimed a Legacy With 'The Wall: Live in Berlin'" 2511: 2346: 2105:"Genscher-Rede in Prag: Dieser Satz leitete das Ende der DDR ein" 1865: 1819: 1117:, and he only asked if Ehrman would attend the press conference. 1041:

After the press conference, Schabowski sat for an interview with

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On 1 November, Krenz authorized the reopening of the border with

578: 325: 3654:"Thirty Years After Fall of Berlin Wall, a Citywide Celebration" 2301: 1189:

Finally, at 22:45 (alternatively given as 23:30) on 9 November,

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On 7 November, Krenz approved the resignation of Prime Minister

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Celebration at the border crossing in the Schlutup district of

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situation along the Berlin Wall and the fortifications on the

1555:

ever had and that Europe would have to bear the consequences.

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American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation

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Verantwortlich: Regierungssprecher beim Ministerrat der DDR

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Historical event involving the destruction of the Berlin Wall

3323: 2896: 2894: 2892: 2890: 2619:"Did Brinkmannship Fell Berlin's Wall? Brinkmann Says It Did 2568:(in German). Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung. 7 November 2014 2486:"Did Brinkmannship Fell Berlin's Wall? Brinkmann Says It Did 2470:"How it went down: The little accident that toppled history" 2052:

Paneuropäisches Picknick: Die Generalprobe für den Mauerfall

1426:

The fall of the Wall marked the first critical step towards

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Anti-communist insurgencies in Central and Eastern Europe

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Gledhill, Ruth; de Bruxelles, Simon (10 September 2009).

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Gledhill, Ruth; de Bruxelles, Simon (11 September 2009).

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permanent exit in the departments for internal affairs .

2504:"Pressekonferenz DDR-Reiseregelung [09.11.1989]" 3814:

The Collapse: The Accidental Opening of the Berlin Wall

3627:"American Commemorative Stamps Presented to the Museum" 2996:"Was Margaret Thatcher right to fear a united Germany?" 2562:"Schabowskis Ehefrau: 'Mein Mann wusste, was er sagte'" 1828: 2599: 1779:. Wreaths were placed for victims shot down when they 1350:, including the historically significant locations of 1065:

The news began spreading immediately: the West German

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to draft a new travel policy. Lauter was a former

673: 3574:"East Germans abandon their Trabant cars in Prague" 3115:"Ode To Freedom – Beethoven: Symphony No. 9 (NTSC)" 2048:

Die Berliner Mauer begann im Burgenland zu bröckeln

939: 2994: 2835: 2530:"Berlin Wall: Was the Fall Engineered by the GDR?" 2146: 1909:and the former Stasi headquarters in Lichtenberg. 1120: 488:This section of the Wall's "death strip" featured 3229:"Debatte: Thierse fordert neuen Nationalfeiertag" 2920: 2510:from the original on 7 November 2021 – via 2140: 2138: 2136: 2134: 2132: 2130: 2128: 2126: 1888:. A sheet of "Americans in Berlin" Commemorative 1563: 1415:On 1 July 1990, the day East Germany adopted the 435:, marked the beginning of the destruction of the 41:Germans stand on top of the Wall in front of the 9024: 7299:List of Eastern Bloc agents in the United States 3629:. Allied Museum, Berlin, Germany. Archived from 3602:. Allied Museum, Berlin, Germany. Archived from 3525:"Palestinians break Israel's wall – Middle East" 3293: 3192: 2715: 2713: 2394: 1903: 1786: 1752: 988:At 18:53, near the end of the press conference, 7589:Predictions of the collapse of the Soviet Union 5736:North Yemen-South Yemen Border conflict of 1972 5143:On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences 3195:"Soll der 9. November Nationalfeiertag werden?" 2833: 2399:. München, Berlin, Zürich: Piper. p. 570. 8370:Removal of Hungary's border fence with Austria 2916:. 22 December 1989 – via news.bbc.co.uk. 2867: 2865: 2149:Revolution 1989: The Fall of the Soviet Empire 2123: 506:Removal of Hungary's border fence with Austria 479: 8593: 7459: 4632: 3860: 3624: 3597: 3424:"German Missions in the United States – Home" 3193:Kellerhof, Sven Felix; Posener, Alan (2007). 2820:. 9 November 1989 – via news.bbc.co.uk. 2710: 2464: 2462: 2460: 2458: 2388: 379: 7375:Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War 4926:Incapacitation of the Allied Control Council 2988: 2986: 2693: 2691: 2689: 2687: 2685: 1988: 1986: 1984: 1982: 1980: 1978: 1976: 1615: 1605: 1338: 1165:six checkpoints between East and West Berlin 886:Abteilungen Innere Angelegenheiten möglich. 804:Abteilungen Innere Angelegenheiten möglich. 741:"Home Office" / "Department of the Interior" 459:took place shortly afterward. An end to the 6236:1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre 2862: 1519: 1458:A crane removes a section of the Wall near 756:specifically for this emigration. However, 635:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 8600: 8586: 7466: 7452: 7339:United States involvement in regime change 4894:1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine 4639: 4625: 3867: 3853: 3372:. Toronto. 26 October 2009. Archived from 2931:"Untangling 5 myths about the Berlin Wall" 2455: 585:meet loan payments on foreign borrowings; 471:took place in October the following year. 386: 372: 35: 2983: 2719: 2682: 2586: 2323: 2144: 1973: 1158: 655:Learn how and when to remove this message 596: 8744:Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia 3571: 2527: 2418: 2416: 1572:performed the song "Chippin' Away" from 1514:Souvenir chunk of concrete from the Wall 1321: 1254:Juggling on the Wall on 16 November 1989 1130: 1056: 943: 483: 7994:Beijing Students' Autonomous Federation 7473: 5465:Transition to the New Order (Indonesia) 3810: 3448: 3326:(in German). Kulturprojekte Berlin GmbH 3321: 3226: 2992: 2977: 2900: 2804: 2605: 2439: 2437: 2382: 2367: 2287: 2275: 2263: 1656:on 21 July 1990, with guests including 1370: 1150:regularly met with his congregation at 9025: 8848:Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia 7677:Socialism with Chinese characteristics 7614:Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia 7309:Russian espionage in the United States 5581:Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia 3811:Sarotte, Mary Elise (7 October 2014). 3680: 3254: 3166: 2468:Sarotte, Mary Elise (1 November 2009) 2212:Günter Schabowski: Honeckers Absetzung 1783:, and politicians delivered speeches. 1394: 1203:swarmed through, they were greeted by 1113:, head of the East German news agency 8814:1949 East German State Railway strike 8786:World Federation of Democratic Youth 8581: 8024:Initiative for Peace and Human Rights 7447: 7304:Soviet espionage in the United States 5460:Indonesian mass killings of 1965–1966 5239:Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution 4904:1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight 4620: 4055:Tränenpalast, Friedrichstraße station 3920:Eastern Bloc emigration and defection 3848: 3676: 3674: 3527:. Al Jazeera English. 9 November 2009 3294:William Drozdiak (10 November 1999). 3273:"Berlin anniversary ends with a bang" 3109: 2993:Roberts, Andrew (13 September 2009). 2951: 2829: 2827: 2722:"How prayers helped end the Cold War" 2697: 2646:"Brokaw reports from the Berlin Wall" 2528:Kirchner, Stephanie (19 April 2009). 2498: 2496: 2494: 2413: 1925:support was at 12% and in the former 1127:Monday demonstrations in East Germany 414: 8685:Soviet response to the Marshall Plan 7380:Soviet Union–United States relations 5731:1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China 3545: 3007:from the original on 12 January 2022 2850:from the original on 12 January 2022 2818:"1989: The night the Wall came down" 2778: 2434: 2223:from the original on 7 November 2021 2191:from the original on 7 November 2021 1498:Short section of the Berlin Wall at 1281:The fall of the Wall (November 1989) 633:adding citations to reliable sources 600: 7344:Soviet involvement in regime change 3119:Naxos.com Classical Music Catalogue 2834:McElroy, Damien (7 November 2009). 2720:Crutchley, Peter (9 October 2015). 2587:Hemmerich, Lisa (9 November 2009). 2397:Deutsche Geschichte in 100 Objekten 916:in particularly exceptional cases. 830:in particularly exceptional cases. 514:between Austria and Hungary at the 13: 8907:Sovietization of the Baltic states 7385:Soviet Union–United States summits 4859:1947 Polish parliamentary election 4744:Guerrilla war in the Baltic states 3681:Loxton, Rachel (4 November 2019). 3671: 3364:"Mr. Hu, tear down this firewall!" 3227:Aberger, Jörg (7 September 2004). 2824: 2698:Welle, Deutsche (7 January 2009). 2491: 2076: 1582:in front of the Brandenburg Gate. 1184: 1146:in East Germany, Christian pastor 1090:. As ARD and ZDF had broadcast to 1052: 725:New East German immigration policy 14: 9074: 8778:World Federation of Trade Unions 7521:Eastern Bloc media and propaganda 7506:Criticism of communist party rule 6146:Lord's Resistance Army insurgency 6081:United States invasion of Grenada 5351:Guinea-Bissau War of Independence 5292:Expulsion of Soviets from Albania 4470:The Spy Who Came in from the Cold 4288:The Spy Who Came In from the Cold 3832: 3651: 3572:Tomforde, Anna (7 October 1989). 3408:. 6 November 2009. Archived from 2914:"1989: Brandenburg Gate re-opens" 2781:"It was the best and worst night" 2617:Walker, Marcus (21 October 2009) 2484:Walker, Marcus (21 October 2009) 2299: 1195:Bornholmer Straße border crossing 674:Political changes in East Germany 247:Bombing of Berlin in World War II 8995:January 1991 events in Lithuania 8653:Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina 8607: 8567:Human rights in the Soviet Union 7526:Emigration from the Eastern Bloc 6221:United States invasion of Panama 6071:1982 Ethiopian–Somali Border War 5711:1971 Turkish military memorandum 5674:Communist insurgency in Thailand 5644:Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty 5576:Communist insurgency in Malaysia 5403:Assassination of John F. Kennedy 5331:Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation 4849:Restatement of Policy on Germany 4494:Am kürzeren Ende der Sonnenallee 3948: 3546:Berk, Brett (10 November 2016). 2335:Meine Geschichte: Gerhard Lauter 2331:"Der Ghostwriter des Mauerfalls" 1810:An international project called 1507: 1491: 1479: 1467: 1451: 1439: 1286: 1274: 1259: 1247: 1231: 1215: 940:Misinformed public announcements 768: 680:Socialist Unity Party of Germany 605: 142: 9038:1989 in international relations 8719:Czechoslovak Socialist Republic 8475:Dissolution of the Soviet Union 8405:Fall of the inner German border 6941:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty 6322:Dissolution of the Soviet Union 6251:Fall of the inner German border 6151:1988 Black Sea bumping incident 5801:Strategic Arms Limitation Talks 5791:Spanish transition to democracy 5751:1972–1975 Bangladesh insurgency 5378:Communist insurgency in Sarawak 4884:Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948 4765:Occupation of the Baltic states 3874: 3804: 3790: 3780: 3770: 3760: 3750: 3740: 3730: 3720: 3710: 3700: 3645: 3618: 3591: 3565: 3539: 3517: 3501:. Twinity. 2009. 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The poet 687:resignation speech, and the 678:On 18 October 1989, longtime 591:Alexander Schalck-Golodkowski 560:West German embassy in Prague 474: 8985:Collapse of the Soviet Union 8975:Fall of communism in Albania 8395:Alexanderplatz demonstration 8360:Polish Round Table Agreement 8034:People's Movement of Ukraine 6312:Fall of communism in Albania 6282:Mongolian Revolution of 1990 6231:Polish Round Table Agreement 5571:1968 Polish political crisis 5388:Eritrean War of Independence 5154:Hungarian Revolution of 1956 5049:East German uprising of 1953 4981:Chinese Communist Revolution 4646: 4583:List of Berlin Wall segments 3499:"The Berlin Wall in Twinity" 2475:. Retrieved 2 November 2009. 701:Alexanderplatz demonstration 530:to test the reaction of the 209:Assassination of Talat Pasha 7: 8960:End of communism in Hungary 8729:Hungarian People's Republic 8440:January Events in Lithuania 8375:Hungarian Round Table Talks 8014:Democratic Party of Albania 6186:Korean Air Lines Flight 007 5914:Korean Air Lines Flight 902 5659:Corrective Movement (Syria) 5623:New People's Army rebellion 5618:Sino-Soviet border conflict 5346:Angolan War of Independence 5209:Second Taiwan Strait Crisis 5089:1954 Guatemalan coup d'état 4734:Jamaican political conflict 4165:Christel and Eckhard Wehage 3967:Gedenkstätte Berliner Mauer 3148:. BBC News. 6 February 2004 1932:A 2010 poll from Emnid for 1530:and British Prime Minister 758:Interior Ministry officials 729:On 19 October, Krenz asked 480:Opening of the Iron Curtain 326:Federal Republic of Germany 10: 9079: 8724:German Democratic Republic 8094:Hungarian Democratic Forum 8089:Alliance of Free Democrats 8079:Union of Democratic Forces 6382:Sino-Indian border dispute 6211:First Nagorno-Karabakh War 6141:1987–1989 JVP insurrection 5899:1976 Argentine coup d'état 5811:Turkish invasion of Cyprus 5761:1973 Uruguayan coup d'état 5445:1964 Brazilian coup d'état 5413:Cyprus crisis of 1963–1964 5102:First Taiwan Strait Crisis 4869:Asian Relations Conference 4561:The Day the Wall Came Down 3296:"Ten Years After the Fall" 2488:" The Wall Street Journal. 2243:"Communism – East Germany" 2145:Sebestyen, Victor (2009). 1912: 1773:performed their 1990 song 1124: 1092:nearly all of East Germany 499: 453:Central and Eastern Europe 152:Margraviate of Brandenburg 8935: 8912:Information dissemination 8889: 8839:1956 Hungarian Revolution 8829:1953 East German uprising 8797: 8755: 8698: 8635: 8615: 8559: 8493: 8455:1991 protests in Belgrade 8335: 8260: 8169: 8111: 8102: 7984: 7846: 7793: 7690: 7622: 7559: 7481: 7418: 7367: 7289: 7266:William Appleman Williams 7211:Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr. 6993: 6965: 6914: 6846: 6839: 6773: 6638: 6563: 6493: 6486: 6395: 6342: 6274: 5987: 5726:Bangladesh Liberation War 5716:1971 Sudanese coup d'état 5631: 5603:1969 Sudanese coup d'état 5591:1968 Peruvian coup d'état 5254: 5029:Arab Cold War (1952–1979) 5006: 4716: 4654: 4575: 4544: 4512: 4461: 4426: 4253: 4246: 4221: 4173: 4063: 4005: 3982:Checkpoint Charlie Museum 3957: 3946: 3882: 2395:Schäfer, Hermann (2015). 1855:Israeli West Bank barrier 1853:pulled down parts of the 1769:, while German rock band 1570:Crosby, Stills & Nash 1558: 1364:East German Border Troops 934: 864: 861: 856: 783: 780: 775: 496:and a cleared area, 1977. 106: 84: 68: 50: 34: 26: 9058:1989 in military history 8897:Emigration and defection 8734:Polish People's Republic 8445:January Events in Latvia 8435:Reunification of Germany 8420:1990s post-Soviet aliyah 8350:1987–1989 Tibetan unrest 8074:National Salvation Front 8059:Belarusian Popular Front 8049:Popular Front of Estonia 7818:Polish underground press 7579:List of socialist states 6041:1980 Turkish coup d'état 5876:Cambodian–Vietnamese War 5846:1978 Somali coup attempt 5806:Second Iraqi–Kurdish War 5771:1973 Chilean coup d'état 5596:Revolutionary Government 5490:South African Border War 5282:1960 Turkish coup d'état 5199:Iraqi 14 July Revolution 5054:1953 Iranian coup d'état 5034:1952 Egyptian revolution 4601:(Cross-border commuters) 3997:Chapel of Reconciliation 2428:www.chronik-der-mauer.de 2339:Mitteldeutscher Rundfunk 2319:– via www.faz.net. 1862:International Spy Museum 1537:Soviet General Secretary 1520:International opposition 1318:"Wallpeckers" demolition 1103:Hanns Joachim Friedrichs 8955:Fall of the Berlin Wall 8881:1981 protests in Kosovo 8819:Rebellion of Cazin 1950 8521:Economic liberalization 8460:1991 Belarusian strikes 8400:Fall of the Berlin Wall 8054:Public Against Violence 8044:Popular Front of Latvia 7823:Political demonstration 7672:Chinese economic reform 7584:People Power Revolution 6246:Fall of the Berlin Wall 6191:People Power Revolution 6176:Central American crisis 6116:1986 Black Sea incident 5766:1973 Afghan coup d'état 5664:Western Sahara conflict 5475:1966 Syrian coup d'état 5398:1963 Syrian coup d'état 5341:Portuguese Colonial War 5304:First Iraqi–Kurdish War 5069:1954 Syrian coup d'état 4946:Annexation of Hyderabad 4889:1947–1949 Palestine war 4264:Escape from East Berlin 3935:Fall of the Berlin Wall 3451:"Freedom Without Walls" 3275:. BBC. 10 November 1999 2623:The Wall Street Journal 1946:Alternative for Germany 1825:MTV Europe Music Awards 1711:and declaration of the 1067:Deutsche Presse-Agentur 776:Text of the regulation 467:in early December, and 400:fall of the Berlin Wall 316:Fall of the Berlin Wall 237:Welthauptstadt Germania 22:Fall of the Berlin Wall 7655:New political thinking 6540:Neoclassical economics 6051:Gulf of Sidra incident 5608:1969 Libyan revolution 5299:Iraqi–Kurdish conflict 5084:1954 Geneva Conference 4844:Turkish straits crisis 4839:Corfu Channel incident 4238:"Tear down this wall!" 4090:Christian-Peter Friese 3625:Allied Museum (2009). 3598:Allied Museum (2009). 1736:of the Nazis in 1938. 1616: 1606: 1602:) with the word "Joy" 1549: 1339: 1334: 1159:Crowding of the border 1142:Despite the policy of 1139: 1062: 1009: 959:East German television 950: 597:Protection of the wall 567:Hans-Dietrich Genscher 497: 407: 56:; 34 years ago 9005:Breakup of Yugoslavia 8526:Post-Soviet conflicts 8480:Tajikistani Civil War 8430:Revolution on Granite 8390:Monday Demonstrations 7916:Sanjaasürengiin Zorig 7750:Mengistu Haile Mariam 7516:Eastern Bloc politics 7390:Russia–NATO relations 7271:Jonathan Reed Winkler 6555:Democratic capitalism 6550:Supply-side economics 6518:American conservatism 6317:Breakup of Yugoslavia 6206:Bougainville conflict 6121:South Yemen civil war 6056:Martial law in Poland 5919:Nicaraguan Revolution 5894:Dirty War (Argentina) 5701:1971 JVP insurrection 5515:Years of Lead (Italy) 5393:North Yemen civil war 5311:Berlin Crisis of 1961 5287:Albanian–Soviet split 5219:1959 Tibetan uprising 5184:Syrian Crisis of 1957 5039:Iraqi Intifada (1952) 4899:1948 Arab–Israeli War 3930:Berlin Crisis of 1961 3173:Ultimate Classic Rock 1950:Free Democratic Party 1898:www.berlinbrigade.com 1827:, on 5 November, had 1767:Johann Sebastian Bach 1763:Mstislav Rostropovich 1612:changed to "Freedom" 1585:On 25 December 1989, 1568:On 21 November 1989, 1544: 1332: 1134: 1125:Further information: 1060: 1027:After this exchange, 947: 500:Further information: 487: 297:Berlin Crisis of 1961 182:Free State of Prussia 9053:1989 in East Germany 9048:1989 in West Germany 8853:1970 Polish protests 8834:1956 Poznań protests 8699:Soviet-allied states 7936:Vytautas Landsbergis 7931:Viacheslav Chornovil 7760:Denis Sassou Nguesso 6811:Non-Aligned Movement 6433:Peaceful coexistence 6387:North Borneo dispute 6302:German reunification 6297:Min Ping Yu No. 5202 5995:Salvadoran Civil War 5944:Grand Mosque seizure 5939:Yemenite War of 1979 5831:Mozambican Civil War 5786:Carnation Revolution 5741:Yemenite War of 1972 5679:1970 Polish protests 5510:1967 Hong Kong riots 5485:Argentine Revolution 5435:Guatemalan Civil War 5363:Cuban Missile Crisis 5277:Bay of Pigs Invasion 5149:1956 Poznań protests 5127:Geneva Summit (1955) 4729:Hukbalahap Rebellion 4708:Non-Aligned Movement 4435:The Road to the Wall 4231:Ich bin ein Berliner 4222:The Wall in speeches 4100:Marienetta Jirkowsky 4085:Winfried Freudenberg 3987:Topography of Terror 3915:German reunification 3412:on 14 November 2009. 3406:Canwest News Service 3324:"20 Jahre Mauerfall" 1837:World Behind My Wall 1631:performed his song " 1462:on 21 December 1989. 1428:German reunification 1417:West German currency 1371:Prime ministers meet 1014:Council of Ministers 865:English translation 784:English translation 707:"complete trash" by 629:improve this section 469:German reunification 463:was declared at the 416:[ˈmaʊ̯ɐˌfal] 310:Tear down this wall! 303:Ich bin ein Berliner 54:9 November 1989 8970:Romanian revolution 8943:Revolutions of 1989 8824:1953 Plzeň uprising 8380:Pan-European Picnic 8355:1988 Polish strikes 7735:Wojciech Jaruzelski 7475:Revolutions of 1989 7256:Alex von Tunzelmann 7246:Vladimir Tismăneanu 7171:Thomas J. McCormick 7166:Jack F. Matlock Jr. 7066:Robert Hugh Ferrell 6929:Crusade for Freedom 6726:Illiberal democracy 6610:Ho Chi Minh Thought 6413:Eisenhower Doctrine 6266:Peaceful Revolution 6261:Romanian Revolution 6241:Revolutions of 1989 6226:1988 Polish strikes 6136:Operation INFEKTION 6131:1987 Lieyu massacre 6036:Eritrean Civil Wars 6019:Peruvian Revolution 5969:1979 Herat uprising 5959:Sino-Vietnamese War 5924:Uganda–Tanzania War 5904:Egyptian–Libyan War 5871:Third Indochina War 5866:Sino-Albanian split 5856:Ethiopian Civil War 5756:Eritrean Civil Wars 5696:Ping-pong diplomacy 5669:Cambodian Civil War 5495:Korean DMZ Conflict 5480:Cultural Revolution 5450:Dominican Civil War 5428:Tlatelolco massacre 5214:1959 Mosul uprising 5204:1958 Lebanon crisis 4931:Al-Wathbah uprising 4854:First Indochina War 4824:Iran crisis of 1946 4528:Holidays in the Sun 3890:Inner German border 3838:Original document: 3457:on 28 December 2010 3430:on 28 December 2010 3352:on 8 November 2009. 3301:The Washington Post 3125:on 22 November 2006 2980:, pp. 189–190. 2843:The Daily Telegraph 2807:, pp. 146–147. 2473:The Washington Post 2385:, pp. 107–108. 1721:1848 Vienna revolts 1633:Looking for Freedom 1576:'s 1986 solo album 1528:François Mitterrand 1395:Official demolition 1193:, commander of the 1152:St. Nicholas Church 1136:St. Nicholas Church 1034:The Daily Telegraph 739:Interior Ministry ( 516:Pan-European Picnic 510:The opening of the 502:Pan-European Picnic 439:and the figurative 433:Peaceful Revolution 360:Timeline of Berlin 111:Revolutions of 1989 80:, press conference) 29:Revolutions of 1989 23: 8980:Singing Revolution 8863:June 1976 protests 8648:Soviet occupations 7740:Slobodan Milošević 7609:Vatican Opposition 7410:Russian Revolution 7206:Mary Elise Sarotte 7191:William B. Pickett 7116:Patrick J. Hearden 7096:Gabriel Gorodetsky 7091:Timothy Garton Ash 7076:Anneli Ute Gabanyi 6671:Ethnic nationalism 6423:Hallstein Doctrine 6307:Yemeni unification 6096:1985 Geneva Summit 6061:Casamance conflict 5964:New Jewel Movement 5949:Iranian Revolution 5934:Chadian–Libyan War 5881:Cambodian conflict 5861:Lebanese Civil War 5851:Western Sahara War 5826:June 1976 protests 5821:Cambodian genocide 5586:17 July Revolution 5540:Nigerian Civil War 5455:Rhodesian Bush War 5440:Colombian conflict 5383:Ramadan Revolution 5122:Bandung Conference 4998:Operation Valuable 4879:Partition of India 4486:Judgment in Berlin 4451:Rabbit à la Berlin 4344:Judgment in Berlin 4247:In popular culture 4067:breaching the Wall 4020:Checkpoint Charlie 3958:Memorials, museums 3505:on 26 October 2009 3369:The Globe and Mail 3258:The New York Times 3091:. 21 November 1989 2967:. 9 November 2014. 2903:, pp. xx–xxi. 2785:Al Jazeera America 2732:on 2 February 2019 2370:, pp. 99–100. 2180:Resignation Speech 1963:Die Linke at 74%. 1927:East German states 1923:West German states 1797:Chinese government 1761:. Russian cellist 1682:Marianne Faithfull 1335: 1242:, 10 November 1989 1226:, 10 November 1989 1224:Checkpoint Charlie 1174:Mary Elise Sarotte 1140: 1063: 951: 498: 340:History of Germany 216:Greater Berlin Act 162:Kingdom of Prussia 21: 9020: 9019: 8965:Velvet Revolution 8927:Telephone tapping 8901:list of defectors 8690:Tito–Stalin split 8575: 8574: 8501:Colour revolution 8331: 8330: 8298:Congo-Brazzaville 8019:Democratic Russia 7976:Pope John Paul II 7971:George H. W. Bush 7921:Vladimir Bukovsky 7710:Mikhail Gorbachev 7705:Nicolae Ceaușescu 7491:Era of Stagnation 7441: 7440: 7428:List of conflicts 7276:Rudolph Winnacker 7221:Giles Scott-Smith 7196:Ronald E. Powaski 7151:Melvyn P. Leffler 7081:John Lewis Gaddis 7056:Robert D. English 7021:Warren H. Carroll 7011:Michael Beschloss 6980:Nuclear arms race 6961: 6960: 6867:Neues Deutschland 6769: 6768: 6751:White nationalism 6721:Liberal democracy 6458:Ulbricht Doctrine 6448:Brezhnev Doctrine 6256:Velvet Revolution 6000:Soviet–Afghan War 5816:Angolan Civil War 5613:Goulash Communism 5470:ASEAN Declaration 5423:Mexican Dirty War 5321:Annexation of Goa 5272:1960 U-2 incident 5246:Sino-Soviet split 5224:Laotian Civil War 5064:Bricker Amendment 5044:Mau Mau rebellion 4988:Malayan Emergency 4976:Chinese Civil War 4936:Tito–Stalin split 4790:Division of Korea 4614: 4613: 4571: 4570: 4555:(1991 video game) 4478:Funeral in Berlin 4392:Bornholmer Straße 4304:Funeral in Berlin 4183:Günter Schabowski 4174:Others associated 4155:Hildegard Trabant 4105:Cengaver Katrancı 4015:Bornholmer Straße 3977:East Side Gallery 3824:978-0-465-05690-3 3088:Los Angeles Times 2939:. 31 October 2014 2760:. 9 November 2014 2652:. 9 November 1989 2349:. 9 November 2015 2164:978-0-375-42532-5 2153:. New York City: 1955:A 2019 poll from 1948:(AfD) and 16% of 1939:A 2019 poll from 1890:Cinderella stamps 1727:and the infamous 1587:Leonard Bernstein 1540:Mikhail Gorbachev 1532:Margaret Thatcher 1356:Glienicker Brücke 1330: 1296: 1167:, demanding that 979:Manfred Banaschak 971:Central Committee 955:Günter Schabowski 932: 931: 852: 851: 709:West Berlin Mayor 665: 664: 657: 536:Mikhail Gorbachev 528:Otto von Habsburg 449:fall of communism 431:1989, during the 396: 395: 344:History of Europe 116: 115: 9070: 8809:Goryani Movement 8789: 8781: 8747: 8709: 8643:Yalta Conference 8602: 8595: 8588: 8579: 8578: 8450:Transnistria War 8109: 8108: 7951:Aung San Suu Kyi 7866:Alexander Dubček 7803:Civil resistance 7660:Sinatra Doctrine 7640:Demokratizatsiya 7541:Shortage economy 7468: 7461: 7454: 7445: 7444: 7186:David S. Painter 7111:John Earl Haynes 7041:Nicholas J. Cull 7026:Adrian Cioroianu 7006:Thomas A. Bailey 6953:Voice of America 6844: 6843: 6756:White separatism 6736:Social democracy 6731:Guided democracy 6711:Authoritarianism 6661:Ultranationalism 6651:Anti-imperialism 6578:Marxism–Leninism 6491: 6490: 6478:Kinmen Agreement 6443:Johnson Doctrine 6428:Kennedy Doctrine 6344:Frozen conflicts 6327:1991 August Coup 6216:Afghan Civil War 6111:Reykjavík Summit 6106:Somali Rebellion 6046:Ugandan Bush War 6024:Gdańsk Agreement 5545:Protests of 1968 5525:War of Attrition 5234:Cuban Revolution 5170:We will bury you 5137:Cyprus Emergency 5117:Kashmir Princess 5107:Jebel Akhdar War 4956:Western betrayal 4641: 4634: 4627: 4618: 4617: 4563:(1997 sculpture) 4521:West of the Wall 4502:Edge of Eternity 4384:Good Bye, Lenin! 4376:Buffalo Soldiers 4251: 4250: 4208:David Hasselhoff 4150:Heinz Sokolowski 4115:Czesław Kukuczka 4035:Glienicke Bridge 4025:Checkpoint Bravo 4007:Border crossings 3952: 3951: 3869: 3862: 3855: 3846: 3845: 3828: 3798: 3794: 3788: 3784: 3778: 3774: 3768: 3764: 3758: 3754: 3748: 3744: 3738: 3734: 3728: 3724: 3718: 3714: 3708: 3704: 3698: 3697: 3695: 3693: 3678: 3669: 3668: 3666: 3664: 3649: 3643: 3642: 3640: 3638: 3622: 3616: 3615: 3613: 3611: 3595: 3589: 3588: 3586: 3584: 3569: 3563: 3562: 3560: 3558: 3543: 3537: 3536: 3534: 3532: 3521: 3515: 3514: 3512: 3510: 3495: 3489: 3488: 3486: 3484: 3473: 3467: 3466: 3464: 3462: 3449:unknown (2009). 3446: 3440: 3439: 3437: 3435: 3426:. 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1515: 1512: 1503: 1500:Potsdamer Platz 1496: 1487: 1484: 1475: 1472: 1463: 1456: 1447: 1444: 1401:Bernauer Straße 1397: 1373: 1360:Bernauer Straße 1352:Potsdamer Platz 1322: 1320: 1305: 1299: 1287: 1282: 1279: 1270: 1269:(November 1989) 1264: 1255: 1252: 1243: 1236: 1227: 1220: 1187: 1185:Border openings 1178:Washington Post 1161: 1129: 1123: 1111:Günter Pötschke 1055: 1053:The news spread 994:Riccardo Ehrman 942: 937: 835:People's Police 771: 735:People's Police 727: 676: 661: 650: 644: 641: 626: 610: 599: 508: 490:Czech hedgehogs 482: 477: 420: 419: 411: 392: 329: 328: 291:Berlin Blockade 267: 227: 194: 192:Weimar Republic 184: 174: 164: 154: 134: 127: 95: 60: 58: 55: 46: 17: 12: 11: 5: 9076: 9066: 9065: 9060: 9055: 9050: 9045: 9043:1989 in Berlin 9040: 9035: 9018: 9017: 9015: 9014: 9013: 9012: 9002: 8997: 8992: 8987: 8982: 8977: 8972: 8967: 8962: 8957: 8952: 8945: 8939: 8937: 8933: 8932: 8930: 8929: 8924: 8919: 8914: 8909: 8904: 8893: 8891: 8887: 8886: 8884: 8883: 8878: 8865: 8860: 8855: 8850: 8841: 8836: 8831: 8826: 8821: 8816: 8811: 8805: 8803: 8798: 8795: 8794: 8792: 8791: 8783: 8775: 8770: 8765: 8759: 8757: 8753: 8752: 8750: 8749: 8741: 8736: 8731: 8726: 8721: 8716: 8711: 8702: 8700: 8696: 8695: 8693: 8692: 8687: 8682: 8677: 8672: 8671: 8670: 8665: 8660: 8655: 8645: 8639: 8637: 8633: 8632: 8629: 8628: 8623: 8617: 8616: 8613: 8612: 8605: 8604: 8597: 8590: 8582: 8573: 8572: 8570: 8569: 8563: 8561: 8557: 8556: 8554: 8553: 8548: 8543: 8541:Post-communism 8538: 8533: 8528: 8523: 8518: 8513: 8508: 8503: 8497: 8495: 8491: 8490: 8488: 8487: 8482: 8477: 8472: 8467: 8462: 8457: 8452: 8447: 8442: 8437: 8432: 8427: 8422: 8417: 8412: 8407: 8402: 8397: 8392: 8387: 8382: 8377: 8372: 8367: 8362: 8357: 8352: 8347: 8341: 8339: 8333: 8332: 8329: 8328: 8326: 8325: 8320: 8315: 8310: 8305: 8300: 8295: 8290: 8285: 8280: 8275: 8270: 8264: 8262: 8258: 8257: 8255: 8254: 8249: 8244: 8239: 8234: 8229: 8224: 8219: 8214: 8209: 8204: 8199: 8194: 8189: 8184: 8179: 8173: 8171: 8167: 8166: 8164: 8163: 8158: 8153: 8148: 8143: 8138: 8133: 8131:Czechoslovakia 8128: 8123: 8117: 8115: 8114:Eastern Europe 8106: 8100: 8099: 8097: 8096: 8091: 8086: 8081: 8076: 8071: 8066: 8061: 8056: 8051: 8046: 8041: 8036: 8031: 8026: 8021: 8016: 8011: 8006: 8001: 7996: 7990: 7988: 7982: 7981: 7979: 7978: 7973: 7968: 7963: 7961:Isaias Afwerki 7958: 7953: 7948: 7943: 7941:Zianon Pazniak 7938: 7933: 7928: 7923: 7918: 7913: 7908: 7903: 7898: 7893: 7888: 7883: 7878: 7873: 7868: 7863: 7858: 7852: 7850: 7844: 7843: 7841: 7840: 7835: 7830: 7825: 7820: 7815: 7810: 7805: 7799: 7797: 7791: 7790: 7788: 7787: 7782: 7777: 7772: 7767: 7762: 7757: 7752: 7747: 7742: 7737: 7732: 7727: 7722: 7720:Erich Honecker 7717: 7712: 7707: 7702: 7696: 7694: 7688: 7687: 7685: 7684: 7679: 7674: 7669: 7664: 7663: 7662: 7657: 7652: 7647: 7642: 7632: 7626: 7624: 7620: 7619: 7617: 7616: 7611: 7606: 7601: 7596: 7591: 7586: 7581: 7576: 7571: 7565: 7563: 7557: 7556: 7554: 7553: 7548: 7543: 7538: 7533: 7528: 7523: 7518: 7513: 7508: 7503: 7501:Anti-communism 7498: 7493: 7487: 7485: 7479: 7478: 7471: 7470: 7463: 7456: 7448: 7439: 7438: 7436: 7435: 7430: 7425: 7419: 7416: 7415: 7413: 7412: 7407: 7402: 7397: 7392: 7387: 7382: 7377: 7371: 7369: 7365: 7364: 7362: 7361: 7356: 7351: 7346: 7341: 7336: 7331: 7326: 7321: 7316: 7311: 7306: 7301: 7295: 7293: 7287: 7286: 7284: 7283: 7278: 7273: 7268: 7263: 7258: 7253: 7248: 7243: 7238: 7233: 7231:Timothy Snyder 7228: 7223: 7218: 7213: 7208: 7203: 7198: 7193: 7188: 7183: 7178: 7173: 7168: 7163: 7161:Vojtech Mastny 7158: 7156:Geir Lundestad 7153: 7148: 7146:Walter Laqueur 7143: 7141:Walter LaFeber 7138: 7133: 7128: 7123: 7118: 7113: 7108: 7103: 7098: 7093: 7088: 7083: 7078: 7073: 7071:André Fontaine 7068: 7063: 7058: 7053: 7048: 7043: 7038: 7033: 7028: 7023: 7018: 7013: 7008: 7003: 7001:Gar Alperovitz 6997: 6995: 6991: 6990: 6988: 6987: 6982: 6977: 6971: 6969: 6963: 6962: 6959: 6958: 6956: 6955: 6950: 6944: 6943: 6938: 6931: 6926: 6918: 6916: 6912: 6911: 6909: 6908: 6901: 6896: 6889: 6882: 6877: 6870: 6863: 6856: 6850: 6848: 6841: 6837: 6836: 6834: 6833: 6828: 6823: 6818: 6813: 6808: 6803: 6798: 6793: 6788: 6783: 6777: 6775: 6771: 6770: 6767: 6766: 6764: 6763: 6758: 6753: 6748: 6743: 6741:Third-Worldism 6738: 6733: 6728: 6723: 6718: 6713: 6708: 6703: 6698: 6693: 6688: 6683: 6678: 6673: 6668: 6663: 6658: 6653: 6648: 6642: 6640: 6636: 6635: 6633: 6632: 6627: 6622: 6617: 6612: 6607: 6600: 6595: 6590: 6585: 6580: 6575: 6569: 6567: 6561: 6560: 6558: 6557: 6552: 6547: 6542: 6537: 6532: 6530:Libertarianism 6527: 6522: 6521: 6520: 6510: 6508:Chicago school 6505: 6499: 6497: 6488: 6484: 6483: 6481: 6480: 6475: 6470: 6465: 6460: 6455: 6453:Nixon Doctrine 6450: 6445: 6440: 6435: 6430: 6425: 6420: 6415: 6410: 6405: 6399: 6397: 6396:Foreign policy 6393: 6392: 6390: 6389: 6384: 6379: 6374: 6369: 6364: 6359: 6354: 6348: 6346: 6340: 6339: 6337: 6336: 6331: 6330: 6329: 6319: 6314: 6309: 6304: 6299: 6294: 6289: 6284: 6278: 6276: 6272: 6271: 6269: 6268: 6263: 6258: 6253: 6248: 6243: 6238: 6233: 6228: 6223: 6218: 6213: 6208: 6203: 6198: 6193: 6188: 6183: 6181:Operation RYAN 6178: 6173: 6168: 6158: 6153: 6148: 6143: 6138: 6133: 6128: 6123: 6118: 6113: 6108: 6103: 6098: 6093: 6088: 6086:Able Archer 83 6083: 6078: 6073: 6068: 6063: 6058: 6053: 6048: 6043: 6038: 6033: 6032: 6031: 6021: 6016: 6011: 6002: 5997: 5991: 5989: 5985: 5984: 5982: 5981: 5976: 5971: 5966: 5961: 5956: 5951: 5946: 5941: 5936: 5931: 5926: 5921: 5916: 5911: 5906: 5901: 5896: 5891: 5883: 5878: 5873: 5868: 5863: 5858: 5853: 5848: 5843: 5838: 5836:Oromo conflict 5833: 5828: 5823: 5818: 5813: 5808: 5803: 5798: 5793: 5788: 5783: 5778: 5776:Yom Kippur War 5773: 5768: 5763: 5758: 5753: 5748: 5743: 5738: 5733: 5728: 5723: 5718: 5713: 5708: 5703: 5698: 5693: 5686: 5681: 5676: 5671: 5666: 5661: 5656: 5651: 5646: 5641: 5635: 5633: 5629: 5628: 5626: 5625: 5620: 5615: 5610: 5605: 5600: 5599: 5598: 5588: 5583: 5578: 5573: 5568: 5559: 5554: 5553: 5552: 5542: 5537: 5532: 5527: 5522: 5517: 5512: 5507: 5502: 5497: 5492: 5487: 5482: 5477: 5472: 5467: 5462: 5457: 5452: 5447: 5442: 5437: 5432: 5431: 5430: 5420: 5415: 5410: 5408:Aden Emergency 5405: 5400: 5395: 5390: 5385: 5380: 5375: 5370: 5365: 5360: 5359: 5358: 5353: 5348: 5338: 5333: 5328: 5326:Papua conflict 5323: 5318: 5313: 5308: 5307: 5306: 5296: 5295: 5294: 5284: 5279: 5274: 5269: 5264: 5258: 5256: 5252: 5251: 5249: 5248: 5243: 5242: 5241: 5231: 5229:Kitchen Debate 5226: 5221: 5216: 5211: 5206: 5201: 5196: 5191: 5189:Sputnik crisis 5186: 5181: 5173: 5166: 5161: 5159:Polish October 5156: 5151: 5146: 5139: 5134: 5129: 5124: 5119: 5114: 5109: 5104: 5099: 5091: 5086: 5081: 5076: 5071: 5066: 5061: 5059:Pact of Madrid 5056: 5051: 5046: 5041: 5036: 5031: 5026: 5021: 5016: 5014:Bamboo Curtain 5010: 5008: 5004: 5003: 5001: 5000: 4995: 4990: 4985: 4984: 4983: 4973: 4968: 4963: 4958: 4953: 4948: 4943: 4938: 4933: 4928: 4923: 4918: 4913: 4908: 4907: 4906: 4901: 4896: 4886: 4881: 4876: 4871: 4866: 4861: 4856: 4851: 4846: 4841: 4836: 4831: 4826: 4821: 4813: 4805: 4797: 4792: 4787: 4782: 4774: 4769: 4768: 4767: 4762: 4754: 4741: 4736: 4731: 4726: 4720: 4718: 4714: 4713: 4711: 4710: 4705: 4700: 4695: 4690: 4685: 4680: 4675: 4670: 4663: 4655: 4652: 4651: 4644: 4643: 4636: 4629: 4621: 4612: 4611: 4609: 4608: 4603: 4595: 4590: 4585: 4579: 4577: 4573: 4572: 4569: 4568: 4566: 4565: 4557: 4548: 4546: 4542: 4541: 4539: 4538: 4531: 4524: 4516: 4514: 4510: 4509: 4507: 4506: 4498: 4490: 4482: 4474: 4465: 4463: 4459: 4458: 4456: 4455: 4447: 4439: 4430: 4428: 4424: 4423: 4421: 4420: 4416:Deutschland 89 4412: 4404: 4396: 4388: 4380: 4372: 4364: 4356: 4348: 4340: 4332: 4324: 4316: 4308: 4300: 4292: 4284: 4280:Stop Train 349 4276: 4268: 4259: 4257: 4248: 4244: 4243: 4241: 4240: 4235: 4225: 4223: 4219: 4218: 4216: 4215: 4210: 4205: 4200: 4195: 4193:Erich Honecker 4190: 4185: 4179: 4177: 4171: 4170: 4168: 4167: 4162: 4157: 4152: 4147: 4142: 4137: 4132: 4127: 4122: 4120:Horst Kutscher 4117: 4112: 4107: 4102: 4097: 4095:Chris Gueffroy 4092: 4087: 4082: 4077: 4071: 4069: 4061: 4060: 4058: 4057: 4052: 4047: 4042: 4037: 4032: 4027: 4022: 4017: 4011: 4009: 4003: 4002: 4000: 3999: 3994: 3989: 3984: 3979: 3974: 3969: 3963: 3961: 3955: 3954: 3947: 3945: 3943: 3942: 3937: 3932: 3927: 3925:Republikflucht 3922: 3917: 3912: 3907: 3902: 3897: 3892: 3886: 3884: 3880: 3879: 3872: 3871: 3864: 3857: 3849: 3843: 3842: 3834: 3833:External links 3831: 3830: 3829: 3823: 3806: 3803: 3800: 3799: 3789: 3779: 3769: 3759: 3749: 3739: 3729: 3719: 3709: 3699: 3670: 3644: 3617: 3590: 3564: 3552:Car and Driver 3538: 3516: 3490: 3468: 3441: 3415: 3387: 3355: 3337: 3314: 3286: 3264: 3247: 3219: 3185: 3159: 3137: 3102: 3074: 3047: 3018: 2982: 2970: 2950: 2919: 2905: 2886: 2861: 2823: 2809: 2797: 2771: 2757:Spiegel Online 2743: 2709: 2704:Deutsche Welle 2681: 2663: 2637: 2627: 2610: 2608:, p. 118. 2598: 2593:Spiegel Online 2579: 2553: 2517: 2490: 2477: 2454: 2433: 2412: 2405: 2387: 2372: 2360: 2341:(Mitglied der 2322: 2292: 2280: 2268: 2256: 2234: 2202: 2170: 2163: 2155:Pantheon Books 2122: 2096: 2069: 2060: 2058:9 August 2014. 2039: 2030: 2021: 2012: 2003: 1971: 1970: 1968: 1965: 1914: 1911: 1905: 1902: 1801:Great Firewall 1788: 1785: 1776:Wind of Change 1754: 1751: 1719:following the 1652:just north of 1565: 1562: 1560: 1557: 1521: 1518: 1517: 1516: 1513: 1506: 1504: 1497: 1490: 1488: 1485: 1478: 1476: 1473: 1466: 1464: 1457: 1450: 1448: 1445: 1438: 1396: 1393: 1372: 1369: 1319: 1316: 1307: 1306: 1300: 1285: 1283: 1280: 1273: 1271: 1265: 1258: 1256: 1253: 1246: 1244: 1237: 1230: 1228: 1221: 1214: 1186: 1183: 1160: 1157: 1122: 1119: 1054: 1051: 1029:Daniel Johnson 941: 938: 936: 933: 930: 929: 894: 878:gesetzt wird: 867: 866: 863: 859: 858: 857:Press release 850: 849: 819:Czechoslovakia 815: 786: 785: 782: 778: 777: 770: 767: 731:Gerhard Lauter 726: 723: 697:Czechoslovakia 684:Erich Honecker 675: 672: 663: 662: 613: 611: 604: 598: 595: 540:Erich Honecker 481: 478: 476: 473: 394: 393: 391: 390: 383: 376: 368: 365: 364: 363: 362: 354: 353: 349: 348: 347: 346: 334: 333: 330:(1990–present) 322: 321: 320: 319: 313: 306: 299: 294: 288: 283: 271: 270: 257: 256: 255: 254: 249: 244: 239: 231: 230: 221: 220: 219: 218: 213: 212: 211: 198: 197: 188: 187: 178: 177: 168: 167: 158: 157: 148: 147: 139: 138: 129: 128: 121: 114: 113: 108: 104: 103: 86: 82: 81: 70: 66: 65: 52: 48: 47: 40: 32: 31: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9075: 9064: 9061: 9059: 9056: 9054: 9051: 9049: 9046: 9044: 9041: 9039: 9036: 9034: 9031: 9030: 9028: 9011: 9010:Yugoslav Wars 9008: 9007: 9006: 9003: 9001: 8998: 8996: 8993: 8991: 8988: 8986: 8983: 8981: 8978: 8976: 8973: 8971: 8968: 8966: 8963: 8961: 8958: 8956: 8953: 8951: 8950: 8946: 8944: 8941: 8940: 8938: 8934: 8928: 8925: 8923: 8920: 8918: 8915: 8913: 8910: 8908: 8905: 8902: 8898: 8895: 8894: 8892: 8888: 8882: 8879: 8877: 8873: 8869: 8866: 8864: 8861: 8859: 8856: 8854: 8851: 8849: 8845: 8844:Prague Spring 8842: 8840: 8837: 8835: 8832: 8830: 8827: 8825: 8822: 8820: 8817: 8815: 8812: 8810: 8807: 8806: 8804: 8796: 8790: 8784: 8782: 8776: 8774: 8771: 8769: 8766: 8764: 8761: 8760: 8758: 8756:Organizations 8754: 8748: 8742: 8740: 8737: 8735: 8732: 8730: 8727: 8725: 8722: 8720: 8717: 8715: 8712: 8710: 8704: 8703: 8701: 8697: 8691: 8688: 8686: 8683: 8681: 8678: 8676: 8673: 8669: 8666: 8664: 8661: 8659: 8658:Baltic states 8656: 8654: 8651: 8650: 8649: 8646: 8644: 8641: 8640: 8638: 8634: 8627: 8624: 8622: 8619: 8618: 8614: 8610: 8603: 8598: 8596: 8591: 8589: 8584: 8583: 8580: 8568: 8565: 8564: 8562: 8558: 8552: 8549: 8547: 8546:Yugoslav Wars 8544: 8542: 8539: 8537: 8536:Neo-Stalinism 8534: 8532: 8531:Neo-Sovietism 8529: 8527: 8524: 8522: 8519: 8517: 8514: 8512: 8509: 8507: 8504: 8502: 8499: 8498: 8496: 8492: 8486: 8483: 8481: 8478: 8476: 8473: 8471: 8468: 8466: 8463: 8461: 8458: 8456: 8453: 8451: 8448: 8446: 8443: 8441: 8438: 8436: 8433: 8431: 8428: 8426: 8423: 8421: 8418: 8416: 8415:Black January 8413: 8411: 8408: 8406: 8403: 8401: 8398: 8396: 8393: 8391: 8388: 8386: 8383: 8381: 8378: 8376: 8373: 8371: 8368: 8366: 8363: 8361: 8358: 8356: 8353: 8351: 8348: 8346: 8343: 8342: 8340: 8334: 8324: 8321: 8319: 8316: 8314: 8311: 8309: 8306: 8304: 8301: 8299: 8296: 8294: 8291: 8289: 8286: 8284: 8281: 8279: 8276: 8274: 8271: 8269: 8266: 8265: 8263: 8259: 8253: 8250: 8248: 8245: 8243: 8240: 8238: 8235: 8233: 8230: 8228: 8225: 8223: 8220: 8218: 8215: 8213: 8210: 8208: 8205: 8203: 8200: 8198: 8195: 8193: 8190: 8188: 8185: 8183: 8180: 8178: 8175: 8174: 8172: 8168: 8162: 8159: 8157: 8154: 8152: 8149: 8147: 8144: 8142: 8139: 8137: 8134: 8132: 8129: 8127: 8124: 8122: 8119: 8118: 8116: 8110: 8107: 8101: 8095: 8092: 8090: 8087: 8085: 8082: 8080: 8077: 8075: 8072: 8070: 8067: 8065: 8062: 8060: 8057: 8055: 8052: 8050: 8047: 8045: 8042: 8040: 8037: 8035: 8032: 8030: 8027: 8025: 8022: 8020: 8017: 8015: 8012: 8010: 8007: 8005: 8002: 8000: 7997: 7995: 7992: 7991: 7989: 7983: 7977: 7974: 7972: 7969: 7967: 7966:Ronald Reagan 7964: 7962: 7959: 7957: 7954: 7952: 7949: 7947: 7946:Zhelyu Zhelev 7944: 7942: 7939: 7937: 7934: 7932: 7929: 7927: 7926:Boris Yeltsin 7924: 7922: 7919: 7917: 7914: 7912: 7909: 7907: 7906:Joachim Gauck 7904: 7902: 7899: 7897: 7894: 7892: 7889: 7887: 7884: 7882: 7879: 7877: 7874: 7872: 7869: 7867: 7864: 7862: 7859: 7857: 7854: 7853: 7851: 7845: 7839: 7838:Strike action 7836: 7834: 7831: 7829: 7826: 7824: 7821: 7819: 7816: 7814: 7811: 7809: 7806: 7804: 7801: 7800: 7798: 7792: 7786: 7783: 7781: 7780:Todor Zhivkov 7778: 7776: 7773: 7771: 7770:Deng Xiaoping 7768: 7766: 7763: 7761: 7758: 7756: 7753: 7751: 7748: 7746: 7743: 7741: 7738: 7736: 7733: 7731: 7728: 7726: 7723: 7721: 7718: 7716: 7713: 7711: 7708: 7706: 7703: 7701: 7698: 7697: 7695: 7689: 7683: 7680: 7678: 7675: 7673: 7670: 7668: 7665: 7661: 7658: 7656: 7653: 7651: 7648: 7646: 7643: 7641: 7638: 7637: 7636: 7633: 7631: 7628: 7627: 7625: 7621: 7615: 7612: 7610: 7607: 7605: 7602: 7600: 7599:Soviet Empire 7597: 7595: 7592: 7590: 7587: 7585: 7582: 7580: 7577: 7575: 7572: 7570: 7567: 7566: 7564: 7560:International 7558: 7552: 7549: 7547: 7544: 7542: 7539: 7537: 7534: 7532: 7529: 7527: 7524: 7522: 7519: 7517: 7514: 7512: 7509: 7507: 7504: 7502: 7499: 7497: 7494: 7492: 7489: 7488: 7486: 7480: 7476: 7469: 7464: 7462: 7457: 7455: 7450: 7449: 7446: 7434: 7431: 7429: 7426: 7424: 7421: 7420: 7417: 7411: 7408: 7406: 7403: 7401: 7398: 7396: 7395:War on terror 7393: 7391: 7388: 7386: 7383: 7381: 7378: 7376: 7373: 7372: 7370: 7366: 7360: 7357: 7355: 7352: 7350: 7347: 7345: 7342: 7340: 7337: 7335: 7332: 7330: 7327: 7325: 7322: 7320: 7317: 7315: 7312: 7310: 7307: 7305: 7302: 7300: 7297: 7296: 7294: 7290:Espionage and 7288: 7282: 7279: 7277: 7274: 7272: 7269: 7267: 7264: 7262: 7259: 7257: 7254: 7252: 7249: 7247: 7244: 7242: 7241:Andrew Thorpe 7239: 7237: 7234: 7232: 7229: 7227: 7224: 7222: 7219: 7217: 7214: 7212: 7209: 7207: 7204: 7202: 7199: 7197: 7194: 7192: 7189: 7187: 7184: 7182: 7179: 7177: 7174: 7172: 7169: 7167: 7164: 7162: 7159: 7157: 7154: 7152: 7149: 7147: 7144: 7142: 7139: 7137: 7136:Gabriel Kolko 7134: 7132: 7129: 7127: 7124: 7122: 7119: 7117: 7114: 7112: 7109: 7107: 7104: 7102: 7101:Fred Halliday 7099: 7097: 7094: 7092: 7089: 7087: 7086:Lloyd Gardner 7084: 7082: 7079: 7077: 7074: 7072: 7069: 7067: 7064: 7062: 7059: 7057: 7054: 7052: 7049: 7047: 7046:Norman Davies 7044: 7042: 7039: 7037: 7034: 7032: 7031:John Costello 7029: 7027: 7024: 7022: 7019: 7017: 7014: 7012: 7009: 7007: 7004: 7002: 6999: 6998: 6996: 6992: 6986: 6983: 6981: 6978: 6976: 6973: 6972: 6970: 6966:Technological 6964: 6954: 6951: 6949: 6946: 6945: 6942: 6939: 6937: 6936: 6932: 6930: 6927: 6925: 6924: 6920: 6919: 6917: 6913: 6907: 6906: 6902: 6900: 6897: 6895: 6894: 6890: 6888: 6887: 6883: 6881: 6878: 6876: 6875: 6871: 6869: 6868: 6864: 6862: 6861: 6857: 6855: 6852: 6851: 6849: 6847:Pro-communist 6845: 6842: 6838: 6832: 6829: 6827: 6824: 6822: 6819: 6817: 6814: 6812: 6809: 6807: 6804: 6802: 6799: 6797: 6794: 6792: 6789: 6787: 6784: 6782: 6779: 6778: 6776: 6774:Organizations 6772: 6762: 6759: 6757: 6754: 6752: 6749: 6747: 6744: 6742: 6739: 6737: 6734: 6732: 6729: 6727: 6724: 6722: 6719: 6717: 6714: 6712: 6709: 6707: 6704: 6702: 6699: 6697: 6694: 6692: 6689: 6687: 6684: 6682: 6679: 6677: 6674: 6672: 6669: 6667: 6664: 6662: 6659: 6657: 6654: 6652: 6649: 6647: 6644: 6643: 6641: 6637: 6631: 6628: 6626: 6623: 6621: 6618: 6616: 6613: 6611: 6608: 6606: 6605: 6601: 6599: 6596: 6594: 6591: 6589: 6588:Eurocommunism 6586: 6584: 6581: 6579: 6576: 6574: 6571: 6570: 6568: 6566: 6562: 6556: 6553: 6551: 6548: 6546: 6543: 6541: 6538: 6536: 6533: 6531: 6528: 6526: 6523: 6519: 6516: 6515: 6514: 6511: 6509: 6506: 6504: 6501: 6500: 6498: 6496: 6492: 6489: 6485: 6479: 6476: 6474: 6471: 6469: 6466: 6464: 6461: 6459: 6456: 6454: 6451: 6449: 6446: 6444: 6441: 6439: 6436: 6434: 6431: 6429: 6426: 6424: 6421: 6419: 6418:Domino theory 6416: 6414: 6411: 6409: 6406: 6404: 6401: 6400: 6398: 6394: 6388: 6385: 6383: 6380: 6378: 6375: 6373: 6372:South Ossetia 6370: 6368: 6365: 6363: 6360: 6358: 6355: 6353: 6350: 6349: 6347: 6345: 6341: 6335: 6332: 6328: 6325: 6324: 6323: 6320: 6318: 6315: 6313: 6310: 6308: 6305: 6303: 6300: 6298: 6295: 6293: 6290: 6288: 6285: 6283: 6280: 6279: 6277: 6273: 6267: 6264: 6262: 6259: 6257: 6254: 6252: 6249: 6247: 6244: 6242: 6239: 6237: 6234: 6232: 6229: 6227: 6224: 6222: 6219: 6217: 6214: 6212: 6209: 6207: 6204: 6202: 6199: 6197: 6194: 6192: 6189: 6187: 6184: 6182: 6179: 6177: 6174: 6172: 6169: 6166: 6162: 6159: 6157: 6156:8888 Uprising 6154: 6152: 6149: 6147: 6144: 6142: 6139: 6137: 6134: 6132: 6129: 6127: 6124: 6122: 6119: 6117: 6114: 6112: 6109: 6107: 6104: 6102: 6101:Iran–Iraq War 6099: 6097: 6094: 6092: 6089: 6087: 6084: 6082: 6079: 6077: 6074: 6072: 6069: 6067: 6066:Falklands War 6064: 6062: 6059: 6057: 6054: 6052: 6049: 6047: 6044: 6042: 6039: 6037: 6034: 6030: 6027: 6026: 6025: 6022: 6020: 6017: 6015: 6012: 6010: 6006: 6003: 6001: 5998: 5996: 5993: 5992: 5990: 5986: 5980: 5977: 5975: 5972: 5970: 5967: 5965: 5962: 5960: 5957: 5955: 5952: 5950: 5947: 5945: 5942: 5940: 5937: 5935: 5932: 5930: 5929:NDF Rebellion 5927: 5925: 5922: 5920: 5917: 5915: 5912: 5910: 5909:German Autumn 5907: 5905: 5902: 5900: 5897: 5895: 5892: 5890: 5889: 5884: 5882: 5879: 5877: 5874: 5872: 5869: 5867: 5864: 5862: 5859: 5857: 5854: 5852: 5849: 5847: 5844: 5842: 5839: 5837: 5834: 5832: 5829: 5827: 5824: 5822: 5819: 5817: 5814: 5812: 5809: 5807: 5804: 5802: 5799: 5797: 5796:Metapolitefsi 5794: 5792: 5789: 5787: 5784: 5782: 5779: 5777: 5774: 5772: 5769: 5767: 5764: 5762: 5759: 5757: 5754: 5752: 5749: 5747: 5744: 5742: 5739: 5737: 5734: 5732: 5729: 5727: 5724: 5722: 5719: 5717: 5714: 5712: 5709: 5707: 5704: 5702: 5699: 5697: 5694: 5692: 5691: 5687: 5685: 5682: 5680: 5677: 5675: 5672: 5670: 5667: 5665: 5662: 5660: 5657: 5655: 5652: 5650: 5647: 5645: 5642: 5640: 5637: 5636: 5634: 5630: 5624: 5621: 5619: 5616: 5614: 5611: 5609: 5606: 5604: 5601: 5597: 5594: 5593: 5592: 5589: 5587: 5584: 5582: 5579: 5577: 5574: 5572: 5569: 5567: 5565: 5560: 5558: 5557:Prague Spring 5555: 5551: 5548: 5547: 5546: 5543: 5541: 5538: 5536: 5535:Al-Wadiah War 5533: 5531: 5528: 5526: 5523: 5521: 5518: 5516: 5513: 5511: 5508: 5506: 5503: 5501: 5500:12-3 incident 5498: 5496: 5493: 5491: 5488: 5486: 5483: 5481: 5478: 5476: 5473: 5471: 5468: 5466: 5463: 5461: 5458: 5456: 5453: 5451: 5448: 5446: 5443: 5441: 5438: 5436: 5433: 5429: 5426: 5425: 5424: 5421: 5419: 5416: 5414: 5411: 5409: 5406: 5404: 5401: 5399: 5396: 5394: 5391: 5389: 5386: 5384: 5381: 5379: 5376: 5374: 5371: 5369: 5366: 5364: 5361: 5357: 5354: 5352: 5349: 5347: 5344: 5343: 5342: 5339: 5337: 5334: 5332: 5329: 5327: 5324: 5322: 5319: 5317: 5314: 5312: 5309: 5305: 5302: 5301: 5300: 5297: 5293: 5290: 5289: 5288: 5285: 5283: 5280: 5278: 5275: 5273: 5270: 5268: 5265: 5263: 5260: 5259: 5257: 5253: 5247: 5244: 5240: 5237: 5236: 5235: 5232: 5230: 5227: 5225: 5222: 5220: 5217: 5215: 5212: 5210: 5207: 5205: 5202: 5200: 5197: 5195: 5192: 5190: 5187: 5185: 5182: 5180: 5179: 5174: 5171: 5167: 5165: 5162: 5160: 5157: 5155: 5152: 5150: 5147: 5144: 5140: 5138: 5135: 5133: 5130: 5128: 5125: 5123: 5120: 5118: 5115: 5113: 5110: 5108: 5105: 5103: 5100: 5098: 5097: 5092: 5090: 5087: 5085: 5082: 5080: 5079:Domino theory 5077: 5075: 5074:Petrov Affair 5072: 5070: 5067: 5065: 5062: 5060: 5057: 5055: 5052: 5050: 5047: 5045: 5042: 5040: 5037: 5035: 5032: 5030: 5027: 5025: 5022: 5020: 5017: 5015: 5012: 5011: 5009: 5005: 4999: 4996: 4994: 4991: 4989: 4986: 4982: 4979: 4978: 4977: 4974: 4972: 4969: 4967: 4964: 4962: 4959: 4957: 4954: 4952: 4951:Madiun Affair 4949: 4947: 4944: 4942: 4939: 4937: 4934: 4932: 4929: 4927: 4924: 4922: 4919: 4917: 4914: 4912: 4911:Marshall Plan 4909: 4905: 4902: 4900: 4897: 4895: 4892: 4891: 4890: 4887: 4885: 4882: 4880: 4877: 4875: 4872: 4870: 4867: 4865: 4862: 4860: 4857: 4855: 4852: 4850: 4847: 4845: 4842: 4840: 4837: 4835: 4832: 4830: 4827: 4825: 4822: 4820: 4819: 4814: 4812: 4811: 4806: 4804: 4803: 4798: 4796: 4793: 4791: 4788: 4786: 4783: 4781: 4780: 4775: 4773: 4770: 4766: 4763: 4761: 4760: 4755: 4753: 4752: 4747: 4746: 4745: 4742: 4740: 4737: 4735: 4732: 4730: 4727: 4725: 4722: 4721: 4719: 4715: 4709: 4706: 4704: 4701: 4699: 4696: 4694: 4691: 4689: 4686: 4684: 4681: 4679: 4676: 4674: 4671: 4669: 4668: 4664: 4662: 4661: 4660:United States 4657: 4656: 4653: 4649: 4642: 4637: 4635: 4630: 4628: 4623: 4622: 4619: 4607: 4604: 4602: 4600: 4596: 4594: 4591: 4589: 4588:Ghost station 4586: 4584: 4581: 4580: 4578: 4574: 4564: 4562: 4558: 4556: 4554: 4550: 4549: 4547: 4543: 4536: 4532: 4529: 4525: 4522: 4518: 4517: 4515: 4511: 4504: 4503: 4499: 4496: 4495: 4491: 4488: 4487: 4483: 4480: 4479: 4475: 4472: 4471: 4467: 4466: 4464: 4460: 4453: 4452: 4448: 4445: 4444: 4440: 4437: 4436: 4432: 4431: 4429: 4427:Documentaries 4425: 4418: 4417: 4413: 4410: 4409: 4408:Atomic Blonde 4405: 4402: 4401: 4397: 4394: 4393: 4389: 4386: 4385: 4381: 4378: 4377: 4373: 4370: 4369: 4365: 4362: 4361: 4357: 4354: 4353: 4349: 4346: 4345: 4341: 4338: 4337: 4333: 4330: 4329: 4325: 4322: 4321: 4317: 4314: 4313: 4309: 4306: 4305: 4301: 4298: 4297: 4293: 4290: 4289: 4285: 4282: 4281: 4277: 4274: 4273: 4269: 4266: 4265: 4261: 4260: 4258: 4252: 4249: 4245: 4239: 4236: 4233: 4232: 4227: 4226: 4224: 4220: 4214: 4211: 4209: 4206: 4204: 4201: 4199: 4196: 4194: 4191: 4189: 4186: 4184: 4181: 4180: 4178: 4176:with the Wall 4172: 4166: 4163: 4161: 4158: 4156: 4153: 4151: 4148: 4146: 4143: 4141: 4138: 4136: 4133: 4131: 4130:Dorit Schmiel 4128: 4126: 4125:Günter Litfin 4123: 4121: 4118: 4116: 4113: 4111: 4108: 4106: 4103: 4101: 4098: 4096: 4093: 4091: 4088: 4086: 4083: 4081: 4080:Peter Fechter 4078: 4076: 4075:Klaus Brueske 4073: 4072: 4070: 4068: 4062: 4056: 4053: 4051: 4048: 4046: 4043: 4041: 4038: 4036: 4033: 4031: 4028: 4026: 4023: 4021: 4018: 4016: 4013: 4012: 4010: 4008: 4004: 3998: 3995: 3993: 3990: 3988: 3985: 3983: 3980: 3978: 3975: 3973: 3972:White Crosses 3970: 3968: 3965: 3964: 3962: 3960:and galleries 3956: 3941: 3938: 3936: 3933: 3931: 3928: 3926: 3923: 3921: 3918: 3916: 3913: 3911: 3908: 3906: 3903: 3901: 3900:Wall of Shame 3898: 3896: 3893: 3891: 3888: 3887: 3885: 3883:Main articles 3881: 3877: 3870: 3865: 3863: 3858: 3856: 3851: 3850: 3847: 3841: 3837: 3836: 3826: 3820: 3816: 3815: 3809: 3808: 3797: 3793: 3787: 3783: 3777: 3773: 3767: 3763: 3757: 3753: 3747: 3743: 3737: 3733: 3727: 3723: 3717: 3713: 3707: 3703: 3688: 3684: 3677: 3675: 3659: 3655: 3648: 3632: 3628: 3621: 3605: 3601: 3594: 3579: 3575: 3568: 3553: 3549: 3542: 3526: 3520: 3504: 3500: 3494: 3478: 3472: 3456: 3452: 3445: 3429: 3425: 3419: 3411: 3407: 3403: 3402: 3401:Vancouver Sun 3397: 3391: 3375: 3371: 3370: 3365: 3359: 3351: 3347: 3341: 3325: 3318: 3303: 3302: 3297: 3290: 3274: 3268: 3260: 3259: 3251: 3236: 3235: 3230: 3223: 3207: 3203: 3201: 3196: 3189: 3174: 3170: 3163: 3147: 3141: 3124: 3120: 3116: 3112: 3106: 3090: 3089: 3084: 3078: 3062: 3058: 3051: 3035: 3034: 3029: 3022: 3006: 3002: 3001:The Telegraph 2997: 2989: 2987: 2979: 2974: 2966: 2965: 2964:TheJournal.ie 2960: 2954: 2938: 2937: 2932: 2926: 2924: 2915: 2909: 2902: 2897: 2895: 2893: 2891: 2875:. History.com 2874: 2873:"Berlin Wall" 2868: 2866: 2849: 2845: 2844: 2838: 2830: 2828: 2819: 2813: 2806: 2801: 2786: 2782: 2775: 2759: 2758: 2753: 2747: 2731: 2727: 2723: 2716: 2714: 2705: 2701: 2694: 2692: 2690: 2688: 2686: 2677: 2673: 2667: 2651: 2647: 2641: 2631: 2624: 2620: 2614: 2607: 2602: 2594: 2590: 2583: 2567: 2563: 2557: 2541: 2537: 2536: 2531: 2524: 2522: 2513: 2509: 2505: 2499: 2497: 2495: 2487: 2481: 2474: 2471: 2465: 2463: 2461: 2459: 2450: 2446: 2440: 2438: 2429: 2425: 2419: 2417: 2408: 2402: 2398: 2391: 2384: 2379: 2377: 2369: 2364: 2348: 2344: 2340: 2336: 2332: 2326: 2311: 2307: 2303: 2296: 2290:, p. 99. 2289: 2284: 2278:, p. 97. 2277: 2272: 2266:, p. 96. 2265: 2260: 2244: 2238: 2222: 2218: 2214: 2213: 2206: 2190: 2186: 2182: 2181: 2174: 2166: 2160: 2156: 2151: 2150: 2141: 2139: 2137: 2135: 2133: 2131: 2129: 2127: 2110: 2106: 2100: 2084: 2080: 2073: 2064: 2057: 2053: 2049: 2046:Hilde Szabo: 2043: 2034: 2025: 2016: 2007: 1999: 1995: 1989: 1987: 1985: 1983: 1981: 1979: 1977: 1972: 1964: 1962: 1958: 1953: 1951: 1947: 1942: 1937: 1935: 1930: 1928: 1924: 1919: 1910: 1901: 1899: 1895: 1891: 1887: 1884: 1879: 1875: 1874:Allied Museum 1870: 1867: 1863: 1858: 1856: 1852: 1848: 1844: 1840: 1838: 1834: 1830: 1826: 1822: 1821: 1815: 1813: 1808: 1804: 1802: 1798: 1793: 1784: 1782: 1778: 1777: 1772: 1768: 1764: 1760: 1750: 1748: 1743: 1739: 1735: 1732: 1731: 1730:Kristallnacht 1726: 1722: 1718: 1714: 1710: 1706: 1705:Werner Schulz 1702: 1697: 1695: 1691: 1687: 1683: 1679: 1678:Joni Mitchell 1675: 1671: 1667: 1663: 1659: 1655: 1651: 1650: 1645: 1641: 1638: 1634: 1630: 1625: 1621: 1618: 1611: 1608: 1601: 1600: 1595: 1592: 1588: 1583: 1581: 1580: 1579:Innocent Eyes 1575: 1571: 1556: 1554: 1548: 1543: 1541: 1538: 1533: 1529: 1526: 1510: 1505: 1501: 1494: 1489: 1482: 1477: 1470: 1465: 1461: 1454: 1449: 1442: 1437: 1436: 1435: 1433: 1429: 1424: 1422: 1418: 1413: 1411: 1407: 1402: 1392: 1390: 1386: 1382: 1378: 1368: 1365: 1361: 1357: 1353: 1349: 1344: 1341: 1315: 1312: 1311:Heinz Schäfer 1304: 1284: 1277: 1272: 1268: 1267:"Mauerspecht" 1262: 1257: 1250: 1245: 1241: 1234: 1229: 1225: 1218: 1213: 1212: 1211: 1208: 1207: 1202: 1201: 1196: 1192: 1182: 1179: 1175: 1170: 1169:border guards 1166: 1156: 1153: 1149: 1145: 1144:state atheism 1137: 1133: 1128: 1118: 1116: 1112: 1106: 1104: 1100: 1099: 1093: 1089: 1088: 1083: 1079: 1078: 1073: 1068: 1059: 1050: 1048: 1044: 1039: 1036: 1035: 1030: 1025: 1023: 1019: 1015: 1011: 1007: 1002: 1001: 995: 991: 986: 982: 980: 976: 972: 968: 964: 960: 956: 946: 928: 924: 921: 917: 913: 911: 905: 903: 898: 895: 893: 890: 887: 883: 879: 875: 874:Berlin (ADN) 872: 869: 868: 860: 855: 848: 845: 842: 839: 836: 831: 827: 824: 820: 816: 814: 811: 808: 805: 801: 797: 794: 791: 788: 787: 779: 774: 769:VVS b2-937/89 766: 763: 759: 755: 751: 746: 744: 742: 736: 732: 722: 720: 715: 713: 712:Walter Momper 710: 704: 702: 698: 693: 690: 685: 682:(SED) leader 681: 671: 668: 659: 656: 648: 638: 634: 630: 624: 623: 619: 614:This section 612: 608: 603: 602: 594: 592: 588: 582: 580: 576: 572: 568: 565: 561: 557: 552: 550: 549:Deutsche Mark 545: 541: 537: 533: 529: 525: 521: 517: 513: 507: 503: 495: 491: 486: 472: 470: 466: 462: 458: 454: 450: 446: 442: 438: 434: 430: 423: 417: 409: 405: 401: 389: 384: 382: 377: 375: 370: 369: 367: 366: 361: 358: 357: 356: 355: 351: 350: 345: 341: 338: 337: 336: 335: 327: 324: 323: 317: 314: 311: 307: 304: 300: 298: 295: 292: 289: 287: 284: 282: 278: 275: 274: 273: 272: 266: 262: 259: 258: 253: 250: 248: 245: 243: 240: 238: 235: 234: 233: 232: 226: 223: 222: 217: 214: 210: 207: 206: 205: 202: 201: 200: 199: 193: 190: 189: 183: 180: 179: 173: 172:German Empire 170: 169: 163: 160: 159: 153: 150: 149: 145: 141: 140: 137: 131: 130: 125: 120: 119: 112: 109: 105: 102: 98: 94: 90: 87: 83: 79: 75: 72:18:53–19:01 ( 71: 67: 53: 49: 44: 38: 33: 30: 25: 19: 8954: 8947: 8621:Soviet Union 8609:Eastern Bloc 8494:Later events 8410:Malta Summit 8399: 8242:Turkmenistan 8170:Soviet Union 8156:Soviet Union 8136:East Germany 7956:Meles Zenawi 7911:Sali Berisha 7861:Václav Havel 7808:Human chains 7715:Károly Grósz 7645:Khozraschyot 7536:Nomenklatura 7511:Eastern Bloc 7400:Brinkmanship 7292:intelligence 7181:Marius Oprea 7131:Harvey Klehr 7061:Herbert Feis 7051:Willem Drees 7016:Archie Brown 6933: 6921: 6903: 6893:Trybuna Ludu 6891: 6884: 6880:Radio Moscow 6872: 6865: 6858: 6686:Anti-Zionism 6602: 6525:Keynesianism 6513:Conservatism 6377:Transnistria 6357:China-Taiwan 6245: 6014:Gera Demands 5887: 5688: 5563: 5368:El Porteñazo 5262:Congo Crisis 5177: 5112:Algerian War 5095: 4971:Western Bloc 4966:Eastern Bloc 4961:Iron Curtain 4817: 4809: 4801: 4778: 4758: 4750: 4667:Soviet Union 4665: 4658: 4598: 4593:Steinstücken 4560: 4552: 4500: 4492: 4484: 4476: 4468: 4449: 4441: 4433: 4414: 4406: 4398: 4390: 4382: 4374: 4366: 4358: 4350: 4342: 4334: 4326: 4318: 4310: 4302: 4294: 4286: 4278: 4270: 4262: 4229: 4160:Rudolf Urban 4145:Ida Siekmann 4135:Egon Schultz 3940:Schießbefehl 3934: 3895:Iron Curtain 3813: 3805:Bibliography 3792: 3782: 3772: 3762: 3752: 3742: 3732: 3722: 3712: 3702: 3690:. 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