5896:
5273:
5638:
4887:
5872:
5301:
503:
2881:
1993:
5281:
2951:
4159:
3568:
3041:
2354:
4111:
3520:
2992:
2069:
2522:
1646:
142:
2561:
1698:
194:
551:
4327:
3736:
3209:
2237:
2006:
2730:
1880:
376:
5685:
3326:
2855:
539:
4303:
3712:
3185:
2213:
10663:
4291:
3700:
3173:
2201:
4255:
3664:
3137:
2315:
2165:
2704:
1854:
350:
515:
4387:
4123:
3796:
3532:
3269:
3004:
2342:
2273:
4375:
4351:
3784:
3760:
3257:
3233:
2261:
2249:
2691:
1841:
337:
4195:
3604:
3077:
2117:
4243:
4135:
3652:
3544:
3125:
3016:
2378:
2081:
999:
575:
527:
4363:
4183:
4171:
4099:
3772:
3592:
3580:
3508:
3245:
3065:
3053:
2980:
2795:
2535:
2402:
2366:
2105:
2057:
1945:
1659:
491:
441:
155:
2782:
2756:
1932:
1906:
428:
402:
5316:
2600:
1737:
233:
4279:
4147:
3688:
3556:
3313:
3161:
3029:
2938:
2842:
2652:
2548:
2189:
2093:
1802:
1789:
1672:
597:
563:
298:
285:
168:
4231:
3640:
3113:
2769:
2587:
2574:
2509:
2153:
1919:
1724:
1711:
1633:
619:
415:
220:
207:
129:
10675:
10651:
4636:
2925:
2678:
1828:
1685:
324:
181:
3339:
2868:
2639:
1776:
272:
4315:
4219:
3724:
3628:
3197:
3101:
2225:
2141:
104:
2717:
1867:
363:
4411:
3820:
3293:
2414:
2026:
5630:
4339:
3748:
3221:
2626:
2390:
1763:
259:
4207:
3616:
3089:
2129:
2485:
2821:
1971:
467:
4267:
3676:
3149:
2743:
2177:
1893:
389:
2613:
1750:
246:
4399:
3808:
3281:
2285:
2665:
1815:
311:
2808:
1958:
454:
3374:
5705:
was established in early 2007. After the
Russian-Ukrainian Gas Crisis of 2009 the EU decided that the existing external measures regarding gas supply security should be supplemented by internal provisions for emergency prevention and response, such as enhancing gas storage and network capacity or the development of the technical prerequisites for reverse flow in transit pipelines.
5676:(PCA), which will be negotiated in 2007. The energy cooperation with other third energy producer and transit countries is facilitated with different tools, such as the PCAs, the existing and foreseen Memorandums of Understanding on Energy Cooperation (with Ukraine, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan and Algeria), the Association Agreements with Mediterranean countries, the
5723:. The fund was criticized for blanket ban on low-carbon nuclear power but also introduction of a loophole for fossil gas. Having the largest workforce dedicated to the coal industry, Poland—followed by Germany and Romania—is the fund's largest receptor. Amounting to €17.5 billion, the fund was approved by the European Parliament in May 2021.
5887:
In a poll carried out for the
European Commission in October and November 2005, 47% of the citizens questioned in the 27 countries of the EU (including the 2 states that joined in 2007) were in favour of taking decisions on key energy policy issues at a European level. 37% favoured national decisions
5753:
The EU mandates the use of 3 million tons of hydrogen per year for the transport and maritime sectors. Challenges to achieving higher production levels include high costs and limited subsidies. In 2024, the
European Hydrogen Bank announced a second auction with a budget of €1.2 billion, which is less
5704:
For ensuring efficient follow-up and coherence in pursuing the initiatives and processes, for sharing information in case of an external energy crisis, and for assisting the EU's early response and reactions in case of energy security threats, the network of energy correspondents in the Member States
5383:
package was to assist up to €115 billion in energy investment through 2027, in addition to regular lending operation in the sector. The
European Investment Bank Group has invested about €134 billion in the energy sector of the European Union during the last ten years (2010-2020), in addition to extra
5254:
it is highly likely that the world will not be able to reach this particular target. The EU might then not only be forced to accept a less ambitious global target. Because the planned emissions reductions in the
European energy sector (95% by 2050) are derived directly from the 2 °C target since
5400:
levels reached over 58 percent, the highest for this period, supported by regulatory measures that mandate storage facilities to maintain at least 90 percent capacity by
November each year. These strategies are part of the EU's broader efforts to diversify energy sources and increase sustainability,
5258:
In 2014, negotiations about binding EU energy and climate targets until 2030 are set to start. European
Parliament voted in February 2014 in favour of binding 2030 targets on renewables, emissions and energy efficiency: a 40% cut in greenhouse gases, compared with 1990 levels; at least 30% of energy
5891:
A similar survey of 29,220 people in March and May 2006 indicated that the balance had changed in favour of national decisions in these areas (42% in favour), with 39% backing EU policy making and 12% preferring local decisions. There was significant national variation with this, with 55% in favour
5467:
acknowledged an EU proposal for an international initiative on energy efficiency tabled in March 2007, and agreed to explore, together with the
International Energy Agency, the most effective means to promote energy efficiency internationally. A year later, on 8 June 2008, the G8 countries, China,
4729:
of 2007 legally includes solidarity in matters of energy supply and changes to the energy policy within the EU. Prior to the Treaty of Lisbon, EU energy legislation has been based on the EU authority in the area of the common market and environment. However, in practice many policy competencies in
5344:
production. Although there is significant variation in national targets, the average is that 22% of electricity should be generated by renewables by 2010 (compared to 13,9% in 1997). The
European Commission has proposed in its Renewable Energy Roadmap21 a binding target of increasing the level of
5680:
Action Plans; Euromed energy cooperation; the Baku initiative; and the EU-Norway energy dialogue. For the cooperation with
African countries, a comprehensive Africa-Europe Energy partnership would be launched at the highest level, with the integration of Europe's Energy and Development Policies.
5790:
The Commission reviewed these measures in December 2016 and proposed to extend them for two years until March 2019. However, in January 2017, 18 out of 28 EU member states voted in favour of shortening the extension period. In February 2017, the commission announced its intention to extend its
5754:
than the initially proposed €3 billion. While there has been early interest, there is some hesitation regarding the signing of offtake contracts. Priority sectors for the use of green hydrogen include green steel production and ammonia. In contrast, sectors such as passenger road transport and
5371:
has managed the European Local Energy Assistance (ELENA) facility on behalf of the European Commission, which provides technical assistance to any private or public entity in order to help prepare energy-efficient and renewable energy investments in buildings or innovative urban transportation
5758:
are given lower priority. The cost of producing green hydrogen ranges from $ 6 to $ 15 per kilogram. A subsidy model similar to that of the United States, which offers $ 3 per kilogram, would require €3 billion annually to support the production of 1 million tons of green hydrogen. Strategic
4941:
improved by 20%. In included mandatory targets for each member state, which differed by member state. While not all national government reached their targets, overall, the EU surpassed the three targets. Greenhouse gas emissions were 34% lower in 2020 than in 1990 for instance.
5014:
The strategy includes a minimum 10% electricity interconnection target for all member states by 2020, which the Commission hopes will put downward pressure onto energy prices, reduce the need to build new power plants, reduce the risk of black-outs or other forms of
5395:
As part of the REPowerEU Plan, the European Union has significantly decreased its reliance on Russian gas by reducing imports from 45 percent in 2021 to 15 percent in 2023, while also achieving a near 20 percent reduction in overall gas usage. By March 31, EU
5372:
projects. The EU Modernisation Fund, formed in 2018 as part of the new EU Emissions Trading System (ETS) Directive and with direct engagement from the EIB12, targets such investments as well as energy efficiency and a fair transition across 10 Member States.
7942:
1446:
5480:
requires member states to ensure that new buildings, as well as large existing buildings undergoing refurbishment, meet certain minimum energy requirements. It also requires that all buildings should undergo 'energy certification' prior to sale, and that
5946:
In September 2010, the German government adopted a set of ambitious goals to transform their national energy system and to reduce national greenhouse gas emissions by 80 to 95% by 2050 (relative to 1990). This transformation became known as the
5133:
to quickly reduce import dependency on Russia for oil and gas. While the policy proposal includes a substantial acceleration for renewable energy deployment, it also contains expansion of fossil fuel infrastructure from alternative suppliers.
9257:
5468:
India, South Korea and the European Community decided to establish the International Partnership for Energy Efficiency Cooperation, at the Energy Ministerial meeting hosted by Japan in the frame of the 2008 G8 Presidency, in Aomori.
4753:
in Europe. Russia, Canada, Australia, Niger and Kazakhstan were the five largest suppliers of nuclear materials to the EU, supplying more than 75% of the total needs in 2009. In 2015, the EU imports 53% of the energy it consumes.
5536:
5831:
research program that run until 2013 only reserved a moderate amount of funding for energy research, although energy did emerge as one of the key issues of the European Union. A large part of FP7 energy funding was devoted to
4706:, binding for all EU Member States. The target involved increasing the share of renewable energy in its final energy use to 20%, reduce greenhouse gases by 20% and increase energy efficiency by 20%. After this target was met,
4765:
package was to assist up to €115 billion in energy investment through 2027, in addition to regular lending operation in the sector. In 2022, the EIB sponsored €17 billion in energy investments throughout the European Union.
7522:"Directive 2010/30/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 19 May 2010 on the indication by labelling and standard product information of the consumption of energy and other resources by energy-related products"
7500:"Directive 2003/87/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 October 2003 establishing a scheme for greenhouse gas emission allowance trading within the Community and amending Council Directive 96/61/EC"
10529:
5241:
Many underlying proposals are designed to limit global temperature changes to no more than 2 °C above pre-industrial levels, of which 0.8 °C has already taken place and another 0.5–0.7 °C is already
5164:, in the European Union, as well as increased competition in the energy markets, improved security of supply, and improved employment prospects. The commission's proposals have been approved at a meeting of the
5051:, 580 km of high-voltage cables laid fully underground. The power line will create an urgently needed link between the wind power generated in the north and the consumption centres in the south of Germany.
5917:
Citizens appear to opt for changing the energy structure, enhancing research and development and guaranteeing the stability of the energy field rather than saving energy as the way to meet energy challenges.
8033:
4922:. It included a target of doubling the share of renewable energy in the EU's energy mix from 6% to 12% by 2010. The increase for the electricity sector was even higher, with a goal of 22%. Two years later
4833:
in the EU context) on integrating the European market. One of the key ideas was that consumers would be able to buy electricity from outside of their own country. This plan encountered opposition from the
5524:/km by 2008, a 25% cut from the 1995 level. Because the target was unlikely to be met, the European Commission published new proposals in February 2007, requiring a mandatory limit of 130 grams of CO
6654:"ENERGY UNION PACKAGE COMMUNICATION FROM THE COMMISSION TO THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND THE COUNCIL The Paris Protocol – A blueprint for tackling global climate change beyond 2020 - (SWD(2015) 17 final)"
6704:"ENERGY UNION PACKAGE COMMUNICATION FROM THE COMMISSION TO THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND THE COUNCIL - Achieving the 10% electricity interconnection target Making Europe's electricity grid fit for 2020"
7870:
7951:
7130:"Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council: Renewable Energy Roadmap: Renewable Energies in the 21st century; building a sustainable future – COM(2006) 848 final"
5746:
has set a goal to produce 10 million tons of clean hydrogen annually within the EU by 2030. Additionally, the EU plans to import another 10 million tons per year from countries with cost-effective
4058:
5852:
863:
631:
5122:
package is a large set of proposed legislation detailing how the European Union plans to reach this target, including major proposal for energy sectors such as renewable energy and transport.
5951:. Subsequently, the government decided to the phase-out the nation's fleet of nuclear reactors, to be complete by 2022. As of 2014, the country is making steady progress on this transition.
9701:
5036:
EU Member States agreed 25 January 2018 on the commission's proposal to invest €873 million in clean energy infrastructure. The projects are financed by CEF (Connecting Europe Facility).
4991:
March 2015 that the EU is committed to building an Energy Union with a forward-looking climate policy on the basis of the commission's framework strategy, with five priority dimensions:
9706:
7702:
9416:
6209:
5926:
Energy issues touch everybody and it is therefore hard to distinguish clear groups with differing perceptions. Nevertheless, rough distinction between groups of citizens is sketched.
9121:
6216:
5337:
1108:
4878:
should not done by a single (monopolistic) company. Having energy generation separate would allow for competition in that sector, whereas network operation would remain regulated.
7097:
5044:, a 280 km long off-shore section and a French underground land section. This new link will increase the interconnection capacity between both countries from 2.8 GW to 5 GW.
5593:
subsidy. Air fuel tax 33 cents/litre equal to road traffic would give €9.5 billion. Applying a 15% VAT in all air traffics within and from Europe would be equal to €15 billion.
10695:
1054:
1011:
1003:
4958:
to coordinate the transformation of European energy supply. It was launched in February 2015, with the aim of providing secure, sustainable, competitive, affordable energy.
5547:
by 31 December 2010, with an intermediate target of 2% by the end of 2005. In February 2007 the European Commission proposed that, from 2011, suppliers will have to reduce
9711:
8520:
7080:
4523:
6041:
10124:
10076:
5454:
9389:
8097:
6010:
10081:
9116:
7868:
7387:
1139:
507:
7297:
10086:
9594:
8629:
8045:
6005:
5585:
In 2018 Germany applied 19% VAT on domestic airline tickets. Many other member states had 0% VAT. Unlike air travel, VAT is applied to bus and rail, which creates
5200:
That the energy supply and generation activities of energy companies should be 'unbundled' from their distribution networks to further increase market competition.
4673:
1094:
7417:
4781:, but three decades later, integration of energy markets had yet to take place. The start of an internal market for gas and electricity took place in the 1990s.
10003:
9963:
6944:
5551:
per unit of energy by 1% a year from 2010 levels, to result in a cut of 10% by 2020 Stricter fuel standards to combat climate change and reduce air pollution.
5115:
1099:
8103:
6076:
5364:
by providing a stable regulatory framework. In addition, it recommends setting a minimum emission performance standard for all new-build power installations.
10114:
9428:
9276:
8426:
7869:
Federal Ministry of Economics and Technology (BMWi); Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety (BMU) (28 September 2010).
3362:
821:
7612:
10613:
10134:
10119:
10066:
9106:
5496:, aimed at promoting energy efficiency and encouraging energy-saving behaviour, the Boiler Efficiency Directive specifies minimum levels of efficiency for
10104:
7250:
5895:
10550:
9811:
8957:
8781:
8492:
8185:
8180:
8175:
5910:
EU citizens perceive great future promise in the use of renewable energies. Despite majority opposition, nuclear energy also has its place in the future
3886:
1210:
8063:
The Liberalisation of the Power Industry in the European Union and its Impact on Climate Change – A Legal Analysis of the Internal Market in Electricity
7045:
Moving Targets. Negotiations on the EU's Energy and Climate Policy Objectives for the Post-2020 Period and Implications for the German Energy Transition
6829:
10129:
10071:
6703:
6653:
6145:
Obrecht, Matevz; Denac, Matjaz (2013). "A sustainable energy policy for Slovenia : considering the potential of renewables and investment costs".
1308:
555:
9328:
9287:
9241:
7789:
6803:
5653:, the post-Kyoto regime and a framework agreement on energy efficiency; extension of the EC energy regulatory framework or principles to neighbours (
4730:
relation to energy remain at national member state level, and progress in policy at European level requires voluntary cooperation by members states.
2040:
1356:
10374:
7584:
5505:
5477:
4822:, which was intended to create a single market also for energy. However, three decades later, integration of energy markets had yet to take place.
1248:
1170:
1064:
8624:
8130:
7662:
7486:
7018:
4517:
1485:
990:
4981:
10228:
8051:
7710:
5645:
Beyond the bounds of the European Union, EU energy policy has included negotiating and developing wider international agreements, such as the
10379:
8686:
8190:
8038:
5237:
Energy partnership, to help Africa 'leap-frog' to low-carbon technologies and to help develop the continent as a sustainable energy supplier.
857:
543:
7879:
9070:
8539:
8378:
8373:
8368:
6268:
6124:
5844:
5353:
4666:
1303:
951:
5899:
Half of European respondents to a survey on climate say they expect there will be a quota of energy allocated to each citizen in 20 years.
10183:
9589:
9205:
8602:
7732:
5476:
Buildings account for around 40% of EU energy requirements and have been the focus of several initiatives. From 4 January 2006, the 2002
4513:
3410:
1155:
1089:
1079:
609:
587:
481:
7104:
6242:
4842:. The less controversial parts of the directives—those on price transparency and transit right for grid operators—were adopted in 1990.
4806:
to lessen hostilities between France and Germany by making them economically intertwined. A second key moment was the formation in 1957
9399:
9111:
9085:
8984:
8482:
6584:
6549:
6441:
5079:(EU) climate neutral in 2050. The plan is to review each existing law on its climate merits, and also introduce new legislation on the
4535:
1218:
579:
531:
495:
7352:
7005:
5575:
Airlines can be charged for their greenhouse gas emissions on flights to and from Europe according to a court ruling in October 2011.
9721:
8681:
8575:
6718:"European Commission – PRESS RELEASES – Press release – More growth and jobs: EU invests €873 million in clean energy infrastructure"
5800:
5432:
3430:
1584:
1258:
1198:
936:
761:
623:
601:
567:
9517:
9512:
7366:"Council Directive 92/42/EEC of 21 May 1992 on efficiency requirements for new hot-water boilers fired with liquid or gaseous fuels"
1571:
9438:
9360:
8195:
8080:
8058:
Dupont, C., et al. (2024). Three decades of EU climate policy: Racing toward climate neutrality? WIREs Climate Change, 15(1), e863.
7056:
6031:
5418:
5289:
4498:
4007:
3425:
7149:
4870:, and another on the internal gas market two years later. The directive for the electricity market contained the requirement that
9610:
9465:
9379:
4659:
4468:
4163:
4051:
85:
7069:
5570:
5500:
fired with liquid or gaseous fuels. Originally, from June 2007, all homes (and other buildings) in the UK would have to undergo
10273:
9783:
8989:
8902:
8746:
8711:
8580:
8512:
8403:
8398:
8393:
8388:
8337:
8170:
7332:"Directive 2002/91/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 December 2002 on the energy performance of buildings"
6046:
5602:
4773:, which was created in 1951 to lessen hostilities between France and Germany by making them economically intertwined. The 1957
4433:
4423:
1554:
1490:
1343:
1323:
1313:
1236:
1118:
1037:
17:
7044:
4646:
10598:
10283:
9683:
9654:
9539:
9433:
9236:
8585:
8507:
8477:
8328:
7173:
6602:
6567:
6459:
5848:
5673:
5589:, increasing demand for air travel relative to other forms of transport. This increases aviation emissions and constitutes a
5272:
4835:
4558:
3951:
3926:
1542:
5206:
The development of a European Strategic Energy Technology Plan to develop technologies in areas including renewable energy,
10603:
10564:
9579:
9534:
9448:
8996:
8676:
8590:
8570:
8487:
8247:
6020:
5709:
4977:
4563:
4508:
4483:
4463:
4458:
4428:
4331:
3914:
3668:
3395:
3388:
1146:
975:
968:
926:
719:
519:
8091:
10384:
10328:
9691:
9649:
9094:
8967:
8863:
8165:
8123:
6098:
6026:
5990:
4503:
4493:
4488:
4478:
4443:
4438:
2019:
1594:
1529:
7469:
10575:
10570:
10333:
10233:
9559:
9299:
9294:
9031:
8548:
8502:
8472:
8413:
8305:
8212:
8157:
6667:
5389:
4622:
4553:
4473:
4448:
4083:
4078:
3367:
766:
656:
117:
6505:
6479:
5750:. However, some experts estimate that actual production in the EU might reach around 1 million tons per year by 2030.
5582:, except for domestic flights and on intra-EU flights on the basis of bilateral agreements. No such agreements exist.
4698:, and integrating the energy markets of member states. An increasingly important part of it is climate policy. A key
10608:
9911:
9696:
9584:
9311:
9262:
9011:
8925:
8897:
8659:
8355:
8252:
8028:
5995:
5903:
A comprehensive public opinion survey was performed in May and June 2006. The authors propose following conclusions:
5578:
Historically, EU aviation fuel was tax free and applied no VAT. Fuel taxation in the EU was banned in 2003 under the
4973:
4799:
4770:
4600:
4453:
3958:
3490:
3485:
3480:
3475:
3470:
3465:
3460:
3455:
3450:
3445:
1564:
1549:
1253:
1193:
1180:
1049:
904:
889:
646:
7557:
5528:/km for new cars by 2012, with 'complementary measures' being proposed to achieve the target of 120 grams of CO
10208:
9841:
9304:
9060:
9001:
8920:
8807:
8751:
8595:
8283:
6863:
6000:
5520:, signed in 1998, to cut carbon dioxide emissions for new cars sold in Europe to an average of 140 grams of CO
5223:
4073:
3420:
2950:
2909:
2426:
2332:
1617:
1589:
1559:
1466:
1351:
1160:
1074:
1059:
8004:
7905:
5855:
and an inititaive for sustainable nuclear fission. The budget for the SET plan is estimated at €71.5 billion. The
5637:
10364:
10176:
9644:
9549:
9529:
9267:
8467:
8455:
8363:
7994:
7545:
7129:
5799:
The European Union is active in the areas of energy research, development and promotion, via initiatives such as
5783:
were selling their products in the EU up to 88% below market prices, backed by state subsidies. In response, the
5247:
4891:
4722:
policy package, which boosts both renewable deployment and fossil fuel infrastructure for alternative suppliers.
4307:
3963:
3881:
3572:
8431:
7521:
7499:
7365:
7331:
7275:
6957:
6178:"EU achieves 20-20-20 climate targets, 55 % emissions cut by 2030 reachable with more efforts and policies"
5276:
In 2020, renewables overtook fossil fuels as the European Union's main source of electricity for the first time.
4854:, which founded the European Union, included no chapter specific on energy. Such a chapter had been rejected by
9659:
9574:
9507:
9453:
9443:
9421:
9321:
9135:
9026:
9021:
8962:
8879:
8721:
8116:
7276:"Council Directive 2004/67/EC of 26 April 2004 concerning measures to safeguard security of natural gas supply"
5965:
5662:
5501:
5306:
4968:, introduced the idea of an energy union when he was Prime Minister of Poland. Eurocommissioner Vice President
4295:
1604:
1500:
1265:
1203:
775:
670:
94:
7418:"Commission plans legislative framework to ensure the EU meets its target for cutting CO2 emissions from cars"
6753:
10543:
9736:
9669:
9639:
9502:
9475:
9316:
9043:
8977:
8930:
8830:
8619:
8612:
8148:
6182:
5677:
5118:
was passed, which legislated that greenhouse gas emissions should be 55% lower in 2030 compared to 1990. The
5102:
as Executive Vice President of the European Commission for the European Green Deal. On 13 December 2019, the
4391:
4379:
4355:
4127:
3859:
3849:
3405:
1425:
983:
636:
7440:
7391:
6772:
5340:, which entered into force in October 2001, the member states are expected to meet "indicative" targets for
4906:
plus United Kingdom pledged an average of 20 percent renewable energy for 2020, and EU27 reached 22 percent.
10705:
10323:
10150:
10048:
9861:
9497:
9384:
9343:
9055:
8835:
8320:
7298:"Rapid – Press Releases – EUROPA – The International Partnership for Energy Efficiency Cooperation (IPEEC)"
6015:
5423:
The 2004 Gas Security Directive has been intended to improve security of supply in the natural gas sector.
4871:
4367:
4259:
4247:
4223:
4199:
4187:
4175:
4139:
4115:
4103:
3990:
3909:
3904:
3740:
1412:
641:
9220:
7793:
6927:
6888:
6387:
5672:
The EU-Russia energy cooperation will be based on a new comprehensive framework agreement within the post-
5098:, stated that the European Green Deal would be Europe's "man on the moon moment". Von der Leyen appointed
10338:
10109:
9886:
9664:
9569:
9348:
9006:
8310:
8265:
7950:. Berlin, Germany: Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy (BMWi). November 2015. Archived from
7163:
5923:
Europeans appear to be fairly familiar with energy issues, although their knowledge seems somewhat vague.
5856:
5840:
objectives until beyond 2050. The European Commission tried to redress this shortfall with the SET plan.
5828:
5618:
5322:
5126:
4715:
4605:
4415:
4343:
4283:
4235:
4211:
4151:
3995:
3866:
2899:
2451:
2431:
825:
7988:
10641:
10169:
9776:
9374:
9210:
8972:
8776:
5876:
5590:
5410:
5183:
sources by 2020 (compared to 1990 levels), while pushing for an international agreement to succeed the
4830:
4403:
4319:
4271:
3936:
3871:
1599:
1318:
1290:
1283:
7670:
6618:
10700:
10618:
10557:
10243:
9973:
9968:
9629:
9251:
9065:
8768:
8716:
8525:
8436:
6735:
6516:
6490:
5787:
imposed tariffs on solar imported from China at an average rate of 47.6% beginning 6 June that year.
5579:
5566:
5560:
5443:
5251:
5219:
5149:
on 8 March 2006. As a result of the decision to develop a common energy policy, the first proposals,
3876:
1243:
1187:
899:
749:
10430:
7236:
7215:
5759:
recommendations suggest prioritizing the use of renewable electricity for displacing coal, powering
5190:
A cut of up to 95% in carbon emissions from primary energy sources by 2050, compared to 1990 levels.
10369:
10263:
10258:
10218:
9282:
8820:
8815:
8607:
8220:
7906:"Impact of the German nuclear phase-out on Europe's electricity generation — a comprehensive study"
7635:
7318:
5739:
5606:
5376:
5368:
5176:
4969:
4934:
4758:
3400:
1396:
1391:
921:
810:
806:
802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
6594:
6559:
6451:
10312:
10268:
9933:
9745:
9524:
9411:
7989:
European information campaign on the opening of the energy markets and on energy consumers' right
7856:
7844:
7832:
7019:
Impending Paradigm Shift. International Climate Negotiations and their Impact on EU Energy Policy
6530:
5941:
5920:
The possible future consequences of energy issues do not generate deep fears in Europeans' minds.
5666:
4886:
3946:
3716:
2904:
1032:
1027:
8076:
7570:
7388:"[ARCHIVED CONTENT] DCLG News Release – Department for Communities and Local Government"
5605:, introduced in 2005 under the 2003 Emission Trading Directive, sets member state-level caps on
5401:
aligning with investments in renewable energy and efficiency enhancements across member states.
10628:
10593:
10536:
10480:
10343:
10306:
9634:
9480:
9369:
9338:
9272:
9215:
8646:
8225:
6269:"EU Energy Policy under the Treaty of Lisbon Rules: Between a new policy and business as usual"
5860:
4899:
4819:
4778:
4617:
3985:
3921:
3704:
2965:
2025:
946:
843:
683:
502:
10679:
10348:
10213:
10033:
9769:
9750:
9355:
9175:
8741:
8297:
7404:
7223:
6362:
6051:
5970:
5871:
5689:
5646:
5388:
projects in various countries. These initiatives are currently assisting Europe in surviving
5361:
5215:
4640:
4002:
3968:
3800:
3788:
3764:
3536:
2446:
1336:
1123:
1103:
941:
6177:
10623:
10445:
9943:
9923:
9826:
9554:
9160:
9150:
9016:
8952:
8840:
8383:
8235:
8013:
7189:
6512:
6486:
5803:(ultra-low energy housing), and programs under the umbrella titles of SAVE (energy saving)
5780:
5693:
5095:
5030:
4930:
4923:
4911:
4851:
4703:
4594:
4034:
4014:
3844:
3776:
3656:
3632:
3608:
3596:
3584:
3548:
3524:
3512:
2476:
2461:
2456:
1438:
930:
8:
10238:
9938:
9716:
9544:
9485:
9404:
9195:
9180:
8691:
8671:
8565:
8046:
Meeting the European Union 2 °C climate target: global and regional emission implications
7407:, Official Journal of the European Communities, published 02-12-16. Retrieved 2008-06-02.
6056:
5776:
5743:
5397:
5285:
5211:
5207:
5154:
5111:
5084:
5072:
5068:
4955:
4938:
4867:
4826:
4711:
4547:
4254:
4024:
4019:
3824:
3752:
3692:
3663:
3644:
3620:
3560:
3357:
3141:
3136:
2943:
2471:
2466:
2314:
2169:
2164:
1807:
1133:
1069:
914:
737:
725:
677:
303:
7703:"EU to Shorten Extension on Anti-Dumping Duties of Chinese Solar Imports_EnergyTrend PV"
6717:
5142:
The possible principles of Energy Policy for Europe were elaborated at the commission's
5114:
voted to support the deal as well, with requests for higher ambition. A year later, the
10018:
10013:
9988:
9846:
9564:
9165:
8944:
8858:
8270:
7070:"The European Power Sector in 2020 / Up-to-Date Analysis on the Electricity Transition"
6987:
5837:
5300:
5243:
5161:
5027:
4863:
4695:
4612:
4543:
4029:
3837:
3812:
3728:
3680:
2484:
1534:
837:
689:
10415:
8023:
7878:. Berlin, Germany: Federal Ministry of Economics and Technology (BMWi). Archived from
6412:
6341:
5280:
2894:
10522:
10405:
10318:
10192:
10043:
9993:
9953:
9906:
9901:
9891:
9876:
9871:
9866:
9851:
9836:
9831:
9821:
9816:
9806:
8497:
7169:
6991:
6837:
6598:
6563:
6455:
5812:
5735:
5621:
were introduced to encourage consumers to purchase more energy-efficient appliances.
5586:
5360:
recommends binding renewable energy target to support in replacing fossil fuels with
4875:
3373:
1346:
731:
514:
10530:
Energy Autonomy: The Economic, Social & Technological Case for Renewable Energy
10038:
10028:
10008:
9998:
9983:
9978:
9958:
9928:
9896:
9881:
9856:
9792:
9492:
9170:
8654:
8017:
7917:
7749:
7031:
6979:
6590:
6555:
6447:
6154:
5985:
5980:
5975:
5784:
5760:
5747:
5720:
5654:
5548:
5486:
5385:
5341:
5165:
5103:
5099:
5080:
5023:
4965:
4839:
4726:
2382:
882:
755:
10465:
8421:
7872:
Energy concept for an environmentally sound, reliable and affordable energy supply
1174:
10667:
10455:
10450:
10440:
10420:
10023:
9948:
9918:
9200:
7032:
Updating the EU's Energy and Climate Policy. New Targets for the Post-2020 Period
5755:
5658:
5414:
5345:
renewable energy in the EU's overall mix from less than 7% today to 20% by 2020.
5326:
5016:
4933:, which sought to increase the share of renewables to 20% by 2020. Additionally,
4691:
3973:
3415:
2319:
1150:
550:
7944:
The Energy of the Future: Fourth "Energy Transition" Monitoring Report — Summary
7921:
7904:
Bruninx, Kenneth; Madzharov, Darin; Delarue, Erik; D'haeseleer, William (2013).
6243:"In-depth Q&A: How the EU plans to end its reliance on Russian fossil fuels"
2394:
10485:
10470:
10400:
9185:
8139:
7548:. Communication from the Commission to the European Council COM(2006) 590 final
5892:
of European level decision making in the Netherlands, but only 15% in Finland.
5731:
5669:
to global partners; the promotion of research and the use of renewable energy.
5650:
5517:
5493:
5460:
5184:
5180:
5076:
4919:
4915:
4903:
4895:
4859:
4815:
4774:
4750:
4710:
were set at a 55% reduction of greenhouse gas emissions by 2030 as part of the
4571:
4158:
3978:
3567:
3045:
3040:
2566:
2353:
2011:
1703:
1361:
955:
893:
743:
707:
701:
199:
7815:
6210:
Climate change law in Europe: What do new EU climate laws mean for the courts?
6208:
Higham, Catherine; Setzer, Joana; Narulla, Harj; Bradeen, Emily (March 2023).
6123:
Rayner, Tim; Szulecki, Kacper; Jordan, Andrew J.; Oberthür, Sebastian (2023).
5617:
A further area of energy policy has been in the area of consumer goods, where
10689:
10655:
10490:
9246:
7684:
6841:
6736:"CEF Energy – Innovation and Networks Executive Agency – European Commission"
6125:"Handbook on European Union Climate Change Policy and Politics (open access)"
5960:
4999:
4855:
4811:
4795:
4699:
4065:
3331:
2860:
2499:
2418:
2346:
1164:
713:
7558:
Effective Provisions for Emergency Prevention and Response in the Gas Sector
7441:"EU to compromise on auto emissions – Europe – International Herald Tribune"
6685:
5684:
5356:
up to 2013. In 2012, wind energy avoided €9.6 billion of fossil fuel costs.
5259:
to come from renewable sources; and a 40% improvement in energy efficiency.
10495:
10460:
10435:
10278:
8733:
7617:
7573:
Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, CSS Analyses 159 (2014)
7465:
5833:
5349:
4803:
3853:
2406:
2370:
2358:
1505:
Authority for European Political Parties and European Political Foundations
695:
8108:
7560:. German Institute for International and Security Affairs, Comment 21/2009
6312:
6294:
5767:
and green steel production before using it for green hydrogen production.
5160:
It is claimed that they will lead to a 'post-industrial revolution', or a
10505:
10500:
10475:
10425:
8664:
8557:
7405:
European Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (Directive 2002/91/EC)
5540:
5506:
European Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (Directive 2002/91/EC)
5143:
5019:
4961:
4738:
4326:
3735:
3213:
3208:
2886:
2735:
2241:
2236:
1998:
1885:
381:
10662:
6906:
5348:
Europe spent €406 billion in 2011 and €545 billion in 2012 on importing
4858:
who wanted to retain autonomy on energy, specifically those with larger
10410:
9155:
8756:
7998:
6099:"Energy policy: general principles | Fact Sheets on the European Union"
5911:
5719:
Just Transition Fund (JTF) was created in 2020 to boost investments in
5697:
5119:
5088:
4707:
4302:
3711:
3189:
3184:
2709:
2217:
2212:
1859:
1366:
538:
355:
72:
7981:
7903:
7663:"EU wins court backing on anti-dumping duties on Chinese solar panels"
6635:
6440:
Talus, Kim (5 September 2013). "The Regulatory History of EU Energy".
6158:
5390:
the crisis brought on by the sudden interruption of Russian gas supply
5203:
Improving energy relations with the EU's neighbours, including Russia.
4718:, the EU's energy policy turned more towards energy security in their
9623:
8703:
8634:
7585:"MEPs ban nuclear from green transition fund, leave loophole for gas"
5907:
Energy issues are considered to be important but not at first glance.
5764:
5380:
5246:. 2 °C is usually seen as the upper temperature limit to avoid '
5130:
4984:
have been cited as strong reasons for the importance of this policy.
4762:
4734:
4719:
4290:
3699:
3177:
3172:
2696:
2300:
2205:
2200:
1846:
1042:
342:
10161:
8062:
7859:: Energy Technologies: Knowledge, Perception, Measures, January 2007
7762:
6970:
Randalls, Samuel (2010). "History of the 2 °C climate target".
10248:
10223:
9761:
9333:
9190:
9075:
7752:, European Commission, Directorate-General for Energy and Transport
7321:, European Commission, Directorate-General for Energy and Transport
6983:
6830:"European Green Deal to press ahead despite Polish targets opt-out"
5880:
5836:
research, a technology that will not be able to help meet European
5808:
5544:
4386:
4374:
4350:
4122:
3795:
3783:
3759:
3531:
3273:
3268:
3261:
3256:
3237:
3232:
3008:
3003:
2800:
2787:
2761:
2540:
2341:
2277:
2272:
2265:
2260:
2253:
2248:
2047:
1950:
1937:
1911:
1664:
651:
446:
433:
407:
160:
8057:
7613:"EU lawmakers give final approval to bloc's green transition fund"
5629:
5315:
5147:
A European Strategy for Sustainable, Competitive and Secure Energy
10650:
9099:
8087:
6217:
Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment
6036:
5863:
do not feature at all in the six priority areas of the SET Plan.
5804:
5379:
took part in energy financing in Europe in 2022: a part of their
5338:
Directive on Electricity Production from Renewable Energy Sources
5194:
4807:
4761:
took part in energy financing in Europe in 2022: a part of their
4746:
4362:
4242:
4218:
4194:
4182:
4170:
4134:
4110:
4098:
3771:
3651:
3627:
3603:
3591:
3579:
3543:
3519:
3507:
3318:
3249:
3244:
3129:
3124:
3105:
3100:
3081:
3076:
3069:
3064:
3057:
3052:
3020:
3015:
2996:
2991:
2984:
2979:
2847:
2774:
2657:
2631:
2605:
2592:
2579:
2553:
2527:
2514:
2401:
2377:
2365:
2145:
2140:
2121:
2116:
2109:
2104:
2085:
2080:
2073:
2068:
2061:
2056:
1924:
1794:
1768:
1742:
1729:
1716:
1677:
1651:
1638:
1447:
Agencies, decentralised independent bodies and joint undertakings
998:
574:
526:
490:
420:
290:
264:
238:
225:
212:
173:
147:
134:
103:
7733:"EU softens proposal on extension of Chinese solar panel duties"
7251:"EU Gas Storage Nearly 60 Percent Full at End of Heating Season"
35:
European Union total primary energy consumption by fuel in 2017
10253:
8441:
5734:
is a significant component of the European Union's strategy to
5497:
5482:
5234:
5230:
5107:
4926:
was passed which increased the share of biofuels in transport.
4528:
4410:
4338:
4278:
4230:
4206:
4146:
3819:
3747:
3687:
3639:
3615:
3555:
3344:
3297:
3292:
3225:
3220:
3165:
3160:
3117:
3112:
3093:
3088:
3033:
3028:
2930:
2873:
2826:
2748:
2683:
2644:
2618:
2413:
2389:
2193:
2188:
2157:
2152:
2133:
2128:
2097:
2092:
1976:
1898:
1833:
1781:
1755:
1690:
618:
596:
562:
472:
394:
329:
277:
251:
186:
6771:
Tamma, Paola; Schaart, Eline; Gurzu, Anca (11 December 2019).
6531:"Share of energy consumption from renewable sources in Europe"
5539:
requires that 5,75% of all transport fossil fuels (petrol and
5187:
aimed at achieving a 30% cut by all developed nations by 2020.
8009:
6804:"EU Commission unveils 'European Green Deal': The key points"
5641:
Who supplies Europe? The global concerns of EU energy imports
5504:
before they are sold or let, to meet the requirements of the
5255:
2007, the EU will have to revise its energy policy paradigm.
4972:
called the Energy Union the biggest energy project since the
4742:
4398:
4314:
4266:
3807:
3723:
3675:
3285:
3280:
3201:
3196:
3153:
3148:
2813:
2722:
2670:
2289:
2284:
2229:
2224:
2181:
2176:
1963:
1872:
1820:
459:
368:
316:
8052:
Perspectives for the European Union's External Energy Policy
6122:
4838:, as the policy sought to liberalise what was regarded as a
4524:
Post-Brexit United Kingdom relations with the European Union
10288:
9080:
7470:"Airlines can be charged for carbon pollution, court rules"
6388:"Crisis threaten long-term investment and green transition"
5816:
5455:
International Partnership for Energy Efficiency Cooperation
5357:
4881:
4741:, which then made it the world's leading importer of these
1314:
Economic and Financial Affairs configuration of the Council
27:
Legislation in the area of energetics in the European Union
8050:
German Institute for International and Security Affairs –
6207:
5807:(new and renewable energy sources), STEER (transport) and
5106:
decided to press ahead with the plan, with an opt-out for
5071:, approved in 2020, is a set of policy initiatives by the
9258:
European Judicial Network in civil and commercial matters
6672:
EurActiv – EU News & policy debates, across languages
6583:
Talus, Kim (5 September 2013). "Environment and Energy".
6548:
Talus, Kim (5 September 2013). "Environment and Energy".
6011:
European countries by fossil fuel use (% of total energy)
5791:
anti-dumping measures for a reduced period of 18 months.
4894:: Share of energy consumption from renewable sources for
4769:
The history of energy markets in Europe started with the
4576:
8005:
Eurostat – Statistics Explained – all articles on energy
7850:
6006:
European countries by electricity consumption per person
5157:, following a consultation process, on 10 January 2007.
5464:
5352:. This is around three times more than the cost of the
8248:
International Authority for the Ruhr (1949–1951)
7057:
European parliament votes for stronger climate targets
5004:
Energy efficiency contributing to moderation of demand
10696:
Energy policies and initiatives of the European Union
10639:
8034:
Collective Energy Security: A New Approach for Europe
7546:
External energy relations – from principles to action
7062:
5571:
Aviation taxation and subsidies § European Union
10614:
Lists of nuclear disasters and radioactive incidents
8306:
European Monetary Cooperation Fund (1973–1994)
7636:"Green Hydrogen Execs Call for Pragmatism in Europe"
6907:"EU sticks out neck in global climate change battle"
10551:
The Seventh Decade: The New Shape of Nuclear Danger
8338:
European Financial Stability Mechanism (2010–
8253:
European Coal and Steel Community (1951–2002)
7833:
Special Eurobarometer 247. Attitudes towards Energy
7790:"International Energy Agency – Energy Publications"
8329:European Financial Stability Facility (2010–
7489:Jasper Faber and Aoife O'Leary Delft November 2018
7021:, in: KAS International Reports, 9/2012, pp. 22–34
6945:New EU energy plan – more security, less pollution
5288:display format, proposed in a note annexed to the
7897:
7862:
7079:. Ember and Agora Energiewende. 25 January 2021.
6770:
6363:"Davos 'polycrisis' means investment opportunity"
10687:
10537:The Energy Imperative: 100 Percent Renewable Now
8092:EU puts climate change at heart of energy policy
8056:Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews -- (open access)
6797:
6795:
6793:
6077:"Statistical Review of World Energy (June 2018)"
5609:for power plants and other large point sources.
5478:Directive on the energy performance of buildings
4929:These directives were replaced in 2009 with the
4802:, which was created in 1951 in the aftermath of
1309:Committee on Budgetary Control of the Parliament
9702:Largest cities by population within city limits
6972:Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change
5633:Many EU members import oil and gas from Russia.
1486:European Institute of Innovation and Technology
588:Countries with suspended accession negotiations
8044:Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency –
7162:Bank, European Investment (14 December 2020).
6899:
6273:Politics and Institutions, EPIN Working Papers
5329:; similars are used for buildings and vehicles
4845:
10177:
9777:
8311:European Monetary Institute (1994–1998)
8266:European Economic Community (1958–1993)
8124:
7353:For an Energy-Efficient Millennium: SAVE 2000
7214:Bank, European Investment (2 February 2023).
7098:"Labelling provision in Directive 2003/54/EC"
6790:
6511:(Report). EPG Working Paper. Vol. 1505.
6485:(Report). EPG Working Paper. Vol. 1505.
5930:
4667:
8284:European Atomic Energy Community (est. 1958)
7165:The EIB Group Climate Bank Roadmap 2021-2025
6589:. Oxford University Press. p. 192–193.
6586:EU Energy Law and Policy: A Critical Account
6551:EU Energy Law and Policy: A Critical Account
6443:EU Energy Law and Policy: A Critical Account
6336:
6334:
6332:
6144:
5770:
5624:
4937:needed to drop by 20% compared to 1990, and
4902:countries compared to the targets for 2020.
10229:Bund für Umwelt und Naturschutz Deutschland
8138:
7541:
7539:
7150:Avoiding fossil fuel costs with wind energy
6668:"Will EU states play ball on Energy Union?"
6576:
6147:Journal of Renewable and Sustainable Energy
5794:
3411:Political groups of the European Parliament
1482:Decentralised independent bodies of the EU
10184:
10170:
9784:
9770:
8985:Mechanism for Cooperation and Verification
8131:
8117:
8098:Russia, Germany and European energy policy
7190:"ELENA – European Local ENergy Assistance"
6754:"Biscay Gulf Interconnector – 4C Offshore"
5094:The president of the European Commission,
4674:
4660:
10375:National Action Plan on Energy Efficiency
8104:Barroso calls for strong EU energy policy
7995:European Strategic Energy Technology Plan
7935:
7122:
6922:
6920:
6864:"Parliament supports European Green Deal"
6640:European Commission – European Commission
6595:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199686391.003.0002
6560:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199686391.003.0002
6541:
6452:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199686391.003.0002
6417:European Commission - European Commission
6346:European Commission – European Commission
6329:
6295:"Low-carbon economy' proposed for Europe"
6042:List of electricity interconnection level
5775:In 2013, a two-year investigation by the
5489:equipment should be regularly inspected.
5433:EU Energy Efficiency Directive 2012/27/EU
5040:€578 million for the construction of the
5010:Research, innovation and competitiveness.
4733:In 2007, the EU was importing 82% of its
1585:Publications Office of the European Union
9439:European Structural and Investment Funds
9361:European System of Financial Supervision
8226:Western European Union (1954–2011)
7845:Special Eurobarometer 258. Energy Issues
7536:
7438:
6969:
6740:Innovation and Networks Executive Agency
6706:. European Commission. 25 February 2015.
6656:. European Commission. 25 February 2015.
6554:. Oxford University Press. p. 192.
6267:Braun, Jan Frederik (24 February 2012).
6032:Internal Market in Electricity Directive
5894:
5870:
5683:
5636:
5628:
5290:Internal Market in Electricity Directive
5279:
5271:
5058:project to provide natural gas to Cyprus
5042:Biscay Gulf France-Spain interconnection
4885:
4882:Renewable energy and the 20/20/20 target
4008:European System of Financial Supervision
1304:Internal Audit Service of the Commission
7607:
7605:
7571:The EU's Policy to Secure Gas Supplies.
7006:The End of Climate Policy as We Knew it
6958:What Comes After the Two-Degree Target?
6861:
6446:. Oxford University Press. p. 15.
6240:
6172:
6170:
6168:
5714:
5532:/km that had originally been expected.
5250:'. Due to only minor efforts in global
5193:A minimum target of 10% for the use of
5075:with the overarching aim of making the
4914:was passed, in the context of the 1997
4514:United Kingdom–European Union relations
2439:Non Euro countries relationship to Euro
14:
10688:
10274:Nuclear reprocessing plant Wackersdorf
8903:European Economic and Social Committee
8712:Court of Justice of the European Union
8236:European Communities (1967–2009)
7784:
7782:
7780:
7464:
6947:, press release by European Commission
6928:"EUR-Lex – 52007DC0001 – EN – EUR-Lex"
6917:
6889:"EUR-Lex – 52006DC0105 – EN – EUR-Lex"
6862:Benakis, Theodoros (15 January 2020).
6827:
6506:EU Energy Policy and the Third Package
6503:
6480:EU Energy Policy and the Third Package
6477:
6096:
6047:Renewable energy in the European Union
5603:European Union Emission Trading Scheme
5062:
4890:2020 and 2021 fulfillment of the 2009
4749:used in European nuclear reactors was
4536:United States–European Union relations
1555:European Economic and Social Committee
10380:National Renewable Energy Action Plan
10284:Vattenfall Europe Nuclear Energy GmbH
10191:
10165:
9765:
9540:Stabilisation and Association Process
9237:Area of freedom, security and justice
8112:
7685:"EU imposes China solar panel duties"
7630:
7628:
7582:
7086:from the original on 25 January 2021.
7043:Oliver Geden/Severin Fischer (2014),
7030:Severin Fischer/Oliver Geden (2013),
6828:Rankin, Jennifer (13 December 2019).
6801:
6582:
6547:
6473:
6471:
6439:
6435:
6433:
6357:
6355:
6266:
5888:and 8% that they be tackled locally.
5674:Partnership and Cooperation Agreement
4995:Energy security, solidarity and trust
4559:European Union and the United Nations
4091:Foreign relations of EU member states
10604:History of the anti-nuclear movement
10565:World Nuclear Industry Status Report
9791:
9535:European Union Association Agreement
8271:European Community (1993–2009)
7660:
7602:
7213:
7161:
6802:Simon, Frédéric (11 December 2019).
6628:
6301:. Associated Press. 10 January 2007.
6236:
6234:
6203:
6201:
6165:
6021:European Pollutant Emission Register
5853:European electricity grid initiative
5843:The SET plan initiatives included a
5710:Russia in the European energy sector
5426:
5137:
4987:The European Council concluded on 19
4564:European Union Association Agreement
4499:Switzerland–European Union relations
3396:Elections to the European Parliament
10329:List of photovoltaic power stations
8864:European Data Protection Supervisor
8166:Ideas of European unity before 1948
7777:
7034:, FES International Policy Analysis
6773:"Europe's Green Deal plan unveiled"
6027:Global strategic petroleum reserves
5991:EU Energy Efficiency Directive 2012
5847:, the Solar Europe Initiative, the
5726:
5262:
4829:proposed a set of policies (called
4688:energy policy of the European Union
4469:Kazakhstan–European Union relations
2020:Nuclear power in the European Union
1595:European Personnel Selection Office
1530:European Data Protection Supervisor
1491:European Public Prosecutor's Office
24:
10334:Renewable energy commercialization
10234:EnBW Energie Baden-Wuerttemberg AG
9560:EU Strategy for the South Caucasus
9300:Common Security and Defence Policy
9295:Common Foreign and Security Policy
7661:Chee, Foo Yun (28 February 2017).
7625:
7155:
6468:
6430:
6352:
6313:"ESA-AnnualReport2009-100908.indd"
5516:EU policies include the voluntary
5437:
4623:Convention on the Future of Europe
4554:Microstates and the European Union
4434:Australia–European Union relations
4424:Argentina–European Union relations
3372:
3368:Microstates and the European Union
2949:
2917:Non-Schengen area EU member states
2483:
2024:
657:Withdrawal from the European Union
25:
10717:
10609:List of power stations in Germany
10599:The Greens–European Free Alliance
9329:Economic and Monetary Union (EMU)
8926:European Union Military Committee
8898:European Committee of the Regions
7973:
7439:Bilefsky, Dan (6 February 2007).
6231:
6198:
6097:Ciucci, Matteo (September 2022).
5996:European Climate Change Programme
5866:
5815:, the EU is participating in the
5738:to sustainable energy and reduce
5612:
5411:electricity market liberalisation
5404:
5267:
5216:fourth generation nuclear reactor
4974:European Coal and Steel Community
4800:European Coal and Steel Community
4771:European Coal and Steel Community
4601:European Coal and Steel Community
1565:European Union Military Committee
1550:European Committee of the Regions
1453:Decentralised agencies of the EU
1181:Member of the European Parliament
852:Abandoned treaties and agreements
10673:
10661:
10649:
10209:Anti-nuclear movement in Germany
9305:Permanent Structured Cooperation
8921:Political and Security Committee
8808:European Atomic Energy Community
8096:14 Dec 2006, opendemocracy.net:
8024:BBC Q&A: EU energy proposals
8020:at the local and regional level.
7355:, Directorate-General for Energy
6001:European Commissioner for Energy
5811:(developing countries). Through
5502:Energy Performance Certification
5314:
5299:
5224:carbon capture and sequestration
4912:first Renewable Energy Directive
4892:Renewable Energy Directive (RED)
4634:
4509:Ukraine–European Union relations
4484:Moldova–European Union relations
4464:Iceland–European Union relations
4459:Georgia–European Union relations
4429:Armenia–European Union relations
4409:
4397:
4385:
4373:
4361:
4349:
4337:
4325:
4313:
4301:
4289:
4277:
4265:
4253:
4241:
4229:
4217:
4205:
4193:
4181:
4169:
4157:
4145:
4133:
4121:
4109:
4097:
3818:
3806:
3794:
3782:
3770:
3758:
3746:
3734:
3722:
3710:
3698:
3686:
3674:
3662:
3650:
3638:
3626:
3614:
3602:
3590:
3578:
3566:
3554:
3542:
3530:
3518:
3506:
3337:
3324:
3311:
3291:
3279:
3267:
3255:
3243:
3231:
3219:
3207:
3195:
3183:
3171:
3159:
3147:
3135:
3123:
3111:
3099:
3087:
3075:
3063:
3051:
3039:
3027:
3014:
3002:
2990:
2978:
2936:
2923:
2910:Visa policy of the Schengen Area
2879:
2866:
2853:
2840:
2819:
2806:
2793:
2780:
2767:
2754:
2741:
2728:
2715:
2702:
2689:
2676:
2663:
2650:
2637:
2624:
2611:
2598:
2585:
2572:
2559:
2546:
2533:
2520:
2507:
2412:
2400:
2388:
2376:
2364:
2352:
2340:
2313:
2283:
2271:
2259:
2247:
2235:
2223:
2211:
2199:
2187:
2175:
2163:
2151:
2139:
2127:
2115:
2103:
2091:
2079:
2067:
2055:
2004:
1991:
1969:
1956:
1943:
1930:
1917:
1904:
1891:
1878:
1865:
1852:
1839:
1826:
1813:
1800:
1787:
1774:
1761:
1748:
1735:
1722:
1709:
1696:
1683:
1670:
1657:
1644:
1631:
1590:European External Action Service
1560:Political and Security Committee
1467:European Supervisory Authorities
997:
844:European Economic Area Agreement
617:
595:
573:
561:
549:
537:
525:
513:
501:
489:
465:
452:
439:
426:
413:
400:
387:
374:
361:
348:
335:
322:
309:
296:
283:
270:
257:
244:
231:
218:
205:
192:
179:
166:
153:
140:
127:
102:
9707:National parties by affiliation
9550:Euronest Parliamentary Assembly
9530:Economic Partnership Agreements
8221:Western Union (1948–1954)
8069:
7838:
7826:
7808:
7755:
7743:
7725:
7695:
7677:
7654:
7583:Simon, Frédéric (7 July 2020).
7576:
7563:
7551:
7514:
7492:
7487:Taxing aviation fuels in the EU
7480:
7458:
7432:
7410:
7398:
7380:
7358:
7346:
7324:
7312:
7290:
7268:
7243:
7207:
7182:
7143:
7090:
7050:
7037:
7024:
7011:
6998:
6963:
6950:
6938:
6881:
6855:
6821:
6764:
6746:
6728:
6710:
6696:
6678:
6660:
6646:
6611:
6523:
6497:
6405:
6380:
6305:
5535:In the area of fuels, the 2001
4945:
4504:Turkey–European Union relations
4494:Russia–European Union relations
4489:Norway–European Union relations
4479:Mexico–European Union relations
4444:Canada–European Union relations
4439:Brazil–European Union relations
3964:Passports of the European Union
2954:Schengen Area from January 2023
9712:Presidents of the institutions
9508:European Higher Education Area
9086:International status and usage
8880:Agencies of the European Union
8613:European political foundations
7319:Energy Efficiency in Buildings
7047:, SWP Research Paper 2014/RP03
7008:, SWP Research Paper 2012/RP01
6287:
6260:
6138:
6116:
6090:
6069:
5966:Directorate-General for Energy
5336:Under the requirements of the
5307:Home energy performance rating
4982:annexation of Crimea by Russia
4862:. A directive for an internal
4474:Japan–European Union relations
4449:China–European Union relations
1605:European Administrative School
1501:European Data Protection Board
1386:European Investment Bank Group
95:Politics of the European Union
13:
1:
10544:The Fourth Revolution: Energy
9503:European Common Aviation Area
8958:Charter of Fundamental Rights
8931:European Union Military Staff
8831:European University Institute
8620:Council of the European Union
6183:European Environmental Agency
6062:
5877:nuclear waste disposal centre
5781:Chinese solar panel exporters
5678:European Neighbourhood Policy
5047:€70 million to construct the
5022:, improve the reliability of
4954:Strategy is a project of the
4789:
4454:European Union–NATO relations
3500:Elections in EU member states
3431:Referendums related to the EU
1426:European University Institute
1420:European University Institute
647:Germany–Netherlands relations
10385:Renewable Energy Sources Act
10324:Energy transition in Germany
9498:European Political Community
9344:European Banking Supervision
8836:European Stability Mechanism
8102:20 Nov 2006, eupolitix.com:
8039:Berlin Forum on Fossil Fuels
7168:. European Investment Bank.
6241:Goodman, Joe (20 May 2022).
6016:European Ecodesign Directive
5665:energy cooperation) and the
5511:
5471:
4998:A fully integrated European
3991:European Banking Supervision
2029:Euratom since 1 January 2021
1476:Executive agencies of the EU
1413:European Stability Mechanism
1407:European Stability Mechanism
7:
10339:Renewable energy in Germany
9570:Union for the Mediterranean
9349:Single Resolution Mechanism
9288:Vehicle registration plates
9242:Migration and asylum policy
9221:Potential superpower status
7922:10.1016/j.enpol.2013.05.026
7765:. Fusionforenergy.europa.eu
7569:Oliver Geden/Jonas Graetz:
5954:
5849:Bioenergy Europe Initiative
5829:Seventh Framework Programme
5822:
5692:, which connects the giant
5596:
5151:Energy for a Changing World
5127:Russian invasion of Ukraine
4846:Start of an internal market
4798:in Europe started with the
4716:Russian invasion of Ukraine
4606:European Economic Community
3996:Single Resolution Mechanism
3363:EEA National Identity cards
2900:Schengen Information System
2432:Enlargement of the eurozone
2041:Economic and Monetary Union
1497:Corporate bodies of the EU
1115:Council preparatory bodies
864:UK membership renegotiation
10:
10722:
10576:Films about nuclear issues
10571:Books about nuclear issues
9513:EU/ESA Framework Agreement
9211:Differentiated integration
8777:European Court of Auditors
8608:European political parties
8081:Energy security and Europe
6619:"Energy Union and Climate"
5939:
5935:
5931:Example European countries
5875:Anti-nuclear protest near
5707:
5564:
5558:
5554:
5452:
5441:
5430:
5110:. On 15 January 2020, the
4866:was passed in 1996 by the
4784:
1579:Inter-institutional bodies
1324:Public Prosecutor's Office
1291:European Court of Auditors
1284:European Court of Auditors
1237:Court of Justice of the EU
10619:Nuclear-Free Future Award
10584:
10514:
10393:
10357:
10297:
10244:Free Republic of Wendland
10199:
10143:
10095:
10057:
9799:
9730:
9682:
9630:House of European History
9618:
9609:
9464:
9252:European Judicial Network
9229:
9143:
9134:
9122:Health expense per person
9051:
9042:
8943:
8911:
8888:
8872:
8849:
8796:
8769:Supreme audit institution
8767:
8732:
8702:
8645:
8556:
8547:
8538:
8463:
8454:
8412:
8354:
8319:
8296:
8279:
8261:
8243:
8234:
8211:
8204:
8156:
8147:
7857:Special Eurobarometer 262
7792:. Iea.org. Archived from
6517:UK Energy Research Centre
6491:UK Energy Research Centre
5771:Solar anti-dumping levies
5625:External energy relations
5580:Energy Taxation Directive
5567:Energy Taxation Directive
5561:EU aviation fuel taxation
5444:Energy Taxation Directive
5252:Climate change mitigation
5220:coal pollution mitigation
5175:A cut of at least 20% in
5007:Decarbonising the economy
4641:European Union portal
1244:European Court of Justice
671:Treaties and Declarations
637:Belgium–Germany relations
10365:Climate Action Plan 2050
10264:Nuclear power in Germany
10259:List of nuclear reactors
10219:Anti-WAAhnsinns Festival
8821:European Investment Fund
8816:European Investment Bank
7300:. Europa.eu. 8 June 2008
6392:European Investment Bank
6367:European Investment Bank
5861:demand-side technologies
5859:raised its concern that
5845:European Wind Initiative
5795:Research and development
5607:greenhouse gas emissions
5543:) should be replaced by
5448:
5377:European Investment Bank
5369:European Investment Bank
5248:dangerous global warming
5177:greenhouse gas emissions
4980:for its energy, and the
4935:greenhouse gas emissions
4759:European Investment Bank
1524:Other independent bodies
969:Legislative institutions
942:College of Commissioners
922:Von der Leyen Commission
642:France–Germany relations
84:This article is part of
10370:Energy Saving Ordinance
10269:Nuclear power phase-out
9525:European Peace Facility
8752:System of Central Banks
8075:8 Sep 2008 New Europe (
8029:2006 Energy Green Paper
7816:"What is the SET-Plan?"
6690:www.consilium.europa.eu
6504:Dutton, Joseph (2015).
6478:Dutton, Joseph (2015).
5942:Energiewende in Germany
5667:emission trading scheme
5367:For over a decade, the
5171:Key proposals include:
5168:on 8 and 9 March 2007.
4978:EU's reliance on Russia
4825:In the late 1980s, the
4702:adopted in 2009 is the
2905:Visa Information System
2333:Other currencies in use
1124:Council Working Parties
53: Natural gas (24%)
10629:Nuclear weapons debate
10594:Environmental movement
10481:Inge Schmitz-Feuerhake
10431:Siegwart Horst Günther
10344:Solar power in Germany
9842:Bosnia and Herzegovina
9635:2012 Nobel Peace Prize
9481:European Economic Area
9339:European banking union
9216:Privileged partnership
9071:Government procurement
7231:Cite journal requires
7216:"Energy Overview 2023"
5900:
5884:
5701:
5642:
5634:
5292:
5277:
5153:were published by the
5026:supply, and encourage
4907:
4820:free movement of goods
4779:free movement of goods
4618:Western European Union
3986:European banking union
3922:European Single Market
3491:2024 (latest election)
3378:
3377:European Economic Area
2966:European Economic Area
2955:
2489:
2030:
1456:Single market agencies
877:Executive institutions
817:Treaties of succession
508:Bosnia and Herzegovina
18:European energy policy
10349:Wind power in Germany
10307:100% renewable energy
10214:Anti-nuclear protests
9580:Free trade agreements
9422:Health Insurance Card
9356:Capital Markets Union
9206:Democratic legitimacy
9176:Optimum currency area
8997:Legislative procedure
8742:European Central Bank
7394:on 19 September 2012.
7059:The Guardian 5.2.2014
7017:Oliver Geden (2012),
7004:Oliver Geden (2012),
6956:Oliver Geden (2010),
6636:"European Commission"
6052:Special economic zone
5971:Energy Charter Treaty
5898:
5874:
5748:renewable electricity
5690:Southern Gas Corridor
5687:
5647:Energy Charter Treaty
5640:
5632:
5565:Further information:
5362:wind energy in Europe
5283:
5275:
5054:€101 million for the
4889:
4003:Capital Markets Union
3915:Free Trade Agreements
3376:
2953:
2487:
2028:
1337:European Central Bank
1298:Other auditory bodies
1278:Auditory institutions
1231:Judicial institutions
976:Legislative procedure
858:European Constitution
782:Treaties of accession
10624:Nuclear power debate
9692:Books on the subject
9555:EU Gateway Programme
9518:EU/ESA Space Council
9476:Neighbourhood Policy
9434:Regional development
9400:Environmental policy
9390:Educational policies
9317:Neighbourhood Policy
9161:Intergovernmentalism
9151:European integration
9066:Community preference
9017:Enhanced cooperation
9002:Citizens' Initiative
8841:Unified Patent Court
8692:Directorates-General
8483:Environmental issues
7957:on 20 September 2016
7673:on 28 February 2017.
6513:University of Exeter
6487:University of Exeter
5715:Just Transition Fund
5694:Shah Deniz gas field
5587:economic distortions
5492:As part of the EU's
5212:low-energy buildings
5116:European Climate Law
5096:Ursula von der Leyen
4852:Treaty of Maastricht
4836:Council of Ministers
4814:. A year later, the
4810:, to collaborate on
4708:new targets for 2030
4595:European Communities
4035:Enhanced cooperation
3406:European foundations
3023:(provisional member)
1572:EU/ESA Space Council
1439:Unified Patent Court
1433:Unified Patent Court
1219:National parliaments
1109:Directorates-general
10706:European Green Deal
10239:E.ON Kernkraft GmbH
10058:States with limited
9717:Terrorist incidents
9545:Eastern Partnership
9486:EEA Joint Committee
9405:European Green Deal
9375:Agricultural policy
9181:Supranational union
8672:European Commission
8630:General Secretariat
8566:European Parliament
8521:Special territories
8321:Financial stability
7763:"Fusion for Energy"
7737:businessinsider.com
7713:on 6 September 2017
7640:Energy Intelligence
7524:. Eur-lex.europa.eu
7502:. Eur-lex.europa.eu
7368:. Eur-lex.europa.eu
7334:. Eur-lex.europa.eu
7278:. Eur-lex.europa.eu
7110:on 20 February 2014
6674:. 25 February 2015.
6103:European Parliament
6057:Transport in Europe
5883:in northern Germany
5777:European Commission
5744:European Commission
5461:Heiligendamm Summit
5398:natural gas storage
5286:Fuel mix disclosure
5208:energy conservation
5155:European Commission
5112:European Parliament
5085:building renovation
5073:European Commission
5069:European Green Deal
5063:European Green Deal
4964:, President of the
4956:European Commission
4868:European Parliament
4827:European Commission
4727:EU Treaty of Lisbon
4712:European Green Deal
4704:20/20/20 objectives
4074:Ext. Action Service
4059:High Representative
4025:European Federation
3899:Policies and issues
3358:EEA Joint Committee
2488:Eurozone since 2015
1510:Joint undertakings
1134:European Parliament
915:European Commission
738:Treaty of Amsterdam
726:Single European Act
678:Schuman Declaration
632:Special territories
610:Applicant countries
482:Candidate countries
59: Nuclear (11%)
9565:Northern Dimension
9312:Enlargement Policy
9254:(criminal matters)
9166:Multi-speed Europe
8859:European Ombudsman
8515:(first-level NUTS)
8498:Larger urban zones
8018:renewable energies
7820:setis.ec.europa.eu
7707:pv.energytrend.com
7468:(6 October 2011).
7445:The New York Times
6758:www.4coffshore.com
6537:. 26 October 2022.
5901:
5885:
5838:climate and energy
5702:
5643:
5635:
5537:Biofuels Directive
5463:in June 2007, the
5419:Directive 2019/944
5415:security of supply
5293:
5278:
5162:low-carbon economy
5129:, the EU launched
4908:
4864:electricity market
4613:European Community
4544:Common Travel Area
4030:Multi-speed Europe
3887:Fundamental Rights
3438:European elections
3379:
2956:
2490:
2031:
1535:European Ombudsman
1012:July–December 2024
838:Schengen Agreement
750:Berlin Declaration
720:Solemn Declaration
690:Europe Declaration
10637:
10636:
10523:The Atom Besieged
10406:Hildegard Breiner
10319:Energy transition
10193:Energy in Germany
10159:
10158:
9793:Energy in Europe
9759:
9758:
9678:
9677:
9665:Telephone numbers
9605:
9604:
9380:Cultural policies
9130:
9129:
9117:Unemployment rate
8939:
8938:
8799:international-law
8792:
8791:
8782:Secretary-General
8534:
8533:
8493:Geographic centre
8450:
8449:
8350:
8349:
8292:
8291:
8014:energy efficiency
7885:on 6 October 2016
7175:978-92-861-4908-5
7077:ember-climate.org
6960:, SWP Comments 19
6932:eur-lex.europa.eu
6893:eur-lex.europa.eu
6868:European Interest
6604:978-0-19-968639-1
6569:978-0-19-968639-1
6535:www.eea.europa.eu
6461:978-0-19-968639-1
6186:. 9 February 2023
6159:10.1063/1.4811283
5813:Fusion for Energy
5761:electric vehicles
5721:low-carbon energy
5427:Energy efficiency
5138:Earlier proposals
4939:energy efficiency
4876:energy generation
4872:network operation
4745:. Only 3% of the
4684:
4683:
4052:Foreign relations
1985:Associated states
1600:Anti-Fraud Office
1319:Anti-Fraud Office
1254:Advocates General
1100:Secretary-General
984:Council of the EU
952:Secretary-General
732:Maastricht Treaty
16:(Redirected from
10713:
10701:Energy economics
10678:
10677:
10676:
10666:
10665:
10654:
10653:
10645:
10186:
10179:
10172:
10163:
10162:
10096:Dependencies and
9800:Sovereign states
9786:
9779:
9772:
9763:
9762:
9739:
9616:
9615:
9493:Energy Community
9412:Fisheries policy
9171:Neofunctionalism
9141:
9140:
9049:
9048:
8991:Official Journal
8978:Citizens' Rights
8717:Court of Justice
8655:European Council
8603:Political groups
8554:
8553:
8545:
8544:
8516:
8461:
8460:
8241:
8240:
8209:
8208:
8154:
8153:
8133:
8126:
8119:
8110:
8109:
7985:
7984:
7982:Official website
7967:
7966:
7964:
7962:
7956:
7949:
7939:
7933:
7932:
7930:
7928:
7901:
7895:
7894:
7892:
7890:
7884:
7877:
7866:
7860:
7854:
7848:
7842:
7836:
7830:
7824:
7823:
7812:
7806:
7805:
7803:
7801:
7796:on 29 April 2009
7786:
7775:
7774:
7772:
7770:
7759:
7753:
7747:
7741:
7740:
7729:
7723:
7722:
7720:
7718:
7709:. Archived from
7699:
7693:
7692:
7681:
7675:
7674:
7669:. Archived from
7658:
7652:
7651:
7649:
7647:
7632:
7623:
7622:
7609:
7600:
7599:
7597:
7595:
7589:www.euractiv.com
7580:
7574:
7567:
7561:
7555:
7549:
7543:
7534:
7533:
7531:
7529:
7518:
7512:
7511:
7509:
7507:
7496:
7490:
7484:
7478:
7477:
7462:
7456:
7455:
7453:
7451:
7436:
7430:
7429:
7427:
7425:
7414:
7408:
7402:
7396:
7395:
7390:. Archived from
7384:
7378:
7377:
7375:
7373:
7362:
7356:
7350:
7344:
7343:
7341:
7339:
7328:
7322:
7316:
7310:
7309:
7307:
7305:
7294:
7288:
7287:
7285:
7283:
7272:
7266:
7265:
7263:
7261:
7247:
7241:
7240:
7234:
7229:
7227:
7219:
7211:
7205:
7204:
7202:
7200:
7186:
7180:
7179:
7159:
7153:
7147:
7141:
7140:
7138:
7136:
7126:
7120:
7119:
7117:
7115:
7109:
7103:. Archived from
7102:
7094:
7088:
7087:
7085:
7074:
7066:
7060:
7054:
7048:
7041:
7035:
7028:
7022:
7015:
7009:
7002:
6996:
6995:
6967:
6961:
6954:
6948:
6942:
6936:
6935:
6924:
6915:
6914:
6903:
6897:
6896:
6885:
6879:
6878:
6876:
6874:
6859:
6853:
6852:
6850:
6848:
6825:
6819:
6818:
6816:
6814:
6808:www.euractiv.com
6799:
6788:
6787:
6785:
6783:
6768:
6762:
6761:
6750:
6744:
6743:
6742:. 26 March 2015.
6732:
6726:
6725:
6714:
6708:
6707:
6700:
6694:
6693:
6682:
6676:
6675:
6664:
6658:
6657:
6650:
6644:
6643:
6632:
6626:
6625:
6623:
6615:
6609:
6608:
6580:
6574:
6573:
6545:
6539:
6538:
6527:
6521:
6520:
6510:
6501:
6495:
6494:
6484:
6475:
6466:
6465:
6437:
6428:
6427:
6425:
6423:
6409:
6403:
6402:
6400:
6398:
6384:
6378:
6377:
6375:
6373:
6359:
6350:
6349:
6338:
6327:
6326:
6324:
6322:
6317:
6309:
6303:
6302:
6291:
6285:
6284:
6282:
6280:
6264:
6258:
6257:
6255:
6253:
6238:
6229:
6228:
6226:
6224:
6214:
6205:
6196:
6195:
6193:
6191:
6174:
6163:
6162:
6142:
6136:
6135:
6133:
6131:
6120:
6114:
6113:
6111:
6109:
6094:
6088:
6087:
6081:
6073:
5986:Energy in Europe
5981:Energy diplomacy
5976:Energy Community
5785:European Council
5763:, and operating
5740:carbon emissions
5727:Hydrogen economy
5655:Energy Community
5549:carbon emissions
5487:air conditioning
5409:The EU promotes
5386:renewable energy
5342:renewable energy
5318:
5303:
5263:Current policies
5166:European Council
5104:European Council
5100:Frans Timmermans
5081:circular economy
5024:renewable energy
4990:
4966:European Council
4931:20-20-20 targets
4840:natural monopoly
4818:established the
4777:established the
4676:
4669:
4662:
4639:
4638:
4637:
4414:
4413:
4402:
4401:
4390:
4389:
4378:
4377:
4366:
4365:
4354:
4353:
4342:
4341:
4330:
4329:
4318:
4317:
4306:
4305:
4294:
4293:
4282:
4281:
4270:
4269:
4258:
4257:
4246:
4245:
4234:
4233:
4222:
4221:
4210:
4209:
4198:
4197:
4186:
4185:
4174:
4173:
4162:
4161:
4150:
4149:
4138:
4137:
4126:
4125:
4114:
4113:
4102:
4101:
4020:Supranationalism
3927:Area of FS&J
3823:
3822:
3811:
3810:
3799:
3798:
3787:
3786:
3775:
3774:
3763:
3762:
3751:
3750:
3739:
3738:
3727:
3726:
3715:
3714:
3703:
3702:
3691:
3690:
3679:
3678:
3667:
3666:
3655:
3654:
3643:
3642:
3631:
3630:
3619:
3618:
3607:
3606:
3595:
3594:
3583:
3582:
3571:
3570:
3559:
3558:
3547:
3546:
3535:
3534:
3523:
3522:
3511:
3510:
3401:European parties
3342:
3341:
3340:
3329:
3328:
3327:
3316:
3315:
3314:
3296:
3295:
3284:
3283:
3272:
3271:
3260:
3259:
3248:
3247:
3236:
3235:
3224:
3223:
3212:
3211:
3200:
3199:
3188:
3187:
3176:
3175:
3164:
3163:
3152:
3151:
3140:
3139:
3128:
3127:
3116:
3115:
3104:
3103:
3092:
3091:
3080:
3079:
3068:
3067:
3056:
3055:
3044:
3043:
3032:
3031:
3019:
3018:
3007:
3006:
2995:
2994:
2983:
2982:
2941:
2940:
2939:
2928:
2927:
2926:
2884:
2883:
2882:
2871:
2870:
2869:
2858:
2857:
2856:
2845:
2844:
2843:
2824:
2823:
2822:
2811:
2810:
2809:
2798:
2797:
2796:
2785:
2784:
2783:
2772:
2771:
2770:
2759:
2758:
2757:
2746:
2745:
2744:
2733:
2732:
2731:
2720:
2719:
2718:
2707:
2706:
2705:
2694:
2693:
2692:
2681:
2680:
2679:
2668:
2667:
2666:
2655:
2654:
2653:
2642:
2641:
2640:
2629:
2628:
2627:
2616:
2615:
2614:
2603:
2602:
2601:
2590:
2589:
2588:
2577:
2576:
2575:
2564:
2563:
2562:
2551:
2550:
2549:
2538:
2537:
2536:
2525:
2524:
2523:
2512:
2511:
2510:
2417:
2416:
2405:
2404:
2393:
2392:
2383:Hungarian forint
2381:
2380:
2369:
2368:
2357:
2356:
2345:
2344:
2318:
2317:
2288:
2287:
2276:
2275:
2264:
2263:
2252:
2251:
2240:
2239:
2228:
2227:
2216:
2215:
2204:
2203:
2192:
2191:
2180:
2179:
2168:
2167:
2156:
2155:
2144:
2143:
2132:
2131:
2120:
2119:
2108:
2107:
2096:
2095:
2084:
2083:
2072:
2071:
2060:
2059:
2048:Eurozone members
2009:
2008:
2007:
1996:
1995:
1994:
1974:
1973:
1972:
1961:
1960:
1959:
1948:
1947:
1946:
1935:
1934:
1933:
1922:
1921:
1920:
1909:
1908:
1907:
1896:
1895:
1894:
1883:
1882:
1881:
1870:
1869:
1868:
1857:
1856:
1855:
1844:
1843:
1842:
1831:
1830:
1829:
1818:
1817:
1816:
1805:
1804:
1803:
1792:
1791:
1790:
1779:
1778:
1777:
1766:
1765:
1764:
1753:
1752:
1751:
1740:
1739:
1738:
1727:
1726:
1725:
1714:
1713:
1712:
1701:
1700:
1699:
1688:
1687:
1686:
1675:
1674:
1673:
1662:
1661:
1660:
1649:
1648:
1647:
1636:
1635:
1634:
1479:Euratom agencies
1104:Thérèse Blanchet
1002:
1001:
905:List of meetings
883:European Council
756:Treaty of Lisbon
622:
621:
600:
599:
578:
577:
566:
565:
554:
553:
542:
541:
530:
529:
518:
517:
506:
505:
494:
493:
470:
469:
468:
457:
456:
455:
444:
443:
442:
431:
430:
429:
418:
417:
416:
405:
404:
403:
392:
391:
390:
379:
378:
377:
366:
365:
364:
353:
352:
351:
340:
339:
338:
327:
326:
325:
314:
313:
312:
301:
300:
299:
288:
287:
286:
275:
274:
273:
262:
261:
260:
249:
248:
247:
236:
235:
234:
223:
222:
221:
210:
209:
208:
197:
196:
195:
184:
183:
182:
171:
170:
169:
158:
157:
156:
145:
144:
143:
132:
131:
130:
106:
81:
80:
70:
65: Hydro (4%)
64:
58:
52:
47: Coal (14%)
46:
40:
21:
10721:
10720:
10716:
10715:
10714:
10712:
10711:
10710:
10686:
10685:
10684:
10674:
10672:
10660:
10648:
10640:
10638:
10633:
10586:
10580:
10510:
10456:Rainer Moormann
10451:Irene Meichsner
10446:André Larivière
10441:Claudia Kemfert
10421:Hans-Josef Fell
10416:Hans-Peter Dürr
10389:
10353:
10299:
10293:
10201:
10195:
10190:
10160:
10155:
10139:
10097:
10091:
10077:Northern Cyprus
10059:
10053:
9974:North Macedonia
9795:
9790:
9760:
9755:
9742:
9735:
9726:
9674:
9655:Public holidays
9601:
9575:Global Strategy
9467:
9460:
9429:Labour mobility
9322:Global Strategy
9283:Driving licence
9225:
9201:Pro-Europeanism
9126:
9038:
8963:Competition law
8935:
8913:
8907:
8890:
8884:
8868:
8851:
8845:
8800:
8798:
8788:
8763:
8728:
8698:
8682:Vice-Presidents
8641:
8576:Vice-Presidents
8530:
8514:
8508:Protected areas
8478:External border
8446:
8408:
8346:
8315:
8288:
8275:
8257:
8230:
8200:
8191:1993–2004
8186:1973–1993
8181:1958–1972
8176:1948–1957
8143:
8137:
8072:
7980:
7979:
7976:
7971:
7970:
7960:
7958:
7954:
7947:
7941:
7940:
7936:
7926:
7924:
7902:
7898:
7888:
7886:
7882:
7875:
7867:
7863:
7855:
7851:
7847:, November 2006
7843:
7839:
7831:
7827:
7814:
7813:
7809:
7799:
7797:
7788:
7787:
7778:
7768:
7766:
7761:
7760:
7756:
7748:
7744:
7731:
7730:
7726:
7716:
7714:
7701:
7700:
7696:
7683:
7682:
7678:
7659:
7655:
7645:
7643:
7634:
7633:
7626:
7611:
7610:
7603:
7593:
7591:
7581:
7577:
7568:
7564:
7556:
7552:
7544:
7537:
7527:
7525:
7520:
7519:
7515:
7505:
7503:
7498:
7497:
7493:
7485:
7481:
7463:
7459:
7449:
7447:
7437:
7433:
7423:
7421:
7416:
7415:
7411:
7403:
7399:
7386:
7385:
7381:
7371:
7369:
7364:
7363:
7359:
7351:
7347:
7337:
7335:
7330:
7329:
7325:
7317:
7313:
7303:
7301:
7296:
7295:
7291:
7281:
7279:
7274:
7273:
7269:
7259:
7257:
7255:www.rigzone.com
7249:
7248:
7244:
7232:
7230:
7221:
7220:
7212:
7208:
7198:
7196:
7188:
7187:
7183:
7176:
7160:
7156:
7152:EWEA March 2014
7148:
7144:
7134:
7132:
7128:
7127:
7123:
7113:
7111:
7107:
7100:
7096:
7095:
7091:
7083:
7072:
7068:
7067:
7063:
7055:
7051:
7042:
7038:
7029:
7025:
7016:
7012:
7003:
6999:
6968:
6964:
6955:
6951:
6943:
6939:
6926:
6925:
6918:
6913:. 9 March 2007.
6905:
6904:
6900:
6887:
6886:
6882:
6872:
6870:
6860:
6856:
6846:
6844:
6826:
6822:
6812:
6810:
6800:
6791:
6781:
6779:
6769:
6765:
6752:
6751:
6747:
6734:
6733:
6729:
6716:
6715:
6711:
6702:
6701:
6697:
6684:
6683:
6679:
6666:
6665:
6661:
6652:
6651:
6647:
6634:
6633:
6629:
6621:
6617:
6616:
6612:
6605:
6581:
6577:
6570:
6546:
6542:
6529:
6528:
6524:
6519:. pp. 2–3.
6508:
6502:
6498:
6493:. pp. 3–5.
6482:
6476:
6469:
6462:
6438:
6431:
6421:
6419:
6411:
6410:
6406:
6396:
6394:
6386:
6385:
6381:
6371:
6369:
6361:
6360:
6353:
6340:
6339:
6330:
6320:
6318:
6315:
6311:
6310:
6306:
6293:
6292:
6288:
6278:
6276:
6265:
6261:
6251:
6249:
6239:
6232:
6222:
6220:
6212:
6206:
6199:
6189:
6187:
6176:
6175:
6166:
6143:
6139:
6129:
6127:
6121:
6117:
6107:
6105:
6095:
6091:
6079:
6075:
6074:
6070:
6065:
5957:
5944:
5938:
5933:
5869:
5825:
5797:
5779:concluded that
5773:
5729:
5717:
5712:
5659:Baku Initiative
5627:
5615:
5599:
5573:
5563:
5557:
5531:
5527:
5523:
5514:
5474:
5457:
5451:
5446:
5440:
5438:Energy taxation
5435:
5429:
5407:
5334:
5333:
5332:
5331:
5330:
5327:washing machine
5323:EU energy label
5319:
5311:
5310:
5304:
5270:
5265:
5140:
5065:
5017:electrical grid
4988:
4948:
4884:
4860:energy reserves
4848:
4794:The history of
4792:
4787:
4737:and 57% of its
4692:energy security
4680:
4651:
4647:Other countries
4635:
4633:
4628:
4627:
4590:
4582:
4581:
4568:
4540:
4420:
4408:
4396:
4384:
4372:
4360:
4348:
4336:
4324:
4312:
4300:
4288:
4276:
4264:
4252:
4240:
4228:
4216:
4204:
4192:
4180:
4168:
4156:
4144:
4132:
4120:
4108:
4096:
4093:
4088:
4070:
4062:
4054:
4044:
4043:
3974:Pro-Europeanism
3900:
3892:
3891:
3840:
3830:
3829:
3817:
3805:
3793:
3781:
3769:
3757:
3745:
3733:
3721:
3709:
3697:
3685:
3673:
3661:
3649:
3637:
3625:
3613:
3601:
3589:
3577:
3565:
3553:
3541:
3529:
3517:
3505:
3502:
3497:
3496:
3495:
3440:
3435:
3416:Spitzenkandidat
3391:
3381:
3380:
3354:
3349:
3338:
3336:
3325:
3323:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3302:
3290:
3278:
3266:
3254:
3242:
3230:
3218:
3206:
3194:
3182:
3170:
3158:
3146:
3134:
3122:
3110:
3098:
3086:
3074:
3062:
3050:
3038:
3026:
3013:
3001:
2989:
2977:
2974:
2968:
2958:
2957:
2937:
2935:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2914:
2895:Prüm Convention
2891:
2880:
2878:
2867:
2865:
2854:
2852:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2831:
2820:
2818:
2807:
2805:
2794:
2792:
2781:
2779:
2768:
2766:
2755:
2753:
2742:
2740:
2729:
2727:
2716:
2714:
2703:
2701:
2690:
2688:
2677:
2675:
2664:
2662:
2651:
2649:
2638:
2636:
2625:
2623:
2612:
2610:
2599:
2597:
2586:
2584:
2573:
2571:
2560:
2558:
2547:
2545:
2534:
2532:
2521:
2519:
2508:
2506:
2502:
2492:
2491:
2482:
2481:
2441:
2436:
2423:
2411:
2399:
2387:
2375:
2363:
2351:
2339:
2336:
2329:
2327:
2320:Paschal Donohoe
2312:
2304:
2297:
2295:
2282:
2270:
2258:
2246:
2234:
2222:
2210:
2198:
2186:
2174:
2162:
2150:
2138:
2126:
2114:
2102:
2090:
2078:
2066:
2054:
2051:
2043:
2033:
2032:
2016:
2005:
2003:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1982:
1981:
1970:
1968:
1957:
1955:
1944:
1942:
1931:
1929:
1918:
1916:
1905:
1903:
1892:
1890:
1879:
1877:
1866:
1864:
1853:
1851:
1840:
1838:
1827:
1825:
1814:
1812:
1801:
1799:
1788:
1786:
1775:
1773:
1762:
1760:
1749:
1747:
1736:
1734:
1723:
1721:
1710:
1708:
1697:
1695:
1684:
1682:
1671:
1669:
1658:
1656:
1645:
1643:
1632:
1630:
1626:
1624:Euratom members
1620:
1610:
1609:
1581:
1576:
1546:
1543:Advisory bodies
1539:
1526:
1521:
1450:
1443:
1435:
1430:
1422:
1417:
1409:
1404:
1397:Investment Fund
1392:Investment Bank
1388:
1382:
1374:
1373:
1339:
1329:
1328:
1300:
1295:
1287:
1279:
1271:
1270:
1240:
1232:
1224:
1223:
1222:
1215:
1199:Vice Presidents
1143:
1137:
1130:
1086:
1085:
1084:
1022:
1017:
1016:
1015:
1008:
996:
994:
987:
980:
971:
961:
960:
937:Vice Presidents
918:
911:
886:
878:
870:
869:
854:
849:
834:
829:
828:
819:
814:
813:
784:
779:
778:
773:
684:Treaty of Paris
673:
663:
662:
661:
628:
616:
613:
606:
594:
591:
584:
572:
560:
556:North Macedonia
548:
536:
524:
512:
500:
488:
485:
478:
477:
466:
464:
453:
451:
440:
438:
427:
425:
414:
412:
401:
399:
388:
386:
375:
373:
362:
360:
349:
347:
336:
334:
323:
321:
310:
308:
297:
295:
284:
282:
271:
269:
258:
256:
245:
243:
232:
230:
219:
217:
206:
204:
193:
191:
180:
178:
167:
165:
154:
152:
141:
139:
128:
126:
121:
97:
79:
78:
77:
76:
68:
66:
62:
60:
56:
54:
50:
48:
44:
42:
41: Oil (38%)
38:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
10719:
10709:
10708:
10703:
10698:
10683:
10682:
10680:European Union
10670:
10658:
10635:
10634:
10632:
10631:
10626:
10621:
10616:
10611:
10606:
10601:
10596:
10590:
10588:
10582:
10581:
10579:
10578:
10573:
10568:
10561:
10558:What Will Work
10554:
10547:
10540:
10533:
10526:
10518:
10516:
10512:
10511:
10509:
10508:
10503:
10498:
10493:
10488:
10486:Michael Sladek
10483:
10478:
10473:
10471:Hermann Scheer
10468:
10463:
10458:
10453:
10448:
10443:
10438:
10433:
10428:
10423:
10418:
10413:
10408:
10403:
10401:Hermann Behmel
10397:
10395:
10391:
10390:
10388:
10387:
10382:
10377:
10372:
10367:
10361:
10359:
10355:
10354:
10352:
10351:
10346:
10341:
10336:
10331:
10326:
10321:
10316:
10309:
10303:
10301:
10295:
10294:
10292:
10291:
10286:
10281:
10276:
10271:
10266:
10261:
10256:
10251:
10246:
10241:
10236:
10231:
10226:
10221:
10216:
10211:
10205:
10203:
10197:
10196:
10189:
10188:
10181:
10174:
10166:
10157:
10156:
10154:
10153:
10151:European Union
10147:
10145:
10144:Other entities
10141:
10140:
10138:
10137:
10132:
10127:
10122:
10117:
10112:
10107:
10101:
10099:
10098:other entities
10093:
10092:
10090:
10089:
10084:
10079:
10074:
10069:
10063:
10061:
10055:
10054:
10052:
10051:
10049:United Kingdom
10046:
10041:
10036:
10031:
10026:
10021:
10016:
10011:
10006:
10001:
9996:
9991:
9986:
9981:
9976:
9971:
9966:
9961:
9956:
9951:
9946:
9941:
9936:
9931:
9926:
9921:
9916:
9914:
9909:
9904:
9899:
9894:
9889:
9884:
9879:
9874:
9869:
9864:
9862:Czech Republic
9859:
9854:
9849:
9844:
9839:
9834:
9829:
9824:
9819:
9814:
9809:
9803:
9801:
9797:
9796:
9789:
9788:
9781:
9774:
9766:
9757:
9756:
9754:
9753:
9748:
9741:
9740:
9732:
9731:
9728:
9727:
9725:
9724:
9719:
9714:
9709:
9704:
9699:
9694:
9688:
9686:
9680:
9679:
9676:
9675:
9673:
9672:
9667:
9662:
9657:
9652:
9647:
9642:
9640:Laissez-passer
9637:
9632:
9627:
9619:
9613:
9607:
9606:
9603:
9602:
9600:
9599:
9598:
9597:
9592:
9590:Current agenda
9582:
9577:
9572:
9567:
9562:
9557:
9552:
9547:
9542:
9537:
9532:
9527:
9522:
9521:
9520:
9510:
9505:
9500:
9495:
9490:
9489:
9488:
9478:
9472:
9470:
9462:
9461:
9459:
9458:
9457:
9456:
9451:
9449:Sport policies
9446:
9441:
9436:
9431:
9426:
9425:
9424:
9414:
9409:
9408:
9407:
9397:
9392:
9387:
9382:
9377:
9367:
9366:
9365:
9364:
9363:
9353:
9352:
9351:
9346:
9336:
9326:
9325:
9324:
9319:
9314:
9309:
9308:
9307:
9292:
9291:
9290:
9285:
9280:
9270:
9265:
9260:
9255:
9249:
9244:
9233:
9231:
9227:
9226:
9224:
9223:
9218:
9213:
9208:
9203:
9198:
9196:Federalisation
9193:
9188:
9186:Euroscepticism
9183:
9178:
9173:
9168:
9163:
9158:
9153:
9147:
9145:
9138:
9132:
9131:
9128:
9127:
9125:
9124:
9119:
9114:
9109:
9104:
9103:
9102:
9092:
9091:
9090:
9089:
9088:
9073:
9068:
9063:
9058:
9052:
9046:
9040:
9039:
9037:
9036:
9035:
9034:
9029:
9019:
9014:
9009:
9004:
8999:
8994:
8987:
8982:
8981:
8980:
8970:
8965:
8960:
8955:
8949:
8947:
8941:
8940:
8937:
8936:
8934:
8933:
8928:
8923:
8917:
8915:
8909:
8908:
8906:
8905:
8900:
8894:
8892:
8886:
8885:
8883:
8882:
8876:
8874:
8870:
8869:
8867:
8866:
8861:
8855:
8853:
8847:
8846:
8844:
8843:
8838:
8833:
8828:
8827:
8826:
8823:
8818:
8810:
8804:
8802:
8794:
8793:
8790:
8789:
8787:
8786:
8785:
8784:
8773:
8771:
8765:
8764:
8762:
8761:
8760:
8759:
8754:
8749:
8738:
8736:
8730:
8729:
8727:
8726:
8725:
8724:
8719:
8708:
8706:
8700:
8699:
8697:
8696:
8695:
8694:
8689:
8684:
8679:
8669:
8668:
8667:
8662:
8651:
8649:
8643:
8642:
8640:
8639:
8638:
8637:
8632:
8627:
8617:
8616:
8615:
8610:
8605:
8600:
8599:
8598:
8596:Constituencies
8588:
8583:
8578:
8573:
8562:
8560:
8551:
8542:
8536:
8535:
8532:
8531:
8529:
8528:
8523:
8518:
8510:
8505:
8500:
8495:
8490:
8488:Extreme points
8485:
8480:
8475:
8470:
8464:
8458:
8452:
8451:
8448:
8447:
8445:
8444:
8439:
8434:
8429:
8424:
8418:
8416:
8410:
8409:
8407:
8406:
8401:
8396:
8391:
8386:
8381:
8376:
8371:
8366:
8360:
8358:
8352:
8351:
8348:
8347:
8345:
8344:
8335:
8325:
8323:
8317:
8316:
8314:
8313:
8308:
8302:
8300:
8294:
8293:
8290:
8289:
8287:
8286:
8280:
8277:
8276:
8274:
8273:
8268:
8262:
8259:
8258:
8256:
8255:
8250:
8244:
8238:
8232:
8231:
8229:
8228:
8223:
8217:
8215:
8213:Defence policy
8206:
8202:
8201:
8199:
8198:
8193:
8188:
8183:
8178:
8173:
8168:
8162:
8160:
8151:
8145:
8144:
8142: articles
8140:European Union
8136:
8135:
8128:
8121:
8113:
8107:
8106:
8100:
8094:
8084:
8071:
8068:
8067:
8066:
8060:
8054:
8048:
8042:
8036:
8031:
8026:
8021:
8007:
8002:
7992:
7986:
7975:
7974:External links
7972:
7969:
7968:
7934:
7896:
7861:
7849:
7837:
7835:, January 2006
7825:
7807:
7776:
7754:
7742:
7724:
7694:
7691:. 4 June 2013.
7676:
7653:
7642:. 12 June 2024
7624:
7621:. 19 May 2021.
7601:
7575:
7562:
7550:
7535:
7513:
7491:
7479:
7457:
7431:
7409:
7397:
7379:
7357:
7345:
7323:
7311:
7289:
7267:
7242:
7233:|journal=
7206:
7181:
7174:
7154:
7142:
7121:
7089:
7061:
7049:
7036:
7023:
7010:
6997:
6984:10.1002/wcc.62
6978:(4): 598–605.
6962:
6949:
6937:
6916:
6898:
6880:
6854:
6820:
6789:
6763:
6745:
6727:
6709:
6695:
6677:
6659:
6645:
6627:
6610:
6603:
6575:
6568:
6540:
6522:
6496:
6467:
6460:
6429:
6413:"Press corner"
6404:
6379:
6351:
6342:"Press corner"
6328:
6304:
6286:
6259:
6230:
6197:
6164:
6137:
6115:
6089:
6067:
6066:
6064:
6061:
6060:
6059:
6054:
6049:
6044:
6039:
6034:
6029:
6024:
6018:
6013:
6008:
6003:
5998:
5993:
5988:
5983:
5978:
5973:
5968:
5963:
5956:
5953:
5940:Main article:
5937:
5934:
5932:
5929:
5928:
5927:
5924:
5921:
5918:
5915:
5908:
5868:
5867:Public opinion
5865:
5824:
5821:
5796:
5793:
5772:
5769:
5732:Green hydrogen
5728:
5725:
5716:
5713:
5651:Kyoto Protocol
5626:
5623:
5614:
5613:Consumer goods
5611:
5598:
5595:
5559:Main article:
5556:
5553:
5529:
5525:
5521:
5518:ACEA agreement
5513:
5510:
5494:SAVE Programme
5473:
5470:
5453:Main article:
5450:
5447:
5442:Main article:
5439:
5436:
5431:Main article:
5428:
5425:
5406:
5405:Energy markets
5403:
5320:
5313:
5312:
5305:
5298:
5297:
5296:
5295:
5294:
5284:A recommended
5269:
5268:Energy sources
5266:
5264:
5261:
5239:
5238:
5229:Developing an
5227:
5204:
5201:
5198:
5191:
5188:
5185:Kyoto Protocol
5181:primary energy
5139:
5136:
5087:, farming and
5077:European Union
5064:
5061:
5060:
5059:
5052:
5045:
5012:
5011:
5008:
5005:
5002:
4996:
4970:Maroš Šefčovič
4947:
4944:
4920:climate change
4916:Kyoto Protocol
4883:
4880:
4847:
4844:
4816:Treaty of Rome
4812:nuclear energy
4796:energy markets
4791:
4788:
4786:
4783:
4775:Treaty of Rome
4696:sustainability
4682:
4681:
4679:
4678:
4671:
4664:
4656:
4653:
4652:
4650:
4649:
4643:
4630:
4629:
4626:
4625:
4620:
4615:
4610:
4609:
4608:
4603:
4591:
4589:Defunct bodies
4588:
4587:
4584:
4583:
4580:
4579:
4574:
4567:
4566:
4561:
4556:
4551:
4539:
4538:
4533:
4532:
4531:
4526:
4511:
4506:
4501:
4496:
4491:
4486:
4481:
4476:
4471:
4466:
4461:
4456:
4451:
4446:
4441:
4436:
4431:
4426:
4419:
4418:
4406:
4394:
4382:
4370:
4358:
4346:
4334:
4322:
4310:
4298:
4286:
4274:
4262:
4250:
4238:
4226:
4214:
4202:
4190:
4178:
4166:
4164:Czech Republic
4154:
4142:
4130:
4118:
4106:
4089:
4087:
4086:
4084:Defence Policy
4081:
4079:Foreign Policy
4076:
4069:
4068:
4056:
4055:
4050:
4049:
4046:
4045:
4042:
4041:
4040:
4039:
4038:
4037:
4027:
4022:
4012:
4011:
4010:
4000:
3999:
3998:
3993:
3983:
3982:
3981:
3979:Euroscepticism
3976:
3971:
3966:
3956:
3955:
3954:
3949:
3944:
3939:
3931:
3930:
3929:
3919:
3918:
3917:
3907:
3901:
3898:
3897:
3894:
3893:
3890:
3889:
3884:
3882:Recommendation
3879:
3874:
3869:
3864:
3863:
3862:
3857:
3841:
3836:
3835:
3832:
3831:
3828:
3827:
3815:
3803:
3791:
3779:
3767:
3755:
3743:
3731:
3719:
3707:
3695:
3683:
3671:
3659:
3647:
3635:
3623:
3611:
3599:
3587:
3575:
3573:Czech Republic
3563:
3551:
3539:
3527:
3515:
3498:
3494:
3493:
3488:
3483:
3478:
3473:
3468:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3448:
3442:
3441:
3436:
3434:
3433:
3428:
3423:
3421:Constituencies
3418:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3392:
3387:
3386:
3383:
3382:
3371:
3370:
3365:
3360:
3350:
3348:
3347:
3334:
3321:
3305:Non-EU members
3303:
3301:
3300:
3288:
3276:
3264:
3252:
3240:
3228:
3216:
3204:
3192:
3180:
3168:
3156:
3144:
3132:
3120:
3108:
3096:
3084:
3072:
3060:
3048:
3046:Czech Republic
3036:
3024:
3011:
2999:
2987:
2970:
2969:
2964:
2963:
2960:
2959:
2948:
2947:
2933:
2915:
2913:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2890:
2889:
2876:
2863:
2850:
2834:Non-EU members
2832:
2830:
2829:
2816:
2803:
2790:
2777:
2764:
2751:
2738:
2725:
2712:
2699:
2686:
2673:
2660:
2647:
2634:
2621:
2608:
2595:
2582:
2569:
2567:Czech Republic
2556:
2543:
2530:
2517:
2503:
2498:
2497:
2494:
2493:
2480:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2443:
2442:
2437:
2435:
2434:
2429:
2422:
2421:
2409:
2397:
2385:
2373:
2361:
2349:
2330:
2325:
2324:
2323:
2322:
2298:
2293:
2292:
2280:
2268:
2256:
2244:
2232:
2220:
2208:
2196:
2184:
2172:
2160:
2148:
2136:
2124:
2112:
2100:
2088:
2076:
2064:
2045:
2044:
2039:
2038:
2035:
2034:
2023:
2022:
2015:
2014:
2012:United Kingdom
2001:
1983:
1980:
1979:
1966:
1953:
1940:
1927:
1914:
1901:
1888:
1875:
1862:
1849:
1836:
1823:
1810:
1797:
1784:
1771:
1758:
1745:
1732:
1719:
1706:
1704:Czech Republic
1693:
1680:
1667:
1654:
1641:
1627:
1622:
1621:
1616:
1615:
1612:
1611:
1608:
1607:
1602:
1597:
1592:
1587:
1577:
1575:
1574:
1569:
1568:
1567:
1557:
1552:
1540:
1538:
1537:
1532:
1522:
1520:
1519:
1518:
1517:
1516:of the Euratom
1514:
1508:
1507:
1506:
1503:
1495:
1494:
1493:
1488:
1480:
1477:
1474:
1473:
1472:
1469:
1463:
1460:
1457:
1444:
1442:
1441:
1431:
1429:
1428:
1418:
1416:
1415:
1405:
1403:
1402:
1399:
1394:
1384:
1383:
1380:
1379:
1376:
1375:
1372:
1371:
1370:
1369:
1364:
1362:Euro banknotes
1359:
1354:
1340:
1335:
1334:
1331:
1330:
1327:
1326:
1321:
1316:
1311:
1306:
1296:
1294:
1293:
1281:
1280:
1277:
1276:
1273:
1272:
1269:
1268:
1263:
1262:
1261:
1256:
1251:
1234:
1233:
1230:
1229:
1226:
1225:
1216:
1214:
1213:
1208:
1207:
1206:
1201:
1191:
1185:
1184:
1183:
1178:
1168:
1156:Largest groups
1153:
1131:
1129:
1128:
1127:
1126:
1121:
1113:
1112:
1111:
1106:
1092:
1083:
1082:
1077:
1072:
1067:
1062:
1057:
1052:
1047:
1046:
1045:
1035:
1030:
1024:
1023:
1020:Configurations
1018:
1009:
995:
988:
981:
979:
978:
972:
967:
966:
963:
962:
959:
958:
949:
944:
939:
934:
924:
912:
910:
909:
908:
907:
902:
880:
879:
876:
875:
872:
871:
868:
867:
861:
850:
848:
847:
841:
832:Other treaties
830:
820:
815:
785:
780:
774:
772:
771:
770:
769:
764:
753:
747:
744:Treaty of Nice
741:
735:
729:
723:
717:
711:
708:Euratom Treaty
705:
702:Treaty of Rome
699:
693:
687:
681:
674:
669:
668:
665:
664:
660:
659:
654:
649:
644:
639:
634:
627:
626:
607:
605:
604:
585:
583:
582:
570:
558:
546:
534:
522:
510:
498:
479:
476:
475:
462:
449:
436:
423:
410:
397:
384:
371:
358:
345:
332:
319:
306:
293:
280:
267:
254:
241:
228:
215:
202:
200:Czech Republic
189:
176:
163:
150:
137:
123:
122:
116:
115:
112:
111:
108:
107:
99:
98:
93:
90:
89:
67:
61:
55:
49:
43:
37:
33:
32:
31:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
10718:
10707:
10704:
10702:
10699:
10697:
10694:
10693:
10691:
10681:
10671:
10669:
10664:
10659:
10657:
10652:
10647:
10646:
10643:
10630:
10627:
10625:
10622:
10620:
10617:
10615:
10612:
10610:
10607:
10605:
10602:
10600:
10597:
10595:
10592:
10591:
10589:
10583:
10577:
10574:
10572:
10569:
10567:
10566:
10562:
10560:
10559:
10555:
10553:
10552:
10548:
10546:
10545:
10541:
10539:
10538:
10534:
10532:
10531:
10527:
10525:
10524:
10520:
10519:
10517:
10513:
10507:
10504:
10502:
10499:
10497:
10494:
10492:
10491:Ursula Sladek
10489:
10487:
10484:
10482:
10479:
10477:
10474:
10472:
10469:
10467:
10466:Rüdiger Sagel
10464:
10462:
10459:
10457:
10454:
10452:
10449:
10447:
10444:
10442:
10439:
10437:
10434:
10432:
10429:
10427:
10424:
10422:
10419:
10417:
10414:
10412:
10409:
10407:
10404:
10402:
10399:
10398:
10396:
10392:
10386:
10383:
10381:
10378:
10376:
10373:
10371:
10368:
10366:
10363:
10362:
10360:
10358:Public policy
10356:
10350:
10347:
10345:
10342:
10340:
10337:
10335:
10332:
10330:
10327:
10325:
10322:
10320:
10317:
10315:
10314:
10310:
10308:
10305:
10304:
10302:
10296:
10290:
10287:
10285:
10282:
10280:
10277:
10275:
10272:
10270:
10267:
10265:
10262:
10260:
10257:
10255:
10252:
10250:
10247:
10245:
10242:
10240:
10237:
10235:
10232:
10230:
10227:
10225:
10222:
10220:
10217:
10215:
10212:
10210:
10207:
10206:
10204:
10198:
10194:
10187:
10182:
10180:
10175:
10173:
10168:
10167:
10164:
10152:
10149:
10148:
10146:
10142:
10136:
10133:
10131:
10128:
10126:
10123:
10121:
10118:
10116:
10113:
10111:
10110:Faroe Islands
10108:
10106:
10103:
10102:
10100:
10094:
10088:
10085:
10083:
10082:South Ossetia
10080:
10078:
10075:
10073:
10070:
10068:
10065:
10064:
10062:
10056:
10050:
10047:
10045:
10042:
10040:
10037:
10035:
10032:
10030:
10027:
10025:
10022:
10020:
10017:
10015:
10012:
10010:
10007:
10005:
10002:
10000:
9997:
9995:
9992:
9990:
9987:
9985:
9982:
9980:
9977:
9975:
9972:
9970:
9967:
9965:
9962:
9960:
9957:
9955:
9952:
9950:
9947:
9945:
9942:
9940:
9937:
9935:
9934:Liechtenstein
9932:
9930:
9927:
9925:
9922:
9920:
9917:
9915:
9913:
9910:
9908:
9905:
9903:
9900:
9898:
9895:
9893:
9890:
9888:
9885:
9883:
9880:
9878:
9875:
9873:
9870:
9868:
9865:
9863:
9860:
9858:
9855:
9853:
9850:
9848:
9845:
9843:
9840:
9838:
9835:
9833:
9830:
9828:
9825:
9823:
9820:
9818:
9815:
9813:
9810:
9808:
9805:
9804:
9802:
9798:
9794:
9787:
9782:
9780:
9775:
9773:
9768:
9767:
9764:
9752:
9749:
9747:
9744:
9743:
9738:
9734:
9733:
9729:
9723:
9720:
9718:
9715:
9713:
9710:
9708:
9705:
9703:
9700:
9698:
9695:
9693:
9690:
9689:
9687:
9685:
9681:
9671:
9668:
9666:
9663:
9661:
9658:
9656:
9653:
9651:
9650:Media freedom
9648:
9646:
9643:
9641:
9638:
9636:
9633:
9631:
9628:
9626:
9625:
9621:
9620:
9617:
9614:
9612:
9608:
9596:
9593:
9591:
9588:
9587:
9586:
9583:
9581:
9578:
9576:
9573:
9571:
9568:
9566:
9563:
9561:
9558:
9556:
9553:
9551:
9548:
9546:
9543:
9541:
9538:
9536:
9533:
9531:
9528:
9526:
9523:
9519:
9516:
9515:
9514:
9511:
9509:
9506:
9504:
9501:
9499:
9496:
9494:
9491:
9487:
9484:
9483:
9482:
9479:
9477:
9474:
9473:
9471:
9469:
9463:
9455:
9452:
9450:
9447:
9445:
9442:
9440:
9437:
9435:
9432:
9430:
9427:
9423:
9420:
9419:
9418:
9415:
9413:
9410:
9406:
9403:
9402:
9401:
9398:
9396:
9395:Energy policy
9393:
9391:
9388:
9386:
9385:Customs Union
9383:
9381:
9378:
9376:
9373:
9372:
9371:
9370:Single market
9368:
9362:
9359:
9358:
9357:
9354:
9350:
9347:
9345:
9342:
9341:
9340:
9337:
9335:
9332:
9331:
9330:
9327:
9323:
9320:
9318:
9315:
9313:
9310:
9306:
9303:
9302:
9301:
9298:
9297:
9296:
9293:
9289:
9286:
9284:
9281:
9278:
9274:
9273:identity card
9271:
9269:
9266:
9264:
9261:
9259:
9256:
9253:
9250:
9248:
9247:Schengen Area
9245:
9243:
9240:
9239:
9238:
9235:
9234:
9232:
9228:
9222:
9219:
9217:
9214:
9212:
9209:
9207:
9204:
9202:
9199:
9197:
9194:
9192:
9189:
9187:
9184:
9182:
9179:
9177:
9174:
9172:
9169:
9167:
9164:
9162:
9159:
9157:
9154:
9152:
9149:
9148:
9146:
9142:
9139:
9137:
9133:
9123:
9120:
9118:
9115:
9113:
9110:
9108:
9105:
9101:
9098:
9097:
9096:
9093:
9087:
9084:
9083:
9082:
9079:
9078:
9077:
9074:
9072:
9069:
9067:
9064:
9062:
9059:
9057:
9054:
9053:
9050:
9047:
9045:
9041:
9033:
9030:
9028:
9025:
9024:
9023:
9020:
9018:
9015:
9013:
9010:
9008:
9005:
9003:
9000:
8998:
8995:
8993:
8992:
8988:
8986:
8983:
8979:
8976:
8975:
8974:
8971:
8969:
8968:Copyright law
8966:
8964:
8961:
8959:
8956:
8954:
8951:
8950:
8948:
8946:
8942:
8932:
8929:
8927:
8924:
8922:
8919:
8918:
8916:
8910:
8904:
8901:
8899:
8896:
8895:
8893:
8887:
8881:
8878:
8877:
8875:
8871:
8865:
8862:
8860:
8857:
8856:
8854:
8848:
8842:
8839:
8837:
8834:
8832:
8829:
8825:EIB Institute
8824:
8822:
8819:
8817:
8814:
8813:
8811:
8809:
8806:
8805:
8803:
8795:
8783:
8780:
8779:
8778:
8775:
8774:
8772:
8770:
8766:
8758:
8755:
8753:
8750:
8748:
8745:
8744:
8743:
8740:
8739:
8737:
8735:
8731:
8723:
8722:General Court
8720:
8718:
8715:
8714:
8713:
8710:
8709:
8707:
8705:
8701:
8693:
8690:
8688:
8687:Commissioners
8685:
8683:
8680:
8678:
8675:
8674:
8673:
8670:
8666:
8663:
8661:
8658:
8657:
8656:
8653:
8652:
8650:
8648:
8644:
8636:
8633:
8631:
8628:
8626:
8623:
8622:
8621:
8618:
8614:
8611:
8609:
8606:
8604:
8601:
8597:
8594:
8593:
8592:
8589:
8587:
8584:
8582:
8579:
8577:
8574:
8572:
8569:
8568:
8567:
8564:
8563:
8561:
8559:
8555:
8552:
8550:
8546:
8543:
8541:
8537:
8527:
8524:
8522:
8519:
8517:
8511:
8509:
8506:
8504:
8503:Member states
8501:
8499:
8496:
8494:
8491:
8489:
8486:
8484:
8481:
8479:
8476:
8474:
8471:
8469:
8466:
8465:
8462:
8459:
8457:
8453:
8443:
8440:
8438:
8435:
8433:
8430:
8428:
8425:
8423:
8420:
8419:
8417:
8415:
8411:
8405:
8402:
8400:
8397:
8395:
8392:
8390:
8387:
8385:
8382:
8380:
8377:
8375:
8372:
8370:
8367:
8365:
8362:
8361:
8359:
8357:
8353:
8343:
8341:
8336:
8334:
8332:
8327:
8326:
8324:
8322:
8318:
8312:
8309:
8307:
8304:
8303:
8301:
8299:
8295:
8285:
8282:
8281:
8278:
8272:
8269:
8267:
8264:
8263:
8260:
8254:
8251:
8249:
8246:
8245:
8242:
8239:
8237:
8233:
8227:
8224:
8222:
8219:
8218:
8216:
8214:
8210:
8207:
8203:
8197:
8194:
8192:
8189:
8187:
8184:
8182:
8179:
8177:
8174:
8172:
8169:
8167:
8164:
8163:
8161:
8159:
8155:
8152:
8150:
8146:
8141:
8134:
8129:
8127:
8122:
8120:
8115:
8114:
8111:
8105:
8101:
8099:
8095:
8093:
8089:
8086:10 Jan 2007,
8085:
8082:
8078:
8074:
8073:
8064:
8061:
8059:
8055:
8053:
8049:
8047:
8043:
8040:
8037:
8035:
8032:
8030:
8027:
8025:
8022:
8019:
8015:
8011:
8008:
8006:
8003:
8000:
7996:
7993:
7990:
7987:
7983:
7978:
7977:
7953:
7946:
7945:
7938:
7923:
7919:
7915:
7911:
7910:Energy Policy
7907:
7900:
7881:
7874:
7873:
7865:
7858:
7853:
7846:
7841:
7834:
7829:
7821:
7817:
7811:
7795:
7791:
7785:
7783:
7781:
7764:
7758:
7751:
7746:
7738:
7734:
7728:
7712:
7708:
7704:
7698:
7690:
7686:
7680:
7672:
7668:
7664:
7657:
7641:
7637:
7631:
7629:
7620:
7619:
7614:
7608:
7606:
7590:
7586:
7579:
7572:
7566:
7559:
7554:
7547:
7542:
7540:
7523:
7517:
7501:
7495:
7488:
7483:
7475:
7471:
7467:
7466:Harvey, Fiona
7461:
7446:
7442:
7435:
7419:
7413:
7406:
7401:
7393:
7389:
7383:
7367:
7361:
7354:
7349:
7333:
7327:
7320:
7315:
7299:
7293:
7277:
7271:
7256:
7252:
7246:
7238:
7225:
7217:
7210:
7195:
7191:
7185:
7177:
7171:
7167:
7166:
7158:
7151:
7146:
7131:
7125:
7106:
7099:
7093:
7082:
7078:
7071:
7065:
7058:
7053:
7046:
7040:
7033:
7027:
7020:
7014:
7007:
7001:
6993:
6989:
6985:
6981:
6977:
6973:
6966:
6959:
6953:
6946:
6941:
6933:
6929:
6923:
6921:
6912:
6908:
6902:
6894:
6890:
6884:
6869:
6865:
6858:
6843:
6839:
6835:
6831:
6824:
6809:
6805:
6798:
6796:
6794:
6778:
6774:
6767:
6759:
6755:
6749:
6741:
6737:
6731:
6723:
6719:
6713:
6705:
6699:
6691:
6687:
6681:
6673:
6669:
6663:
6655:
6649:
6641:
6637:
6631:
6620:
6614:
6606:
6600:
6596:
6592:
6588:
6587:
6579:
6571:
6565:
6561:
6557:
6553:
6552:
6544:
6536:
6532:
6526:
6518:
6514:
6507:
6500:
6492:
6488:
6481:
6474:
6472:
6463:
6457:
6453:
6449:
6445:
6444:
6436:
6434:
6418:
6414:
6408:
6393:
6389:
6383:
6368:
6364:
6358:
6356:
6347:
6343:
6337:
6335:
6333:
6314:
6308:
6300:
6296:
6290:
6274:
6270:
6263:
6248:
6244:
6237:
6235:
6218:
6211:
6204:
6202:
6185:
6184:
6179:
6173:
6171:
6169:
6160:
6156:
6153:(3): 032301.
6152:
6148:
6141:
6126:
6119:
6104:
6100:
6093:
6085:
6078:
6072:
6068:
6058:
6055:
6053:
6050:
6048:
6045:
6043:
6040:
6038:
6035:
6033:
6030:
6028:
6025:
6022:
6019:
6017:
6014:
6012:
6009:
6007:
6004:
6002:
5999:
5997:
5994:
5992:
5989:
5987:
5984:
5982:
5979:
5977:
5974:
5972:
5969:
5967:
5964:
5962:
5961:CHP Directive
5959:
5958:
5952:
5950:
5943:
5925:
5922:
5919:
5916:
5913:
5909:
5906:
5905:
5904:
5897:
5893:
5889:
5882:
5878:
5873:
5864:
5862:
5858:
5854:
5850:
5846:
5841:
5839:
5835:
5830:
5820:
5818:
5814:
5810:
5806:
5802:
5792:
5788:
5786:
5782:
5778:
5768:
5766:
5762:
5757:
5751:
5749:
5745:
5741:
5737:
5733:
5724:
5722:
5711:
5706:
5699:
5695:
5691:
5686:
5682:
5679:
5675:
5670:
5668:
5664:
5660:
5656:
5652:
5648:
5639:
5631:
5622:
5620:
5619:energy labels
5610:
5608:
5604:
5594:
5592:
5588:
5583:
5581:
5576:
5572:
5568:
5562:
5552:
5550:
5546:
5542:
5538:
5533:
5519:
5509:
5507:
5503:
5499:
5495:
5490:
5488:
5484:
5479:
5469:
5466:
5462:
5456:
5445:
5434:
5424:
5421:
5420:
5416:
5412:
5402:
5399:
5393:
5391:
5387:
5382:
5378:
5373:
5370:
5365:
5363:
5359:
5355:
5354:Greek bailout
5351:
5346:
5343:
5339:
5328:
5324:
5317:
5308:
5302:
5291:
5287:
5282:
5274:
5260:
5256:
5253:
5249:
5245:
5236:
5232:
5228:
5225:
5221:
5217:
5213:
5209:
5205:
5202:
5199:
5196:
5192:
5189:
5186:
5182:
5178:
5174:
5173:
5172:
5169:
5167:
5163:
5158:
5156:
5152:
5148:
5145:
5135:
5132:
5128:
5123:
5121:
5117:
5113:
5109:
5105:
5101:
5097:
5092:
5090:
5086:
5082:
5078:
5074:
5070:
5057:
5053:
5050:
5046:
5043:
5039:
5038:
5037:
5034:
5032:
5029:
5025:
5021:
5018:
5009:
5006:
5003:
5001:
5000:energy market
4997:
4994:
4993:
4992:
4985:
4983:
4979:
4975:
4971:
4967:
4963:
4959:
4957:
4953:
4943:
4940:
4936:
4932:
4927:
4925:
4921:
4917:
4913:
4910:In 2001, the
4905:
4901:
4897:
4893:
4888:
4879:
4877:
4873:
4869:
4865:
4861:
4857:
4856:member states
4853:
4843:
4841:
4837:
4832:
4828:
4823:
4821:
4817:
4813:
4809:
4805:
4801:
4797:
4782:
4780:
4776:
4772:
4767:
4764:
4760:
4755:
4752:
4748:
4744:
4740:
4736:
4731:
4728:
4723:
4721:
4717:
4713:
4709:
4705:
4701:
4700:energy policy
4697:
4693:
4689:
4677:
4672:
4670:
4665:
4663:
4658:
4657:
4655:
4654:
4648:
4645:
4644:
4642:
4632:
4631:
4624:
4621:
4619:
4616:
4614:
4611:
4607:
4604:
4602:
4599:
4598:
4596:
4593:
4592:
4586:
4585:
4578:
4575:
4573:
4570:
4569:
4565:
4562:
4560:
4557:
4555:
4552:
4549:
4545:
4542:
4541:
4537:
4534:
4530:
4527:
4525:
4522:
4521:
4519:
4515:
4512:
4510:
4507:
4505:
4502:
4500:
4497:
4495:
4492:
4490:
4487:
4485:
4482:
4480:
4477:
4475:
4472:
4470:
4467:
4465:
4462:
4460:
4457:
4455:
4452:
4450:
4447:
4445:
4442:
4440:
4437:
4435:
4432:
4430:
4427:
4425:
4422:
4421:
4417:
4412:
4407:
4405:
4400:
4395:
4393:
4388:
4383:
4381:
4376:
4371:
4369:
4364:
4359:
4357:
4352:
4347:
4345:
4340:
4335:
4333:
4328:
4323:
4321:
4316:
4311:
4309:
4304:
4299:
4297:
4292:
4287:
4285:
4280:
4275:
4273:
4268:
4263:
4261:
4256:
4251:
4249:
4244:
4239:
4237:
4232:
4227:
4225:
4220:
4215:
4213:
4208:
4203:
4201:
4196:
4191:
4189:
4184:
4179:
4177:
4172:
4167:
4165:
4160:
4155:
4153:
4148:
4143:
4141:
4136:
4131:
4129:
4124:
4119:
4117:
4112:
4107:
4105:
4100:
4095:
4094:
4092:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4077:
4075:
4072:
4071:
4067:
4066:Josep Borrell
4064:
4063:
4061:
4060:
4053:
4048:
4047:
4036:
4033:
4032:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4023:
4021:
4018:
4017:
4016:
4013:
4009:
4006:
4005:
4004:
4001:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3988:
3987:
3984:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3962:
3961:
3960:
3957:
3953:
3950:
3948:
3945:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3935:
3934:
3932:
3928:
3925:
3924:
3923:
3920:
3916:
3913:
3912:
3911:
3910:Customs Union
3908:
3906:
3903:
3902:
3896:
3895:
3888:
3885:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3861:
3858:
3855:
3854:ECJ Case 6/64
3851:
3848:
3847:
3846:
3843:
3842:
3839:
3834:
3833:
3826:
3821:
3816:
3814:
3809:
3804:
3802:
3797:
3792:
3790:
3785:
3780:
3778:
3773:
3768:
3766:
3761:
3756:
3754:
3749:
3744:
3742:
3737:
3732:
3730:
3725:
3720:
3718:
3713:
3708:
3706:
3701:
3696:
3694:
3689:
3684:
3682:
3677:
3672:
3670:
3665:
3660:
3658:
3653:
3648:
3646:
3641:
3636:
3634:
3629:
3624:
3622:
3617:
3612:
3610:
3605:
3600:
3598:
3593:
3588:
3586:
3581:
3576:
3574:
3569:
3564:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3550:
3545:
3540:
3538:
3533:
3528:
3526:
3521:
3516:
3514:
3509:
3504:
3503:
3501:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3443:
3439:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3426:Apportionment
3424:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3393:
3390:
3385:
3384:
3375:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3355:
3353:
3346:
3335:
3333:
3332:Liechtenstein
3322:
3320:
3309:
3308:
3306:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2975:
2973:
2967:
2962:
2961:
2952:
2945:
2934:
2932:
2921:
2920:
2918:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2892:
2888:
2877:
2875:
2864:
2862:
2861:Liechtenstein
2851:
2849:
2838:
2837:
2835:
2828:
2817:
2815:
2804:
2802:
2791:
2789:
2778:
2776:
2765:
2763:
2752:
2750:
2739:
2737:
2726:
2724:
2713:
2711:
2700:
2698:
2687:
2685:
2674:
2672:
2661:
2659:
2648:
2646:
2635:
2633:
2622:
2620:
2609:
2607:
2596:
2594:
2583:
2581:
2570:
2568:
2557:
2555:
2544:
2542:
2531:
2529:
2518:
2516:
2505:
2504:
2501:
2500:Schengen Area
2496:
2495:
2486:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2444:
2440:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2424:
2420:
2419:Swedish krona
2415:
2410:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2360:
2355:
2350:
2348:
2347:Bulgarian lev
2343:
2338:
2337:
2335:
2334:
2328:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2310:
2309:
2306:
2305:
2303:
2302:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2243:
2238:
2233:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2052:
2050:
2049:
2042:
2037:
2036:
2027:
2021:
2018:
2017:
2013:
2002:
2000:
1989:
1988:
1986:
1978:
1967:
1965:
1954:
1952:
1941:
1939:
1928:
1926:
1915:
1913:
1902:
1900:
1889:
1887:
1876:
1874:
1863:
1861:
1850:
1848:
1837:
1835:
1824:
1822:
1811:
1809:
1798:
1796:
1785:
1783:
1772:
1770:
1759:
1757:
1746:
1744:
1733:
1731:
1720:
1718:
1707:
1705:
1694:
1692:
1681:
1679:
1668:
1666:
1655:
1653:
1642:
1640:
1629:
1628:
1625:
1619:
1614:
1613:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1591:
1588:
1586:
1583:
1582:
1580:
1573:
1570:
1566:
1563:
1562:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1551:
1548:
1547:
1545:
1544:
1536:
1533:
1531:
1528:
1527:
1525:
1515:
1512:
1511:
1509:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1498:
1496:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1475:
1470:
1468:
1464:
1462:AFSC agencies
1461:
1459:CFSP agencies
1458:
1455:
1454:
1452:
1451:
1449:
1448:
1440:
1437:
1436:
1434:
1427:
1424:
1423:
1421:
1414:
1411:
1410:
1408:
1401:EIB Institute
1400:
1398:
1395:
1393:
1390:
1389:
1387:
1378:
1377:
1368:
1365:
1363:
1360:
1358:
1355:
1353:
1350:
1349:
1348:
1345:
1342:
1341:
1338:
1333:
1332:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1307:
1305:
1302:
1301:
1299:
1292:
1289:
1288:
1286:
1285:
1275:
1274:
1267:
1266:General Court
1264:
1260:
1257:
1255:
1252:
1250:
1247:
1246:
1245:
1242:
1241:
1239:
1238:
1228:
1227:
1221:
1220:
1212:
1209:
1205:
1202:
1200:
1197:
1196:
1195:
1192:
1189:
1186:
1182:
1179:
1176:
1175:Iratxe García
1172:
1169:
1166:
1165:Manfred Weber
1162:
1159:
1158:
1157:
1154:
1152:
1148:
1145:
1144:
1141:
1136:
1135:
1125:
1122:
1120:
1117:
1116:
1114:
1110:
1107:
1105:
1101:
1098:
1097:
1096:
1093:
1091:
1088:
1087:
1081:
1078:
1076:
1073:
1071:
1068:
1066:
1063:
1061:
1058:
1056:
1053:
1051:
1048:
1044:
1041:
1040:
1039:
1036:
1034:
1031:
1029:
1026:
1025:
1021:
1013:
1007:
1006:
1000:
993:
992:
986:
985:
977:
974:
973:
970:
965:
964:
957:
953:
950:
948:
947:Civil Service
945:
943:
940:
938:
935:
932:
931:Von der Leyen
928:
925:
923:
920:
919:
917:
916:
906:
903:
901:
898:
897:
895:
891:
888:
887:
885:
884:
874:
873:
865:
862:
859:
856:
855:
853:
845:
842:
839:
836:
835:
833:
827:
823:
818:
812:
808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
788:
783:
777:
768:
765:
763:
760:
759:
757:
754:
751:
748:
745:
742:
739:
736:
733:
730:
727:
724:
721:
718:
715:
714:Merger Treaty
712:
709:
706:
703:
700:
697:
694:
691:
688:
685:
682:
679:
676:
675:
672:
667:
666:
658:
655:
653:
650:
648:
645:
643:
640:
638:
635:
633:
630:
629:
625:
620:
615:
614:
612:
611:
603:
598:
593:
592:
590:
589:
581:
576:
571:
569:
564:
559:
557:
552:
547:
545:
540:
535:
533:
528:
523:
521:
516:
511:
509:
504:
499:
497:
492:
487:
486:
484:
483:
474:
463:
461:
450:
448:
437:
435:
424:
422:
411:
409:
398:
396:
385:
383:
372:
370:
359:
357:
346:
344:
333:
331:
320:
318:
307:
305:
294:
292:
281:
279:
268:
266:
255:
253:
242:
240:
229:
227:
216:
214:
203:
201:
190:
188:
177:
175:
164:
162:
151:
149:
138:
136:
125:
124:
119:
118:Member states
114:
113:
110:
109:
105:
101:
100:
96:
92:
91:
87:
83:
82:
74:
71: Others
36:
30:
19:
10563:
10556:
10549:
10542:
10535:
10528:
10521:
10496:Klaus Traube
10461:Claudia Roth
10436:Robert Jungk
10313:Energiewende
10311:
10279:RWE Power AG
10087:Transnistria
9622:
9444:Space policy
9394:
9112:Average wage
9107:Minimum wage
8990:
8734:Central bank
8549:Institutions
8473:Demographics
8356:Enlargements
8339:
8330:
8298:Central bank
8205:Predecessors
8070:In the media
7997:, Towards A
7959:. Retrieved
7952:the original
7943:
7937:
7925:. Retrieved
7913:
7909:
7899:
7887:. Retrieved
7880:the original
7871:
7864:
7852:
7840:
7828:
7819:
7810:
7798:. Retrieved
7794:the original
7767:. Retrieved
7757:
7745:
7736:
7727:
7715:. Retrieved
7711:the original
7706:
7697:
7688:
7679:
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4804:World War II
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4714:. After the
4687:
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2395:Polish złoty
2371:Danish krone
2359:Czech koruna
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10501:Roland Vogt
10476:Jens Scheer
10426:Erich Fromm
10125:Isle of Man
10060:recognition
10034:Switzerland
9969:Netherlands
9722:Urban areas
9585:Enlargement
9263:Citizenship
9012:LGBT rights
8850:Independent
8665:Euro summit
8581:Secretariat
8558:Legislature
8414:Withdrawals
8010:ManagEnergy
7916:: 251–261.
7420:. Europa.eu
6847:29 December
6813:29 December
6782:29 December
6372:28 February
6219:. p. 3
5144:green paper
5031:integration
5020:instability
4962:Donald Tusk
4924:a directive
4690:focuses on
4332:Netherlands
4015:Integration
3959:Citizenship
3741:Netherlands
3214:Netherlands
2972:EEA members
2887:Switzerland
2736:Netherlands
2242:Netherlands
1999:Switzerland
1886:Netherlands
1190:(2019–2024)
1188:9th session
1095:Secretariat
866:(2015–2016)
382:Netherlands
10690:Categories
10411:Rolf Disch
10298:Renewable
10004:San Marino
9964:Montenegro
9944:Luxembourg
9924:Kazakhstan
9827:Azerbaijan
9697:Directives
9595:Statistics
9417:Healthcare
9156:Eurosphere
9061:Currencies
9032:Withdrawal
9007:Regulation
8812:EIB Group
8757:Eurosystem
8625:Presidency
8586:Committees
8526:Statistics
8196:Since 2004
8077:neurope.eu
7999:Low Carbon
7199:12 October
7135:27 January
6911:EUobserver
6873:20 January
6215:(Report).
6063:References
5912:energy mix
5765:heat pumps
5736:transition
5708:See also:
5698:Azerbaijan
5125:After the
5120:Fit for 55
5089:innovation
5049:SüdOstLink
4831:directives
4790:Early days
4308:Luxembourg
3867:Regulation
3717:Luxembourg
3190:Luxembourg
2710:Luxembourg
2218:Luxembourg
1860:Luxembourg
1471:SRM bodies
1367:Euro coins
1211:Conference
991:Presidency
767:Article 50
544:Montenegro
356:Luxembourg
73:renewables
10115:Gibraltar
9939:Lithuania
9645:Languages
9624:Douzelage
9468:relations
9268:passports
9191:Euromyths
9095:Transport
8973:Directive
8801:EU bodies
8747:President
8704:Judiciary
8677:President
8660:President
8647:Executive
8635:Eurogroup
8591:Elections
8571:President
8468:Geography
8456:Geography
8079:) :
6992:140660305
6842:0261-3077
6722:europa.eu
6279:21 August
5819:project.
5700:to Europe
5591:state aid
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5244:committed
5179:from all
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4850:The 1992
4763:REPowerEU
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4296:Lithuania
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3705:Lithuania
3389:Elections
3178:Lithuania
2946:(Opt-out)
2697:Lithuania
2308:President
2301:Eurogroup
2206:Lithuania
1847:Lithuania
1513:of the EU
1344:President
1147:President
1043:Eurogroup
956:Juhansone
927:President
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762:Article 7
343:Lithuania
10668:Politics
10585:Related
10249:Gorleben
10224:Brokdorf
10200:Nuclear
10135:Svalbard
10120:Guernsey
10067:Abkhazia
10019:Slovenia
10014:Slovakia
9989:Portugal
9847:Bulgaria
9746:Category
9660:Religion
9466:Foreign
9454:VAT Area
9334:Eurozone
9230:Policies
9144:Concepts
9136:Politics
9076:Eurozone
9027:opt-outs
9022:Treaties
8912:Military
8889:Advisory
8873:Agencies
8513:Regions
8171:Founders
8158:Timeline
7800:23 April
7769:23 April
7750:Projects
7689:BBC News
7528:23 April
7506:23 April
7450:23 April
7424:23 April
7372:23 April
7338:23 April
7304:23 April
7282:23 April
7260:15 April
7114:23 April
7081:Archived
6777:POLITICO
6321:23 April
6299:NBC News
5955:See also
5881:Gorleben
5823:SET Plan
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5597:Industry
5545:biofuels
5417:through
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5195:biofuels
4918:against
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4380:Slovakia
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2447:Bulgaria
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2266:Slovakia
2254:Portugal
1951:Slovenia
1938:Slovakia
1912:Portugal
1665:Bulgaria
1204:Quaestor
1050:AGRIFISH
776:Opt-outs
447:Slovenia
434:Slovakia
408:Portugal
161:Bulgaria
86:a series
10642:Portals
10044:Ukraine
9994:Romania
9954:Moldova
9912:Ireland
9907:Iceland
9902:Hungary
9892:Germany
9887:Georgia
9877:Finland
9872:Estonia
9867:Denmark
9852:Croatia
9837:Belgium
9832:Belarus
9822:Austria
9817:Armenia
9812:Andorra
9807:Albania
9737:Outline
9670:Symbols
9611:Culture
9100:TRACECA
9044:Economy
8852:offices
8149:History
8088:Reuters
8001:Future.
7667:Reuters
7646:13 June
7194:EIB.org
6686:"Press"
6252:2 April
6223:2 April
6190:2 April
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6037:INOGATE
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5801:CEPHEUS
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5498:boilers
5483:boilers
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4808:Euratom
4785:History
4747:uranium
4548:Ireland
4518:History
4368:Romania
4260:Ireland
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4224:Germany
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