519:
22:
1572:
1586:
493:
While the judicial system has noted that state
English-only laws are largely symbolic and non-prohibitive, supervisors and managers often interpret them to mean English is the mandatory language of daily life. In one instance, an elementary school bus driver prohibited students from speaking Spanish
238:
became the first proposed legislation regarding the United States' national language that would have made "American" the national language in order to differentiate the United States's language from that of
England. This bill did not pass in Congress despite significant supportâespecially from Irish
509:
One study both of laws requiring
English as the language of instruction and compulsory schooling laws during the Americanization period (1910â1930) found that the policies moderately increased the literacy of some foreign-born children but had no impact on immigrants' eventual labor market outcomes
373:
In what was essentially a replay of the 2006 actions, on June 6, 2007 the US Senate again voted on two separate amendments to a subsequent immigration reform bill that closely resembled the amendments to the 2006 Senate bill. Ultimately, neither the 2006 nor 2007 immigration reform bill has become
439:, which passed a resolution in 1986â87 opposing "'English only' measures on the grounds that they are based on misconceptions about the role of a common language in establishing political unity, and that they are inconsistent with basic American traditions of linguistic tolerance."
506:, a student was suspended for speaking Spanish in the school hallways. The written discipline referral explaining the decision of the school to suspend the student for one and a half days, noted: "This is not the first time we have and others to not speak Spanish at school."
369:
The U.S. Senate voted on two separate changes to an immigration bill in May 2006. The amended bill recognized
English as a "common and unifying language" and gave contradictory instructions to government agencies on their obligations for non-English publications.
98:
Disputes between citizens and immigrants over
English have been waged since the 1750s, when street signs were changed in Pennsylvania to include both English and German languages to accommodate the many German immigrants. The German-English debate continued until
389:
under a referendum election to make "Nashville the largest city in the United States to prohibit the government from using languages other than
English, with exceptions allowed for issues of health and safety." The initiative failed by a vote of 57% to 43%.
450:
with "hatred and suspicion of aliens and immigrants" and points out that
English is far from under threat in the United States, saying "making English the official language of the United States of America is about as urgently called for as making
1442:
The
Language Access Act of 2004 guarantees equal access and participation in public services, programs, and activities for residents of the District of Columbia who cannot (or have limited capacity to) speak, read, or write English. Speakers of
3341:
1920:
486:, "Improving Access to Services for Persons with Limited English Proficiency." The Executive Order requires Federal agencies to examine the services they provide, identify any need for services to those with
510:
or measures of social integration. The authors concluded that the "very moderate impacts" of the laws were probably because foreign languages were declining naturally, without the help of
English-only laws.
1560:
The United States federal government does not specify an official language; however, all official documents in the U.S. are written in
English, though some are also published in other languages.
522:
Map of US official language status by state before 2016. Blue: English declared the official language; light-blue: English declared a co-official language; gray: no official language specified.
423:
named it the English Language Unity Act of 2019. Within this bill, there is a framework for implementation. They strive to enforce English as the only language by testing it during the
61:. The United States has never had an official national language. However, at some times and places, there have been various moves to promote or require the use of English, such as in
280:
voters approved an "anti-bilingual ordinance". However, this was repealed by the county commission in 1993, after "racially orientated redistricting" led to a change in government.
3266:
Lynch, William. "A Nation Established by Immigrants Sanctions Employers for Requiring English to be Spoken at Work: English-Only Work Rules and National Origin Discrimination," 16
212:
wrote, "We have room for but one language in this country, and that is the English language, for we intend to see that the crucible turns our people out as Americans, of American
103:
when international hostility resulted in the rejection of all things German, including the prohibition of the German language and German-language materials, particularly books.
398:
2004:
2069:
The racially orientated redistricting of the Dade County commission may accomplish what a long campaign by Hispanics has failed to do â repeal the local "English only" law.
2018:
164:, and all official writings, and the executive, legislative, and judicial proceedings shall be conducted, preserved, and published in no other than the English language."
2032:
3296:
665:. Proposition 63 is unenforceable due to the lack of appropriate legislation, and the Bilingual Services Act provides for the use of other languages in public outreach.
405:
when he publicly took the position that Puerto Rico, a Spanish-speaking territory, should be required to make English its primary language as a condition of statehood.
1624:
122:, Louisiana included in its constitution a provision, which was later repealed, that required all official documents be published in the language "in which the
478:
and the right to equality, because they bar government employees from providing non-English language assistance and services. On August 11, 2000, President
2225:
2202:
2158:
2135:
265:
In 2018, a Rasmussen poll found that 81% of American adults thought that English should be the official language of the United States, while 12% did not.
366:'s English-only law. ProEnglish rejects the term "English-only movement" and asks its supporters to refer to the movement instead as "Official English".
1775:
1609:
881:
3332:
3386:
471:
83:
1664:
3376:
75:, and continues today as studies prove high percentage in approval ratings. Republican candidates have supported this movement during elections.
1669:
502:, a teacher claimed to be enforcing English immersion policies when she allegedly slapped students for speaking Spanish in class. In 2005 in
2267:
1977:
3381:
318:
2528:"Did the Americanization Movement Succeed? An Evaluation of the Effect of English-Only and Compulsory Schooling Laws on Immigrants â "
1192:
2744:
3306:
268:
In 2021, a Rasmussen poll found that 73% of Americans thought that English should be the official language, only 18% disagreed.
2936:
2379:
2043:
1614:
420:
90:
and the right to equality, because they bar government employees from providing non-English language assistance and services.
1843:
447:
2773:
3318:
2347:
2108:
402:
386:
157:
138:
3342:
English as the Official Language of the United States: Legal background and Analysis of Legislation in the 110th Congress
2467:
2888:. Keetoowah Cherokee News: Official Publication of the United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians in Oklahoma. April 2009
2510:
490:(LEP), and develop and implement a system to provide those services so LEP persons can have meaningful access to them.
231:
as well with the Nomenclature Act of 1917. The legislation renamed 69 towns, suburbs, or areas that had German names.)
2719:
2416:
1604:
1329:
English only from 2000â2021; since 2021, the Utah code has been amended to be English official but not English only.
2293:
463:, argues that English-only's rhetoric suggests that the "real motivation is discrimination and disenfranchisement."
62:
2486:
Gibson, Kari. English only court cases involving the U.S workplace. University of Hawai'i. Retrieved on 2008-12-11
2878:
3361:
3336:
1803:
1619:
662:
467:
227:
in the US; this included removing books in the German language from libraries. (A related action took place in
79:
3371:
436:
250:
is an organization that advocates for Official English, founded in the 1980s by former United States Senator
78:
The English-only movement has received criticism and rejection within societies and educational systems. The
1629:
1544:
416:
2992:
2907:
2696:
1982:
1757:
487:
460:
306:
247:
199:
3287:
3027:"U.S. English Efforts Lead West Virginia to Become 32nd State to Recognize English as Official Language"
362:
In 1994, John Tanton and other former U.S. English associates founded ProEnglish specifically to defend
2723:
1674:
277:
123:
3346:
3176:
3159:
3366:
1894:
1873:
1692:
Explorations and Collaborations on Two Under-Recognized Native American Food Crops: Southwest Peach (
284:
126:
is written". Today, Louisiana has no law stating that English is the official language of the State.
2067:"'English only' law may be repealed in Florida county". Observer-Reporter. May 3, 1993. p. A8.
2321:
1634:
1506:
419:
introduced a bill in House establishing English as the official language of the United States. The
187:
130:
50:
2485:
570:
235:
153:
145:
119:
2852:
2433:"Speak English or Go Home: The Anti-Immigrant Discourse of the American 'English Only' Movement"
1948:
160:. In 1878â79, the California constitution was rewritten to state that "ll laws of the State of
3097:
2432:
2181:
1835:
1703:
682:
503:
483:
475:
322:
314:
144:
An 1847 law authorized Anglo-French instruction in public schools in Louisiana. In 1849, the
87:
2453:
2247:
2523:
1577:
1535:
736:
378:
3133:
1739:
Rich, Alex; Vance, Noelle (March 1, 2016). "English As A National Language: An Overview".
343:; Tanton would also sever his ties to the organization as a result. That same year, 1986,
8:
2996:
1925:
1599:
1518:
1460:
1090:
499:
2678:
21:
2396:
1715:
1365:
518:
209:
179:
149:
107:
72:
42:
3316:
English-Only Movement: Its Consequences on the Education of Language Minority Children
3292:
3215:
3327:
3012:
2651:
2412:
2409:
The Great Eskimo Vocabulary Hoax and Other Irreverent Essays on the Study of Language
2400:
1839:
1719:
1514:
1497:
1184:
760:
54:
3190:
3171:
3154:
3048:
2801:
148:
recognized Spanish language rights. French language rights were abolished after the
3310:
3079:
2539:
2388:
1707:
1591:
1456:
1452:
1444:
1431:
1176:
1102:
1086:
532:
331:
134:
46:
3273:
Olson, Wendy. "The Shame of Spanish: Cultural Bias in English First Legislation,"
3322:
2471:
2454:
The Rights of Immigrants -ACLU Position Paper (9/8/2000). Retrieved on 2008-12-11
2374:
2322:"Text - H.R.997 - 116th Congress (2019-2020): English Language Unity Act of 2019"
1921:"John Tanton, architect of anti-immigration and English-only efforts, dies at 85"
1829:
1480:
1464:
1448:
877:
443:
356:
336:
228:
224:
111:
3315:
2353:
2114:
2095:
2464:
2252:
1862:(Memorial ed., 1926), vol. XXIV, p. 554 (New York: Charles Scribner's 11 Sons).
1472:
1277:
1253:
1180:
1117:
424:
302:
251:
3067:
2827:
3355:
2944:
University of Minnesota: Center for Advanced Research on Language Acquisition
2042:, University of Miami Law School, p. 2, February 9, 2007, archived from
1665:"How a Navajo Scientist Is Helping to Restore Traditional Peach Horticulture"
1384:
1044:
919:
394:
58:
3068:"The Effects of Official English Laws on LimitedâEnglishâProficient Workers"
175:
passed English-only instruction laws for both public and parochial schools.
1639:
1376:
1269:
1245:
1234:
1219:
1211:
1133:
1094:
479:
409:
348:
340:
299:
206:
69:
1089:
has had special recognition since 1912 passage of state constitution. See
2544:
2527:
1527:
965:
690:
344:
310:
295:
255:
220:
213:
195:
191:
100:
2268:"For Santorum, Trying to Tamp Down a Firestorm Over Puerto Rico Remarks"
470:(ACLU) has stated that English-only laws are inconsistent with both the
82:(ACLU) has stated that English-only laws are inconsistent with both the
2908:"UKB Constitution and By-Laws in the Keetoowah Cherokee Language (PDF)"
2392:
1711:
1075:
1060:
650:
259:
161:
3026:
335:
newspaper, leading to the resignations from U.S. English board member
182:
government, English became the primary medium of public schooling for
3049:"(Un)Constitutionality of English as the Official Language of the US"
1400:
1287:
950:
866:
382:
326:
194:. In the same way, English was declared the official language in the
190:, English was declared "the official language of the school room" in
168:
115:
2966:
2160:
Roll call vote on the Amendment (Salazar Amdt. No. 4073 As Modified)
446:, in an essay entitled "Here come the linguistic fascists", charges
262:
is another group founded by Tanton that advocates Official English.
3083:
2298:
1953:
1585:
1349:
1188:
1164:
1013:
981:
935:
904:
850:
786:
705:
670:
634:
495:
456:
288:
172:
26:
3241:
3134:"Samoa now an official language of instruction in American Samoa"
3115:
2745:"Language Access Laws and Legal Issues: A Local Official's Guide"
1415:
1334:
997:
802:
720:
618:
546:
474:
right to communicate with or petition the government, as well as
452:
435:
The modern English-only movement has met with rejection from the
363:
359:, a Chilean immigrant, was later named Chairman and CEO in 1993.
86:
right to communicate with or petition the government, as well as
1831:
At War With Diversity: U.S. Language Policy in an Age of Anxiety
408:
In 2015 during a debate, then Republican presidential candidate
3301:
1200:
1029:
834:
752:
562:
412:
said, "This is a country where we speak English, not Spanish."
183:
53:
communication through the establishment of English as the only
685:
required laws to be published in English, Spanish, and German
325:
group.) In 1986, Tanton wrote a memo containing remarks about
2967:"Oklahoma elections: Republican-backed measures win approval"
1303:
889:
770:
352:
2437:
Critical Approaches to Discourse Analysis Across Disciplines
2266:
Seelye, Katherine Q.; Parker, Jr., Ashley (March 15, 2012).
1798:
1796:
797:
since 1969; "American" was the official language 1923â1969.
3347:
Linguistic Society of American Statement on Language Rights
1489:
1318:
1149:
992:
since 1998; state constitution amended accordingly in 2008
818:
329:
claimed by critics to be derogatory, which appeared in the
283:
In 1981, English was declared the official language in the
68:
Support for the English-only movement began in 1907, under
347:
founded English First, while Lou Zaeske, an engineer from
2411:, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, pp. 111â19,
1978:"Anti-immigrant hate group ProEnglish visits White House"
1793:
1762:
An American Adventure in Bookburning in the Style of 1918
223:, there was a widespread campaign against the use of the
2879:"Keetoowah Cherokee is the Official Language of the UKB"
2248:"English-only fails; lopsided vote ends heated campaign"
2227:
Roll call vote on the Amendment (Salazar Amdt. No. 1384)
2204:
Roll call vote on the Amendment (Inhofe Amdt. No. 1151)
2137:
Roll call vote on the Amendment (Inhofe Amdt. No. 4064)
2005:"Americans Strongly Favor English as Official Language"
1625:
List of countries where English is an official language
2019:"Americans Still Support English as Official Language"
1804:"Codes: Codes Tree - * California Constitution - CONS"
1663:
Dolan, Susan; Wytsalucy, Reagan; Lyons, Keith (2022).
3333:
Statements and legal actions against English-only law
216:, and not as dwellers in a polyglot boarding house."
133:(1846â1848), the United States acquired about 75,000
3116:""I Speak" Cards for Language Assistance | ohr"
2522:
2096:
Official English Laws: Code of Virginia, Chapter 829
1567:
239:
immigrants who were resentful of British influence.
2826:IT, Missouri Secretary of State - (March 3, 2020).
2406:
1776:"Current Document for Louisiana, Constitution-1812"
1662:
3136:. Radio New Zealand International. October 3, 2008
2256:, January 23, 2009. Retrieved on January 23, 2009.
1610:Council for the Development of French in Louisiana
2265:
2098:, languagepolicy.net, accessed February 22, 2015/
1895:"Milestones: 1866â1898 - Office of the Historian"
393:In March 2012, Republican presidential candidate
3353:
3078:(3). The University of Chicago Press: 427â452.
2853:"Section I-27, English language to be official"
2845:
2649:
2352:, Linguistic Society of America, archived from
1949:"English-only triumphs, but the costs are high"
3307:Lingo Jingo: English Only and the New Nativism
3098:"Know Your Rights: Language Access | ohr"
2645:
2643:
2641:
2639:
2637:
2635:
2633:
2631:
2629:
2627:
2625:
2623:
2621:
2619:
2617:
2615:
2613:
2611:
2609:
2607:
2605:
2603:
2601:
2599:
2597:
2595:
2593:
2591:
2589:
2587:
2585:
2583:
2581:
2579:
2577:
2575:
2481:
2479:
2465:Executive Order 13166. Retrieved on 2008-12-11
2377:(1987), "Here come the linguistic fascists.",
880:has had special status since 1968 founding of
3288:U.S. English (advocates for Official English)
2964:
2720:"English-only law likely would go unenforced"
2573:
2571:
2569:
2567:
2565:
2563:
2561:
2559:
2557:
2555:
355:, established the American Ethnic Coalition.
3268:Temple Political and Civil Rights Law Review
2900:
1912:
1741:Points of View: English As National Language
1734:
1732:
930:since 2002; 1975 law ruled unconstitutional
629:since 2006, 1988 law ruled unconstitutional
45:that advocates for the exclusive use of the
3302:Institute for Language and Education Policy
3188:
2917:. United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians
2476:
1940:
1780:Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey
305:founded a political lobbying organization,
156:recommended English-only schooling for the
2552:
2532:American Economic Journal: Economic Policy
2511:Spanish At School Translates to Suspension
2291:
319:Federation for American Immigration Reform
3015:(Bill). Utah Legislature. March 22, 2021.
2543:
2500:, The Arizona Republic, January 17, 2004.
2033:"The Language Battle: Speaking the Truth"
1738:
1729:
1689:
1673:. Vol. 36, no. 1, Summer 2022.
427:process. This bill has yet to be passed.
3387:Right-wing politics in the United States
2937:"The Cherokee Nation & its Language"
2871:
2673:
2671:
2513:, The Washington Post, December 9, 2005.
2292:Goldmacher, Shane (September 23, 2016).
1827:
517:
20:
3065:
2819:
2498:Hispanics upset by teacher's discipline
2345:
2182:"Snopes on the English-only amendments"
1975:
1918:
1874:"German Place Names in South Australia"
234:In 1923, a bill drafted by Congressman
3377:Politics of the United States by issue
3354:
3242:"Spanish language website for the FDA"
2717:
2430:
2380:Natural Language and Linguistic Theory
2373:
2110:Official English Is Not "English Only"
1946:
1871:
1756:
1615:English language learning and teaching
2929:
2775:Constitution of the State of Colorado
2668:
1976:Piggott, Stephen (January 26, 2018).
1652:
403:Republican delegates from Puerto Rico
3293:Anatomy of the English-Only Movement
2799:
2699:. Washington Times. November 8, 2006
2652:"Language Legislation in the U.S.A."
2346:Nunberg, Geoff (December 28, 1986),
2319:
1752:
1750:
2743:
1534:
1513:
1496:
1479:
1467:receive additional accommodations.
1276:
759:
569:
498:passed its legislation. In 2004 in
309:. (Tanton was a former head of the
13:
3328:Language Legislation in the U.S.A.
3260:
3191:"Puerto Rico and Official English"
2965:Slipke, Darla (November 3, 2010).
2825:
29:demanding immigrants speak English
14:
3398:
3382:Conservatism in the United States
3281:
3244:. US Food and Drug Administration
2806:Language Legislation in the U.S.A
2650:Crawford, James (June 24, 2008).
1947:Portes, Alejandro (Spring 2002).
1747:
1605:Conservatism in the United States
459:games." Rachele Lawton, applying
124:Constitution of the United States
2754:. Institute for Local Government
2697:"Arizona makes English official"
2113:, proenglish.org, archived from
1834:. Multilingual Matters. p.
1584:
1570:
137:speakers in addition to several
93:
63:Native American boarding schools
3234:
3208:
3182:
3165:
3148:
3126:
3108:
3090:
3066:Zavodny, Madeline (July 2000).
3059:
3041:
3019:
3005:
2985:
2958:
2793:
2766:
2737:
2718:Dillow, Gordon (May 21, 2006).
2711:
2689:
2516:
2503:
2490:
2458:
2447:
2424:
2367:
2339:
2313:
2294:"Trump's English-only campaign"
2285:
2259:
2241:
2218:
2195:
2174:
2151:
2128:
2101:
2089:
2074:
2060:
2025:
2011:
1997:
1969:
1919:Schudel, Matt (July 21, 2019).
681:since 1988; from 1876â1990 the
377:On January 22, 2009, voters in
313:'s population committee and of
3337:American Civil Liberties Union
3222:. United States Virgin Islands
2802:"Language Policy -- Louisiana"
2752:Institute for Local Government
2496:Anne Ryman and Ofelia Madrid,
2320:King, Steve (March 22, 2019).
1887:
1865:
1852:
1821:
1768:
1620:Languages in the United States
513:
468:American Civil Liberties Union
80:American Civil Liberties Union
16:Political movement in the U.S.
1:
3029:. U.S. English. March 5, 2016
1690:Wytsalucy, Reagan C. (2019).
1645:
494:on their way to school after
437:Linguistic Society of America
110:, the United States acquired
3216:"Frequently Asked Questions"
3013:Official Language Amendments
2993:"Amendment For Printed Bill"
2526:; Shertzer, Allison (2015).
2407:Geoffrey K. Pullum. (1991),
1630:Spanish in the United States
1187:has been official among the
430:
106:In 1803, as a result of the
7:
2832:Missouri Secretary of State
2085:. May 23, 1993. p. 1D.
1983:Southern Poverty Law Center
1563:
488:limited English proficiency
461:critical discourse analysis
10:
3403:
3321:November 27, 2020, at the
3072:Journal of Labor Economics
2915:www.keetoowahcherokee.org/
2724:The Orange County Register
2679:"Alaska State Legislature"
1808:leginfo.legislature.ca.gov
1675:U.S. National Park Service
538:Other official language(s)
278:Miami-Dade County, Florida
242:
3275:Chicano-Latino Law Review
2230:, US Senate, June 6, 2007
2207:, US Senate, June 6, 2007
2163:, US Senate, May 18, 2006
2140:, US Senate, May 18, 2006
2081:"The power of language".
2040:Inter-American Law Review
415:On February 6, 2019, the
271:
114:-speaking populations in
39:Official English movement
3172:Northern Mariana Islands
2998:South Dakota Legislature
2470:January 5, 2009, at the
2431:Lawton, Rachele (2013),
2349:Resolution: English Only
1828:Crawford, James (2000).
1635:English-medium education
1507:Northern Mariana Islands
421:House of Representatives
323:immigration reductionist
51:United States government
3177:EncyclopĂŚdia Britannica
3160:EncyclopĂŚdia Britannica
1872:Leadbeater, Maureen M.
1764:, Ralph Myles Publisher
1282:since 1995, since 2019
1179:is official within the
575:Central Alaskan Yup'ik,
339:and executive director
236:Washington J. McCormick
200:PhilippineâAmerican War
154:Indian Peace Commission
146:California constitution
141:-speaking populations.
120:admittance to the Union
2886:keetoowahcherokee.org/
2828:"2008 Ballot Measures"
1696:) and Navajo Spinach (
523:
315:Zero Population Growth
30:
3362:English-only movement
2524:Lleras-Muney, Adriana
2049:on September 27, 2011
1858:Roosevelt, Theodore,
1704:Utah State University
683:Colorado Constitution
521:
484:Executive Order 13166
455:the official food at
317:, and founder of the
35:English-only movement
24:
3372:Language legislation
2545:10.1257/pol.20120219
2083:St. Petersburg Times
1706:. pp. xii+183.
1578:United States portal
1432:District of Columbia
188:SpanishâAmerican War
186:children. After the
131:MexicanâAmerican War
118:. As a condition to
37:, also known as the
2375:Pullum, Geoffrey K.
2117:on January 21, 2008
1926:The Washington Post
1688: •
1661: •
1600:Bilingual education
1545:U.S. Virgin Islands
178:In 1896, under the
167:In the late 1880s,
139:indigenous language
3195:languagepolicy.net
2859:. January 24, 2022
2655:languagepolicy.net
2393:10.1007/BF00138990
1712:10.26076/593D-61C2
524:
210:Theodore Roosevelt
180:Republic of Hawaii
150:American Civil War
108:Louisiana Purchase
73:Theodore Roosevelt
43:political movement
31:
3189:Crawford, James.
2800:Crawford, James.
2356:on April 21, 2008
1899:history.state.gov
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727:
724:
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595:Upper Tanana,
566:
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531:
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448:English First
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395:Rick Santorum
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94:Early efforts
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89:
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64:
60:
59:United States
56:
52:
48:
44:
40:
36:
28:
23:
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3274:
3267:
3246:. Retrieved
3236:
3224:. Retrieved
3219:
3210:
3198:. Retrieved
3194:
3184:
3175:
3167:
3158:
3150:
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3128:
3119:
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3101:
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3021:
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2997:
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2970:
2960:
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2943:
2931:
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2914:
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2890:. Retrieved
2885:
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2861:. Retrieved
2856:
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2831:
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2805:
2795:
2783:. Retrieved
2774:
2768:
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2751:
2739:
2727:. Retrieved
2713:
2701:. Retrieved
2691:
2682:
2658:. Retrieved
2654:
2535:
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2518:
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2497:
2492:
2460:
2449:
2443:(1): 100â122
2440:
2436:
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2369:
2360:February 17,
2358:, retrieved
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2348:
2341:
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2325:
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2303:. Retrieved
2297:
2287:
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2271:
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2243:
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2226:
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2176:
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2130:
2121:February 17,
2119:, retrieved
2115:the original
2109:
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2068:
2062:
2053:February 17,
2051:, retrieved
2044:the original
2039:
2027:
2013:
1999:
1987:. Retrieved
1981:
1971:
1959:. Retrieved
1952:
1942:
1930:. Retrieved
1924:
1914:
1902:. Retrieved
1898:
1889:
1879:December 29,
1877:. Retrieved
1867:
1859:
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1830:
1823:
1811:. Retrieved
1807:
1783:. Retrieved
1779:
1770:
1761:
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1699:
1695:
1691:
1678:. Retrieved
1670:Park Science
1668:
1667:. Features.
1654:
1640:English Plus
1559:
1377:English Plus
1270:South Dakota
1246:English Plus
1235:Rhode Island
1220:Pennsylvania
1212:English Plus
1195:since 1991.
1134:North Dakota
1095:English Plus
508:
492:
480:Bill Clinton
465:
441:
434:
414:
410:Donald Trump
407:
392:
376:
372:
368:
361:
357:Mauro Mujica
341:Linda Chavez
330:
307:U.S. English
300:U.S. Senator
293:
285:commonwealth
282:
275:
267:
264:
248:U.S. English
246:
233:
218:
207:US President
204:
198:, after the
177:
166:
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128:
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70:US President
67:
49:in official
38:
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18:
2811:October 10,
2785:February 2,
2509:T.R. Reid,
2305:January 27,
2277:October 10,
1989:February 3,
1961:February 3,
1932:February 3,
1528:Puerto Rico
1426:since 1996
1395:since 2016
1379:since 1989
1360:since 1996
1298:since 1984
1264:since 1987
1248:since 1992
1214:since 1989
1144:since 1987
1128:since 1987
1097:since 1989
1055:since 1995
1024:since 1920
1008:since 1995
976:since 1987
966:Mississippi
861:since 1984
845:since 2007
829:since 2002
813:since 1984
781:since 2007
765:since 1978
747:since 1996
731:since 1988
691:Connecticut
645:since 1987
613:since 2015
585:Holikachuk,
557:since 1990
514:Current law
504:Kansas City
476:free speech
345:Larry Pratt
321:(FAIR), an
311:Sierra Club
296:John Tanton
256:John Tanton
221:World War I
214:nationality
196:Philippines
192:Puerto Rico
101:World War I
88:free speech
3356:Categories
3277:11 (1991).
3270:65 (2006).
3120:ohr.dc.gov
3102:ohr.dc.gov
2857:Justia Law
2187:August 25,
1702:(master).
1646:References
1519:Carolinian
1461:Vietnamese
1366:Washington
1076:New Mexico
1061:New Jersey
651:California
597:Tanacross,
583:Deg Xinag,
500:Scottsdale
399:criticized
387:a proposal
260:ProEnglish
162:California
129:After the
3226:April 27,
3200:April 27,
3140:April 28,
3053:Daily Kos
3033:March 22,
2977:April 28,
2863:March 10,
2837:March 10,
2703:April 28,
2660:April 27,
2401:171070339
2331:April 13,
1904:March 21,
1813:March 21,
1720:202844899
1401:Wisconsin
1288:Tennessee
951:Minnesota
867:Louisiana
609:Tsimshian
591:Gwich'in,
581:Dena'ina,
442:Linguist
431:Criticism
385:rejected
383:Tennessee
379:Nashville
327:Hispanics
294:In 1983,
276:In 1980,
205:In 1907,
169:Wisconsin
116:Louisiana
3319:Archived
2468:Archived
2299:Politico
2234:April 9,
2211:April 9,
2167:April 9,
2144:April 9,
1954:Contexts
1785:June 30,
1760:(1988),
1564:See also
1515:Chamorro
1498:Chamorro
1350:Virginia
1191:and the
1189:Cherokee
1165:Oklahoma
1103:New York
1014:Nebraska
982:Missouri
936:Michigan
905:Maryland
851:Kentucky
787:Illinois
761:Hawaiian
706:Delaware
671:Colorado
635:Arkansas
605:Tlingit,
587:Koyukon,
579:Unangax,
577:Alutiiq,
571:Inupiaq,
535:official
496:Colorado
457:baseball
401:by some
289:Virginia
184:Hawaiian
173:Illinois
27:Colorado
3335:by the
3248:July 5,
3174:at the
3157:at the
2950:May 22,
2921:June 2,
2892:June 1,
1957:: 10â15
1680:July 7,
1536:Spanish
1457:Spanish
1453:Chinese
1445:Amharic
1416:Wyoming
1335:Vermont
1091:article
1087:Spanish
998:Montana
882:CODOFIL
803:Indiana
737:Georgia
721:Florida
619:Arizona
593:Tanana,
547:Alabama
533:English
482:signed
453:hotdogs
364:Arizona
243:Support
219:During
135:Spanish
57:in the
41:, is a
2971:NewsOK
2946:. 2008
2415:
2399:
1842:
1718:
1481:Samoan
1465:Korean
1449:French
1201:Oregon
1183:; the
1030:Nevada
878:French
835:Kansas
753:Hawaii
607:Haida,
601:Ahtna,
563:Alaska
272:Modern
112:French
3309:, by
3295:, by
2940:(PDF)
2911:(PDF)
2882:(PDF)
2779:(PDF)
2748:(PDF)
2397:S2CID
2047:(PDF)
2036:(PDF)
1860:Works
1716:S2CID
1304:Texas
1278:Sioux
890:Maine
771:Idaho
603:Eyak,
541:Note
529:Place
374:law.
353:Texas
349:Bryan
3250:2008
3228:2011
3202:2011
3155:Guam
3142:2011
3035:2016
2979:2011
2952:2014
2923:2014
2894:2014
2865:2022
2839:2022
2813:2016
2787:2024
2760:2023
2731:2023
2705:2011
2662:2011
2413:ISBN
2362:2008
2333:2022
2307:2020
2279:2012
2236:2009
2213:2009
2189:2008
2169:2009
2146:2009
2123:2008
2055:2008
1991:2023
1963:2023
1934:2023
1906:2022
1881:2007
1840:ISBN
1815:2022
1787:2024
1682:2022
1552:None
1490:Guam
1463:and
1439:None
1423:None
1408:None
1392:None
1373:None
1357:None
1342:None
1326:None
1319:Utah
1311:None
1295:None
1261:None
1242:None
1227:None
1208:None
1172:None
1157:None
1150:Ohio
1141:None
1125:None
1110:None
1083:None
1068:None
1052:None
1037:None
1021:None
1005:None
989:None
973:None
958:None
943:None
927:None
912:None
897:None
874:None
858:None
842:None
826:None
819:Iowa
810:None
794:None
778:None
744:None
728:None
713:None
698:None
678:None
658:None
642:None
626:None
599:Hän,
554:None
466:The
397:was
298:and
254:and
171:and
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3080:doi
2540:doi
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1532:Yes
1511:Yes
1494:Yes
1477:Yes
1420:Yes
1389:Yes
1354:Yes
1323:Yes
1292:Yes
1274:Yes
1258:Yes
1193:UKB
1169:Yes
1138:Yes
1122:Yes
1049:Yes
1018:Yes
1002:Yes
986:Yes
970:Yes
924:Yes
855:Yes
839:Yes
823:Yes
807:Yes
791:Yes
775:Yes
757:Yes
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567:Yes
551:Yes
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1224:No
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1154:No
1107:No
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1080:No
1065:No
1034:No
955:No
940:No
909:No
894:No
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871:No
710:No
695:No
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