71:
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1648:, which allow enacting amendments by a simple majority vote in a referendum. Since its enactment, the California constitution has been amended an average of five times each year. As a result, if California were a sovereign state, its constitution would rank the second or third-longest in the world by total number of words. This has led politicians and political scientists to argue the procedures for amending the California constitution are too lax, creating a state constitution that is filled with irrelevant detail and incoherent policies created by
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1824:. UC is one of only nine state-run public universities in the United States whose independence from political interference is expressly guaranteed by the state constitution. Since 1900, Stanford has enjoyed the benefit of a constitutional clause shielding Stanford-owned property from taxes as long as it is used for educational purposes.
1704:
The constitution gradually became increasingly bloated, leading to abortive efforts towards a third constitutional convention in 1897, 1914, 1919, 1930, 1934 and 1947. By 1962, the constitution had grown to 75,000 words, which at that time was longer than any other state constitution but
Louisiana's.
1760:
Article 4, Section 8(d) defines an "urgency statute" as one "necessary for immediate preservation of the public peace, health, or safety"; any proposed bill including such a provision includes a "statement of facts constituting the necessity" and a two-thirds majority of each house is required to
1752:
Unlike other state constitutions, the
California Constitution strongly protects the corporate existence of cities and counties and grants them broad plenary home rule powers. The constitution gives charter cities, in particular, supreme authority over municipal affairs, even allowing such cities'
1708:
That year, the electorate approved the creation of a
California Constitution Revision Commission, which worked on a comprehensive revision of the constitution from 1964 to 1976. The electorate ratified the commission's revisions in 1966, 1970, 1972, and 1974, but rejected the 1968 revision, whose
1866:
but today may be passed with the approval of both two-thirds of the
Legislature and approval by a majority of voters; while simplified since its beginnings, the revision process is considered more politically charged and difficult to successfully pass than an amendment. Voters exercising the
1700:
politicians pioneered the concept of aggressively amending the state constitution by initiative in order to remedy perceived evils. From 1911, the height of the U.S. Progressive Era, to 1986, the
California Constitution was amended or revised over 500 times.
1805:
unusual". The constitution also confers upon women equality of rights in "entering or pursuing a business, profession, vocation, or employment." This is the earliest state constitutional equal rights provision on record.
1842:
and constitutional revisions, the latter of which is considered to be a "substantial change to the entire constitution, rather than ... a less extensive change in one or more of its provisions". Both require passage of a
1688:
The constitution has undergone numerous changes since its original drafting. It was rewritten from scratch several times before the drafting of the current 1879 constitution, which has itself been amended or revised (see
2852:
1797:, 6 Cal. 3d 628. This noted that under California's state constitution a stronger protection applies than under the U.S. Constitution's Eighth Amendment; the former prohibits punishments that are "cruel
2043:
1855:
through the exercise of the initiative power by the voters. The signature requirement for constitutional amendments is among the lowest thresholds for similar measures of any
1753:
local laws to trump state law. By specifically enabling cities to pay counties to perform governmental functions for them, Section 8 of
Article XI resulted in the rise of the
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Many of the signatories to the state's original 1849 constitution were themselves prominent in their own right, and are listed below. The list notably includes several
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The
California Constitution is one of the longest in the world. The length has been attributed to a variety of factors, such as the influence of previous Mexican
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In response to widespread public disgust with the powerful railroads that controlled
California's politics and economy at the start of the 20th century,
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1945:
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take the form of a constitutional amendment. Several amendments involved the authorization of the creation of state government agencies, including the
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by the voters, but they differ in how they may be proposed. A constitutional amendment may be placed on the ballot by either a two-thirds vote in the
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were found in the
California Constitution by the California courts. One of California's most significant prohibitions is against "cruel
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As of 2023, this was 874,641 signatures compared to a 2020 population of 39,538,223. A constitutional revision originally required a
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1999:
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into an appointed rather than an elected official. The
Commission ultimately removed about 40,000 words from the constitution.
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Many of the individual rights clauses in the state constitution have been construed as protecting rights even broader than the
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Many of the individual rights clauses in the state constitution have been construed as protecting rights broader than the
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1585:
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Linda Greenhouse, "Petitioning Upheld at Shopping Malls: High Court Says States May Order Access to Back Free Speech,"
2153:
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unusual punishment," a stronger prohibition than the U.S. Constitution's Eighth Amendment prohibition against "cruel
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The Constitution of California is among the longest in the world. This is predominantly due to additions by
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Report of the Debates in the Convention of California on the Formation of the State Constitution
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81:
Title pages of the original English (left) and Spanish (right) versions of the 1849 Constitution
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63:
8:
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27:
Principles, institutions and law of political governance in the U.S. state of California
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2004:
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2014:
1936:
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840:
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1608:
in 1850. The constitution was amended and ratified on 7 May 1879, following the
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2676:. Congressional Research Service – The Library of Congress. Archived from
2019:
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initiative power are not permitted to propose a constitutional revision.
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1428:
1414:
1274:
1246:
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2352:"California Secretary of State -1849 California Constitution Fact Sheet"
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unusual", while the latter only prohibits punishments that are "cruel
2873:
Grodin, Joseph R.; Massey, Calvin R.; Cunningham, Richard B. (1993).
1921:
1652:
attempting to impose their will on each other by the ballot process.
1260:
994:
938:
321:
288:
207:
2415:(2 ed.). Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc. p. 27.
2413:
Democracy in California: Politics and Government in the Golden State
2307:
2900:(Third ed.). Boston, Massachusetts: Houghton Mifflin Company.
1204:
1092:
784:
310:
1809:
Two universities are expressly mentioned in the constitution: the
1560:, describing the duties, powers, structures and functions of the
2590:"Charter Cities: A Quick Summary for the Press and Researchers"
2443:"Op-Ed: It's time to declutter California's messy Constitution"
1670:
1629:, in which "free speech" rights beyond those addressed by the
2842:"Profiles of the Signers of the 1849 California Constitution"
1851:
or by signatures equal to 8% of the votes cast in the last
186:
3032:
1870:
2957:
Official current text of the California Constitution
2875:
The California State Constitution: A Reference Guide
2570:
2289:
1444:
Invalid California congressional district number: 53
2664:
2527:
2525:
1739:
California Department of Alcoholic Beverage Control
1709:primary substantive effect would have been to make
1666:
An Act for the Admission of the State of California
2997:1878–1879 Constitutional Convention Working Papers
2893:
2731:
2510:
2486:
2406:
1838:The California Constitution distinguishes between
2707:
2695:
2600:
2558:
2467:Center, California Constitution (June 24, 2017).
1761:also separately pass the bill's urgency section.
1631:First Amendment to the United States Constitution
3357:
2962:Records of the Constitutional Convention of 1849
2646:
2537:
2522:
1564:. California's constitution was drafted in both
2498:
1887:(California-born, Spanish-speaking residents).
2839:
2469:"California's Constitution is Not the Longest"
1879:Signatures of the 1849 California Constitution
3018:
2840:Wayne, R. Shepard; George R., Dorman (2020).
2407:Janiskee, Brian; Ken Masugi (July 27, 2007).
1690:
1517:
38:
3371:Amendments to the Constitution of California
2769:
2719:
2917:"The Revision of California's Constitution"
2667:"Equal Rights Amendments: State Provisions"
1827:
3025:
3011:
2877:. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press.
1594:1849 Constitutional Convention of Monterey
1524:
1510:
2402:
2400:
3421:State constitutions of the United States
1874:
1669:
2665:Leslie W. Gladstone (August 23, 2004).
35:Constitution of the State of California
14:
3358:
2466:
2397:
3006:
2980:ConstituciĂłn del Estado de California
2858:from the original on August 19, 2023.
2440:
1711:the state's superintendent of schools
1662:California Constitutional Conventions
40:ConstituciĂłn del Estado de California
2436:
2434:
2432:
1890:
1871:Signatories of the 1849 Constitution
3411:Pre-statehood history of California
3034:State constitutions (United States)
1778:case involving an implied right to
1775:Pruneyard Shopping Center v. Robins
1626:Pruneyard Shopping Center v. Robins
24:
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2701:
2652:
2606:
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25:
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3406:1879 establishments in California
3401:1849 establishments in California
2950:
2891:
2755:Elections & Voter Information
2429:
1735:State Compensation Insurance Fund
1683:Constitutional Convention of 1849
2306:
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1610:Sacramento Convention of 1878–79
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1478:
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691:
661:
477:
429:
372:
206:
106:Supreme law of the United States
69:
62:
2914:
2849:California Genealogical Society
2833:
2808:
2781:
2775:
2757:. California Secretary of State
2743:
2725:
2658:
2612:
2582:
2549:
1772:. Two examples include (1) the
1604:and in advance of California's
3376:California ballot propositions
2989:1879 California Constitution,
2974:1849 California Constitution (
2967:1849 California Constitution,
2751:"How to Qualify an Initiative"
2628:California Legislative Counsel
2596:. League of California Cities.
2460:
2382:
2370:
2344:
1646:California ballot propositions
13:
1:
2866:
2441:Gatto, Mike (June 19, 2014).
2377:1879 California constitution.
1845:California ballot proposition
1834:California ballot proposition
1716:
1461:Politics of the United States
2991:original unamended full text
1849:California State Legislature
1749:or inherent judicial power.
1623:. An example is the case of
1617:United States Bill of Rights
7:
2999:, California State Archives
2993:, California State Archives
2986:, California State Archives
2971:, California State Archives
2964:, California State Archives
2816:"California's Constitution"
2285:
2154:District of San Luis Obispo
341:Supt. of Public Instruction
177:Monterey Convention of 1849
10:
3437:
2984:full original Spanish text
2969:full original English text
2379:Retrieved January 3, 2018.
2119:John McHenry Hollingsworth
1831:
1659:
1655:
1546:ConstituciĂłn de California
1538:Constitution of California
604:American Independent Party
227:United States Constitution
3315:
3301:
3040:
2260:Mariano Guadalupe Vallejo
2178:District of Santa Barbara
2054:District of San Francisco
1864:constitutional convention
1840:constitutional amendments
1596:, following the American
182:
172:
163:California Capitol Museum
158:
148:
143:
126:
115:13 October 1849
111:
101:
91:
86:
55:
34:
3335:Northern Mariana Islands
2337:
2322:Government of California
1828:Amendments and revisions
1815:University of California
1562:government of California
1485:United States portal
619:Political party strength
2915:Lee, Eugene C. (1991).
2892:Korey, John L. (2002).
2674:CRS Report for Congress
2624:California Constitution
2620:"Article 4 Legislative"
2110:District of San Joaquin
1995:Morton Matthew McCarver
1898:District of Los Angeles
1743:State Bar of California
1729:and the fact that many
609:Peace and Freedom Party
234:California Constitution
18:California constitution
2327:Politics of California
2163:JosĂ© MarĂa Covarrubias
2129:Benjamin S. Lippincott
2093:William Morris Stewart
1976:District of Sacramento
1880:
1853:gubernatorial election
1794:California v. Anderson
1685:
1650:conflicting majorities
1606:Admission to the Union
1598:Conquest of California
1550:primary organizing law
1545:
670:United States Senators
632:Inferior jurisdictions
614:National minor parties
330:Insurance Commissioner
199:Politics of California
167:Sacramento, California
39:
3416:History of California
2896:California Government
2030:District of San Diego
1907:José Antonio Carrillo
1878:
1725:, a lack of faith in
1673:
1641:unusual punishment."
1592:) and adopted at the
1497:California portal
3396:1879 in American law
3391:1849 in American law
2937:on December 26, 2016
2221:Kimball Hale Dimmick
2202:District of San José
2010:Winfield S. Sherwood
1937:District of Monterey
1917:Stephen Clark Foster
1770:federal constitution
1621:Federal Constitution
1602:Mexican–American War
1219:Sydney Kamlager-Dove
701:U.S. Representatives
221:Constitution and law
132:7 May 1879
3345:U.S. Virgin Islands
2930:(3). Archived from
2796:. 1850. p. 498
2634:on January 10, 1997
2394:, 10 June 1980, A1.
2358:on November 9, 2017
2039:Miguel de Pedrorena
1985:Elisha Oscar Crosby
1966:Henry Wager Halleck
1822:Stanford University
1473:Politics portal
498:Tani Cantil-Sakauye
275:Lieutenant Governor
96:State of California
3386:1879 in California
3381:1849 in California
2579:, pp. 170–92.
2391:The New York Times
2251:District of Sonoma
2236:Antonio MarĂa Pico
2187:Pablo de la Guerra
2139:Thomas L. Vermeule
2124:James McHall Jones
2083:Francis J. Lippitt
2063:Alfred James Ellis
2005:William E. Shannon
1881:
1686:
657:Federal delegation
392:President Pro Temp
297:Secretary of State
3353:
3352:
2907:978-0-618-12284-4
2884:978-0-313-27228-8
2519:, pp. 18–19.
2495:, pp. 16–17.
2447:Los Angeles Times
2422:978-0-7425-4836-7
2332:Law of California
2300:California portal
2282:
2281:
2249:Representing the
2231:Jacob David Hoppe
2200:Representing the
2192:Jacinto RodrĂguez
2176:Representing the
2152:Representing the
2144:Oliver Wozencraft
2134:Benjamin F. Moore
2108:Representing the
2052:Representing the
2028:Representing the
1990:Lansford Hastings
1974:Representing the
1935:Representing the
1896:Representing the
1789:unconstitutional.
1727:elected officials
1574:American pioneers
1534:
1533:
599:Libertarian Party
570:Political parties
525:Patricia Guerrero
241:Law of California
192:
191:
16:(Redirected from
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3309:Washington, D.C.
3303:Federal district
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2747:
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2740:, pp. 1, 3.
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2690:
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2639:
2630:. Archived from
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2363:
2354:. Archived from
2348:
2316:
2311:
2310:
2302:
2297:
2296:
2295:
2265:Robert B. Semple
2241:Pedro Sainsevain
1956:Thomas O. Larkin
1946:Charles T. Botts
1912:Manuel DomĂnguez
1891:
1784:shopping centers
1526:
1519:
1512:
1495:
1494:
1493:
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1482:
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1471:
1470:
1446:
1317:Nanette Barragán
1135:Grace Napolitano
695:
678:Dianne Feinstein
665:
644:Cities and Towns
585:Republican Party
578:Democratic Party
545:Courts of appeal
481:
457:Minority Leader
448:Majority Leader
433:
411:Minority Leader
404:Robert Hertzberg
402:Majority Leader
384:Eleni Kounalakis
376:
319:State Controller
286:Attorney General
278:Eleni Kounalakis
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50:
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2684:
2683:on May 17, 2014
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2073:William M. Gwin
2015:Jacob R. Snyder
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1698:Progressive Era
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2706:
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3340:Puerto Rico
3248:South Dakota
3238:Rhode Island
3233:Pennsylvania
3213:North Dakota
3067:
2979:
2941:September 3,
2939:. Retrieved
2932:the original
2927:
2923:
2895:
2874:
2848:
2835:
2823:. Retrieved
2819:
2810:
2798:. Retrieved
2789:
2783:
2778:, p. 7.
2771:
2759:. Retrieved
2754:
2745:
2733:
2728:, p. 1.
2721:
2709:
2697:
2685:. Retrieved
2678:the original
2673:
2660:
2648:
2636:. Retrieved
2632:the original
2623:
2614:
2602:
2594:cacities.org
2593:
2584:
2572:
2560:
2551:
2539:
2512:
2500:
2488:
2476:. Retrieved
2472:
2462:
2450:. Retrieved
2446:
2412:
2389:
2384:
2372:
2360:. Retrieved
2356:the original
2346:
2276:
2226:Julian Hanks
2088:Myron Norton
1927:Abel Stearns
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1782:in private
1780:free speech
1731:initiatives
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