1842:, working in collaboration with local communists, created secret police forces using leadership trained in Moscow. This new secret police arrived to arrest political enemies according to prepared lists. The national Communists then took power in a gradualist manner, backed by the Soviets in many, but not all, cases. For a while, cooperative non-Communist parties were tolerated. The Communist governments nationalized private businesses, placing them under state ownership, and monitored the media and churches. When dividing up government offices with coalition partners, the Communists took control of the interior ministries, which controlled the local police. They also took control of the mass media, especially radio, as well as the education system. They confiscated and redistributed farmland, and seized control of or replaced the organizations of civil society, such as church groups, sports, youth groups, trade unions, farmers' organizations, and civic organizations. In some countries, they engaged in large-scale ethnic cleansing, moving ethnic groups such as Germans, Poles, Ukrainians and Hungarians far away from where they previously lived, often with high loss of life, to relocate them within the new post-war borders of their respective countries.
2227:
federation's monetary policy. Besides monetary policy, some of them even perform the supervision of the financial intermediary system. In the case of a price stability function, the inflation rate, in the examined area, relatively quickly dropped to below 5% by 2000. In monetary policy the differences are based on the euro-zone: Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Slovakia, Slovenia use the common currency. The economies of this decade – similar to the previous one – show a moderate inflation. As a new phenomenon, a slight negative inflation (deflation) appeared in this decade in several countries (Croatia, Estonia, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, and
Slovenia), which demonstrates sensitivity regarding international developments. The majority of the constitutions determine the national currency, legal tender or monetary unit. The local currency exchange rate to the U.S. dollar shows that drastic interventions were not necessary. National wealth or assets are the property of the state or local governments and, as an exclusive property, the management and protection of them aim at serving the public interest.
5834:
1595:
14th and 15th century, the same time it was declining in
Western Europe. The climax came in the 17th and 18th century. The early 19th century saw its decline, marked especially by the abolition of serfdom in Russia in 1861. Emancipation meant that the ex-serfs paid for their freedom with annual cash payments to their former masters for decades. The system varied widely country by country, and was not as standardized as in Western Europe. Historians, until the 20th century, focused on master-serf economic and labor relations, portraying the serfs as slave-like, passive, and isolated. 20th century scholars downplayed the evils and emphasize the complexities.
2077:
2046:
1983:
2236:
2266:
2223:
highest is 97%. The trend shows that the sovereign debt ratio to GDP in most countries has been rising. Only three countries are affected by high government debt: Croatia, Hungary and
Slovenia (over 70% of the GDP), while Slovakia and Poland fulfill the Maastricht requirement but only 10% below the threshold. The contribution to cover the finances for common needs is declared, the principle of just tax burden-sharing is supplemented sometimes with special aspects. Tax revenues expose typically 15–19 % of the GDP, and rates above 20% only rarely can be found.
200:
312:
9346:
156:
1574:-alphabet use is not a strict determinant for Eastern Europe, where from Croatia to Poland and everywhere in between, the Latin alphabet is used. Greece's status as the cradle of Western civilization and an integral part of the Western world in the political, cultural and economic spheres has led to it being nearly always classified as belonging not to Eastern, but Southern or Western Europe. During the late-sixteenth and early-seventeenth centuries, Eastern Europe enjoyed a relatively high
510:
31:
593:
1428:
2219:
economic growth, and high government debt. By 2000 these economies were stabilized, and between 2004 and 2013 all of them joined the
European Union. Most of the constitutions define directly or indirectly the economic system of the countries parallel to the democratic transition of the 1990s: free-market economy (sometimes complemented with the socially oriented sector), economic development, or only economic rights are included as a ground for the economy.
6139:
6151:
486:
1282:
1774:
1679:, and millions of others killed by disease, starvation, and military action, or executed after being deemed as politically dangerous. During the final stages of World War II the future of Eastern Europe was decided by the overwhelming power of the Soviet Red Army, as it swept the Germans aside. It did not reach Yugoslavia and Albania, however. Finland was free but forced to be neutral in the upcoming Cold War.
1666:
all became democratic in the 1920s, but all of them (except
Czechoslovakia and Finland) gave up democracy during the depression years of the 1930s, in favor of autocratic, strong-man or single-party states. The new states were unable to form stable military alliances, and one by one were too weak to stand up against Nazi Germany or the Soviet Union, which took them over between 1938 and 1945.
2252:
1946:, an organization created in an attempt to avoid being assigned to either the NATO or Warsaw Pact blocs. The movement was demonstratively independent of both the Soviet Union and the Western bloc for most of the Cold War period, allowing Yugoslavia and its other members to act as a business and political mediator between the blocs.
1674:
Russia ended its participation in the First World War in March 1918 and lost territory, as the Baltic countries and Poland became independent. The region was the main battlefield in the Second World War (1939–45), with German and Soviet armies sweeping back and forth, with millions of Jews and others
1665:
Romania, Bulgaria, and
Albania likewise were independent. Many of the countries were still largely rural, with little industry and only a few urban centres. Nationalism was the dominant force but most of the countries had ethnic or religious minorities who felt threatened by majority elements. Nearly
583:
Historians and social scientists generally view such definitions as outdated or relegated. Many former
Communist states in this region, although their formal alliances were severed by the fall of the Berlin Wall, continued to feel a moral duty to support states that have not been "liberated from the
2222:
In the case of fiscal policy, the legislative, the executive and other state organs (Budget
Council, Economic and Social Council) define and manage the budgeting. The average government debt in the countries is nearly 44%, but the deviation is great because the lowest figure is close to 10% but the
2218:
The economic changes were in harmony with the constitutional reforms: constitutional provisions on public finances can be identified and, in some countries, a separate chapter deals with public finances. Generally, they soon encountered the following problems: high inflation, high unemployment, low
1594:
was a prevalent status of agricultural workers until the 19th century. It resembled slavery in terms of lack of freedom, with the distinction that the landowners could not buy and sell serfs separately from the specific plots of land that they were permanently attached to. The system emerged in the
1834:
of
Germany. All the countries in Eastern Europe adopted communist modes of control by 1948. These countries were officially independent of the Soviet Union, but the practical extent of this independence was quite limited. Yugoslavia and Albania had Communist control that was independent of the
501:
between the
Eastern (Orthodox) and Western (Catholic) churches. Later developments meant that the divide was no longer solely between Catholic and Orthodox churches. From the 16th century, both Western and Eastern forms of Protestantism began to emerge in Europe. Additionally, Eastern Catholic
1525:
were founded in parts of Eastern Europe. Introduction of German town law is often seen as a second great step after introduction of Christianity at the turn of the first and second millennia. The ensuing modernization of society and economy allowed the increased role played by the rulers of
2226:
The state audit of the government budget and expenditures is an essential control element in public finances and an important part of the concept of checks and balances. The central banks are independent state institutions, which possess a monopoly on managing and implementing a state's or
5282:
1582:
levels in eastern Europe were relatively low, although regional differences existed. During the 18th century, the regions began to catch up with western Europe, but did not develop as rapidly. Areas with stronger female autonomy developed more quickly in terms of numeracy.
1961:. When China established diplomatic relations with the United States in 1978, Albania also broke away from China. Albania and especially Yugoslavia were not unanimously appended to the Eastern Bloc, as they were neutral for a large part of the Cold War period.
1629:
A major result of the First World War was the breakup of the Russian, Austro-Hungarian, and Ottoman empires, as well as partial losses to the German Empire. A surge of ethnic nationalism created a series of new states in Eastern Europe, validated by the
4495:
5279:
1077:
In some media, "Southeast Europe" can thus partially overlap with "Eastern Europe" of the Cold War Era. The following countries are labelled Southeast European by some commentators, though others still consider them to be Eastern European.
5062:
529:(often incorrectly labelled "Greek Orthodox") churches in the east. Due to this religious cleavage, Eastern Orthodox countries are often associated with Eastern Europe. A cleavage of this sort is, however, often problematic; for example,
4224:
946:
In some media, "Central Europe" can thus partially overlap with "Eastern Europe" of the Cold War Era. The following countries are labelled Central European by some commentators, though others still consider them to be Eastern European.
3249:
533:
is overwhelmingly Orthodox, but is very rarely included in "Eastern Europe", for a variety of reasons, the most prominent being that Greece's history, for the most part, was more influenced by Mediterranean cultures and dynamics.
4318:
2571:
3211:
6842:
298:
boundaries of "Eastern Europe" are subject to some overlap and, most importantly, have undergone historical fluctuations, which makes a precise definition of the western geographic boundaries of Eastern Europe and the
175:
connotations. It has also been described as a "fuzzy" term, as the idea itself of Eastern Europe is in constant redefinition. The solidification of the idea of an "Eastern Europe" dates back chiefly to the (French)
1700:
at the onset of the Cold War in 1947 was far behind the Western European countries in economic rebuilding and economic progress. Winston Churchill, in his well-known "Sinews of Peace" address of 5 March 1946, at
4679:
Baten, Joerg; Szołtysek, Mikołaj (2017). ""Girl Power" in Eastern Europe? The human capital development of Central-Eastern and Eastern Europe in the seventeenth to nineteenth centuries and its determinants".
3952:
5117:
4732:
3080:
556:
brought the end of the Cold War east–west division in Europe, but this geopolitical concept is sometimes still used for quick reference by the media. Another definition was used during the 40 years of
1646:
by the Soviet Union), Czechoslovakia, and Yugoslavia. Austria and Hungary had much-reduced boundaries. The new states included sizeable ethnic minorities, which were to be protected according to the
677:
2967:
2430:
163:
Several definitions of Eastern Europe exist in the early 21st century, but they often lack precision and may be anachronistic. These definitions are debated across cultures and among experts, even
3981:
6461:
1838:
The communists had a natural reservoir of popularity in that they had destroyed the Nazi invaders. Their goal was to guarantee long-term working-class solidarity. The Soviet secret police, the
2215:, that accessed in 2004 and after: in 2004 the Czech Republic, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Hungary, Poland, Slovenia, and the Slovak Republic; in 2007 Bulgaria, Romania; and in 2013 Croatia.
4966:
4644:, Norman Davies, Europe: a History, 2010, Eve Johansson, Official Publications of Western Europe, Volume 1, 1984, Thomas Greer and Gavin Lewis, A Brief History of the Western World, 2004
4315:
3331:
6771:
4534:
6542:
4385:
2339:
6802:
6783:
6812:
3802:
1696:
The region fell to Soviet control and Communist governments were imposed. Yugoslavia, Albania (and later Romania) had their own Communist regimes independent of Moscow. The
1693:
in one of the largest ethnic cleansing operations in history. Regions where Germans had formed the local population majority were re-settled with Polish- or Czech-speakers.
6572:
6414:
5558:
49:. As a largely ambiguous term, it has a wide range of geopolitical, geographical, ethnic, cultural, and socio-economic connotations. Its eastern boundary is marked by the
6892:
6694:
6807:
6795:
6584:
1683:
1522:
379:
at the time. "European" as a cultural term did not include much of the territories where the Orthodox Church represented the dominant religion until the 19th century.
6827:
4267:
4123:
2864:
791:
noted that Armenia and Georgia may enter the EU in the future. However, Georgia is currently the only South Caucasus nation actively seeking NATO and EU membership.
3173:
6852:
6522:
2717:
6832:
2772:
6817:
3030:
2996:
3068:
642:, classifies Bulgaria, Croatia, Czechia, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Slovakia and Slovenia, plus the candidate countries Albania, North Macedonia and Serbia as
7632:
7067:
6766:
3724:
7493:
6847:
6537:
5549:
2935:
2426:
4813:
6778:
3946:
1066:
Some countries in Southeast Europe can be considered part of Eastern Europe. Some of them can sometimes, albeit rarely, be characterized as belonging to
458:
have also been influential in Eastern Europe. Countries where Eastern Protestantism or Eastern Catholicism hold historical significance include Belarus,
3973:
351:
of 1054, significant parts of Eastern Europe developed cultural unity and resistance to Catholic Western and Central Europe within the framework of the
6549:
6314:
2349:
1650:
minority protection regime. Throughout Eastern Europe, ethnic Germans constituted by far the largest single ethnic minority. In some areas, as in the
6270:
1826:
Eastern Europe after 1945 usually meant all the European countries liberated from Nazi Germany and then occupied by the Soviet army. It included the
6309:
1420:, the Parthians would invade the region several times, although it was never able to hold the area, unlike the Sassanids who controlled most of the
7721:
6689:
1607:
and the United States did not extend in any significant way to the rest of the world. Even in Eastern Europe, industrialization lagged far behind.
3768:
3101:
7712:
7687:
7608:
7603:
7598:
6909:
6837:
6790:
3913:
2461:
1686:
4977:
2826:
7836:
7146:
3361:
7702:
7089:
3323:
2279:
2128:, and the Soviet Union were dissolved. Many European nations that had been part of the Soviet Union declared or regained their independence (
816:
7388:
7378:
3682:
3574:
3500:
7622:
7423:
7393:
6735:
4347:
2632:
7094:
6631:
6577:
4417:
2344:
1783:
584:
tyranny of capitalism". This shared duty collapsed when most of the former Soviet satellites abandoned socialism and adopted capitalism.
4930:
4150:
9110:
8969:
6822:
6761:
4518:
4080:
139:
The term is sometimes considered to be pejorative, through stereotypes about Eastern Europe being inferior (poorer, less developed) to
5093:
4479:
4369:
2524:
7642:
7617:
6342:
3603:
3281:
1950:
639:
3437:
Fernández RodrĂguez, JosĂ© Manuel (28 November 2016). "Eastern Protestant and Reformed Churches "a historical and ecumenical look"".
1642:
had divided it between Germany, Austria, and Russia. New countries included Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Ukraine (which was
771:
or histories of Eastern Europe. They are located in the transition zone of Eastern Europe and Western Asia. They participate in the
9296:
7662:
7483:
7179:
6709:
5542:
5073:
The Cold War 1945-1991. Vol. 2, Leaders and other important figures in the Soviet Union, Eastern Europe, China, and the Third World
2324:
1935:
4183:
3794:
3635:
3417:
7627:
6621:
6507:
6189:
5843:
4208:
1620:
1234:
907:
812:
6124:
within the vicinity of Europe are usually grouped with the continent even though they are not situated on its continental shelf.
9103:
8989:
7732:
7433:
6902:
4576:
2600:
1356:. These peripheral kingdoms were, either from the start or later on, incorporated into various Iranian empires, including the
9098:
9032:
6730:
5487:
5433:
5375:
5246:
5227:
5035:
4379:
4261:
3568:
3494:
3462:
3394:
3205:
3159:
2858:
2711:
2551:
5381:
5170:
3745:
9093:
9057:
8996:
6359:
5114:
4729:
4003:
Simic, Predrag (2001). "Do the Balkans Exist? Visions of the Future of Southeastern Europe: Perspectives from the Region".
1957:, aligning itself instead with China. Albania formally left the Warsaw pact in September 1968 after the suppression of the
9371:
4112:
3833:
3233:
2848:
2490:
1502:
in 1054, heightened the cultural and religious distinctiveness between Eastern and Western Europe. Much of Eastern Europe
9086:
9081:
9027:
7588:
7543:
7458:
7383:
5535:
1503:
5517:
2657:
1578:. This period is also called the east-central European golden age of around 1600. At the beginning of the 17th century,
8955:
7829:
7697:
6626:
6497:
6347:
6027:
5304:
4629:
2565:
1265:
940:
316:
2765:
159:
Traditional cultural borders of Europe: usage recommendation by the Standing Committee on Geographical Names, Germany.
9037:
7448:
6419:
5465:
5206:
5164:
4663:
4528:
4489:
4465:
4448:
4218:
3712:
3533:
3285:
3243:
2953:
2743:
2294:
3656:
3018:
2988:
96:; the main socio-cultural characteristics of Eastern Europe have historically been defined by the traditions of the
9052:
9042:
8984:
8962:
8945:
8940:
8859:
7707:
7558:
6976:
6914:
6648:
6225:
3195:
1924:
1459:. This cultural and linguistic division was eventually reinforced by the later political east–west division of the
1300:
7677:
4709:
3862:
1643:
9062:
8891:
8757:
8671:
8621:
7637:
7453:
7373:
6745:
6604:
6092:
2401:
2304:
1920:
1916:
780:
503:
451:
300:
4810:
1611:, for example, remained largely rural and agricultural, and its autocratic rulers kept the peasants in serfdom.
9006:
7563:
7353:
6638:
1912:
815:
in the South Caucasus region that exist under the presence of Russian military. Both states participate in the
2791:"The normative threat of subtle subversion: the return of 'Eastern Europe' as an ontological insecurity trope"
2521:"United Nations Statistics Division- Standard Country and Area Codes Classifications (M49)-Geographic Regions"
1439:
at the death of Theodosius I in 395. The Western Roman Empire fell in 476 while the Eastern lasted until 1453.
9316:
9301:
7822:
7763:
7488:
7413:
7023:
6594:
6567:
5315:
2683:
2329:
2160:
1928:
1702:
1662:, German speakers constituted the local majority, creating upheaval regarding demands of self-determination.
1333:
768:
276:
9349:
9001:
8631:
8358:
8063:
7738:
7692:
7523:
7172:
6611:
6517:
5940:
3276:[The shape of Europe. The spirit of unity through culture in the eve of Modern Europe] (in Czech).
838:
3119:
866:
502:
Churches began to spread in Europe during the 16th and 17th centuries, following the establishment of the
8488:
7783:
7682:
7533:
7368:
6966:
6740:
6288:
6275:
6182:
6118:
Considered European for cultural, political and historical reasons but is geographically in Western Asia.
5085:
Fuchs-SchĂĽndeln, Nicola, and Matthias SchĂĽndeln. "The long-term effects of communism in Eastern Europe."
4413:
1777:
Pre-1989 division between the "West" (grey) and "Eastern Bloc" (orange) superimposed on current borders:
787:, which specifies that all three have political and cultural connections to Europe. In January 2002, the
673:
17:
6961:
6399:
367:
The earliest concept of Europe as a cultural sphere (instead of simply a geographic term) was formed by
183:
There are "almost as many definitions of Eastern Europe as there are scholars of the region". A related
9415:
8666:
8651:
7949:
7934:
7672:
7574:
7518:
7463:
6870:
6699:
6426:
6304:
6282:
4779:
3892:
3105:
2381:
2120:, the Federal Republic of Germany peacefully absorbed the German Democratic Republic in 1990. In 1991,
1827:
643:
606:
526:
256:
While the eastern geographical boundaries of Europe are well defined, the boundary between Eastern and
144:
5255:
Nachtigal, Reinhard. "Current Historiography on Eastern Europe during the First World War: A Review."
3922:
2453:
9047:
8979:
8950:
8935:
8676:
8601:
7613:
7077:
6882:
6655:
6389:
6364:
5054:
Donert, Celia, Emily Greble, and Jessica Wardhaugh. "New Scholarship on Central and Eastern Europe."
1631:
1295:
455:
439:
5293:
4517:
Olson, James Stuart; Pappas, Lee Brigance; Pappas, Nicholas Charles; Pappas, Nicholas C. J. (1994).
3353:
931:
The term "Central Europe" is often used by historians to designate states formerly belonging to the
53:, whilst its western boundary is defined in various ways. Most definitions include the countries of
8636:
8553:
8136:
7849:
7726:
7552:
7498:
7478:
7428:
6409:
6379:
6374:
6279:
4592:
Martyn Rady, "The German Settlement in Central and Eastern Europe during the High Middle Ages." in
2887:"Destination branding, niche marketing and national image projection in Central and Eastern Europe"
2557:
1733:
has descended across the Continent. Behind that line lie all the capitals of the ancient states of
1452:
692:
regional cooperation forum whereas Central European countries formed their own alliance called the
684:, whereas the CIA World Factbook places the region in Eastern Europe with a strong assimilation to
7814:
5367:
The Balkans and the Byzantine World before and after the Captures of Constantinople, 1204 and 1453
9410:
9283:
8974:
8881:
8558:
8268:
8263:
7788:
7717:
7569:
7547:
7443:
7165:
7072:
6512:
6481:
4606:
Jan M. Pisorski (2008). "Medieval Colonization in East Central Europe". In Ingrao; Szabo (eds.).
3686:
3550:
3476:
2299:
1547:
443:
372:
352:
5280:
Mental Maps: The Cognitive Mapping of the Continent as an Object of Research of European History
4339:
1443:
The earliest known distinctions between east and west in Europe originate in the history of the
9260:
9067:
8661:
8464:
7592:
7528:
7513:
7469:
7054:
7013:
7003:
6589:
6175:
5613:
4407:
2284:
1831:
1635:
1087:
701:
4249:
9353:
9217:
9137:
8780:
8681:
8290:
7803:
7439:
7084:
6096:
5959:
5930:
5342:
4927:
3147:
1938:(SFRY; formed after World War II and before its later dismemberment) was not a member of the
720:
cooperation that includes the three countries collectively referred to as the Baltic states.
697:
4072:
2701:
9227:
8203:
7921:
7753:
7583:
7508:
7358:
7343:
7101:
6466:
6352:
5090:
3723:
V. Martynov, The End of East-West Division But Not the End of History, UN Chronicle, 2000 (
2520:
2117:
2076:
2045:
1982:
1943:
1690:
1639:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1472:
1436:
1432:
841:(1991–2000) – existed in former Soviet territory until it was driven into exile during the
713:
376:
348:
177:
164:
105:
4158:
3595:
8:
8876:
8541:
8478:
8454:
8285:
8146:
8092:
8033:
8004:
7944:
7939:
7778:
7504:
7418:
7338:
7333:
7324:
6897:
6887:
6714:
6599:
6330:
6250:
6235:
6052:
5885:
5683:
3143:
3076:
2371:
2289:
2235:
2105:
1290:
1161:
1160:(usually grouped with the non-Baltic post-Soviet states but sometimes considered part of
1111:
1101:
988:
847:
788:
776:
709:
689:
553:
447:
6031:
1447:. As the Roman domain expanded, a cultural and linguistic division appeared. The mainly
260:
is not geographical but historical, religious and cultural, and is harder to designate.
9164:
8785:
8748:
8626:
8072:
7994:
7954:
7929:
7798:
7768:
7758:
7743:
7648:
7474:
7329:
7039:
7008:
6998:
6476:
6440:
6230:
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5527:
5493:
5337:
5126:
4175:
4012:
3627:
3409:
2959:
2916:
2818:
2354:
1575:
1487:
860:
842:
705:
272:
204:
188:
3475:
Parushev, Parush; Apollo, Toivo (2004). McGrath, Alister E.; Marks, Darren C. (eds.).
199:
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8864:
8691:
8656:
8517:
8512:
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7408:
7403:
7348:
7232:
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7035:
6936:
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6502:
6404:
6384:
6369:
6210:
6202:
6150:
5658:
5483:
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5429:
5422:
5400:
5371:
5242:
5223:
5202:
5160:
5031:
4659:
4625:
4524:
4485:
4461:
4444:
4375:
4257:
4214:
3708:
3564:
3529:
3490:
3459:
3390:
3239:
3201:
3165:
3155:
3021:[The large-scale division of Europe according to cultural-spatial criteria].
2963:
2949:
2920:
2908:
2854:
2822:
2810:
2707:
2677:
2561:
2406:
1954:
1861:
was created in 1949, most countries of Eastern Europe became members of the opposing
1659:
1647:
1555:
1476:
1417:
1381:
1373:
1357:
1353:
1337:
1325:
936:
932:
805:
784:
764:
490:
399:
360:
93:
6394:
5080:
Encyclopedia of Eastern Europe: From the Congress of Vienna to the Fall of Communism
5016:
4573:
2741:
1845:
Under Stalin's direct instructions, these nations rejected grants from the American
850:(1991–2023) – breakaway state from Azerbaijan that ceased to exist by 1 January 2024
693:
311:
187:
paper adds that "every assessment of spatial identities is essentially a social and
86:
9326:
9321:
9311:
9240:
8917:
8871:
8814:
8743:
8606:
8500:
8449:
8427:
8280:
8227:
8166:
7657:
7538:
7363:
7062:
6988:
6971:
6949:
6704:
6088:
5475:
5239:
Transition Economies: Political Economy in Russia, Eastern Europe, and Central Asia
5192:
5150:
4922:
Jeronim Perović, "The Tito-Stalin split: a reassessment in light of new evidence."
3556:
3482:
3442:
2941:
2898:
2802:
2597:
2391:
2257:
1706:
1603:
Before 1870, the industrialization that had started to develop in Northwestern and
1567:
1543:
1518:
1480:
1413:
1365:
1213:
1195:
1181:
1151:
1057:
1044:
1021:
1007:
978:
960:
890:
109:
5458:
Inventing Eastern Europe: The Map of Civilization on the Mind of the Enlightenment
2806:
212: Eastern Europe here is mainly equivalent to the European part of the former
9212:
8713:
8701:
8686:
8641:
8591:
8531:
8473:
8434:
8422:
8415:
8324:
8141:
8124:
8099:
7652:
7398:
7136:
7043:
7030:
7018:
6993:
6983:
6919:
6143:
6056:
5864:
5743:
5570:
5365:
5319:
5308:
5297:
5286:
5217:
5196:
5154:
5121:
5097:
5066:
5049:
4934:
4817:
4736:
4713:
4580:
4322:
4097:
3737:
3454:
Milovanović, Aleksandra Djurić; Radić, Radmila (2017-10-11). "Parts I, II, III".
3307:
2747:
2604:
2386:
2314:
1676:
1559:
1405:
1361:
1321:
1227:
1172:
1125:
1067:
717:
685:
681:
518:
415:
356:
125:
3707:
Peter John, Local Governance in Western Europe, University of Manchester, 2001,
2790:
2366:
9357:
9306:
9205:
9169:
9149:
9132:
9072:
8836:
8728:
8706:
8696:
8548:
8526:
8410:
8405:
8385:
8312:
8258:
8210:
8181:
8087:
8077:
7222:
6559:
6240:
6121:
5818:
5633:
5351:
5327:
The History of the Balkan Peninsula; From the Earliest Times to the Present Day
5269:
5006:
3825:
3382:
3277:
2903:
2886:
2482:
2396:
2376:
2309:
2208:
2180:
2172:
2164:
2157:
2005:
1734:
1604:
1551:
1464:
1456:
1444:
1341:
1209:
1199:
1185:
1147:
1115:
1071:
1040:
1025:
1011:
992:
974:
964:
951:
926:
772:
752:
577:
368:
264:
257:
184:
140:
113:
50:
5512:
4441:
Studies In Medieval Georgian Historiography: Early Texts And Eurasian Contexts
2766:"Population Division, DESA, United Nations: World Population Ageing 1950-2050"
1558:(which had replaced the Frankish empire) led to a change of the importance of
9404:
9386:
9373:
9331:
9200:
9192:
9159:
8896:
8846:
8738:
8733:
8723:
8573:
8536:
8444:
8439:
8341:
8246:
7303:
7141:
6944:
6643:
6471:
6155:
5903:
5869:
5703:
3948:
European Parliament on the European Union's relations with the South Caucasus
3169:
2912:
2814:
2271:
2212:
2141:
1958:
1846:
1352:
respectively, while the latter two were the predecessor states of modern-day
828:
660:
172:
155:
78:
6954:
5301:
5059:
4206:
3280:: Bibliography of the History of the Czech Lands, The Institute of History,
3272:
2611:. Wheeling Jesuit University/Center for Educational Technologies, 1999–2002.
509:
30:
9235:
9174:
9154:
9144:
8854:
8826:
8581:
8319:
8253:
8222:
8171:
8043:
7972:
7909:
7899:
7308:
6265:
6260:
5908:
5874:
5823:
5497:
4793:
Orderly and Humane. The Expulsion of the Germans after the Second World War
3273:"Uspořádánà Evropy – duch kulturnà jednoty na prahu vzniku novověké Evropy"
2113:
2109:
1908:
1876:
1867:
1850:
1821:
1726:
1697:
1624:
1460:
1409:
1261:
1253:
914:
870:
592:
562:
547:
506:
in 1596. However, the concept of Eastern Catholicism itself predates this.
284:
213:
168:
133:
129:
121:
3560:
3486:
2945:
2624:
2239:
Population pyramid of Eastern Europe in 2023 (UN geoscheme classification)
1427:
678:
Committee for International Cooperation in National Research in Demography
9291:
9250:
9181:
8886:
8775:
8718:
8646:
8596:
8483:
8459:
8348:
8186:
8104:
8082:
8058:
7904:
7894:
7276:
6527:
6255:
6245:
5986:
5803:
5738:
4698:
4622:
A History of Eastern Europe 1740–1918: Empires, Nations and Modernisation
4460:
The Oxford Classical Dictionary by Simon Hornblower and Antony Spawforth,
3660:
2334:
2125:
1939:
1862:
1802:
1651:
1598:
1512:
1468:
1448:
1223:
568:
543:
5479:
4016:
2850:
Defining 'Eastern Europe': A Semantic Inquiry into Political Terminology
1100:(Geographically located in Asia, though most often considered a part of
8821:
8790:
8616:
8611:
8275:
8236:
8198:
8116:
7989:
7874:
7869:
7207:
6456:
5773:
5733:
5713:
5693:
5598:
5356:
4706:
3324:"Religious Belief and National Belonging in Central and Eastern Europe"
3052:
Drake, Miriam A. (2005) Encyclopedia of Library and Information Science
1773:
1718:
1563:
1349:
1257:
1167:
800:
760:
522:
493:, the borderline of which is creating a border between cultural regions
411:
288:
280:
268:
97:
73:
while less restrictive definitions may also include some or all of the
4011:(1). Research Center of the Slovak Foreign Policy Association: 19–39.
3974:"Nagorno-Karabakh's breakaway government says it will dissolve itself"
1264:, geographically lies in Eastern Europe, thus technically making it a
560:
between 1947 and 1989, and was more or less synonymous with the terms
446:
has played a prominent role in the history and culture of Eastern and
9268:
8927:
8901:
8831:
8809:
8802:
8586:
8363:
8297:
8193:
8016:
7999:
7884:
7879:
7853:
7247:
6115:
Spans the conventional boundary between Europe and another continent.
5936:
5708:
4831:
Uprooted: How Breslau Became Wroclaw during the Century of Expulsions
3628:"Eastern rite church | History, Beliefs & Practices | Britannica"
3410:"Eastern rite church | History, Beliefs & Practices | Britannica"
2149:
2021:
1896:
1762:
1483:—had a survival strategy that kept it alive for another 1,000 years.
1389:
984:
734:
635:
573:
467:
4724:
Boris B. Gorshkov, "Serfdom: Eastern Europe" in Peter Stearns, ed.,
3854:
485:
8795:
8400:
8336:
8307:
8217:
8176:
7984:
7964:
7844:
7298:
7267:
7217:
6616:
6128:
6078:
6048:
5969:
5964:
5854:
5788:
5783:
5758:
5618:
5186:
History of the Balkans, Vol. 1: Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries
3596:"Union of Brest-Litovsk | Polish-Soviet, Treaty, 1918 | Britannica"
2204:
2200:
2176:
2168:
2064:
2037:
2033:
1758:
1754:
1714:
1579:
1571:
1421:
1205:
1137:
1092:
1036:
1031:
823:
746:
557:
498:
479:
475:
391:
117:
82:
6167:
6023:
5513:
Interview with historian Larry Wolff on "Inventing Eastern Europe"
5312:
5130:
Lost in Transition: Ethnographies of Everyday Life After Communism
3885:"Department for General Assembly and Conference Management |"
1953:
broke with the Soviet Union in the early 1960s as a result of the
8767:
8505:
8395:
8353:
8241:
8053:
8048:
7977:
7282:
7257:
7252:
7237:
7227:
7212:
7202:
7157:
6073:
5813:
5763:
5723:
5678:
5673:
5663:
5648:
5643:
5638:
5623:
5608:
5603:
5593:
5588:
5583:
5578:
5522:
5020:
Decades of Crisis: Central and Eastern Europe before World War II
4468:, "page 1515, "The Thracians were subdued by the Persians by 516"
4247:
2319:
2196:
2188:
2184:
2153:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2121:
2095:
2068:
2013:
2009:
1904:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1854:
1722:
1591:
1527:
1397:
1393:
1385:
1369:
1345:
1329:
1177:
1157:
1143:
1107:
1082:
1061:
1003:
970:
956:
901:
886:
882:
877:
795:
756:
724:
680:, and the STW Thesaurus for Economics place the Baltic states in
669:
631:
597:
463:
459:
435:
431:
419:
407:
387:
295:
74:
70:
66:
62:
54:
3041:– via Ständiger Ausschuss fĂĽr geographische Namen (StAGN).
517:
Since the Great Schism of 1054, Europe has been divided between
9273:
8377:
8331:
8038:
8025:
7272:
7262:
7242:
6198:
5981:
5859:
5833:
5808:
5798:
5778:
5768:
5753:
5748:
5728:
5698:
5668:
5653:
5628:
5562:
5451:
Central and East European Politics: From Communism to Democracy
5137:
The Columbia History of Eastern Europe in the Twentieth Century
4520:
An Ethnohistorical Dictionary of the Russian and Soviet Empires
3029:(4). Leipzig: Leibniz-Institut für Länderkunde (IfL): 162–173.
2340:
List of Intangible Cultural Heritage elements in Eastern Europe
2192:
2145:
2029:
2017:
2001:
1900:
1880:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1655:
1608:
1531:
1401:
1377:
1241:
1219:
1191:
1121:
1097:
1017:
998:
896:
729:
665:
530:
471:
427:
423:
403:
395:
101:
58:
46:
35:
5113:
edited by Peter N. Stearns, (vol. 2: 2001), pp. 379–388.
4316:"Police Cooperation Convention for Southeast Europe (PCC SEE)"
4254:
Geopolitics of European Union Enlargement: The Fortress Empire
375:
of the 9th century, limited to the territories that practised
9124:
9019:
8563:
7861:
7845:
6083:
5793:
5718:
5688:
2025:
1766:
1133:
1129:
386:
is formed by countries with dominant Orthodox churches, like
3884:
8158:
6538:
Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE)
6532:
5974:
5259:
41.4 (2022): 323–339. doi.org/10.1080/07292473.2022.2117908
5156:
History of the Balkans: Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries
3154:(Rev. and expanded ed.). University of Toronto Press.
2609:
Global Perspectives: A Remote Sensing and World Issues Site
1858:
1839:
1810: Other former Communist states not aligned with Moscow
1793:
1455:. In contrast, the western territories largely adopted the
1315:
497:
The schism refers to the historical break of communion and
4202:
4200:
2989:"Eastern promise and Western pretension – DW – 09/07/2018"
1907:). Other countries dominated by the Soviet Union were the
1865:, forming a geopolitical concept that became known as the
1709:, stressed the geopolitical impact of the "iron curtain":
1554:
in the 15th century, and the gradual fragmentation of the
1344:), of which the former two were the predecessor states of
5290:
5264:
Eastern Europe: Politics, Culture, and Society Since 1939
4974:
Public Governance, Administration and Finances Law Review
4656:
A History of the Global Economy. From 1500 to the Present
4250:"Borders in Central Europe: From Conflict to Cooperation"
2553:
Eastern Europe: politics, culture, and society since 1939
1669:
1463:. The division between these two spheres deepened during
5557:
3019:"Großgliederung Europas nach kulturräumlichen Kriterien"
315:
Regions used for statistical processing purposes by the
5472:
Eastern Europe Unmapped: Beyond Borders and Peripheries
5011:
Iron Curtain: The Crushing of Eastern Europe, 1944–1956
4946:
Stavro Skendi, "Albania and the Sino-Soviet Conflict."
4854:
Iron Curtain: The Crushing of Eastern Europe, 1944–1956
4516:
4340:"A List of Countries That Make up the Balkan Peninsula"
4207:
Steven Tötösy de Zepetnek; Louise Olga Vasvári (2011).
4197:
4170:
4168:
2545:
2543:
2541:
1475:
collapsed in the 5th century, marking the start of the
5028:
From Peoples Into Nations: A History of Eastern Europe
3456:
Orthodox Christian Renewal Movements in Eastern Europe
1599:
Lack of industrialization during the long 19th century
287:
with the most western parts of it located west of the
5046:
A Political and Economic Dictionary of Eastern Europe
3069:"The concept of "Eastern Europe" in past and present"
4864:
4862:
4165:
3657:"Atlas of the Historical Geography of the Holy Land"
3389:(new ed.), New York: Penguin Books, p. 8,
3094:
2937:
Ideologies of Eastness in Central and Eastern Europe
2538:
2247:
306:
6550:Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation
5421:
4967:"Macroeconomic Legal Trends in the EU11 Countries"
4763:Western Civilization: Alternate Volume: Since 1300
4477:
4113:"Southeast European Cooperative Initiative (SECI)"
3271:
3193:
2703:The handbook of political change in Eastern Europe
2350:Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation
2211:and Eastern European member states, including the
2171:in 1993. Many countries of this region joined the
1451:eastern provinces had formed the highly urbanized
5109:Gorshkov, Boris B. "Serfdom: Eastern Europe." in
4859:
4478:Roisman, Joseph; Worthington, Ian (7 July 2011).
3235:East Central Europe in the Middle Ages, 1000–1500
2699:
9402:
7722:German occupation of Estonia during World War II
5523:Emerging Europe - A new narrative for the region
5363:
5236:
4243:
4241:
4079:. Central Intelligence Agency. 18 January 2022.
3528:(2nd ed.). Ignatius Press. pp. 13–19.
3526:Rome and the Eastern Churches: A Study in Schism
1855:Comecon (Council for Mutual Economic Assistance)
4605:
3552:The Blackwell Companion to Eastern Christianity
3549:Galadza, Peter (2007-07-04). Parry, Ken (ed.).
3263:
3238:. University of Washington Press. p. 161.
2750:. Eurovoc.europa.eu. Retrieved on 4 March 2015.
2664:. Archived from the original on 31 October 2017
2619:
2617:
1372:and some more northern areas were ruled by the
147:is sometimes used for a more neutral grouping.
6508:Collective Security Treaty Organisation (CSTO)
4678:
4289:A History of Eastern Europe: Crisis and Change
4151:"U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA)"
4145:
4143:
3555:. Blackwell Publishing Ltd. pp. 291–309.
3481:. Blackwell Publishing Ltd. pp. 155–160.
3474:
2695:
2693:
1879:(which included the modern-day territories of
1614:
124:, with "Eastern Europe" being synonymous with
7830:
7173:
6731:Central European Free Trade Agreement (CEFTA)
6183:
5543:
5460:. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1994.
5060:New Scholarship on Central and Eastern Europe
4400:
4332:
4238:
4120:United Nations Economic Commission for Europe
4092:
4090:
3915:How Armenia Could Approach the European Union
3231:
2419:
2280:Community for Democracy and Rights of Nations
817:Community for Democracy and Rights of Nations
120:, as Europe was ideologically divided by the
5909:autonomous country of the Kingdom of Denmark
5416:Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1996.
5357:Bloodlands: Europe Between Hitler and Stalin
4807:Bloodlands: Europe Between Hitler and Stalin
4248:Armstrong, Werwick; Anderson, James (2007).
4057:Central Europe: Enemies, Neighbours, Friends
3305:
2614:
2593:
2591:
2589:
1830:(also known as East Germany), formed by the
1510:
1479:. By contrast, the Eastern Roman Empire—the
649:
580:outside the Soviet Union as Eastern Europe.
92:The region represents a significant part of
38:focused over the continent's eastern portion
5449:Wolchik, Sharon L. and Jane L. Curry, eds.
5201:. Vol. 2. Cambridge University Press.
5159:. Vol. 1. Cambridge University Press.
4748:David Moon, "Reassessing Russian Serfdom."
4653:
4140:
4099:Central Europe: Enemies, Neighbors, Friends
3197:Religion and Culture in Early Modern Europe
3010:
2690:
2345:List of political parties in Eastern Europe
1792: Other countries formerly part of the
1521:became centers of economic development and
1289:It has been suggested that this section be
834:Former republics with limited recognition:
7837:
7823:
7633:Czech resistance against German occupation
7180:
7166:
6415:Sovereign states and dependent territories
6190:
6176:
5550:
5536:
4701:, "The Rise of Serfdom in Eastern Europe"
4658:. Cambridge University Press. p. 46.
4557:The grand strategy of the Byzantine Empire
4087:
4067:
4065:
4036:
2737:
2735:
2652:
2650:
1570:concept in Europe. Armour points out that
572:. A similar definition names the formerly
7292:Sovereign states with limited recognition
6533:North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO)
5446:(1988) 430pp; country-by-country coverage
5334:Eastern Europe Between the Wars 1918-1941
5198:History of the Balkans: Twentieth Century
5191:
5149:
4790:
4776:League of Nations and National Minorities
4367:
3795:"Concept: 914 Central and Eastern Europe"
3354:"The History of Georgian Orthodox Church"
3282:Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic
3200:. Oxford University Press. pp. 38–.
2902:
2846:
2795:Cambridge Review of International Affairs
2760:
2758:
2756:
2586:
2207:. The term "EU11 countries" refer to the
1252:Despite being frequently classified as a
873:are considered a part of Eastern Europe:
640:Publications Office of the European Union
294:In the west, however, the historical and
6498:Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS)
6131:which has sovereignty over Vatican City.
5444:The Other Europe: Eastern Europe to 1945
5237:Myant, Martin; Drahokoupil, Jan (2010).
5111:Encyclopedia of European Social History,
5025:
4568:Denis Sinor, "The Mongols in the West."
3478:The Blackwell Companion to Protestantism
3269:
2706:. Edward Elgar Publishing. pp. 1–.
2325:Future enlargement of the European Union
2234:
2116:, and indeed the world, changed. In the
2112:in 1989, the political landscape of the
1936:Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
1772:
1426:
1320:Ancient kingdoms of the region included
1316:Classical antiquity and medieval origins
591:
508:
484:
310:
291:, also shares a part of Eastern Europe.
203:European regional grouping according to
198:
154:
116:. Another definition was created by the
29:
6271:Crisis situations and unrest since 2000
5419:
5414:What Was Socialism and What Comes Next?
5215:
4964:
4960:
4958:
4956:
4828:
4726:Encyclopedia of European Social History
4062:
4023:
3548:
3523:
3334:from the original on September 18, 2018
3187:
3142:
3062:
3060:
2933:
2788:
2732:
2647:
2451:
1504:was invaded and occupied by the Mongols
537:
14:
9403:
6746:European Free Trade Association (EFTA)
5104:The Politics of Gender After Socialism
4624:. London: Bloomsbury Academic. p. 23.
4610:. Purdue University Press. p. 31.
4210:Comparative Hungarian Cultural Studies
3312:. K.K. Publications. pp. 125–127.
3225:
3016:
2753:
1951:Socialist People's Republic of Albania
1670:World War II and onset of the Cold War
1051:
7818:
7161:
6171:
5531:
5144:The Balkans: A Post-Communist History
4795:. Yale University Press. p. 331.
4596:(Palgrave Macmillan, 1999) pp. 11-47.
4311:
4309:
4002:
3984:from the original on 15 November 2023
3971:
3824:Division, United Nations Statistics.
3748:from the original on 14 November 2020
3622:
3620:
3519:
3517:
3033:from the original on 27 December 2023
2635:from the original on 11 February 2021
2549:
2433:from the original on 25 November 2023
1293:out into another article titled
854:
5474:(1 ed.). Berghahn Books. 2020.
5142:Jeffries, Ian, and Robert Bideleux.
4953:
4433:
4388:from the original on 12 January 2022
4368:Porter, Malcolm; Lye, Keith (2008).
4031:The Transformation of Western Europe
3823:
3805:from the original on 27 October 2023
3445::10.11144/javeriana.tx66-182.ioproh.
3381:
3066:
3057:
2884:
2515:
2513:
2511:
2509:
2507:
1275:
1024:but sometimes partially included in
885:(sometimes considered a part of the
279:of the eastern edge of Europe. E.g.
7628:Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia
6612:European Union Customs Union (EUCU)
6595:European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP)
6197:
5346:Eastern Europe in the Postwar World
5106:(Princeton University Press, 2000).
4682:European Review of Economic History
4594:The German Lands and Eastern Europe
4420:from the original on 9 January 2021
4299:Hötte, Hans; Mihalik, Béla (2016).
2625:""Eastern Europe" Wrongly labelled"
2427:"Regions of Europe: Eastern Europe"
1621:International relations (1919–1939)
1490:in the west, and in particular the
1404:. Owing to the rivalry between the
1260:'s territory, situated west of the
1070:, and some may also be included in
27:Subregion of the European continent
24:
7733:Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic
7434:Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic
7187:
6741:Eurasian Economic Community (EAEC)
6518:European Political Community (EPC)
5311:, 2013, retrieved: March 4, 2020 (
4999:
4537:from the original on 30 March 2024
4498:from the original on 30 March 2024
4306:
4083:from the original on Feb 19, 2024.
3972:Sauer, Pjotr (28 September 2023).
3766:
3617:
3514:
3152:Historical Atlas of Central Europe
2847:Twardzisz, Piotr (25 April 2018).
2720:from the original on 30 March 2024
2658:"A New Journal for Central Europe"
2574:from the original on 30 March 2024
1942:. It was a founding member of the
813:republics with limited recognition
740:
596:European sub-regions according to
317:United Nations Statistics Division
167:, as the term has a wide range of
25:
9427:
5506:
5405:Swain, Geoffrey and Nigel Swain,
5399:(1958), major scholarly history;
5222:. Random House Publishing Group.
4059:Oxford University Press, US, 2001
3801:. Publications Office of the EU.
3309:A Handbook of Political Geography
2700:Frank H. Aarebrot (14 May 2014).
2504:
2295:Enlargement of the European Union
920:
104:, as well as by the influence of
9345:
9344:
8677:West South Central United States
7688:German occupation in World War I
6226:Bibliography of European history
6149:
6138:
6137:
5832:
5087:Journal of Economic Perspectives
4976:. 3. No. 1. 2018. Archived from
4481:A Companion to Ancient Macedonia
4374:. Cherrytree Books. p. 14.
3659:. Rbedrosian.com. Archived from
3383:Ware, Bishop Kallistos (Timothy)
2778:from the original on 2022-10-09.
2264:
2250:
2075:
2044:
1981:
1280:
654:
525:) churches in the West, and the
450:. To a lesser degree, forms of
307:Religious and cultural influence
8892:Latin America and the Caribbean
8758:Latin America and the Caribbean
6893:Social (and financial) rankings
6695:Financial (and social) rankings
6605:Euronest Parliamentary Assembly
5420:Wachtel, Andrew Baruch (2008).
5384:from the original on 2024-03-30
5173:from the original on 2023-01-23
4940:
4916:
4907:
4898:
4889:
4880:
4871:
4846:
4837:
4822:
4799:
4784:
4768:
4755:
4742:
4718:
4692:
4672:
4647:
4634:
4614:
4599:
4586:
4562:
4549:
4510:
4471:
4454:
4361:
4350:from the original on 2017-10-14
4293:
4281:
4270:from the original on 2024-03-30
4227:from the original on 2024-03-30
4186:from the original on 2023-10-29
4129:from the original on 2023-10-21
4105:
4049:
3996:
3965:
3955:from the original on 2020-07-02
3939:
3906:
3895:from the original on 2021-04-19
3877:
3865:from the original on 2011-09-25
3847:
3836:from the original on 2017-08-30
3817:
3787:
3760:
3738:"Migrant workers: What we know"
3730:
3717:
3701:
3675:
3649:
3638:from the original on 2024-01-19
3606:from the original on 2023-06-29
3588:
3577:from the original on 2024-02-28
3542:
3503:from the original on 2024-02-28
3468:
3448:
3431:
3420:from the original on 2024-01-19
3402:
3375:
3364:from the original on 2021-03-04
3346:
3316:
3299:
3288:from the original on 2016-05-18
3252:from the original on 2024-03-30
3214:from the original on 2024-03-30
3176:from the original on 2024-03-30
3136:
3112:
3083:from the original on 2020-11-26
3045:
2999:from the original on 2022-11-16
2981:
2970:from the original on 2022-11-16
2927:
2878:
2867:from the original on 2023-06-29
2840:
2829:from the original on 2024-03-30
2782:
2527:from the original on 2017-08-30
2493:from the original on 2017-08-30
2464:from the original on 2023-12-16
2454:"Traditional Regions of Europe"
2402:Geographical midpoint of Europe
2305:Euronest Parliamentary Assembly
2230:
1917:Czechoslovak Socialist Republic
1853:, which later evolved into the
1815:
1537:
1471:due to a number of events. The
781:Euronest Parliamentary Assembly
504:Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church
301:geographical midpoint of Europe
194:
6513:Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU)
5364:Stanković, Vlada, ed. (2016).
5132:(Duke University Press, 2011).
5030:. Princeton University Press.
3104:. 4 April 2014. Archived from
3067:Grob, Thomas (February 2015).
2475:
2445:
1180:(can variously be included in
1110:(can variously be included in
987:(can variously be included in
959:(can variously be included in
941:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
171:, geographical, cultural, and
150:
13:
1:
7559:People's Republic of Bulgaria
6736:Eurasian Customs Union (EACU)
6093:country of the United Kingdom
5302:Institute of European History
5291:EGO - European History Online
5102:Gal, Susan and Gail Kligman,
5075:(1992), 379pp of biographies.
5056:Contemporary European History
4833:. Princeton University Press.
4329:. Retrieved 20 December 2023.
4287:Bideleux and Jeffries (1998)
3126:, Central Intelligence Agency
2891:Journal of Vacation Marketing
2807:10.1080/09557571.2019.1590314
2789:Mälksoo, Maria (4 May 2019).
2412:
2330:Geography of the Soviet Union
1965:
1929:Socialist Republic of Romania
1925:People's Republic of Bulgaria
1336:(not to be confused with the
1247:
283:, which is mainly located in
8359:Middle East and North Africa
8064:Middle East and North Africa
7693:Estonian War of Independence
6590:European Economic Area (EEA)
5518:Eastern Europe Economic Data
5424:The Balkans in World History
5219:The Balkans: A Short History
4443:, pp. 292-294. Peeters Bvba
1921:People's Republic of Hungary
1523:scattered German settlements
839:Chechen Republic of Ichkeria
644:Central and Eastern European
108:as it developed through the
7:
7374:Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia
6462:International organisations
6289:Russian invasion of Ukraine
5428:. Oxford University Press.
5278:Schenk, Frithjof Benjamin,
5058:26.3 (2017): 507-507. DOI:
4924:Journal of Cold War Studies
4414:Central Intelligence Agency
4213:. Purdue University Press.
3194:Kasper von Greyerz (2007).
2243:
1913:People's Republic of Poland
1895:and the illegally occupied
1875:First and foremost was the
1849:. Instead, they joined the
1684:German-speaking populations
1682:Throughout Eastern Europe,
1675:killed by the Nazis in the
1615:Interwar period (1919–1939)
1235:Partially recognized states
674:National Geographic Society
434:, for instance, as well as
132:under the influence of the
10:
9432:
8652:Northeastern United States
6853:Electricity use per capita
6360:Largest metropolitan areas
5941:British Overseas Territory
5559:Countries and dependencies
5273:The Rebirth of East Europe
4750:European History Quarterly
4703:American Historical Review
4256:. Routledge. p. 165.
4046:Simon & Schuster, 1996
4044:The Clash of Civilizations
3855:"About the Visegrad Group"
3270:Dumitran, Adriana (2010).
2904:10.1177/135676679900500303
2550:Ramet, Sabrina P. (1998).
2382:Central and Eastern Europe
1909:German Democratic Republic
1828:German Democratic Republic
1819:
1691:reduced borders of Germany
1618:
1586:
1424:during their entire rule.
1271:
1226:, the portion west of the
1055:
924:
858:
744:
688:. They are members of the
658:
607:Central and Eastern Europe
587:
541:
527:Eastern Orthodox Christian
145:Central and Eastern Europe
9340:
9282:
9259:
9226:
9190:
9123:
9017:
8925:
8916:
8845:
8766:
8572:
8376:
8157:
8115:
8024:
8015:
7963:
7920:
7860:
7614:History of Czechoslovakia
7414:First Republic of Armenia
7317:
7291:
7195:
7114:
7053:
6935:
6878:
6869:
6838:Health expense per capita
6754:
6723:
6685:
6681:
6672:
6558:
6490:
6452:
6448:
6439:
6338:
6329:
6297:
6218:
6209:
6110:
6066:
6041:
6016:
6003:
5950:
5926:
5919:
5896:
5883:
5841:
5830:
5569:
5407:Eastern Europe Since 1945
4705:62#4 (1957), pp. 807-836
4484:. John Wiley & Sons.
4439:Rapp, Stephen H. (2003),
4301:Atlas of Southeast Europe
4102:, Oxford University Press
2885:Hall, Derek (July 1999).
2682:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
2092: new members in 2013
2061: new members in 2007
1998: new members in 2004
1974:2004–2013 EU enlargements
1782: Russia (the former
1632:Versailles Treaty of 1919
1296:History of Eastern Europe
783:, and are members of the
650:Contemporary developments
513:Expansion of Christianity
438:, which is predominantly
9133:Antarctic/Southern Ocean
8137:Transantarctic Mountains
7424:Armenian–Azerbaijani war
7068:Childhood population (%)
6803:GNI (nominal) per capita
6285:hybrid variant (2020-22)
4965:Vértesy, László (2018).
4913:Applebaum, pp. 1162–147.
4608:The Germans and the East
4570:Journal of Asian History
3102:"Jordan Europa Regional"
2934:Zarycki, Tomasz (2014).
2853:. Springer. p. 18.
2603:10 December 2017 at the
2558:Indiana University Press
2487:U.N. Statistics Division
1636:Poland was reconstituted
1453:Hellenistic civilization
1266:transcontinental country
554:fall of the Iron Curtain
521:(and later additionally
277:geographical land border
8882:Caribbean South America
7718:Estonia in World War II
7678:Estophile Enlightenment
7534:Second Bulgarian Empire
6503:Council of Europe (CoE)
6482:Transatlantic relations
6097:British-Irish Agreement
5026:Connelly, John (2020).
4904:Applebaum, pp. 223–228.
4895:Applebaum, pp. 172–173.
4886:Applebaum, pp. 174–191.
4811:excerpt and text search
4761:Jackson J. Spielvogel:
4523:. Bloomsbury Academic.
3524:Nichols, Aidan (2010).
2458:University of Minnesota
2452:Berglee, Royal (2016).
2300:Eurasian Economic Union
1640:partitions of the 1790s
1548:Eastern Orthodox Church
811:There are two de facto
444:Eastern Orthodox Church
373:Carolingian Renaissance
353:Eastern Orthodox Church
8662:Southern United States
8465:Scandinavian Peninsula
7519:First Bulgarian Empire
5933:(Sovereign Base Areas)
5614:Bosnia and Herzegovina
5442:Walters, E. Garrison.
5397:The Balkans Since 1453
5216:Mazower, Mark (2007).
4843:Applebaum, pp. 312–33.
4176:"7 Invitees - Romania"
3769:"Risen Consciousness?"
3232:Jean W Sedlar (1994).
3017:Jordan, Peter (2005).
2367:Eurovoc#Eastern Europe
2285:Eastern European Group
2240:
2086: existing members
2055: existing members
1992: existing members
1832:Soviet occupation zone
1812:
1771:
1517:, towns founded under
1511:
1494:that formally divided
1440:
1368:Empires. Parts of the
1208:(most often placed in
1146:(most often placed in
1124:(Sometimes grouped in
1088:Bosnia and Herzegovina
1039:(most often placed in
1020:(most often placed in
973:(most often placed in
716:are other examples of
702:Nordic Investment Bank
628:
514:
494:
344:
253:
251: Southeast Europe
239: Southwest Europe
160:
45:is a subregion of the
39:
9138:Antarctic Convergence
8682:Western United States
7459:Stalinist repressions
6843:Military spending (%)
6833:Unemployment rate (%)
6578:free trade agreements
6343:Areas and populations
5960:Bailiwick of Guernsey
5931:Akrotiri and Dhekelia
5453:(2nd ed. 2010), 432pp
5401:online free to borrow
5325:Schevill, Ferdinand.
5275:(4th ed. 2001); 204pp
5089:34.2 (2020): 172–91.
5078:Frucht, Richard, ed.
4950:40.3 (1962): 471-478.
4620:Armour, Ian D. 2013.
4430:Kazakhstan: Geography
4416:. 29 September 2021.
3561:10.1002/9780470690208
3487:10.1002/9780470999196
3441:. 66 (182): 345–366.
3306:Sanjay Kumar (2021).
2946:10.4324/9781315819006
2238:
2191:, Latvia, Lithuania,
1871:. This consisted of:
1820:Further information:
1801: Members of the
1776:
1711:
1619:Further information:
1430:
1256:country, about 4% of
698:Northern Future Forum
626: Northern Europe
620: Southern Europe
595:
512:
488:
452:Eastern Protestantism
336: Southern Europe
330: Northern Europe
314:
245: Southern Europe
221: Northern Europe
202:
158:
34:Digital rendering of
33:
8204:Greater Central Asia
7429:Turkish–Armenian War
6848:Urban population (%)
6808:GNI (PPP) per capita
6353:European microstates
5412:Verdery, Katherine.
5332:Seton-Watson, Hugh.
5044:Day, Alan J. et al.
4654:Baten, Jörg (2016).
4412:. Washington, D.C.:
4161:on February 5, 2009.
4033:London, Pinter, 1990
3826:"UNSD — Methodology"
3773:www.wilsoncenter.org
3439:Theologica Xaveriana
3358:www.atlantaserbs.com
3144:Magocsi, Paul Robert
2746:3 April 2015 at the
2483:"Geographic Regions"
2161:peacefully separated
2118:German reunification
1944:Non-Aligned Movement
1737:and Eastern Europe:
1542:The conquest of the
1500:Western Christianity
1473:Western Roman Empire
1437:Western Roman Empire
1412:, and later between
1128:with countries like
1006:(can be included in
714:New Hanseatic League
614: Western Europe
538:Cold War (1947–1991)
377:Western Christianity
342: Western Europe
324: Eastern Europe
303:somewhat difficult.
233: Central Europe
227: Western Europe
165:political scientists
110:Eastern Roman Empire
106:Eastern Christianity
9383: /
9350:Continents of Earth
8877:Brazilian Highlands
8286:Indian subcontinent
8147:Antarctic Peninsula
7945:Southern Hemisphere
7940:Northern Hemisphere
7708:Soviet deportations
7449:Bronze and Iron Age
7419:Armeno-Georgian War
7334:Prehistoric Armenia
6828:Press Freedom Index
6755:Sovereign states by
6600:Eastern Partnership
6236:Classical antiquity
6053:unincorporated area
5982:Bailiwick of Jersey
5844:States with limited
5480:10.2307/j.ctvw049zd
5370:. Lexington Books.
5241:. Wiley-Blackwell.
5184:Jelavich, Barbara.
5127:Ghodsee, Kristen R.
5071:Frankel, Benjamin.
4752:26 (1996): 483–526.
4559:(Harvard UP, 2009).
4327:PCC SEE Secretariat
4042:Huntington, Samuel
4005:Medzinárodné otázky
3775:. The Wilson Center
3689:on 13 February 2013
3387:The Orthodox Church
3328:Pew Research Center
3077:University of Basel
2372:East-Central Europe
2361:European subregions
2290:Eastern Partnership
1703:Westminster College
1392:coastal regions of
1376:as well, including
1374:Achaemenid Persians
1214:Southeastern Europe
1162:Southeastern Europe
1152:Southeastern Europe
1102:Southeastern Europe
1052:Southeastern Europe
1045:Southeastern Europe
1022:Southeastern Europe
1008:Southeastern Europe
979:Southeastern Europe
908:Unrecognized states
848:Republic of Artsakh
789:European Parliament
777:Eastern Partnership
710:Nordic-Baltic Eight
690:Nordic-Baltic Eight
474:, Romania, Russia,
456:Eastern Catholicism
448:Southeastern Europe
382:A large section of
9165:Great Barrier Reef
8786:Mainland Australia
8494:Apennine Peninsula
7955:Western Hemisphere
7930:Eastern Hemisphere
7683:National awakening
7593:Kingdom of Bohemia
7514:Old Great Bulgaria
7489:Soviet repressions
6967:Capital of Culture
6818:Internet users (%)
6710:Telecommunications
6477:Post-Soviet Europe
6315:predecessor states
5952:Crown Dependencies
5318:2022-01-24 at the
5307:2016-02-19 at the
5296:2013-02-08 at the
5285:2021-01-15 at the
5270:Roskin, Michael G.
5262:Ramet, Sabrina P.
5135:Held, Joseph, ed.
5120:2024-03-30 at the
5096:2021-06-24 at the
5065:2024-03-30 at the
4933:2022-07-04 at the
4926:9.2 (2007): 32-63
4816:2017-09-19 at the
4735:2024-03-30 at the
4712:2020-02-07 at the
4579:2021-07-09 at the
4572:33.1 (1999): 1-44
4321:2024-01-24 at the
4077:The World Factbook
3861:. 15 August 2006.
3744:. 21 August 2007.
3683:"home.comcast.net"
3632:www.britannica.com
3600:www.britannica.com
3414:www.britannica.com
3124:The World Factbook
2631:. 7 January 2010.
2355:Post-Soviet States
2241:
1813:
1658:, and in parts of
1576:standard of living
1441:
1388:, and most of the
1358:Achaemenid Persian
1194:(mostly placed in
867:European republics
861:Post-Soviet States
855:Post-Soviet states
843:Second Chechen War
706:Nordic Battlegroup
638:maintained by the
629:
515:
495:
440:Armenian Apostolic
345:
273:Caucasus Mountains
254:
205:CIA World Factbook
189:cultural construct
161:
47:European continent
40:
9416:Regions of Europe
9366:
9365:
9246:Mediterranean Rim
9119:
9118:
9058:Mediterranean Sea
8912:
8911:
8865:Amazon Rainforest
8692:Canadian Prairies
8657:Pacific Northwest
8518:Iberian Peninsula
8303:Arabian Peninsula
8130:Antarctic Plateau
7890:Three/Four Worlds
7812:
7811:
7623:German occupation
7494:German occupation
7454:Early Middle Ages
7409:Caucasus campaign
7404:Armenian genocide
7155:
7154:
7110:
7109:
6865:
6864:
6861:
6860:
6724:Intergovernmental
6668:
6667:
6664:
6663:
6622:Foreign relations
6523:GUAM Organization
6491:Intergovernmental
6435:
6434:
6348:Countries by area
6325:
6324:
6276:COVID-19 pandemic
6165:
6164:
6106:
6105:
6028:autonomous region
5999:
5998:
5995:
5994:
5489:978-1-78533-685-0
5435:978-0-19-988273-1
5395:Stavrianos, L.S.
5377:978-1-4985-1326-5
5343:Simons, Thomas W.
5257:War & Society
5248:978-0-470-59619-7
5229:978-0-307-43196-7
5193:Jelavich, Barbara
5151:Jelavich, Barbara
5037:978-0-691-16712-1
4983:on 12 August 2019
4877:Applebaum, p. 71.
4868:Applebaum, p. xxx
4728:(2001) 2:379-88;
4381:978-1-84234-461-3
4344:www.ThoughtCo.com
4263:978-1-134-30132-4
3570:978-0-631-23423-4
3496:978-0-631-23278-0
3463:978-3-319-63354-1
3396:978-0-14-014656-1
3385:(29 April 1993),
3207:978-0-19-804384-3
3161:978-0-8020-8486-6
2860:978-3-319-77374-2
2713:978-1-78195-429-4
2662:www.ce-review.org
2407:Regions of Europe
2140:, as well as the
1955:Sino-Soviet split
1648:League of Nations
1556:Holy Roman Empire
1477:Early Middle Ages
1418:Sassanid Persians
1338:Iberian Peninsula
1326:Caucasian Albania
1313:
1312:
1308:
1212:but sometimes in
1198:but sometimes in
1150:but sometimes in
1043:but sometimes in
977:but sometimes in
933:Holy Roman Empire
785:Council of Europe
718:Northern European
634:, a multilingual
491:Eastern Orthodoxy
361:Cyrillic alphabet
359:language and the
128:constituting the
16:(Redirected from
9423:
9398:
9397:
9395:
9394:
9393:
9388:
9384:
9381:
9380:
9379:
9376:
9348:
9347:
9327:Global Southwest
9322:Global Southeast
9312:Global Northwest
9307:Global Northeast
9297:Global Heartland
9241:Indian Ocean Rim
8923:
8922:
8815:Island Melanesia
8506:Balkan Peninsula
8281:Himalayan states
8228:Russian Far East
8022:
8021:
7950:Water Hemisphere
7839:
7832:
7825:
7816:
7815:
7658:Livonian Crusade
7589:High Middle Ages
7584:Duchy of Bohemia
7524:Christianization
7509:Odrysian kingdom
7369:Mongol invasions
7364:Medieval Armenia
7359:Sasanian Armenia
7344:Artaxiad dynasty
7196:Sovereign states
7182:
7175:
7168:
7159:
7158:
7130:
7123:
6876:
6875:
6700:Free trade areas
6683:
6682:
6679:
6678:
6450:
6449:
6446:
6445:
6336:
6335:
6216:
6215:
6192:
6185:
6178:
6169:
6168:
6153:
6141:
6140:
6127:Governed by the
6089:Northern Ireland
6032:Ă…land convention
6014:
6013:
5924:
5923:
5894:
5893:
5836:
5571:Sovereign states
5552:
5545:
5538:
5529:
5528:
5501:
5439:
5427:
5392:
5390:
5389:
5252:
5233:
5212:
5181:
5179:
5178:
5041:
4993:
4992:
4990:
4988:
4982:
4971:
4962:
4951:
4944:
4938:
4920:
4914:
4911:
4905:
4902:
4896:
4893:
4887:
4884:
4878:
4875:
4869:
4866:
4857:
4852:Anne Applebaum,
4850:
4844:
4841:
4835:
4834:
4826:
4820:
4805:Timothy Snyder,
4803:
4797:
4796:
4788:
4782:
4774:P. de Azcarate,
4772:
4766:
4759:
4753:
4746:
4740:
4722:
4716:
4696:
4690:
4689:
4676:
4670:
4669:
4651:
4645:
4638:
4632:
4618:
4612:
4611:
4603:
4597:
4590:
4584:
4566:
4560:
4555:Edward Luttwak,
4553:
4547:
4546:
4544:
4542:
4514:
4508:
4507:
4505:
4503:
4475:
4469:
4458:
4452:
4437:
4431:
4429:
4427:
4425:
4404:
4398:
4397:
4395:
4393:
4365:
4359:
4358:
4356:
4355:
4336:
4330:
4313:
4304:
4303:. Boston: Brill.
4297:
4291:
4285:
4279:
4278:
4276:
4275:
4245:
4236:
4235:
4233:
4232:
4204:
4195:
4194:
4192:
4191:
4172:
4163:
4162:
4157:. Archived from
4147:
4138:
4137:
4135:
4134:
4128:
4117:
4109:
4103:
4096:Lonnie Johnson,
4094:
4085:
4084:
4069:
4060:
4055:Johnson, Lonnie
4053:
4047:
4040:
4034:
4027:
4021:
4020:
4000:
3994:
3993:
3991:
3989:
3969:
3963:
3962:
3961:
3960:
3943:
3937:
3936:
3935:
3933:
3928:on 28 April 2008
3927:
3921:, archived from
3920:
3910:
3904:
3903:
3901:
3900:
3881:
3875:
3874:
3872:
3870:
3851:
3845:
3844:
3842:
3841:
3821:
3815:
3814:
3812:
3810:
3791:
3785:
3784:
3782:
3780:
3764:
3758:
3757:
3755:
3753:
3734:
3728:
3725:available online
3721:
3715:
3705:
3699:
3698:
3696:
3694:
3685:. Archived from
3679:
3673:
3672:
3670:
3668:
3653:
3647:
3646:
3644:
3643:
3624:
3615:
3614:
3612:
3611:
3592:
3586:
3585:
3583:
3582:
3546:
3540:
3539:
3521:
3512:
3511:
3509:
3508:
3472:
3466:
3452:
3446:
3435:
3429:
3428:
3426:
3425:
3406:
3400:
3399:
3379:
3373:
3372:
3370:
3369:
3350:
3344:
3343:
3341:
3339:
3330:. May 10, 2017.
3320:
3314:
3313:
3303:
3297:
3296:
3294:
3293:
3275:
3267:
3261:
3260:
3258:
3257:
3229:
3223:
3222:
3220:
3219:
3191:
3185:
3184:
3182:
3181:
3140:
3134:
3133:
3132:
3131:
3116:
3110:
3109:
3108:on 4 April 2014.
3098:
3092:
3091:
3089:
3088:
3064:
3055:
3049:
3043:
3042:
3040:
3038:
3014:
3008:
3007:
3005:
3004:
2985:
2979:
2978:
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2906:
2882:
2876:
2875:
2873:
2872:
2844:
2838:
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2834:
2786:
2780:
2779:
2777:
2770:
2762:
2751:
2739:
2730:
2729:
2727:
2725:
2697:
2688:
2687:
2681:
2673:
2671:
2669:
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2645:
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2642:
2640:
2621:
2612:
2595:
2584:
2583:
2581:
2579:
2547:
2536:
2535:
2533:
2532:
2517:
2502:
2501:
2499:
2498:
2479:
2473:
2472:
2470:
2469:
2449:
2443:
2442:
2440:
2438:
2423:
2392:Southeast Europe
2274:
2269:
2268:
2267:
2260:
2258:Geography portal
2255:
2254:
2253:
2091:
2085:
2079:
2060:
2054:
2048:
1997:
1991:
1985:
1809:
1800:
1791:
1781:
1707:Fulton, Missouri
1568:Eastern Orthodox
1546:, center of the
1544:Byzantine Empire
1519:Magdeburg rights
1516:
1486:The rise of the
1481:Byzantine Empire
1366:Sassanid Persian
1304:
1284:
1283:
1276:
1058:Southeast Europe
1010:or partially in
891:Southeast Europe
767:are included in
625:
619:
613:
604:
349:East–West Schism
341:
335:
329:
323:
250:
244:
238:
232:
226:
220:
211:
126:communist states
94:European culture
21:
9431:
9430:
9426:
9425:
9424:
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9401:
9400:
9391:
9389:
9385:
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9377:
9374:
9372:
9370:
9369:
9367:
9362:
9336:
9278:
9255:
9222:
9186:
9115:
9104:South China Sea
9013:
8956:Central America
8908:
8841:
8762:
8714:Northern Mexico
8702:Northern Canada
8687:Atlantic Canada
8642:Mountain states
8568:
8423:European Russia
8416:Southern Russia
8372:
8325:Iranian Plateau
8153:
8142:West Antarctica
8125:East Antarctica
8111:
8011:
7959:
7935:Land Hemisphere
7916:
7856:
7843:
7813:
7808:
7703:Soviet invasion
7663:Danish conquest
7653:Ancient Estonia
7354:Arsacid dynasty
7339:Orontid dynasty
7313:
7287:
7191:
7186:
7156:
7151:
7133:
7126:
7119:
7106:
7090:Life expectancy
7078:genetic history
7049:
6984:Classical music
6931:
6920:Bologna Process
6883:Ages of consent
6857:
6767:Budget revenues
6750:
6719:
6660:
6554:
6486:
6431:
6321:
6293:
6251:Early modernity
6205:
6196:
6166:
6161:
6134:
6122:Oceanic islands
6102:
6095:subject to the
6062:
6057:Svalbard Treaty
6055:subject to the
6037:
6030:subject to the
6010:
6008:
6006:
5991:
5946:
5915:
5890:
5887:
5879:
5865:Northern Cyprus
5848:
5845:
5837:
5828:
5744:North Macedonia
5565:
5556:
5509:
5504:
5490:
5470:
5436:
5387:
5385:
5378:
5352:Snyder, Timothy
5320:Wayback Machine
5309:Wayback Machine
5298:Wayback Machine
5287:Wayback Machine
5249:
5230:
5209:
5176:
5174:
5167:
5122:Wayback Machine
5098:Wayback Machine
5067:Wayback Machine
5038:
5017:Berend, Iván T.
5007:Applebaum, Anne
5002:
5000:Further reading
4997:
4996:
4986:
4984:
4980:
4969:
4963:
4954:
4948:Foreign affairs
4945:
4941:
4935:Wayback Machine
4921:
4917:
4912:
4908:
4903:
4899:
4894:
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4885:
4881:
4876:
4872:
4867:
4860:
4856:(2012) p. xxix.
4851:
4847:
4842:
4838:
4827:
4823:
4818:Wayback Machine
4804:
4800:
4791:R. M. Douglas.
4789:
4785:
4773:
4769:
4760:
4756:
4747:
4743:
4737:Wayback Machine
4723:
4719:
4714:Wayback Machine
4697:
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4666:
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4615:
4604:
4600:
4591:
4587:
4581:Wayback Machine
4567:
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4459:
4455:
4438:
4434:
4423:
4421:
4406:
4405:
4401:
4391:
4389:
4382:
4366:
4362:
4353:
4351:
4338:
4337:
4333:
4323:Wayback Machine
4314:
4307:
4298:
4294:
4286:
4282:
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4271:
4264:
4246:
4239:
4230:
4228:
4221:
4205:
4198:
4189:
4187:
4174:
4173:
4166:
4149:
4148:
4141:
4132:
4130:
4126:
4115:
4111:
4110:
4106:
4095:
4088:
4071:
4070:
4063:
4054:
4050:
4041:
4037:
4028:
4024:
4001:
3997:
3987:
3985:
3970:
3966:
3958:
3956:
3945:
3944:
3940:
3931:
3929:
3925:
3918:
3912:
3911:
3907:
3898:
3896:
3883:
3882:
3878:
3868:
3866:
3859:Visgradgroup.eu
3853:
3852:
3848:
3839:
3837:
3822:
3818:
3808:
3806:
3793:
3792:
3788:
3778:
3776:
3765:
3761:
3751:
3749:
3736:
3735:
3731:
3722:
3718:
3706:
3702:
3692:
3690:
3681:
3680:
3676:
3666:
3664:
3663:on 10 June 2013
3655:
3654:
3650:
3641:
3639:
3626:
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3618:
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3593:
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3322:
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3253:
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3100:
3099:
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3086:
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3065:
3058:
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3046:
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3023:Europa Regional
3015:
3011:
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3000:
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2787:
2783:
2775:
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2763:
2754:
2748:Wayback Machine
2740:
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2723:
2721:
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2605:Wayback Machine
2596:
2587:
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2548:
2539:
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2476:
2467:
2465:
2450:
2446:
2436:
2434:
2429:. 10 May 2021.
2425:
2424:
2420:
2415:
2387:Northern Europe
2315:European Russia
2270:
2265:
2263:
2256:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2233:
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2100:
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2062:
2058:
2056:
2052:
2049:
2041:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1999:
1995:
1993:
1989:
1986:
1977:
1976:
1968:
1824:
1818:
1811:
1807:
1805:
1798:
1796:
1789:
1787:
1779:
1677:Generalplan Ost
1672:
1627:
1617:
1601:
1589:
1540:
1488:Frankish Empire
1406:Parthian Empire
1322:Orontid Armenia
1318:
1309:
1306:(November 2023)
1285:
1281:
1274:
1250:
1228:Turkish Straits
1173:North Macedonia
1126:Southern Europe
1068:Southern Europe
1064:
1056:Main articles:
1054:
937:Habsburg Empire
929:
923:
863:
857:
749:
743:
741:Caucasus states
686:Northern Europe
682:Northern Europe
663:
657:
652:
627:
623:
621:
617:
615:
611:
609:
602:
600:
590:
550:
542:Main articles:
540:
416:North Macedonia
366:
357:Church Slavonic
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321:
319:
309:
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153:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
9429:
9419:
9418:
9413:
9411:Eastern Europe
9364:
9363:
9361:
9360:
9358:Physical Earth
9341:
9338:
9337:
9335:
9334:
9329:
9324:
9319:
9314:
9309:
9304:
9299:
9294:
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9187:
9185:
9184:
9179:
9178:
9177:
9172:
9170:Mariana Trench
9167:
9157:
9152:
9150:Atlantic Ocean
9147:
9142:
9141:
9140:
9129:
9127:
9121:
9120:
9117:
9116:
9114:
9113:
9111:Southern Ocean
9108:
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9101:
9099:East China Sea
9091:
9090:
9089:
9079:
9078:
9077:
9076:
9075:
9070:
9065:
9055:
9050:
9045:
9040:
9033:Atlantic Ocean
9030:
9024:
9022:
9015:
9014:
9012:
9011:
9010:
9009:
9004:
8994:
8993:
8992:
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8960:
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8909:
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8862:
8851:
8849:
8843:
8842:
8840:
8839:
8837:Remote Oceania
8834:
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8824:
8819:
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8817:
8807:
8806:
8805:
8800:
8799:
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8754:
8753:
8752:
8751:
8746:
8731:
8726:
8721:
8716:
8711:
8710:
8709:
8707:Western Canada
8704:
8699:
8697:Eastern Canada
8694:
8689:
8684:
8679:
8674:
8669:
8664:
8659:
8654:
8649:
8644:
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8604:
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8509:
8508:
8498:
8497:
8496:
8486:
8481:
8471:
8470:
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8468:
8467:
8457:
8452:
8447:
8442:
8432:
8431:
8430:
8425:
8420:
8419:
8418:
8413:
8411:South Caucasus
8408:
8406:North Caucasus
8398:
8388:
8382:
8380:
8374:
8373:
8371:
8370:
8369:
8368:
8367:
8366:
8361:
8356:
8346:
8345:
8344:
8339:
8329:
8328:
8327:
8317:
8316:
8315:
8313:South Caucasus
8305:
8295:
8294:
8293:
8288:
8283:
8273:
8272:
8271:
8266:
8256:
8251:
8250:
8249:
8244:
8234:
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8232:
8231:
8230:
8215:
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8213:
8208:
8207:
8206:
8191:
8190:
8189:
8184:
8182:Aralkum Desert
8179:
8169:
8163:
8161:
8155:
8154:
8152:
8151:
8150:
8149:
8139:
8134:
8133:
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8119:
8113:
8112:
8110:
8109:
8108:
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8097:
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8019:
8013:
8012:
8010:
8009:
8008:
8007:
7997:
7992:
7987:
7982:
7981:
7980:
7973:Africa-Eurasia
7969:
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7958:
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7952:
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7809:
7807:
7806:
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7771:
7766:
7764:Ottoman Empire
7761:
7756:
7751:
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7741:
7736:
7730:
7724:
7715:
7710:
7705:
7700:
7695:
7690:
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7655:
7646:
7640:
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7606:
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7596:
7586:
7581:
7575:Czech Republic
7572:
7567:
7561:
7556:
7550:
7541:
7539:Ottoman Empire
7536:
7531:
7526:
7521:
7516:
7511:
7502:
7496:
7491:
7486:
7484:Russian Empire
7481:
7472:
7467:
7461:
7456:
7451:
7446:
7437:
7431:
7426:
7421:
7416:
7411:
7406:
7401:
7399:Russian Empire
7396:
7391:
7386:
7381:
7376:
7371:
7366:
7361:
7356:
7351:
7346:
7341:
7336:
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7306:
7301:
7295:
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7289:
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7280:
7270:
7265:
7260:
7255:
7250:
7245:
7240:
7235:
7230:
7225:
7223:Czech Republic
7220:
7215:
7210:
7205:
7199:
7197:
7193:
7192:
7189:Eastern Europe
7185:
7184:
7177:
7170:
7162:
7153:
7152:
7150:
7149:
7144:
7139:
7132:
7131:
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7112:
7111:
7108:
7107:
7105:
7104:
7099:
7098:
7097:
7087:
7082:
7081:
7080:
7070:
7065:
7059:
7057:
7051:
7050:
7048:
7047:
7033:
7028:
7027:
7026:
7021:
7016:
7006:
7001:
6996:
6991:
6986:
6981:
6980:
6979:
6977:film festivals
6969:
6964:
6959:
6958:
6957:
6952:
6941:
6939:
6933:
6932:
6930:
6929:
6928:
6927:
6922:
6912:
6907:
6906:
6905:
6895:
6890:
6885:
6879:
6873:
6867:
6866:
6863:
6862:
6859:
6858:
6856:
6855:
6850:
6845:
6840:
6835:
6830:
6825:
6820:
6815:
6810:
6805:
6800:
6799:
6798:
6788:
6787:
6786:
6776:
6775:
6774:
6764:
6758:
6756:
6752:
6751:
6749:
6748:
6743:
6738:
6733:
6727:
6725:
6721:
6720:
6718:
6717:
6712:
6707:
6702:
6697:
6692:
6686:
6676:
6670:
6669:
6666:
6665:
6662:
6661:
6659:
6658:
6653:
6652:
6651:
6641:
6636:
6635:
6634:
6624:
6619:
6614:
6609:
6608:
6607:
6602:
6592:
6587:
6582:
6581:
6580:
6575:
6564:
6562:
6560:European Union
6556:
6555:
6553:
6552:
6547:
6546:
6545:
6535:
6530:
6525:
6520:
6515:
6510:
6505:
6500:
6494:
6492:
6488:
6487:
6485:
6484:
6479:
6474:
6469:
6464:
6459:
6453:
6443:
6437:
6436:
6433:
6432:
6430:
6429:
6424:
6423:
6422:
6412:
6407:
6402:
6397:
6392:
6387:
6382:
6380:Extreme points
6377:
6375:Climate change
6372:
6367:
6362:
6357:
6356:
6355:
6345:
6339:
6333:
6327:
6326:
6323:
6322:
6320:
6319:
6318:
6317:
6307:
6301:
6299:
6295:
6294:
6292:
6291:
6286:
6273:
6268:
6263:
6258:
6253:
6248:
6243:
6241:Late antiquity
6238:
6233:
6228:
6222:
6220:
6213:
6207:
6206:
6195:
6194:
6187:
6180:
6172:
6163:
6162:
6160:
6159:
6147:
6133:
6132:
6125:
6119:
6116:
6112:
6111:
6108:
6107:
6104:
6103:
6101:
6100:
6086:
6081:
6076:
6070:
6068:
6067:United Kingdom
6064:
6063:
6061:
6060:
6045:
6043:
6039:
6038:
6036:
6035:
6020:
6018:
6011:
6004:
6001:
6000:
5997:
5996:
5993:
5992:
5990:
5989:
5984:
5979:
5978:
5977:
5972:
5967:
5956:
5954:
5948:
5947:
5945:
5944:
5934:
5927:
5921:
5920:United Kingdom
5917:
5916:
5914:
5913:
5912:
5911:
5900:
5898:
5891:
5884:
5881:
5880:
5878:
5877:
5872:
5867:
5862:
5857:
5851:
5849:
5842:
5839:
5838:
5831:
5829:
5827:
5826:
5821:
5819:United Kingdom
5816:
5811:
5806:
5801:
5796:
5791:
5786:
5781:
5776:
5771:
5766:
5761:
5756:
5751:
5746:
5741:
5736:
5731:
5726:
5721:
5716:
5711:
5706:
5701:
5696:
5691:
5686:
5681:
5676:
5671:
5666:
5661:
5656:
5651:
5646:
5641:
5636:
5634:Czech Republic
5631:
5626:
5621:
5616:
5611:
5606:
5601:
5596:
5591:
5586:
5581:
5575:
5573:
5567:
5566:
5555:
5554:
5547:
5540:
5532:
5526:
5525:
5520:
5515:
5508:
5507:External links
5505:
5503:
5502:
5488:
5468:
5456:Wolff, Larry:
5454:
5447:
5440:
5434:
5417:
5410:
5409:(3rd ed. 2003)
5403:
5393:
5376:
5361:
5349:
5340:
5330:
5323:
5276:
5267:
5260:
5253:
5247:
5234:
5228:
5213:
5207:
5189:
5182:
5165:
5147:
5140:
5133:
5124:
5107:
5100:
5083:
5076:
5069:
5052:
5048:(2nd ed 2007)
5042:
5036:
5023:
5014:
5003:
5001:
4998:
4995:
4994:
4952:
4939:
4915:
4906:
4897:
4888:
4879:
4870:
4858:
4845:
4836:
4821:
4798:
4783:
4767:
4754:
4741:
4717:
4691:
4671:
4664:
4646:
4633:
4630:978-1849664882
4613:
4598:
4585:
4561:
4548:
4529:
4509:
4490:
4470:
4453:
4432:
4409:World Factbook
4399:
4380:
4360:
4331:
4305:
4292:
4280:
4262:
4237:
4219:
4196:
4164:
4139:
4104:
4086:
4061:
4048:
4035:
4022:
3995:
3964:
3938:
3905:
3876:
3846:
3830:unstats.un.org
3816:
3786:
3759:
3729:
3716:
3700:
3674:
3648:
3616:
3587:
3569:
3541:
3534:
3513:
3495:
3467:
3447:
3430:
3401:
3395:
3374:
3345:
3315:
3298:
3278:Czech Republic
3262:
3244:
3224:
3206:
3186:
3160:
3135:
3111:
3093:
3056:
3044:
3009:
2980:
2954:
2926:
2897:(3): 227–237.
2877:
2859:
2839:
2801:(3): 365–383.
2781:
2752:
2731:
2712:
2689:
2646:
2613:
2585:
2567:978-0253212566
2566:
2560:. p. 15.
2537:
2503:
2474:
2444:
2417:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2410:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2397:Western Europe
2394:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2377:Central Europe
2374:
2369:
2363:
2362:
2358:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2310:European Union
2307:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2276:
2275:
2261:
2245:
2242:
2232:
2229:
2181:Czech Republic
2173:European Union
2165:Czech Republic
2158:Czechoslovakia
2088:
2082:
2081:
2074:
2073:
2057:
2051:
2050:
2043:
2042:
2006:Czech Republic
1994:
1988:
1987:
1980:
1979:
1978:
1972:
1971:
1970:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1963:
1962:
1947:
1932:
1817:
1814:
1806:
1797:
1788:
1778:
1671:
1668:
1616:
1613:
1605:Central Europe
1600:
1597:
1588:
1585:
1552:Ottoman Empire
1539:
1536:
1465:Late Antiquity
1457:Latin language
1449:Greek-speaking
1445:Roman Republic
1342:Western Europe
1317:
1314:
1311:
1310:
1288:
1286:
1279:
1273:
1270:
1249:
1246:
1245:
1244:
1232:
1231:
1217:
1210:Central Europe
1203:
1200:Central Europe
1189:
1186:Central Europe
1175:
1170:
1165:
1155:
1148:Central Europe
1141:
1119:
1116:Central Europe
1105:
1095:
1090:
1085:
1072:Central Europe
1053:
1050:
1049:
1048:
1041:Central Europe
1034:
1029:
1026:Central Europe
1015:
1012:Central Europe
1001:
996:
993:Central Europe
982:
975:Central Europe
968:
965:Central Europe
954:
952:Czech Republic
927:Central Europe
925:Main article:
922:
921:Central Europe
919:
918:
917:
905:
904:
899:
894:
880:
869:of the former
859:Main article:
856:
853:
852:
851:
845:
832:
831:
826:
809:
808:
803:
798:
773:European Union
753:South Caucasus
745:Main article:
742:
739:
738:
737:
732:
727:
694:Visegrád Group
659:Main article:
656:
653:
651:
648:
622:
616:
610:
601:
589:
586:
539:
536:
384:Eastern Europe
369:Alcuin of York
338:
332:
326:
320:
308:
305:
265:Ural Mountains
258:Western Europe
247:
241:
235:
229:
223:
217:
208:
196:
193:
185:United Nations
152:
149:
141:Western Europe
114:Ottoman Empire
87:Visegrád group
51:Ural Mountains
43:Eastern Europe
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
9428:
9417:
9414:
9412:
9409:
9408:
9406:
9399:
9396:
9359:
9355:
9351:
9343:
9342:
9339:
9333:
9330:
9328:
9325:
9323:
9320:
9318:
9315:
9313:
9310:
9308:
9305:
9303:
9300:
9298:
9295:
9293:
9290:
9289:
9287:
9285:
9281:
9275:
9272:
9270:
9267:
9266:
9264:
9262:
9258:
9252:
9249:
9247:
9244:
9242:
9239:
9237:
9234:
9233:
9231:
9229:
9225:
9219:
9216:
9214:
9211:
9207:
9204:
9203:
9202:
9199:
9198:
9196:
9194:
9189:
9183:
9180:
9176:
9173:
9171:
9168:
9166:
9163:
9162:
9161:
9160:Pacific Ocean
9158:
9156:
9153:
9151:
9148:
9146:
9143:
9139:
9136:
9135:
9134:
9131:
9130:
9128:
9126:
9122:
9112:
9109:
9105:
9102:
9100:
9097:
9096:
9095:
9094:Pacific Ocean
9092:
9088:
9085:
9084:
9083:
9080:
9074:
9071:
9069:
9066:
9064:
9061:
9060:
9059:
9056:
9054:
9051:
9049:
9048:Caribbean Sea
9046:
9044:
9041:
9039:
9036:
9035:
9034:
9031:
9029:
9026:
9025:
9023:
9021:
9016:
9008:
9005:
9003:
9000:
8999:
8998:
8995:
8991:
8990:by population
8988:
8986:
8983:
8982:
8981:
8978:
8976:
8973:
8971:
8968:
8964:
8963:South America
8961:
8957:
8954:
8952:
8949:
8948:
8947:
8946:North America
8944:
8943:
8942:
8939:
8937:
8934:
8933:
8931:
8929:
8924:
8921:
8919:
8915:
8903:
8900:
8899:
8898:
8897:Southern Cone
8895:
8893:
8890:
8888:
8885:
8883:
8880:
8878:
8875:
8873:
8872:Andean States
8870:
8866:
8863:
8861:
8858:
8857:
8856:
8853:
8852:
8850:
8848:
8847:South America
8844:
8838:
8835:
8833:
8830:
8828:
8825:
8823:
8820:
8816:
8813:
8812:
8811:
8808:
8804:
8801:
8797:
8794:
8792:
8789:
8787:
8784:
8783:
8782:
8779:
8778:
8777:
8774:
8773:
8771:
8769:
8765:
8759:
8756:
8750:
8747:
8745:
8742:
8741:
8740:
8737:
8736:
8735:
8732:
8730:
8727:
8725:
8722:
8720:
8717:
8715:
8712:
8708:
8705:
8703:
8700:
8698:
8695:
8693:
8690:
8688:
8685:
8683:
8680:
8678:
8675:
8673:
8670:
8668:
8665:
8663:
8660:
8658:
8655:
8653:
8650:
8648:
8645:
8643:
8640:
8638:
8635:
8633:
8630:
8628:
8625:
8623:
8620:
8618:
8615:
8613:
8610:
8609:
8608:
8605:
8603:
8600:
8598:
8595:
8593:
8590:
8588:
8585:
8583:
8580:
8579:
8577:
8575:
8574:North America
8571:
8565:
8562:
8560:
8557:
8555:
8552:
8550:
8547:
8543:
8540:
8538:
8537:Low Countries
8535:
8533:
8530:
8529:
8528:
8525:
8519:
8516:
8515:
8514:
8513:South-western
8511:
8507:
8504:
8503:
8502:
8501:South-eastern
8499:
8495:
8492:
8491:
8490:
8489:South-central
8487:
8485:
8482:
8480:
8479:Mediterranean
8477:
8476:
8475:
8472:
8466:
8463:
8462:
8461:
8458:
8456:
8453:
8451:
8448:
8446:
8445:British Isles
8443:
8441:
8438:
8437:
8436:
8433:
8429:
8426:
8424:
8421:
8417:
8414:
8412:
8409:
8407:
8404:
8403:
8402:
8399:
8397:
8394:
8393:
8392:
8389:
8387:
8384:
8383:
8381:
8379:
8375:
8365:
8362:
8360:
8357:
8355:
8352:
8351:
8350:
8347:
8343:
8342:Levantine Sea
8340:
8338:
8335:
8334:
8333:
8330:
8326:
8323:
8322:
8321:
8318:
8314:
8311:
8310:
8309:
8306:
8304:
8301:
8300:
8299:
8296:
8292:
8289:
8287:
8284:
8282:
8279:
8278:
8277:
8274:
8270:
8267:
8265:
8262:
8261:
8260:
8257:
8255:
8252:
8248:
8245:
8243:
8240:
8239:
8238:
8235:
8229:
8226:
8225:
8224:
8221:
8220:
8219:
8216:
8212:
8209:
8205:
8202:
8201:
8200:
8197:
8196:
8195:
8192:
8188:
8185:
8183:
8180:
8178:
8175:
8174:
8173:
8170:
8168:
8165:
8164:
8162:
8160:
8156:
8148:
8145:
8144:
8143:
8140:
8138:
8135:
8131:
8128:
8127:
8126:
8123:
8122:
8120:
8118:
8114:
8106:
8103:
8101:
8098:
8094:
8091:
8089:
8086:
8085:
8084:
8081:
8079:
8076:
8075:
8074:
8071:
8065:
8062:
8060:
8057:
8055:
8052:
8050:
8047:
8046:
8045:
8042:
8041:
8040:
8037:
8035:
8034:Mediterranean
8032:
8031:
8029:
8027:
8023:
8020:
8018:
8014:
8006:
8003:
8002:
8001:
7998:
7996:
7993:
7991:
7988:
7986:
7983:
7979:
7976:
7975:
7974:
7971:
7970:
7968:
7966:
7962:
7956:
7953:
7951:
7948:
7946:
7943:
7941:
7938:
7936:
7933:
7931:
7928:
7927:
7925:
7923:
7919:
7911:
7908:
7906:
7903:
7901:
7898:
7896:
7893:
7892:
7891:
7888:
7886:
7883:
7881:
7878:
7876:
7873:
7871:
7868:
7867:
7865:
7863:
7859:
7855:
7851:
7847:
7840:
7835:
7833:
7828:
7826:
7821:
7820:
7817:
7805:
7802:
7800:
7797:
7795:
7792:
7790:
7787:
7785:
7782:
7780:
7777:
7775:
7772:
7770:
7767:
7765:
7762:
7760:
7757:
7755:
7752:
7750:
7747:
7745:
7742:
7740:
7737:
7734:
7731:
7728:
7725:
7723:
7719:
7716:
7714:
7711:
7709:
7706:
7704:
7701:
7699:
7696:
7694:
7691:
7689:
7686:
7684:
7681:
7679:
7676:
7674:
7671:
7669:
7668:Terra Mariana
7666:
7664:
7661:
7659:
7656:
7654:
7650:
7647:
7644:
7641:
7639:
7636:
7634:
7631:
7629:
7626:
7624:
7621:
7619:
7615:
7612:
7610:
7607:
7605:
7602:
7600:
7597:
7594:
7590:
7587:
7585:
7582:
7580:
7579:Great Moravia
7576:
7573:
7571:
7568:
7565:
7562:
7560:
7557:
7554:
7551:
7549:
7545:
7542:
7540:
7537:
7535:
7532:
7530:
7527:
7525:
7522:
7520:
7517:
7515:
7512:
7510:
7506:
7503:
7500:
7497:
7495:
7492:
7490:
7487:
7485:
7482:
7480:
7479:Russification
7476:
7473:
7471:
7468:
7465:
7462:
7460:
7457:
7455:
7452:
7450:
7447:
7445:
7441:
7438:
7435:
7432:
7430:
7427:
7425:
7422:
7420:
7417:
7415:
7412:
7410:
7407:
7405:
7402:
7400:
7397:
7395:
7392:
7390:
7387:
7385:
7382:
7380:
7377:
7375:
7372:
7370:
7367:
7365:
7362:
7360:
7357:
7355:
7352:
7350:
7349:Roman Armenia
7347:
7345:
7342:
7340:
7337:
7335:
7331:
7328:
7326:
7323:
7322:
7320:
7316:
7310:
7307:
7305:
7304:South Ossetia
7302:
7300:
7297:
7296:
7294:
7290:
7284:
7281:
7278:
7274:
7271:
7269:
7266:
7264:
7261:
7259:
7256:
7254:
7251:
7249:
7246:
7244:
7241:
7239:
7236:
7234:
7231:
7229:
7226:
7224:
7221:
7219:
7216:
7214:
7211:
7209:
7206:
7204:
7201:
7200:
7198:
7194:
7190:
7183:
7178:
7176:
7171:
7169:
7164:
7163:
7160:
7148:
7145:
7143:
7140:
7138:
7135:
7134:
7129:
7125:
7122:
7118:
7117:
7113:
7103:
7100:
7096:
7093:
7092:
7091:
7088:
7086:
7083:
7079:
7076:
7075:
7074:
7073:Ethnic groups
7071:
7069:
7066:
7064:
7061:
7060:
7058:
7056:
7052:
7045:
7041:
7037:
7034:
7032:
7029:
7025:
7022:
7020:
7017:
7015:
7012:
7011:
7010:
7007:
7005:
7002:
7000:
6997:
6995:
6992:
6990:
6987:
6985:
6982:
6978:
6975:
6974:
6973:
6970:
6968:
6965:
6963:
6960:
6956:
6953:
6951:
6948:
6947:
6946:
6943:
6942:
6940:
6938:
6934:
6926:
6923:
6921:
6918:
6917:
6916:
6913:
6911:
6908:
6904:
6901:
6900:
6899:
6896:
6894:
6891:
6889:
6886:
6884:
6881:
6880:
6877:
6874:
6872:
6868:
6854:
6851:
6849:
6846:
6844:
6841:
6839:
6836:
6834:
6831:
6829:
6826:
6824:
6821:
6819:
6816:
6814:
6811:
6809:
6806:
6804:
6801:
6797:
6794:
6793:
6792:
6789:
6785:
6782:
6781:
6780:
6779:GDP (nominal)
6777:
6773:
6770:
6769:
6768:
6765:
6763:
6760:
6759:
6757:
6753:
6747:
6744:
6742:
6739:
6737:
6734:
6732:
6729:
6728:
6726:
6722:
6716:
6713:
6711:
6708:
6706:
6703:
6701:
6698:
6696:
6693:
6691:
6688:
6687:
6684:
6680:
6677:
6675:
6671:
6657:
6654:
6650:
6647:
6646:
6645:
6644:Schengen Area
6642:
6640:
6637:
6633:
6630:
6629:
6628:
6625:
6623:
6620:
6618:
6615:
6613:
6610:
6606:
6603:
6601:
6598:
6597:
6596:
6593:
6591:
6588:
6586:
6583:
6579:
6576:
6574:
6571:
6570:
6569:
6566:
6565:
6563:
6561:
6557:
6551:
6548:
6544:
6541:
6540:
6539:
6536:
6534:
6531:
6529:
6526:
6524:
6521:
6519:
6516:
6514:
6511:
6509:
6506:
6504:
6501:
6499:
6496:
6495:
6493:
6489:
6483:
6480:
6478:
6475:
6473:
6470:
6468:
6465:
6463:
6460:
6458:
6455:
6454:
6451:
6447:
6444:
6442:
6438:
6428:
6425:
6421:
6420:by population
6418:
6417:
6416:
6413:
6411:
6408:
6406:
6403:
6401:
6398:
6396:
6393:
6391:
6388:
6386:
6383:
6381:
6378:
6376:
6373:
6371:
6368:
6366:
6363:
6361:
6358:
6354:
6351:
6350:
6349:
6346:
6344:
6341:
6340:
6337:
6334:
6332:
6328:
6316:
6313:
6312:
6311:
6308:
6306:
6303:
6302:
6300:
6296:
6290:
6287:
6284:
6281:
6277:
6274:
6272:
6269:
6267:
6264:
6262:
6259:
6257:
6254:
6252:
6249:
6247:
6244:
6242:
6239:
6237:
6234:
6232:
6229:
6227:
6224:
6223:
6221:
6217:
6214:
6212:
6208:
6204:
6200:
6193:
6188:
6186:
6181:
6179:
6174:
6173:
6170:
6158:
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6156:Europe portal
6152:
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6109:
6098:
6094:
6090:
6087:
6085:
6082:
6080:
6077:
6075:
6072:
6071:
6069:
6065:
6058:
6054:
6050:
6047:
6046:
6044:
6040:
6033:
6029:
6025:
6022:
6021:
6019:
6015:
6012:
6005:Special areas
6002:
5988:
5985:
5983:
5980:
5976:
5973:
5971:
5968:
5966:
5963:
5962:
5961:
5958:
5957:
5955:
5953:
5949:
5942:
5938:
5935:
5932:
5929:
5928:
5925:
5922:
5918:
5910:
5907:
5906:
5905:
5904:Faroe Islands
5902:
5901:
5899:
5895:
5892:
5889:
5882:
5876:
5873:
5871:
5870:South Ossetia
5868:
5866:
5863:
5861:
5858:
5856:
5853:
5852:
5850:
5847:
5840:
5835:
5825:
5822:
5820:
5817:
5815:
5812:
5810:
5807:
5805:
5802:
5800:
5797:
5795:
5792:
5790:
5787:
5785:
5782:
5780:
5777:
5775:
5772:
5770:
5767:
5765:
5762:
5760:
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5755:
5752:
5750:
5747:
5745:
5742:
5740:
5737:
5735:
5732:
5730:
5727:
5725:
5722:
5720:
5717:
5715:
5712:
5710:
5707:
5705:
5704:Liechtenstein
5702:
5700:
5697:
5695:
5692:
5690:
5687:
5685:
5682:
5680:
5677:
5675:
5672:
5670:
5667:
5665:
5662:
5660:
5657:
5655:
5652:
5650:
5647:
5645:
5642:
5640:
5637:
5635:
5632:
5630:
5627:
5625:
5622:
5620:
5617:
5615:
5612:
5610:
5607:
5605:
5602:
5600:
5597:
5595:
5592:
5590:
5587:
5585:
5582:
5580:
5577:
5576:
5574:
5572:
5568:
5564:
5560:
5553:
5548:
5546:
5541:
5539:
5534:
5533:
5530:
5524:
5521:
5519:
5516:
5514:
5511:
5510:
5499:
5495:
5491:
5485:
5481:
5477:
5473:
5469:
5467:
5466:0-8047-2702-3
5463:
5459:
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5448:
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5441:
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5411:
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5402:
5398:
5394:
5383:
5379:
5373:
5369:
5368:
5362:
5359:
5358:
5353:
5350:
5347:
5344:
5341:
5339:
5335:
5331:
5328:
5324:
5321:
5317:
5314:
5310:
5306:
5303:
5299:
5295:
5292:
5288:
5284:
5281:
5277:
5274:
5271:
5268:
5265:
5261:
5258:
5254:
5250:
5244:
5240:
5235:
5231:
5225:
5221:
5220:
5214:
5210:
5208:9780521274593
5204:
5200:
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5194:
5190:
5187:
5183:
5172:
5168:
5166:9780521274586
5162:
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5119:
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5024:
5021:
5018:
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5008:
5005:
5004:
4979:
4975:
4968:
4961:
4959:
4957:
4949:
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4925:
4919:
4910:
4901:
4892:
4883:
4874:
4865:
4863:
4855:
4849:
4840:
4832:
4829:Gregor Thum.
4825:
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4491:9781444351637
4487:
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4466:0-19-860641-9
4463:
4457:
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4449:90-429-1318-5
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4220:9781557535931
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4093:
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4082:
4078:
4074:
4068:
4066:
4058:
4052:
4045:
4039:
4032:
4026:
4018:
4014:
4010:
4006:
3999:
3983:
3979:
3975:
3968:
3954:
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3949:
3942:
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3917:
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3909:
3894:
3890:
3886:
3880:
3864:
3860:
3856:
3850:
3835:
3831:
3827:
3820:
3804:
3800:
3796:
3790:
3774:
3770:
3767:Angell, Sam.
3763:
3747:
3743:
3739:
3733:
3726:
3720:
3714:
3713:9780761956372
3710:
3704:
3688:
3684:
3678:
3662:
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3605:
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3411:
3405:
3398:
3392:
3388:
3384:
3378:
3363:
3359:
3355:
3349:
3333:
3329:
3325:
3319:
3311:
3310:
3302:
3287:
3283:
3279:
3274:
3266:
3251:
3247:
3245:0-295-97291-2
3241:
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2659:
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2634:
2630:
2629:The Economist
2626:
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2606:
2602:
2599:
2598:"The Balkans"
2594:
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2273:
2272:Europe portal
2262:
2259:
2248:
2237:
2228:
2224:
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2216:
2214:
2213:Baltic states
2210:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2142:Baltic States
2139:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2097:
2078:
2070:
2066:
2047:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1984:
1975:
1960:
1959:Prague Spring
1956:
1952:
1948:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1898:
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1882:
1878:
1874:
1873:
1872:
1870:
1869:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1847:Marshall Plan
1843:
1841:
1836:
1833:
1829:
1823:
1804:
1795:
1785:
1775:
1770:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1710:
1708:
1704:
1699:
1694:
1692:
1688:
1687:were expelled
1685:
1680:
1678:
1667:
1663:
1661:
1657:
1654:, regions of
1653:
1649:
1645:
1644:soon absorbed
1641:
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1606:
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1577:
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1298:
1297:
1292:
1287:
1278:
1277:
1269:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1254:Central Asian
1243:
1240:
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1221:
1218:
1215:
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1023:
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958:
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909:
903:
900:
898:
895:
892:
888:
884:
881:
879:
876:
875:
874:
872:
868:
862:
849:
846:
844:
840:
837:
836:
835:
830:
829:South Ossetia
827:
825:
822:
821:
820:
818:
814:
807:
804:
802:
799:
797:
794:
793:
792:
790:
786:
782:
779:program, the
778:
774:
770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
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722:
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711:
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703:
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675:
671:
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662:
661:Baltic states
655:Baltic states
647:
645:
641:
637:
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608:
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585:
581:
579:
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571:
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555:
549:
545:
535:
532:
528:
524:
520:
511:
507:
505:
500:
492:
487:
483:
482:and Ukraine.
481:
477:
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469:
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461:
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453:
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429:
425:
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318:
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286:
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278:
274:
270:
266:
261:
259:
215:
206:
201:
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190:
186:
181:
179:
178:Enlightenment
174:
173:socioeconomic
170:
166:
157:
148:
146:
142:
137:
135:
131:
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
95:
90:
88:
84:
80:
79:Baltic states
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
44:
37:
32:
19:
9368:
9356: /
9354:List of seas
9352: /
9317:Global South
9302:Global North
9236:Atlantic Rim
9175:Ring of Fire
9155:Indian Ocean
9145:Arctic Ocean
9087:Persian Gulf
9082:Indian Ocean
9063:Adriatic Sea
9028:Arctic Ocean
8860:Amazon Basin
8855:Amazon Plain
8827:Near Oceania
8632:Mid-Atlantic
8582:Aridoamerica
8542:Northwestern
8455:Northwestern
8428:Southeastern
8390:
8320:Greater Iran
8259:Southeastern
8254:Pacific Asia
8223:Pacific Asia
8211:Northeastern
8167:Asia–Pacific
7910:Fourth World
7900:Second World
7789:Transnistria
7784:Soviet Union
7673:Swedish rule
7564:1989-present
7553:World War II
7464:World War II
7309:Transnistria
7188:
7055:Demographics
7014:Christianity
6962:Architecture
6915:Universities
6823:Minimum wage
6762:Average wage
6266:Pax Europaea
6261:World War II
6154:
6142:
5875:Transnistria
5824:Vatican City
5471:
5457:
5450:
5443:
5423:
5413:
5406:
5396:
5386:. Retrieved
5366:
5355:
5345:
5333:
5326:
5272:
5263:
5256:
5238:
5218:
5197:
5185:
5175:. Retrieved
5155:
5143:
5136:
5129:
5110:
5103:
5086:
5079:
5072:
5055:
5045:
5027:
5019:
5010:
4985:. Retrieved
4978:the original
4973:
4947:
4942:
4923:
4918:
4909:
4900:
4891:
4882:
4873:
4853:
4848:
4839:
4830:
4824:
4806:
4801:
4792:
4786:
4775:
4770:
4762:
4757:
4749:
4744:
4725:
4720:
4702:
4694:
4685:
4681:
4674:
4655:
4649:
4641:
4636:
4621:
4616:
4607:
4601:
4593:
4588:
4569:
4564:
4556:
4551:
4539:. Retrieved
4519:
4512:
4500:. Retrieved
4480:
4473:
4456:
4440:
4435:
4422:. Retrieved
4408:
4402:
4390:. Retrieved
4370:
4363:
4352:. Retrieved
4343:
4334:
4326:
4300:
4295:
4288:
4283:
4272:. Retrieved
4253:
4229:. Retrieved
4209:
4188:. Retrieved
4180:www.nato.int
4179:
4159:the original
4154:
4131:. Retrieved
4119:
4107:
4098:
4076:
4056:
4051:
4043:
4038:
4030:
4029:Wallace, W.
4025:
4008:
4004:
3998:
3988:28 September
3986:. Retrieved
3978:The Guardian
3977:
3967:
3957:, retrieved
3947:
3941:
3930:, retrieved
3923:the original
3914:
3908:
3897:. Retrieved
3888:
3879:
3867:. Retrieved
3858:
3849:
3838:. Retrieved
3829:
3819:
3807:. Retrieved
3798:
3789:
3777:. Retrieved
3772:
3762:
3750:. Retrieved
3741:
3732:
3719:
3703:
3691:. Retrieved
3687:the original
3677:
3665:. Retrieved
3661:the original
3651:
3640:. Retrieved
3631:
3608:. Retrieved
3599:
3590:
3579:. Retrieved
3551:
3544:
3525:
3505:. Retrieved
3477:
3470:
3458:. Springer.
3455:
3450:
3438:
3433:
3422:. Retrieved
3413:
3404:
3386:
3377:
3366:. Retrieved
3357:
3348:
3336:. Retrieved
3327:
3318:
3308:
3301:
3290:. Retrieved
3265:
3254:. Retrieved
3234:
3227:
3216:. Retrieved
3196:
3189:
3178:. Retrieved
3151:
3148:"Chapter 11"
3138:
3128:, retrieved
3123:
3120:"Kazakhstan"
3114:
3106:the original
3096:
3085:. Retrieved
3072:
3051:
3047:
3035:. Retrieved
3026:
3022:
3012:
3001:. Retrieved
2992:
2983:
2972:. Retrieved
2936:
2929:
2894:
2890:
2880:
2869:. Retrieved
2849:
2842:
2831:. Retrieved
2798:
2794:
2784:
2722:. Retrieved
2702:
2666:. Retrieved
2661:
2637:. Retrieved
2628:
2608:
2576:. Retrieved
2552:
2529:. Retrieved
2495:. Retrieved
2486:
2477:
2466:. Retrieved
2457:
2447:
2435:. Retrieved
2421:
2231:Demographics
2225:
2221:
2217:
2114:Eastern Bloc
2110:Iron Curtain
2103:
1973:
1877:Soviet Union
1868:Eastern Bloc
1866:
1851:Molotov Plan
1844:
1837:
1825:
1822:Eastern Bloc
1816:Eastern Bloc
1731:iron curtain
1730:
1712:
1698:Eastern Bloc
1695:
1681:
1673:
1664:
1628:
1625:Interwar era
1602:
1590:
1541:
1538:1453 to 1918
1508:
1492:Great Schism
1485:
1461:Roman Empire
1442:
1319:
1305:
1294:
1251:
1233:
1196:Southeastern
1182:Southeastern
1112:Southeastern
1076:
1065:
989:Northeastern
961:Southeastern
945:
930:
915:Transnistria
906:
871:Soviet Union
864:
833:
810:
750:
664:
630:
582:
567:
563:Eastern Bloc
561:
551:
548:Eastern Bloc
516:
496:
383:
381:
365:
346:
293:
285:Central Asia
262:
255:
214:Soviet Union
195:Geographical
182:
169:geopolitical
162:
138:
134:Soviet Union
130:Eastern Bloc
122:Iron Curtain
91:
42:
41:
9390: /
9332:Global West
9292:Global East
9251:Pacific Rim
9193:waterbodies
9182:World Ocean
9007:New Zealand
8887:The Guianas
8776:Australasia
8719:West Indies
8647:New England
8627:Great Lakes
8597:Mesoamerica
8484:Middle East
8460:Scandinavia
8349:Middle East
8187:Caspian Sea
8093:Great Lakes
8073:Sub-Saharan
8059:Middle East
7922:Hemispheres
7905:Third World
7895:First World
7848:'s primary
7713:Soviet rule
7548:World War I
7277:East Thrace
7085:Immigration
6649:Visa policy
6632:enlargement
6528:Open Balkan
6467:Integration
6310:Sovereignty
6256:World War I
6246:Middle Ages
6009:sovereignty
6007:of internal
5987:Isle of Man
5888:territories
5846:recognition
5804:Switzerland
5739:Netherlands
5498:j.ctvw049zd
4699:Jerome Blum
4688:(1): 29–63.
4155:www.eia.gov
3932:27 February
3693:23 February
3667:23 February
3338:January 30,
3054:, CRC Press
2639:20 February
2335:Intermarium
2187:, Estonia,
2126:Warsaw Pact
1940:Warsaw Pact
1863:Warsaw Pact
1803:Warsaw Pact
1652:Sudetenland
1513:Ostsiedlung
1509:During the
1469:Middle Ages
1224:East Thrace
769:definitions
755:nations of
569:Warsaw Pact
544:Warsaw Pact
371:during the
151:Definitions
143:; the term
18:East Europe
9405:Categories
9073:Ionian Sea
9068:Aegean Sea
9038:Baltic Sea
8970:Antarctica
8822:Micronesia
8791:New Guinea
8749:Portuguese
8672:West Coast
8622:East Coast
8617:Bible Belt
8612:Appalachia
8291:Subregions
8199:Inner Asia
8117:Antarctica
8017:Continents
7990:Antarctica
7965:Landmasses
7875:Down Under
7870:Arab World
7854:subregions
7804:Yugoslavia
7529:Golden Age
7440:Azerbaijan
7208:Azerbaijan
7102:Retirement
7004:Philosophy
6999:Literature
6903:endangered
6796:per capita
6784:per capita
6772:per capita
6656:Statistics
6543:statistics
6457:Eurosphere
6231:Prehistory
6219:Chronology
5774:San Marino
5734:Montenegro
5714:Luxembourg
5694:Kazakhstan
5599:Azerbaijan
5388:2021-07-05
5177:2021-07-05
4642:inter alia
4424:23 January
4392:11 October
4354:2020-01-14
4274:2016-03-10
4231:2020-11-10
4190:2021-04-25
4133:2023-10-10
3959:2020-07-02
3899:2021-04-25
3889:www.un.org
3840:2017-08-04
3752:27 January
3642:2024-02-28
3610:2024-02-28
3581:2024-02-28
3507:2024-02-28
3424:2024-02-28
3368:2021-02-07
3292:2022-01-06
3256:2022-01-06
3218:2022-01-06
3180:2023-02-10
3130:2024-08-10
3087:2020-09-04
3037:21 January
3003:2022-11-16
2974:2022-11-16
2871:2023-01-03
2833:2022-11-16
2531:2017-08-04
2497:2023-10-06
2468:2023-12-15
2413:References
1966:Since 1989
1638:after the
1564:Protestant
1350:Azerbaijan
1262:Ural River
1258:Kazakhstan
1248:Kazakhstan
1168:Montenegro
939:, and the
801:Azerbaijan
761:Azerbaijan
523:Protestant
462:, Greece,
412:Montenegro
347:After the
289:Ural River
281:Kazakhstan
271:, and the
269:Ural River
98:East Slavs
85:, and the
9387:50°N 30°E
9269:Antarctic
9053:Irish Sea
9043:Black Sea
9002:Australia
8951:Caribbean
8928:continent
8902:Patagonia
8832:Polynesia
8810:Melanesia
8803:Zealandia
8781:Australia
8667:Southwest
8587:Caribbean
8364:Near East
8005:submerged
8000:Zealandia
7995:Australia
7885:Old World
7880:New World
7754:Lithuania
7727:Holocaust
7698:1920-1939
7643:1989-1992
7638:1945-1948
7618:1918-1938
7609:1867-1918
7604:1648-1867
7599:1526-1648
7544:1878-1946
7499:Holocaust
7444:Stone Age
7394:1880-1918
7389:1829-1878
7384:1502-1828
7379:1453-1829
7248:Lithuania
7095:by region
6955:sculpture
6910:Tattooing
6898:Languages
6888:Etiquette
6791:GDP (PPP)
6715:Transport
6585:Education
6573:relations
6400:Mountains
6331:Geography
5937:Gibraltar
5886:Dependent
5709:Lithuania
5300:, Mainz:
5195:(1983b).
5153:(1983a).
4987:12 August
4765:. p. 618.
4073:"Croatia"
3170:150672781
2964:129401740
2921:154698941
2913:1356-7667
2823:159184190
2815:0955-7571
2668:31 August
2578:5 October
2175:, namely
2163:into the
2150:Lithuania
2104:With the
2022:Lithuania
1897:Lithuania
1835:Kremlin.
1763:Bucharest
1550:, by the
1414:Byzantium
1390:Black Sea
985:Lithuania
735:Lithuania
636:thesaurus
576:European
574:communist
468:Lithuania
8796:Tasmania
8744:Hispanic
8607:Northern
8554:Germanic
8532:Atlantic
8474:Southern
8435:Northern
8401:Caucasus
8337:Dead Sea
8308:Caucasus
8276:Southern
8269:Maritime
8264:Mainland
8237:Northern
8218:Far East
8177:Aral Sea
8100:Southern
8044:Northern
7779:Slovakia
7570:Caucasus
7505:Bulgaria
7325:Abkhazia
7299:Abkhazia
7268:Slovakia
7218:Bulgaria
7137:Category
7040:Armorial
7009:Religion
6950:painting
6639:Politics
6617:Eurozone
6441:Politics
6427:Villages
6305:Military
6298:By topic
6203:articles
6144:Category
6129:Holy See
6079:Scotland
6049:Svalbard
6034:of 1921)
5970:Guernsey
5965:Alderney
5855:Abkhazia
5789:Slovenia
5784:Slovakia
5759:Portugal
5619:Bulgaria
5382:Archived
5316:Archived
5305:Archived
5294:Archived
5283:Archived
5171:Archived
5118:Archived
5094:Archived
5063:Archived
5050:abstract
4931:Archived
4814:Archived
4733:Archived
4710:Archived
4577:Archived
4541:22 April
4535:Archived
4502:22 April
4496:Archived
4418:Archived
4386:Archived
4348:Archived
4319:Archived
4268:Archived
4225:Archived
4184:Archived
4124:Archived
4122:. 2003.
4081:Archived
4017:44963345
3982:Archived
3953:archived
3893:Archived
3863:Archived
3834:Archived
3803:Archived
3746:Archived
3742:BBC News
3636:Archived
3604:Archived
3575:Archived
3501:Archived
3418:Archived
3362:Archived
3332:Archived
3286:Archived
3250:Archived
3212:Archived
3174:Archived
3146:(2002).
3081:Archived
3073:UNI NOVA
3031:Archived
2997:Archived
2968:Archived
2865:Archived
2827:Archived
2773:Archived
2744:Archived
2718:Archived
2678:cite web
2633:Archived
2601:Archived
2572:Archived
2525:Archived
2491:Archived
2462:Archived
2431:Archived
2244:See also
2205:Slovenia
2201:Slovakia
2177:Bulgaria
2169:Slovakia
2065:Bulgaria
2038:Slovenia
2034:Slovakia
1759:Belgrade
1755:Budapest
1727:Adriatic
1660:Slovenia
1580:numeracy
1572:Cyrillic
1560:Catholic
1467:and the
1422:Caucasus
1416:and the
1362:Parthian
1206:Slovenia
1138:Portugal
1093:Bulgaria
1037:Slovenia
1032:Slovakia
824:Abkhazia
747:Caucasus
712:and the
558:Cold War
519:Catholic
499:theology
480:Slovenia
476:Slovakia
392:Bulgaria
296:cultural
275:are the
118:Cold War
112:and the
83:Caucasus
8997:Oceania
8985:by area
8941:America
8918:Islands
8768:Oceania
8637:Midwest
8592:Central
8559:Romance
8527:Western
8396:Balkans
8391:Eastern
8386:Central
8354:Mashriq
8298:Western
8242:Siberia
8194:Eastern
8172:Central
8105:Western
8078:Central
8054:Mashriq
8049:Maghreb
8039:Saharan
7985:America
7978:Eurasia
7850:regions
7799:Ukraine
7769:Romania
7759:Moldova
7744:Hungary
7739:Georgia
7649:Estonia
7475:Belarus
7470:Balkans
7330:Armenia
7318:History
7283:Ukraine
7258:Romania
7253:Moldova
7238:Hungary
7233:Georgia
7228:Estonia
7213:Belarus
7203:Armenia
7121:Outline
7036:Symbols
7024:Judaism
6989:Cuisine
6937:Culture
6925:Erasmus
6871:Society
6690:History
6674:Economy
6627:Members
6568:Economy
6405:Regions
6390:Islands
6385:Geology
6370:Climate
6211:History
6074:England
6017:Finland
5897:Denmark
5814:Ukraine
5764:Romania
5724:Moldova
5684:Ireland
5679:Iceland
5674:Hungary
5664:Germany
5659:Georgia
5649:Finland
5644:Estonia
5639:Denmark
5624:Croatia
5609:Belgium
5604:Belarus
5594:Austria
5589:Armenia
5584:Andorra
5579:Albania
5336:(1945)
5146:(2007).
4809:(2011)
4778:(1945)
3869:30 July
3809:16 July
3799:EuroVoc
3779:1 April
2724:17 July
2320:Eurovoc
2209:Central
2197:Romania
2189:Hungary
2185:Croatia
2154:Estonia
2138:Ukraine
2134:Moldova
2130:Belarus
2122:COMECON
2108:of the
2096:Croatia
2069:Romania
2014:Hungary
2010:Estonia
1905:Estonia
1893:Moldova
1889:Ukraine
1885:Belarus
1857:. When
1735:Central
1725:in the
1723:Trieste
1717:in the
1715:Stettin
1689:to the
1592:Serfdom
1587:Serfdom
1528:Bohemia
1496:Eastern
1433:Eastern
1398:Ukraine
1394:Romania
1386:Macedon
1382:Paeonia
1370:Balkans
1354:Georgia
1346:Armenia
1330:Colchis
1301:Discuss
1272:History
1178:Romania
1158:Moldova
1144:Hungary
1108:Croatia
1083:Albania
1062:Balkans
1004:Romania
971:Hungary
957:Croatia
902:Ukraine
887:Balkans
883:Moldova
878:Belarus
806:Georgia
796:Armenia
765:Georgia
757:Armenia
725:Estonia
670:EuroVoc
632:EuroVoc
598:EuroVoc
588:EuroVoc
489:Map of
464:Hungary
460:Croatia
436:Armenia
432:Ukraine
420:Romania
408:Moldova
400:Georgia
388:Belarus
75:Balkans
71:Romania
67:Moldova
63:Ukraine
55:Belarus
9392:50; 30
9284:Global
9274:Arctic
9213:Rivers
9191:Other
9125:Oceans
8980:Europe
8936:Africa
8729:French
8602:Middle
8564:Slavic
8549:Celtic
8450:Nordic
8440:Baltic
8378:Europe
8332:Levant
8026:Africa
7862:Worlds
7794:Turkey
7774:Russia
7749:Latvia
7275:(only
7273:Turkey
7263:Russia
7243:Latvia
7142:Portal
7063:Ageing
6972:Cinema
6705:Energy
6410:Rivers
6365:Cities
6201:
6199:Europe
6042:Norway
5860:Kosovo
5809:Turkey
5799:Sweden
5779:Serbia
5769:Russia
5754:Poland
5749:Norway
5729:Monaco
5699:Latvia
5669:Greece
5654:France
5629:Cyprus
5563:Europe
5496:
5486:
5464:
5432:
5374:
5360:(2011)
5348:(1991)
5338:online
5329:(1966)
5266:(1999)
5245:
5226:
5205:
5188:(1983)
5163:
5139:(1993)
5115:Online
5091:online
5082:(2000)
5034:
5022:(2001)
5013:(2012)
4928:online
4780:online
4730:Online
4707:Online
4662:
4628:
4574:online
4527:
4488:
4464:
4447:
4378:
4260:
4217:
4015:
3711:
3567:
3532:
3493:
3393:
3242:
3204:
3168:
3158:
2993:dw.com
2962:
2952:
2919:
2911:
2857:
2821:
2813:
2710:
2564:
2437:1 June
2193:Poland
2179:, the
2152:, and
2146:Latvia
2124:, the
2090:
2084:
2059:
2053:
2030:Poland
2018:Latvia
2002:Cyprus
1996:
1990:
1927:, and
1901:Latvia
1881:Russia
1808:
1799:
1790:
1780:
1765:, and
1751:Vienna
1747:Prague
1743:Berlin
1739:Warsaw
1719:Baltic
1656:Poland
1609:Russia
1532:Poland
1402:Russia
1400:, and
1378:Thrace
1364:, and
1334:Iberia
1242:Kosovo
1220:Turkey
1192:Serbia
1122:Greece
1098:Cyprus
1018:Serbia
999:Poland
935:, the
897:Russia
763:, and
730:Latvia
708:, the
704:, the
700:, the
696:. The
666:UNESCO
624:
618:
612:
605:
603:
578:states
531:Greece
472:Poland
442:. The
430:, and
428:Serbia
424:Russia
404:Greece
396:Cyprus
340:
334:
328:
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