40:
1995:
108:
1907:
2236:
Dnieper-Donets pottery was initially pointed based, but in later phases flat-based wares emerge. Their pottery is completely different from those made by the nearby
Cucuteni–Trypillia culture. The importance of pottery appears to have increased throughout the existence of the Dnieper–Donets culture,
2198:
Certain
Dnieper-Donets burials are accompanied with copper, crystal or porphyry ornaments, shell beads, bird-stone tubes, polished stone maces or ornamental plaques made of boar's tusk. The items, along with the presence of animal bones and sophisticated burial methods, appear to have been a symbol
2945:
Mathieson, Iain; Alpaslan-Roodenberg, Songül; Posth, Cosimo; Szécsényi-Nagy, Anna; Rohland, Nadin; Mallick, Swapan; Olalde, Iñigo; Broomandkhoshbacht, Nasreen; Candilio, Francesca; Cheronet, Olivia; Fernandes, Daniel; Ferry, Matthew; Gamarra, Beatriz; Fortes, Gloria González; Haak, Wolfgang (March
2420:
The first archaeogenetic analysis involving DDCC individuals was published by
Nikitin et al. in 2012. The authors reported mtDNA haplogroups of two individuals from the Mykilske (Nikols'skoye in Russian) and Yasynuvatka (Yasinovatka) DDCC cemeteries. Haplogroups of west Eurasian (H, U3, U5a1a) and
2194:
Burials are mostly in large pits where the deceased were periodically placed and covered with ocher. In some cases, the deceased may have been exposed for a time before their bones were collected and buried. In most cases, however, the deceased were buried in the flesh without exposure. Deceased
2488:(EEF) ancestry has been detected . At the same time, several Eneolithic individuals from the Deriivka I cemetery carried Anatolian Neolithic Farmer (ANF) - derived, as well as WSH ancestry. At the Vilnyanka cemetery, all the males belong to the paternal haplogroup I, which is common among WHGs.
2857:
Pospieszny, Łukasz; Makarowicz, Przemysław; Lewis, Jamie; Górski, Jacek; Taras, Halina; Włodarczak, Piotr; Szczepanek, Anita; Ilchyshyn, Vasyl; Jagodinska, Marina O.; Czebreszuk, Janusz; Muzolf, Przemysław; Nowak, Marek; Polańska, Marta; Juras, Anna; Chyleński, Maciej (1 February 2021).
1985:
David
Anthony (2007: 155) dated the beginning of the Dnieper–Donets culture I roughly between 5800/5200 BC. It quickly expanded in all directions, eventually absorbing all other local Neolithic groups. By 5200 BC the Dnieper–Donets culture II followed, which ended between 4400/4200 BC.
2190:
The
Dnieper–Donets culture is well known for about thirty of its cemeteries that have been discovered. This includes several large collective cemeteries of the Mariupol type. These contain around 800 individuals. It is evident that funerals were complex events that had several phases.
2685:
2240:
The early use of typical point base pottery interrelates with other
Mesolithic cultures that are peripheral to the expanse of the Neolithic farmer cultures. The special shape of this pottery has been related to transport by logboat in wetland areas. Especially related are
2167:. At the same time, recent evidence suggests that millet did not arrive in west Eurasia until the Bronze Age. Evidence from skeletal remains suggest that plants were consumed. At the same time, systematic evidence of producing economy in DDCC is currently lacking.
2495:
Dnieper-Donets males and
Yamnaya males carry the same paternal haplogroups (R1b and I2a), suggesting that the CHG and EEF admixture among the Yamnaya came through EHG and WHG males mixing with EEF and CHG females. According to Anthony, this suggests that the
2207:
Individual, double and triple burials have also been found at DDCC cemeteries. These have been attributed to the earlier period of DDCC. Radiocarbon dates confirm the earlier chronology of individual DDCC burials compared to collective graves in large pits.
1966:
2508:
The
Dnieper–Donets culture was succeeded by the Sredny Stog culture, its eastern neighbor, with whom it co-existed for a time before being finally absorbed. The Dnieper–Donets culture and the Sredny Stog culture were in turn succeeded by the
2199:
of power. Certain deceased children were buried with such items, which indicates that wealth was inherited in
Dnieper-Donets society. Very similar boar-tusk plaques and copper ornaments have been found at contemporary graves of the
2253:" pottery of Belgium and Northern France (including non-Linear pottery such as La Hoguette, Bliquy, Villeneuve-Saint-Germain), the Roucadour culture in Southwest France and the river and lake areas of Northern Poland and Russia.
2227:
The
Dnieper–Donets culture continued using Mesolothic technology, but later phases see the appearance of polished stone axes, later flint and the disappearance of microliths. These tools were sometimes deposited in graves.
2195:
Dnieper-Donets people sometimes had only their skulls buried, but most often the entire bodies. The variants of Dnieper-Donets burial often appear in the same pits. Animal bones has also been found in the graves.
2284:
were initially spoken by EHGs living in Eastern Europe, such as the Dnieper-Donets people. He (2007) also argues that the Dnieper-Donets people almost certainly spoke a different language from the people of the
2203:
in the middle Volga area. Maces of a different type than those of Dnieper-Donets have also been found. The wide adoption of such a status symbol attests to the existence of the institute of power in DDCC.
2331:
of the Balkan Neolithic. Males averaged 172 cm in height, which is much taller than contemporary Neolithic populations. Its rugged physical traits are thought to have genetically influenced later
2064:
The Dnieper–Donets culture is known from more than 200 sites. Few settlements from the Dnieper–Donets culture are known, but a few semi-subterranean huts have been found. These huts were covered in
2296:
river names. That and the close relationship between the Dnieper–Donets culture and contemporary cultures of northeast Europe have caused the Dnieper–Donets culture to be identified with the later
1962:
2155:
steppes, where they appeared ca. 4700-4600 BC. Some scholars suggest that from about 4200 BC, the Dnieper–Donets culture adopted agriculture. Domestic plants that have been recovered include
2080:
culture. The economic evidence from the earliest stages is almost exclusively from hunting and fishing. Among the sources of food hunted and foraged by the Dnieper-Donets people were
2421:
east Eurasian (C, C4a) descent have been identified. The authors linked the appearance of east Eurasian haplogroups with potential influence from northern Lake Baikal area.
2492:
suggests that this influx of WHG ancestry might be the result of EEFs pushing WHGs out of their territories to the east, where WHG males might have mated with EHG females.
3124:"Mitochondrial haplogroup C in ancient mitochondrial DNA from Ukraine extends the presence of East Eurasian genetic lineages in Neolithic Central and Eastern Europe"
3349:
2432:, Vilnyanka and Vovnigi, which Anthony (2019a) ascribed to the Dnieper–Donets culture. These individuals belonged exclusively to the paternal haplogroups
2040:
have been suggested. An origin of the Funnelbeaker culture from the Dnieper–Donets culture has been suggested, but this is very controversial.
1893:
2352:
The peoples of the neighboring Sredny Stog culture, which eventually succeeded the Dnieper–Donets culture, were of a more gracile appearance.
1857:
3536:
1055:
3541:
3526:
2311:, is open to debate, but the display of recurrent traits points to longstanding mutual contacts or to underlying genetic relations.
1974:
2472:(WHG) admixture. The WHG admixture appears to have increased in the transition from the Mesolithic to the Neolithic. Unlike the
17:
3531:
3280:
1864:
1836:
715:
1821:
3546:
3399:
3338:
1886:
1843:
774:
107:
3358:
3299:
1850:
614:
3351:
Swifterbant-aardewerk: Een analyse van de neolithische nederzettingen bij Swifterbant, 5e millennium voor Christus
3323:(2019b). "Ancient DNA, Mating Networks, and the Anatolian Split". In Serangeli, Matilde; Olander, Thomas (eds.).
2367:
2266:
125:
3449:
3326:
Dispersals and Diversification: Linguistic and Archaeological Perspectives on the Early Stages of Indo-European
2579:
2286:
2048:
1706:
1481:
885:
2415:
1970:
1879:
1451:
720:
657:
458:
344:
3268:
The Horse, the Wheel, and Language: How Bronze-Age Riders from the Eurasian Steppes Shaped the Modern World
2399:
2303:
The precise role of the culture and its language to the derivation of the Pontic-Caspian cultures, such as
1139:
642:
453:
448:
443:
338:
3566:
2464:). This suggests that the Dnieper-Donets people were "distinct, locally derived population" of mostly of
2461:
2457:
2453:
2147:. During the following centuries, domestic animals from the Dnieper further and further east towards the
1456:
951:
652:
531:
517:
498:
2319:
The physical remains recovered from graves of the Dnieper–Donets culture have been classified as "Proto-
3561:
3272:
2006:. Throughout its existence, rapid population growth and an expansion towards the steppe is noticeable.
1977:(1952 – 1990). In 1967 Telehin defended his doctorate dissertation "Dnieper–Donets Neolithic culture".
752:
352:
2859:
2371:
2884:
2481:
1496:
1461:
1134:
438:
2044:
1756:
1646:
1466:
997:
829:
780:
676:
478:
433:
428:
348:
69:
2403:
2387:
2497:
2469:
2465:
2395:
2281:
1651:
1378:
488:
483:
473:
117:
2170:
The presence of exotic goods in Dnieper-Donets graves indicates exchange relationships with the
3556:
3377:
1938:
1641:
1613:
1397:
1299:
1065:
911:
535:
373:
265:
204:
159:
99:
91:
2391:
2002:
The Dnieper–Donets culture was distributed in the steppe and forest-steppe areas north of the
3551:
2485:
2477:
2338:
2332:
2292:
The areas of the upper Dniester in which the Dnieper–Donets culture was situated have mostly
1998:
European Neolithic cultures in c. 4500–4000 BC, showing the Dnieper-Donets culture in orange.
1788:
1617:
525:
521:
506:
502:
3478:
2959:
2544:
2449:
2433:
2270:
2037:
1734:
1699:
1012:
695:
647:
584:
554:
512:
492:
356:
210:
2246:
880:
8:
3441:
2860:"Isotopic evidence of millet consumption in the Middle Bronze Age of East-Central Europe"
2554:
2518:
2514:
2341:
have pointed out similarities in the physical type of the Dnieper-Donets people with the
2304:
2242:
2216:
2018:
1950:
1007:
1002:
898:
822:
787:
710:
700:
559:
260:
255:
224:
79:
3482:
2963:
2383:
3499:
3460:
3419:
3161:
2988:
2947:
2897:
2328:
2250:
1713:
1664:
1598:
1582:
1207:
860:
599:
285:
190:
185:
2411:
2407:
3504:
3445:
3395:
3334:
3276:
3153:
3145:
2993:
2975:
2901:
2889:
2445:
2437:
2379:
2262:
2014:
1727:
1693:
1685:
1629:
1623:
1605:
1576:
1555:
1541:
1533:
1303:
1164:
1104:
1086:
1027:
1022:
1017:
984:
979:
808:
671:
320:
313:
306:
292:
278:
238:
217:
154:
146:
3165:
3494:
3486:
3465:
3431:
3391:
3330:
3320:
3290:
3262:
3135:
2983:
2967:
2879:
2871:
2539:
2522:
2489:
2293:
2277:
1721:
1671:
1488:
1294:
1182:
1122:
1099:
1042:
1037:
974:
961:
956:
946:
619:
232:
180:
172:
165:
2120:. Their diet was primarily high protein, with meat, fish and nuts being consumed.
3474:
3435:
3413:
3385:
3324:
3266:
2559:
2510:
2473:
2346:
2308:
2077:
1915:
1802:
1771:
1766:
1761:
1742:
1678:
1657:
1635:
1220:
1109:
1032:
941:
874:
815:
681:
413:
398:
388:
383:
299:
271:
39:
2944:
2586:(1991). In Search of the Indo-Europeans: Language Archeology and Myth. p. 175.
2441:
2375:
2200:
2010:
1946:
1547:
1414:
1289:
847:
801:
769:
705:
196:
2875:
3520:
3427:
3409:
3381:
3149:
2979:
2893:
2583:
2549:
2152:
2065:
1807:
1271:
1187:
904:
762:
624:
378:
2361:
1994:
594:
3508:
3157:
2997:
1961:
The Dnieper–Donets culture complex was defined by the Soviet archaeologist
1426:
1264:
738:
609:
408:
403:
393:
3295:"Archaeology, Genetics, and Language in the Steppes: A Comment on Bomhard"
3037:"Archaeology, Genetics, and Language in the Steppes: A Comment on Bomhard"
3122:
Nikitin, Alexey G; Newton, Jeremy R; Potekhina, Inna D (September 2012).
2324:
1906:
1402:
1388:
1352:
1060:
3490:
3140:
3123:
2971:
589:
2425:
2342:
1931:
1365:
1279:
1157:
922:
2097:
2003:
1942:
1935:
1568:
1345:
1337:
1330:
1323:
1309:
1177:
51:
3294:
3036:
2582:
of a male and female from the Dnieper-Donets culture are printed in
2534:
2429:
2320:
2212:
2171:
2089:
1511:
1502:
1393:
1194:
1169:
1073:
564:
140:
2777:
2775:
2265:, J. Mallory (1997) suggested that the Dnieper-Donets people were
2773:
2771:
2769:
2767:
2765:
2763:
2761:
2759:
2757:
2755:
2525:
displays evidence of continuity from the Dnieper–Donets culture.
2105:
2081:
2026:
2022:
1561:
1525:
1518:
1316:
936:
569:
2856:
2156:
2124:
2117:
1945:
and dating to ca. 5000-4200 BC. It has many parallels with the
1919:
1284:
1238:
757:
574:
2752:
2211:
Dnieper–Donets burials have been found near the settlement of
2021:
have also been detected. A much larger horizon from the upper
3415:
In Search of the Indo-Europeans: Language Archeology and Myth
2715:
2652:
2650:
2297:
2160:
2148:
2140:
2128:
2123:
From around 5200 BC, the Dnieper-Donets people began keeping
2030:
1383:
1257:
1251:
1233:
604:
579:
3016:
2730:
2728:
2713:
2711:
2709:
2707:
2705:
2703:
2701:
2699:
2697:
2695:
2648:
2646:
2644:
2642:
2640:
2638:
2636:
2634:
2632:
2630:
2036:
Influences from the DDCC and the Sredny Stog culture on the
3226:
3004:
2838:
2424:
Mathieson et al. (2018) analyzed 32 individuals from three
2132:
2113:
2109:
1775:
27:
Prehistoric culture north of the Black Sea c. 5000–4200 BCE
3059:
2826:
2740:
3214:
3204:
3202:
3189:
3187:
3093:
3091:
3089:
3076:
3074:
2792:
2790:
2725:
2692:
2627:
2615:
2182:
The Dnieper–Donets culture produced no female figurines.
2164:
2144:
2136:
2101:
2093:
2085:
2605:
2603:
2500:
were initially spoken by EHGs living in Eastern Europe
3238:
3199:
3184:
3121:
3103:
3086:
3071:
3047:
2923:
2814:
2802:
2787:
2327:
with large and more massive features than the gracile
3172:
2662:
2600:
2043:
The Dnieper–Donets culture was contemporary with the
2273:
expanding westwards from steppe-lands further east.
1969:in 1956. At that time Dmytro Telehin worked at the
1914: Dnieper–Donets culture as a version on the
3518:
2679:
2677:
2323:". They are predominantly characterized as late
2686:Dmytro Yakovych Telehin (ТЕЛЕГІН ДМИТРО ЯКОВИЧ)
2368:Zvejnieki burial ground § Archaeogenetics
2674:
2013:to the north. Striking similarities with the
2009:There are parallels with the contemporaneous
1887:
3461:"The Genomic History of Southeastern Europe"
3426:
3232:
3010:
2948:"The genomic history of southeastern Europe"
2917:Неолитические могильники Мариупольского типа
2844:
2781:
2746:
2076:The Dnieper–Donets culture was originally a
2448:), and almost exclusively to the maternal
2237:which implies a more sedentary lifestyle.
1894:
1880:
1858:Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch
38:
3498:
3458:
3347:
3178:
3139:
3022:
2987:
2885:1983/bc4eae27-a57a-4944-98b3-71e5d0d9022e
2883:
3319:
3289:
3220:
3208:
3193:
2480:(WSH), in the Dnieper–Donets culture no
1993:
1975:Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR
1965:on proposition of another archaeologist
1905:
3408:
3376:
3261:
3244:
3109:
3097:
3080:
3065:
3053:
3034:
2929:
2914:
2832:
2820:
2808:
2796:
2734:
2719:
2668:
2656:
2621:
2609:
2135:. Other domestic animals kept included
1930:(ca. 5th—4th millennium BC) is a
14:
3519:
2396:Yamnaya culture § Archaeogenetics
2249:in Northern Germany and Scandinavia, "
3437:Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture
3387:Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture
2940:
2938:
2689:. Encyclopedia of History of Ukraine.
2416:Pit–Comb Ware culture § Genetics
2372:Iron Gates Mesolithic § Genetics
1928:Dnieper–Donets culture complex (DDCC)
1865:Indo-European Etymological Dictionary
1837:Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture
3459:Mathieson, Iain (21 February 2018).
3357:(in Dutch). Barkhuis. Archived from
2476:, whose genetic cluster is known as
2404:Pitted Ware culture § Genetics
2388:Sredny Stog culture § Genetics
1822:Copenhagen Studies in Indo-European
24:
3537:Archaeological cultures in Ukraine
2935:
2919:(in Russian). Киев: Наукова Думка.
2054:
2047:. It is clearly distinct from the
1844:The Horse, the Wheel, and Language
25:
3578:
3542:Archaeological cultures in Russia
3527:Archaeological cultures of Europe
3348:de Roever, Jutta Paulina (2004).
3035:Anthony, David (1 January 2019).
2864:Journal of Archaeological Science
2392:Khvalynsk culture § Genetics
3300:Journal of Indo-European Studies
3041:Journal of Indo-European Studies
2380:Khvalynsk § Archaeogenetics
2314:
2261:In accordance with the original
1963:Dmytro Telehin (Dmitriy Telegin)
1851:Journal of Indo-European Studies
615:Bible translations into Armenian
106:
3254:
3115:
3028:
2908:
2850:
2572:
2269:-speakers who were absorbed by
2215:, which is associated with the
1989:
126:List of Indo-European languages
2384:Samara culture § Genetics
2256:
2059:
13:
1:
2593:
2503:
2412:Narva culture § Genetics
2408:Kunda culture § Genetics
2376:Motala § Archaeogenetics
1452:Proto-Indo-European mythology
721:Paleolithic continuity theory
3532:Neolithic cultures of Europe
2400:Scandinavian Hunter-Gatherer
1956:
1140:Northern Black Polished Ware
339:Proto-Indo-European language
7:
2528:
2355:
1949:, and was succeeded by the
1457:Proto-Indo-Iranian paganism
10:
3583:
3273:Princeton University Press
2365:
2359:
2287:Cucuteni–Trypillia culture
2231:
2185:
2071:
2049:Cucuteni–Trypillia culture
2033:has therefore been drawn.
753:Domestication of the horse
3547:Nomadic groups in Eurasia
3128:Journal of Human Genetics
2876:10.1016/j.jas.2020.105292
2482:Caucasian Hunter-Gatherer
1980:
1462:Historical Vedic religion
739:Chalcolithic (Copper Age)
75:
65:
57:
46:
37:
3233:Mallory & Adams 1997
3011:Mallory & Adams 1997
2845:Mallory & Adams 1997
2782:Mallory & Adams 1997
2747:Mallory & Adams 1997
2565:
2362:Deriivka § Genetics
2339:Physical anthropologists
2222:
1971:Institute of Archaeology
1467:Ancient Iranian religion
830:Novotitarovskaya culture
677:Indo-European migrations
3293:(Spring–Summer 2019a).
2498:Indo-European languages
2470:Western Hunter-Gatherer
2466:Eastern Hunter-Gatherer
2282:Indo-European languages
968:Northern/Eastern Steppe
2915:Телегин, Д.Я. (1991).
2247:Ellerbek and Ertebølle
2177:
1999:
1939:archaeological culture
1923:
1439:Religion and mythology
1398:Medieval Scandinavians
689:Alternative and fringe
33:Dnieper–Donets culture
18:Dnieper-Donets culture
2486:Early European Farmer
2478:Western Steppe Herder
2360:Further information:
2333:Indo-European peoples
2329:Mediterranean peoples
2025:to the lower half of
1997:
1909:
1789:Indo-European studies
1152:Peoples and societies
3442:Taylor & Francis
2545:Comb Ceramic culture
2468:(EHG) descent, with
2271:Proto-Indo-Europeans
2245:in the Netherlands,
2045:Bug–Dniester culture
2038:Funnelbeaker culture
2029:to the mid-to-lower
696:Anatolian hypothesis
648:Proto-Indo-Europeans
555:Hittite inscriptions
100:Indo-European topics
70:Bug–Dniester culture
61:c. 5000 BC – 4200 BC
3491:10.1038/nature25778
3483:2018Natur.555..197M
3420:Thames & Hudson
3364:on 27 February 2008
3141:10.1038/jhg.2012.69
3068:, pp. 175–176.
3025:, pp. 162–163.
2972:10.1038/nature25778
2964:2018Natur.555..197M
2835:, pp. 173–174.
2784:, pp. 166–167.
2737:, pp. 206–207.
2722:, pp. 190–191.
2659:, pp. 174–182.
2624:, pp. 174–182.
2555:Pitted Ware culture
2519:Novodanilovka group
2515:Mikhaylovka culture
2217:Sredny Stog culture
2019:Sredny Stog culture
1951:Sredny Stog culture
1941:found north of the
952:Multi-cordoned ware
823:Mikhaylovka culture
711:Indigenous Aryanism
701:Armenian hypothesis
560:Hieroglyphic Luwian
80:Sredny Stog culture
34:
3567:Prehistoric Russia
3333:. pp. 21–54.
2683:Svitlana Yurenko.
2251:Ceramic Mesolithic
2000:
1967:Valentyn Danylenko
1924:
532:Proto-Indo-Iranian
518:Proto-Balto-Slavic
499:Proto-Italo-Celtic
47:Geographical range
32:
3562:5th millennium BC
3432:Adams, Douglas Q.
3378:Kuzmina, Elena E.
3321:Anthony, David W.
3282:978-1-4008-3110-4
3263:Anthony, David W.
3223:, pp. 7, 14.
2958:(7695): 197–203.
2267:Pre–Indo-European
2263:Kurgan hypothesis
2015:Khvalynsk culture
1904:
1903:
1165:Anatolian peoples
1135:Painted Grey Ware
1023:Nordic Bronze Age
672:Kurgan hypothesis
625:Old Irish glosses
590:Gaulish epigraphy
85:
84:
16:(Redirected from
3574:
3512:
3502:
3455:
3423:
3405:
3373:
3371:
3369:
3363:
3356:
3344:
3316:
3314:
3312:
3286:
3248:
3242:
3236:
3230:
3224:
3218:
3212:
3206:
3197:
3191:
3182:
3176:
3170:
3169:
3143:
3119:
3113:
3107:
3101:
3095:
3084:
3078:
3069:
3063:
3057:
3051:
3045:
3044:
3032:
3026:
3020:
3014:
3008:
3002:
3001:
2991:
2942:
2933:
2927:
2921:
2920:
2912:
2906:
2905:
2887:
2854:
2848:
2842:
2836:
2830:
2824:
2818:
2812:
2806:
2800:
2794:
2785:
2779:
2750:
2744:
2738:
2732:
2723:
2717:
2690:
2681:
2672:
2666:
2660:
2654:
2625:
2619:
2613:
2607:
2587:
2576:
2540:Catacomb culture
2523:Kemi Oba culture
2490:David W. Anthony
2278:David W. Anthony
1913:
1896:
1889:
1882:
1737:
1730:
1716:
1709:
1702:
1688:
1681:
1674:
1667:
1660:
1585:
1571:
1564:
1550:
1528:
1521:
1514:
1505:
1340:
1333:
1326:
1319:
1312:
1295:Germanic peoples
1285:Hellenic peoples
1274:
1267:
1260:
1183:Mycenaean Greeks
1172:
1100:Thraco-Cimmerian
998:Globular Amphora
975:Abashevo culture
914:
907:
877:
832:
825:
818:
811:
804:
797:
790:
783:
620:Tocharian script
323:
316:
309:
302:
295:
288:
281:
274:
241:
227:
220:
213:
199:
175:
168:
149:
110:
87:
86:
42:
35:
31:
21:
3582:
3581:
3577:
3576:
3575:
3573:
3572:
3571:
3517:
3516:
3515:
3475:Nature Research
3452:
3402:
3367:
3365:
3361:
3354:
3341:
3310:
3308:
3283:
3257:
3252:
3251:
3243:
3239:
3231:
3227:
3219:
3215:
3207:
3200:
3192:
3185:
3177:
3173:
3120:
3116:
3108:
3104:
3096:
3087:
3079:
3072:
3064:
3060:
3052:
3048:
3033:
3029:
3021:
3017:
3009:
3005:
2943:
2936:
2928:
2924:
2913:
2909:
2855:
2851:
2843:
2839:
2831:
2827:
2819:
2815:
2807:
2803:
2795:
2788:
2780:
2753:
2745:
2741:
2733:
2726:
2718:
2693:
2682:
2675:
2667:
2663:
2655:
2628:
2620:
2616:
2608:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2590:
2580:reconstructions
2577:
2573:
2568:
2560:Rzucewo culture
2531:
2511:Yamnaya culture
2506:
2474:Yamnaya culture
2418:
2364:
2358:
2347:Northern Europe
2317:
2309:Yamnaya culture
2259:
2234:
2225:
2188:
2180:
2078:hunter-gatherer
2074:
2062:
2057:
2055:Characteristics
1992:
1983:
1959:
1922:
1918:instead of the
1911:
1900:
1871:
1870:
1803:Marija Gimbutas
1791:
1781:
1780:
1772:Winter solstice
1762:Horse sacrifice
1733:
1726:
1712:
1705:
1698:
1684:
1677:
1670:
1663:
1656:
1609:
1594:
1581:
1567:
1560:
1546:
1537:
1524:
1517:
1510:
1501:
1492:
1471:
1440:
1432:
1431:
1374:
1361:
1336:
1329:
1322:
1315:
1308:
1270:
1263:
1256:
1247:
1229:
1216:
1203:
1174:
1168:
1153:
1145:
1144:
1118:
1095:
1082:
1070:
1051:
993:
970:
932:
925:
919:
910:
903:
894:
892:Northern Europe
873:
869:
856:
843:
828:
821:
814:
807:
800:
793:
786:
779:
775:Steppe cultures
748:
741:
734:
726:
725:
716:Baltic homeland
690:
686:
682:Eurasian nomads
666:
662:
638:
630:
629:
600:Runic epigraphy
595:Latin epigraphy
550:
542:
541:
479:Proto-Anatolian
463:
418:
414:Thraco-Illyrian
399:Graeco-Phrygian
389:Graeco-Armenian
384:Graeco-Albanian
363:
341:
328:
319:
312:
305:
298:
291:
284:
277:
270:
237:
223:
216:
209:
195:
171:
164:
145:
130:
122:
120:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3580:
3570:
3569:
3564:
3559:
3554:
3549:
3544:
3539:
3534:
3529:
3514:
3513:
3456:
3450:
3428:Mallory, J. P.
3424:
3410:Mallory, J. P.
3406:
3401:978-9004160545
3400:
3382:Mallory, J. P.
3374:
3345:
3340:978-9004416192
3339:
3317:
3291:Anthony, David
3287:
3281:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3250:
3249:
3247:, p. 206.
3237:
3235:, p. 399.
3225:
3213:
3198:
3183:
3179:Mathieson 2018
3171:
3134:(9): 610–612.
3114:
3112:, p. 201.
3102:
3100:, p. 384.
3085:
3083:, p. 175.
3070:
3058:
3056:, p. 197.
3046:
3027:
3023:de Roever 2004
3015:
3013:, p. 157.
3003:
2934:
2932:, p. 189.
2922:
2907:
2849:
2847:, p. 384.
2837:
2825:
2823:, p. 104.
2813:
2811:, p. 155.
2801:
2799:, p. 252.
2786:
2751:
2749:, p. 498.
2739:
2724:
2691:
2673:
2671:, p. 240.
2661:
2626:
2614:
2612:, p. 210.
2598:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2589:
2588:
2584:Mallory, J. P.
2570:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2563:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2530:
2527:
2505:
2502:
2428:cemeteries at
2357:
2354:
2316:
2313:
2258:
2255:
2233:
2230:
2224:
2221:
2201:Samara culture
2187:
2184:
2179:
2176:
2073:
2070:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2011:Samara culture
1991:
1988:
1982:
1979:
1958:
1955:
1947:Samara culture
1910:
1902:
1901:
1899:
1898:
1891:
1884:
1876:
1873:
1872:
1869:
1868:
1861:
1854:
1847:
1840:
1832:
1831:
1825:
1824:
1818:
1817:
1811:
1810:
1805:
1799:
1798:
1792:
1787:
1786:
1783:
1782:
1779:
1778:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1757:Fire sacrifice
1753:
1752:
1746:
1745:
1740:
1739:
1738:
1731:
1719:
1718:
1717:
1710:
1703:
1691:
1690:
1689:
1682:
1675:
1668:
1661:
1649:
1644:
1639:
1602:
1601:
1589:
1588:
1587:
1586:
1574:
1573:
1572:
1565:
1553:
1552:
1551:
1548:Zoroastrianism
1530:
1529:
1522:
1515:
1508:
1507:
1506:
1485:
1484:
1478:
1477:
1470:
1469:
1464:
1459:
1454:
1448:
1447:
1441:
1438:
1437:
1434:
1433:
1430:
1429:
1418:
1417:
1415:Medieval India
1406:
1405:
1400:
1391:
1386:
1381:
1369:
1368:
1356:
1355:
1349:
1348:
1343:
1342:
1341:
1334:
1327:
1320:
1313:
1297:
1292:
1290:Italic peoples
1287:
1282:
1277:
1276:
1275:
1268:
1261:
1242:
1241:
1236:
1224:
1223:
1211:
1210:
1198:
1197:
1191:
1190:
1185:
1180:
1175:
1161:
1160:
1154:
1151:
1150:
1147:
1146:
1143:
1142:
1137:
1126:
1125:
1113:
1112:
1107:
1102:
1090:
1089:
1077:
1076:
1069:
1068:
1066:Gandhara grave
1063:
1058:
1046:
1045:
1040:
1035:
1030:
1025:
1020:
1015:
1010:
1005:
1000:
988:
987:
982:
977:
965:
964:
959:
954:
949:
944:
939:
927:
926:
918:
917:
916:
915:
912:Middle Dnieper
908:
889:
888:
883:
878:
867:Eastern Europe
864:
863:
851:
850:
838:
837:
836:
835:
834:
833:
826:
812:
805:
798:
795:Dnieper–Donets
791:
784:
772:
770:Kurgan culture
767:
766:
765:
755:
743:
742:
735:
732:
731:
728:
727:
724:
723:
718:
713:
708:
706:Beech argument
703:
698:
692:
691:
685:
684:
679:
674:
668:
667:
661:
660:
655:
650:
645:
639:
636:
635:
632:
631:
628:
627:
622:
617:
612:
607:
602:
597:
592:
587:
582:
577:
572:
567:
562:
557:
551:
548:
547:
544:
543:
540:
539:
529:
515:
510:
496:
489:Proto-Germanic
486:
484:Proto-Armenian
481:
476:
474:Proto-Albanian
470:
469:
462:
461:
456:
451:
446:
441:
436:
431:
425:
424:
417:
416:
411:
406:
401:
396:
391:
386:
381:
376:
370:
369:
362:
361:
360:
359:
335:
334:
327:
326:
325:
324:
317:
310:
303:
296:
289:
282:
275:
263:
258:
252:
251:
245:
244:
243:
242:
230:
229:
228:
221:
214:
202:
201:
200:
188:
183:
178:
177:
176:
169:
157:
152:
151:
150:
137:
136:
129:
128:
121:
116:
115:
112:
111:
103:
102:
96:
95:
83:
82:
77:
73:
72:
67:
63:
62:
59:
55:
54:
48:
44:
43:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3579:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3557:Dnieper basin
3555:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3530:
3528:
3525:
3524:
3522:
3510:
3506:
3501:
3496:
3492:
3488:
3484:
3480:
3476:
3472:
3468:
3467:
3462:
3457:
3453:
3447:
3443:
3439:
3438:
3433:
3429:
3425:
3421:
3417:
3416:
3411:
3407:
3403:
3397:
3393:
3389:
3388:
3383:
3379:
3375:
3360:
3353:
3352:
3346:
3342:
3336:
3332:
3328:
3327:
3322:
3318:
3306:
3302:
3301:
3296:
3292:
3288:
3284:
3278:
3274:
3270:
3269:
3264:
3260:
3259:
3246:
3241:
3234:
3229:
3222:
3221:Anthony 2019a
3217:
3211:, p. 39.
3210:
3209:Anthony 2019b
3205:
3203:
3196:, p. 14.
3195:
3194:Anthony 2019a
3190:
3188:
3180:
3175:
3167:
3163:
3159:
3155:
3151:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3133:
3129:
3125:
3118:
3111:
3106:
3099:
3094:
3092:
3090:
3082:
3077:
3075:
3067:
3062:
3055:
3050:
3042:
3038:
3031:
3024:
3019:
3012:
3007:
2999:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2981:
2977:
2973:
2969:
2965:
2961:
2957:
2953:
2949:
2941:
2939:
2931:
2926:
2918:
2911:
2903:
2899:
2895:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2877:
2873:
2869:
2865:
2861:
2853:
2846:
2841:
2834:
2829:
2822:
2817:
2810:
2805:
2798:
2793:
2791:
2783:
2778:
2776:
2774:
2772:
2770:
2768:
2766:
2764:
2762:
2760:
2758:
2756:
2748:
2743:
2736:
2731:
2729:
2721:
2716:
2714:
2712:
2710:
2708:
2706:
2704:
2702:
2700:
2698:
2696:
2688:
2687:
2680:
2678:
2670:
2665:
2658:
2653:
2651:
2649:
2647:
2645:
2643:
2641:
2639:
2637:
2635:
2633:
2631:
2623:
2618:
2611:
2606:
2604:
2599:
2585:
2581:
2575:
2571:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2550:Narva culture
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2532:
2526:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2501:
2499:
2493:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2467:
2463:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2363:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2315:Physical type
2312:
2310:
2306:
2301:
2299:
2295:
2290:
2288:
2283:
2279:
2276:According to
2274:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2254:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2238:
2229:
2220:
2218:
2214:
2209:
2205:
2202:
2196:
2192:
2183:
2175:
2173:
2168:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2121:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2069:
2067:
2052:
2050:
2046:
2041:
2039:
2034:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2007:
2005:
1996:
1987:
1978:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1954:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1921:
1917:
1916:Pripyat River
1908:
1897:
1892:
1890:
1885:
1883:
1878:
1877:
1875:
1874:
1867:
1866:
1862:
1860:
1859:
1855:
1853:
1852:
1848:
1846:
1845:
1841:
1839:
1838:
1834:
1833:
1830:
1827:
1826:
1823:
1820:
1819:
1816:
1813:
1812:
1809:
1808:J. P. Mallory
1806:
1804:
1801:
1800:
1797:
1794:
1793:
1790:
1785:
1784:
1777:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1754:
1751:
1748:
1747:
1744:
1741:
1736:
1732:
1729:
1725:
1724:
1723:
1720:
1715:
1711:
1708:
1704:
1701:
1697:
1696:
1695:
1692:
1687:
1683:
1680:
1676:
1673:
1669:
1666:
1662:
1659:
1655:
1654:
1653:
1650:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1637:
1634:
1631:
1628:
1625:
1622:
1619:
1615:
1612:
1611:
1610:
1608:
1607:
1600:
1597:
1596:
1595:
1593:
1584:
1580:
1579:
1578:
1575:
1570:
1566:
1563:
1559:
1558:
1557:
1554:
1549:
1545:
1544:
1543:
1540:
1539:
1538:
1536:
1535:
1527:
1523:
1520:
1516:
1513:
1509:
1504:
1500:
1499:
1498:
1495:
1494:
1493:
1491:
1490:
1483:
1480:
1479:
1476:
1473:
1472:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1458:
1455:
1453:
1450:
1449:
1446:
1445:Reconstructed
1443:
1442:
1436:
1435:
1428:
1425:
1424:
1423:
1422:
1416:
1413:
1412:
1411:
1410:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1376:
1375:
1373:
1367:
1364:
1363:
1362:
1360:
1354:
1351:
1350:
1347:
1344:
1339:
1335:
1332:
1328:
1325:
1321:
1318:
1314:
1311:
1307:
1306:
1305:
1301:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1278:
1273:
1272:Insular Celts
1269:
1266:
1262:
1259:
1255:
1254:
1253:
1250:
1249:
1248:
1246:
1240:
1237:
1235:
1232:
1231:
1230:
1228:
1222:
1219:
1218:
1217:
1215:
1209:
1206:
1205:
1204:
1202:
1196:
1193:
1192:
1189:
1188:Indo-Iranians
1186:
1184:
1181:
1179:
1176:
1171:
1166:
1163:
1162:
1159:
1156:
1155:
1149:
1148:
1141:
1138:
1136:
1133:
1132:
1131:
1130:
1124:
1121:
1120:
1119:
1117:
1111:
1108:
1106:
1103:
1101:
1098:
1097:
1096:
1094:
1088:
1085:
1084:
1083:
1081:
1075:
1072:
1071:
1067:
1064:
1062:
1059:
1057:
1054:
1053:
1052:
1050:
1044:
1041:
1039:
1036:
1034:
1031:
1029:
1026:
1024:
1021:
1019:
1016:
1014:
1011:
1009:
1006:
1004:
1001:
999:
996:
995:
994:
992:
986:
983:
981:
978:
976:
973:
972:
971:
969:
963:
960:
958:
955:
953:
950:
948:
945:
943:
940:
938:
935:
934:
933:
931:
930:Pontic Steppe
924:
921:
920:
913:
909:
906:
902:
901:
900:
897:
896:
895:
893:
887:
884:
882:
879:
876:
872:
871:
870:
868:
862:
859:
858:
857:
855:
849:
846:
845:
844:
842:
831:
827:
824:
820:
819:
817:
813:
810:
806:
803:
799:
796:
792:
789:
785:
782:
778:
777:
776:
773:
771:
768:
764:
763:Kurgan stelae
761:
760:
759:
756:
754:
751:
750:
749:
747:
746:Pontic Steppe
740:
737:
736:
730:
729:
722:
719:
717:
714:
712:
709:
707:
704:
702:
699:
697:
694:
693:
688:
687:
683:
680:
678:
675:
673:
670:
669:
664:
663:
659:
656:
654:
651:
649:
646:
644:
641:
640:
634:
633:
626:
623:
621:
618:
616:
613:
611:
608:
606:
603:
601:
598:
596:
593:
591:
588:
586:
583:
581:
578:
576:
573:
571:
568:
566:
563:
561:
558:
556:
553:
552:
546:
545:
537:
536:Proto-Iranian
533:
530:
527:
523:
519:
516:
514:
511:
508:
504:
500:
497:
494:
490:
487:
485:
482:
480:
477:
475:
472:
471:
468:
465:
464:
460:
457:
455:
452:
450:
447:
445:
442:
440:
437:
435:
432:
430:
427:
426:
423:
420:
419:
415:
412:
410:
407:
405:
402:
400:
397:
395:
392:
390:
387:
385:
382:
380:
379:Daco-Thracian
377:
375:
372:
371:
368:
365:
364:
358:
354:
350:
346:
343:
342:
340:
337:
336:
333:
332:Reconstructed
330:
329:
322:
318:
315:
311:
308:
304:
301:
297:
294:
290:
287:
283:
280:
276:
273:
269:
268:
267:
264:
262:
259:
257:
254:
253:
250:
247:
246:
240:
236:
235:
234:
231:
226:
222:
219:
215:
212:
208:
207:
206:
203:
198:
194:
193:
192:
189:
187:
184:
182:
179:
174:
170:
167:
163:
162:
161:
158:
156:
153:
148:
144:
143:
142:
139:
138:
135:
132:
131:
127:
124:
123:
119:
114:
113:
109:
105:
104:
101:
98:
97:
93:
89:
88:
81:
78:
74:
71:
68:
64:
60:
56:
53:
50:North of the
49:
45:
41:
36:
30:
19:
3552:Donets basin
3470:
3464:
3436:
3414:
3386:
3366:. Retrieved
3359:the original
3350:
3325:
3309:. Retrieved
3304:
3298:
3267:
3255:Bibliography
3245:Mallory 1991
3240:
3228:
3216:
3174:
3131:
3127:
3117:
3110:Mallory 1991
3105:
3098:Kuzmina 2007
3081:Mallory 1991
3066:Mallory 1991
3061:
3054:Mallory 1991
3049:
3040:
3030:
3018:
3006:
2955:
2951:
2930:Anthony 2010
2925:
2916:
2910:
2867:
2863:
2852:
2840:
2833:Anthony 2010
2828:
2821:Anthony 2010
2816:
2809:Anthony 2010
2804:
2797:Mallory 1991
2742:
2735:Mallory 1991
2720:Mallory 1991
2684:
2669:Anthony 2010
2664:
2657:Anthony 2010
2622:Mallory 1991
2617:
2610:Mallory 1991
2574:
2507:
2494:
2450:haplogroup U
2423:
2419:
2351:
2337:
2318:
2302:
2291:
2275:
2260:
2239:
2235:
2226:
2210:
2206:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2181:
2169:
2122:
2075:
2063:
2042:
2035:
2008:
2001:
1990:Distribution
1984:
1960:
1927:
1925:
1863:
1856:
1849:
1842:
1835:
1829:Publications
1828:
1814:
1795:
1749:
1632:
1626:
1620:
1614:Paleo-Balkan
1604:
1603:
1591:
1590:
1532:
1531:
1487:
1486:
1474:
1444:
1427:Greater Iran
1420:
1419:
1408:
1407:
1371:
1370:
1358:
1357:
1300:Paleo-Balkan
1265:Celtiberians
1244:
1243:
1226:
1225:
1213:
1212:
1200:
1199:
1128:
1127:
1115:
1114:
1092:
1091:
1079:
1078:
1048:
1047:
990:
989:
967:
966:
929:
928:
891:
890:
866:
865:
853:
852:
840:
839:
794:
781:Bug–Dniester
745:
744:
610:Gothic Bible
526:Proto-Baltic
522:Proto-Slavic
507:Proto-Italic
503:Proto-Celtic
466:
421:
409:Italo-Celtic
404:Indo-Hittite
394:Graeco-Aryan
367:Hypothetical
366:
331:
266:Paleo-Balkan
248:
205:Indo-Iranian
160:Balto-Slavic
133:
29:
3477:: 197–203.
2345:peoples of
2325:Cro-Magnons
2305:Sredny Stog
2257:Linguistics
2243:Swifterbant
2060:Settlements
1707:Continental
1700:Anglo-Saxon
1403:Middle Ages
1353:Middle Ages
1208:Indo-Aryans
1201:Indo-Aryans
1008:Bell Beaker
1003:Corded ware
899:Corded ware
788:Sredny Stog
733:Archaeology
513:Proto-Greek
493:Proto-Norse
76:Followed by
66:Preceded by
3521:Categories
3451:1884964982
2870:: 105292.
2594:References
2578:Images of
2504:Successors
2426:Eneolithic
2366:See also:
2343:Mesolithic
1934:and later
1932:Mesolithic
1815:Institutes
1735:Lithuanian
1489:Indo-Aryan
1475:Historical
1409:Indo-Aryan
1366:Tocharians
1280:Cimmerians
1158:Bronze Age
1049:South Asia
923:Bronze Age
861:Afanasievo
665:Mainstream
429:Vocabulary
349:Sound laws
211:Indo-Aryan
3368:5 January
3311:9 January
3150:1434-5161
2980:0028-0836
2902:234055796
2894:0305-4403
2484:(CHG) or
2098:wild boar
2004:Black Sea
1957:Discovery
1943:Black Sea
1936:Neolithic
1750:Practices
1569:Yarsanism
1379:Albanians
1359:East Asia
1346:Scythians
1338:Phrygians
1331:Paeonians
1324:Illyrians
1310:Thracians
1227:East Asia
1178:Armenians
1105:Hallstatt
1087:Chernoles
1028:Terramare
1018:Trzciniec
985:Sintashta
980:Andronovo
881:Cernavodă
854:East Asia
809:Khvalynsk
549:Philology
459:Particles
345:Phonology
286:Liburnian
261:Tocharian
256:Anatolian
225:Nuristani
118:Languages
52:Black Sea
3509:29466330
3473:(7695).
3434:(1997).
3412:(1991).
3380:(2007).
3265:(2010).
3166:20833814
3158:22673688
2998:29466330
2535:Deriivka
2529:See also
2521:and the
2452:(mostly
2440:(mostly
2430:Deriivka
2356:Genetics
2321:Europoid
2213:Deriivka
2172:Caucasus
2090:red deer
2017:and the
1796:Scholars
1694:Germanic
1665:Scottish
1630:Thracian
1624:Illyrian
1618:Albanian
1606:European
1599:Armenian
1583:Ossetian
1577:Scythian
1562:Yazidism
1512:Buddhism
1503:Hinduism
1394:Norsemen
1304:Anatolia
1221:Iranians
1214:Iranians
1195:Iron Age
1170:Hittites
1123:Colchian
1116:Caucasus
1074:Iron Age
1043:Lusatian
1038:Urnfield
962:Srubnaya
957:Poltavka
947:Catacomb
886:Cucuteni
841:Caucasus
658:Religion
643:Homeland
585:Behistun
565:Linear B
454:Numerals
449:Pronouns
374:Balkanic
321:Thracian
314:Phrygian
307:Paeonian
293:Messapic
279:Illyrian
191:Hellenic
186:Germanic
155:Armenian
147:Albanian
141:Albanoid
92:a series
90:Part of
3500:6091220
3479:Bibcode
3384:(ed.).
2989:6091220
2960:Bibcode
2946:2018).
2232:Pottery
2186:Burials
2106:wildcat
2082:aurochs
2072:Economy
2027:Dnieper
2023:Vistula
1973:of the
1728:Latvian
1686:Cornish
1556:Kurdish
1542:Persian
1534:Iranian
1526:Sikhism
1519:Jainism
1482:Hittite
1421:Iranian
1317:Dacians
1110:Jastorf
1033:Tumulus
1013:Únětice
942:Yamnaya
937:Chariot
875:Usatovo
816:Yamnaya
653:Society
637:Origins
570:Rigveda
422:Grammar
249:Extinct
239:Romance
218:Iranian
3507:
3497:
3466:Nature
3448:
3398:
3337:
3279:
3164:
3156:
3148:
2996:
2986:
2978:
2952:Nature
2900:
2892:
2517:, the
2513:. The
2414:, and
2294:Baltic
2280:, the
2157:millet
2141:horses
2125:cattle
2118:onager
1981:Origin
1920:Donets
1912:
1743:Slavic
1722:Baltic
1672:Breton
1652:Celtic
1636:Dacian
1592:Others
1372:Europe
1245:Europe
1239:Yuezhi
1093:Europe
1080:Steppe
991:Europe
848:Maykop
802:Samara
758:Kurgan
575:Avesta
357:Ablaut
353:Accent
300:Mysian
272:Dacian
233:Italic
181:Celtic
173:Slavic
166:Baltic
134:Extant
3392:BRILL
3362:(PDF)
3355:(PDF)
3331:BRILL
3307:(1–2)
3162:S2CID
2898:S2CID
2566:Notes
2298:Balts
2223:Tools
2161:wheat
2149:Volga
2133:goats
2129:sheep
2031:Volga
1714:Norse
1679:Welsh
1658:Irish
1647:Roman
1642:Greek
1497:Vedic
1389:Slavs
1384:Balts
1258:Gauls
1252:Celts
1234:Wusun
1129:India
905:Baden
605:Ogham
580:Homer
467:Other
444:Nouns
439:Verbs
197:Greek
58:Dates
3505:PMID
3446:ISBN
3396:ISBN
3370:2020
3335:ISBN
3313:2020
3277:ISBN
3154:PMID
3146:ISSN
2994:PMID
2976:ISSN
2890:ISSN
2460:and
2444:and
2436:and
2307:and
2163:and
2153:Ural
2145:dogs
2143:and
2137:pigs
2131:and
2116:and
2114:bear
2110:hare
2066:bark
1926:The
1776:Yule
1767:Sati
1056:BMAC
434:Root
3495:PMC
3487:doi
3471:555
3136:doi
2984:PMC
2968:doi
2956:555
2880:hdl
2872:doi
2868:126
2442:R1b
2178:Art
2165:pea
2102:fox
2094:roe
2086:elk
1061:Yaz
3523::
3503:.
3493:.
3485:.
3469:.
3463:.
3444:.
3440:.
3430:;
3418:.
3394:.
3390:.
3329:.
3305:47
3303:.
3297:.
3275:.
3271:.
3201:^
3186:^
3160:.
3152:.
3144:.
3132:57
3130:.
3126:.
3088:^
3073:^
3039:.
2992:.
2982:.
2974:.
2966:.
2954:.
2950:.
2937:^
2896:.
2888:.
2878:.
2866:.
2862:.
2789:^
2754:^
2727:^
2694:^
2676:^
2629:^
2602:^
2462:U2
2458:U4
2456:,
2454:U5
2446:I2
2410:,
2406:,
2402:,
2398:,
2394:,
2390:,
2386:,
2382:,
2378:,
2374:,
2370:,
2349:.
2335:.
2300:.
2289:.
2219:.
2174:.
2159:,
2139:,
2127:,
2112:,
2108:,
2104:,
2100:,
2096:,
2092:,
2088:,
2084:,
2068:.
2051:.
1953:.
1173:)
524:·
505:·
355:,
351:,
347::
94:on
3511:.
3489::
3481::
3454:.
3422:.
3404:.
3372:.
3343:.
3315:.
3285:.
3181:.
3168:.
3138::
3043:.
3000:.
2970::
2962::
2904:.
2882::
2874::
2438:I
2434:R
2151:-
1895:e
1888:t
1881:v
1774:/
1638:)
1633:·
1627:·
1621:·
1616:(
1396:/
1302:/
1167:(
538:)
534:(
528:)
520:(
509:)
501:(
495:)
491:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
