318:
89:
161:
127:
199:
290:. Another problem in the EU is that voters vote more on the basis of national issues in the European Parliament elections and that the election is more used by voters to punish their government in the middle of their term. There is also insufficiently a European public opinion or European public sphere that votes against or rewards European politicians. Another problem is the big influence of
286:. As European Union citizens elect those who make up Council who then elect those become that Commissioners, there is a real fear it is too distant for many citizens. Often, EU elections are treated as second-order elections; with protest votes more common during national and local elections, example of this would be the success of anti-immigration parties such as
333:
is congruent with the majority only half the time. The largest influences were found to be legislative professionalization, term limits, and issue salience. Partisanship and interest groups affect the ideological balance of incongruence more than the aggregate degree thereof. Policy is found to be
35:) fall short of fulfilling the principles of democracy in their practices or operation. Representative and linked parliamentary integrity have become widely discussed. The qualitative expression of the democratic deficit is the difference between the
962:
Reif, K. and
Schmitt, H. (1980) 'Nine Second-Order National Elections: A Conceptual Framework for the Analysis of European Election Results'. European Journal of Political Research, Vol. 8, No. 1, pp. 3–45.
994:
556:
Since David
Marquand coined his famous phrase 'democratic deficit' to describe the functioning of the European Community, the debate has raged about the extent and content of this deficit.
622:
569:
1125:
236:
827:
442:"A democratic deficit occurs when ostensibly democratic organizations or institutions, in fact, fall short of fulfilling what are believed to be the principles of
1094:
262:, could also be said to be in a similar position. However, in practice, no legislation from New Zealand is extended to Tokelau without the territory's consent.
903:
986:
1035:
294:
groups on
European institutions. The European Parliament was created to give more democratic legitimacy to the EU but shares legislative power with the
397:
446:." Sanford Levinson, How the United States Constitution Contributes to the Democratic Deficit in America, 55 Drake L. Rev. 859, 860 (2007).
376:
1117:
1077:
1140:
816:
334:
overresponsive to ideology and party, which leads policy to be polarized relative to state electorates. The large differences in
287:
240:
518:
491:
350:
are seen as serious problems for democracy, but another of the root causes of the
American democratic deficit lies in the
570:"Trauma, segregation, isolation: Christmas Island, the tropical outpost where asylum seekers are held against their will"
423:
98:
1102:
1043:
1019:
152:
870:
212:
190:
790:
1182:
648:
498:
The resulting 'democratic deficit' would not be acceptable in a
Community committed to democratic principles.
295:
457:
282:, is also associated with a democratic deficit. National parliaments have given up power to the centralised
338:
during US elections for various income groups are also seen as a problem for the functioning of democracy.
170:
317:
59:
525:'Democratic deficit' is a term coined in 1979 by the British political scientist . . . David Marquand .
82:
do not enjoy equal participation in electing representatives that legislate for them. Examples include:
136:
43:
302:
1172:
595:
224:
675:
106:
676:"Parliamentary representation of overseas territories in the metropolis: a comparative analysis"
623:"The lands that democracy forgot: ignoring the rights of Norfolk, Christmas and Cocos islanders"
674:
Clegg, Peter; Stæhr Harder, Mette Marie; Nauclér, Elisabeth; Alomar, Rafael Cox (7 June 2022).
510:
504:
483:
408:
259:
1009:
973:
The
European Union Democratic Deficit and the Public Sphere: An Evaluation of EU Media Policy
1066:
362:
as all states in the United States regardless of population receive 2 seats in the Senate.
255:
244:
208:
1144:
8:
371:
326:
283:
232:
75:
1177:
987:"Interest Representation: Can Lobbying Regulation Help EU Overcome Democratic Deficit?"
943:
893:
771:
716:
547:
476:
343:
174:
1015:
948:
938:
921:
898:
844:
763:
697:
551:
514:
487:
114:
36:
933:
885:
755:
687:
539:
413:
403:
381:
339:
279:
102:
1143:. University of Texas School of Law -- News & Events. LA Times. Archived from
1036:"Commission of Latin American Parliament joins call for UN Parliamentary Assembly"
692:
543:
530:
Meny, Yves (2003). "De La
Democratie En Europe: Old Concepts and New Challenges".
16:
When an institution falls short of upholding the people's power in and over itself
922:"Why There Is a Democratic Deficit in the EU: A Response to Majone and Moravcsik"
746:
Colón, Rafael Hernández (1998). "Doing Right by Puerto Rico: Congress Must Act".
667:
391:
351:
118:
79:
51:
596:"Delegated legislation and the democratic deficit: The case of Christmas Island"
321:
Voter turnout at the
American presidential elections of 2008 according to income
471:
418:
347:
306:
275:
271:
228:
166:
110:
63:
55:
889:
1166:
767:
701:
335:
204:
74:
The term "democratic deficit" is commonly used to refer to situations where
386:
305:
has been proposed as a way of ameliorating a democratic deficit within the
148:
216:
186:
132:
32:
775:
274:
treaties by repeated referendums, such as those held in
Ireland for the
359:
759:
443:
355:
330:
94:
28:
42:
The phrase "democratic deficit" is cited as first being used by the
717:"The Territorial and District Representation Amendment: A Proposal"
291:
178:
871:"The EU's Democratic Deficit and Repeated Referendums in Ireland"
251:
144:
182:
121:
apply to them but cannot vote in the elections of those states.
673:
354:
itself. For example, there is a lack of representation in the
140:
220:
1095:"Voter Turnout By Income, 2008 US Presidential Election"
878:
International
Journal of Politics, Culture, and Society
837:
270:Some scholars have argued that the ratification of
475:
920:Follesdal, Andreas; Hix, Simon (September 2006).
1164:
1138:
640:
458:"The first use of the term "democratic deficit""
808:
602:. Australasian Study of Parliament Group: 32-38
39:of a country from the highest possible values.
814:
721:Brigham Young University Journal of Public Law
614:
265:
1064:
651:[Democratic deficit in the Kingdom].
561:
1011:Democracy and lobbying in the European Union
919:
826:. Wellington, New Zealand: MTC. p. 33.
398:How Democratic Is the American Constitution?
31:organizations or institutions (particularly
377:Democratic legitimacy of the European Union
1132:
739:
620:
947:
937:
897:
708:
691:
567:
502:
470:
316:
782:
680:Commonwealth & Comparative Politics
649:"Democratisch tekort in het Koninkrijk"
646:
593:
455:
1165:
1067:"The Democratic Deficit in the States"
1065:R. Lax, Jeffrey; H. Phillips, Justin.
997:from the original on 28 November 2023.
869:Jerzak, Connor T. (1 September 2014).
868:
815:Angelo, Tony; Pasikale, Talei (2008).
788:
621:Wettenhall, Roger (27 November 2015).
587:
509:. Cambridge University Press. p.
506:European Union law: text and materials
503:Chalmers, Damian; et al. (2006).
288:Europe of Freedom and Direct Democracy
241:United States House of Representatives
984:
909:from the original on 7 February 2024.
745:
714:
568:Laughland, Oliver (13 October 2014).
135:: Three constituent countries of the
1139:Sanford Levinson (16 October 2006).
1115:
1007:
833:from the original on 2 January 2024.
715:Jones, Colin P.A. (31 August 2022).
594:Mathews, Kelvin (1 September 2017).
529:
358:for highly populated states such as
1118:"The Democratic Deficit in America"
13:
1128:from the original on 24 June 2023.
1083:from the original on 17 June 2023.
817:"Tokelau: A History of Government"
686:(3). Informa UK Limited: 229–253.
298:, which has one vote per country.
256:dependent territory of New Zealand
14:
1194:
600:Australasian Parliamentary Review
312:
153:States General of the Netherlands
939:10.1111/j.1468-5965.2006.00650.x
926:Journal of Common Market Studies
532:Journal of Common Market Studies
424:Whole-process people's democracy
197:
191:Parliament of the United Kingdom
189:) have no representation in the
159:
151:) have no representation in the
125:
113:), have laws from the states of
87:
69:
1109:
1087:
1058:
1028:
1001:
978:
965:
956:
913:
862:
1042:. 14 June 2008. Archived from
789:Efrati, Maya (18 March 2022).
464:
449:
436:
258:with no representation in the
50:in 1977, which was drafted by
1:
1014:. Campus Verlag. p. 10.
693:10.1080/14662043.2022.2065623
544:10.1111/1468-5965.t01-1-00408
429:
296:Council of the European Union
1040:Campaign for a UN Parliament
647:Wekking, Noor (9 May 2022).
171:British Overseas Territories
78:under the jurisdiction of a
7:
1122:DigitalCommons@UM Carey Law
456:Richard (10 October 1977).
365:
266:Multinational organizations
60:European Economic Community
10:
1199:
795:Brennan Center for Justice
137:Kingdom of the Netherlands
58:in 1979, referring to the
44:Young European Federalists
1141:"Our Broken Constitution"
890:10.1007/s10767-014-9185-8
627:The Sydney Morning Herald
329:concluded that policy in
303:UN Parliamentary Assembly
237:non-voting representation
27:) occurs when ostensibly-
791:"DC Statehood Explained"
225:Northern Mariana Islands
62:, the forerunner of the
1008:Karr, Karolina (2007).
107:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
409:Political polarization
322:
260:New Zealand Parliament
215:of the United States (
54:. It was also used by
1183:United Nations reform
849:Government of Tokelau
824:Government of Tokelau
754:(4). JSTOR: 112–114.
478:Parliament for Europe
320:
845:"Tokelau Government"
653:Bulletineke Justitia
245:United States Senate
209:District of Columbia
99:external territories
1116:Levinson, Sanford.
1074:Columbia University
372:Defective democracy
327:Columbia University
284:European Parliament
233:U.S. Virgin Islands
211:and five inhabited
169:: Eleven inhabited
985:Rudenkova, Daria.
971:David Ward (2002)
344:campaign financing
323:
243:, and none in the
175:Crown Dependencies
21:democratic deficit
1147:on 5 October 2009
520:978-0-521-52741-5
493:978-0-224-01716-9
115:Western Australia
37:democracy indices
25:democracy deficit
1190:
1157:
1156:
1154:
1152:
1136:
1130:
1129:
1113:
1107:
1106:
1101:. Archived from
1091:
1085:
1084:
1082:
1071:
1062:
1056:
1055:
1053:
1051:
1032:
1026:
1025:
1005:
999:
998:
982:
976:
969:
963:
960:
954:
953:
951:
941:
917:
911:
910:
908:
901:
875:
866:
860:
859:
857:
855:
841:
835:
834:
832:
821:
812:
806:
805:
803:
801:
786:
780:
779:
760:10.2307/20048972
743:
737:
736:
734:
732:
712:
706:
705:
695:
671:
665:
664:
662:
660:
644:
638:
637:
635:
633:
618:
612:
611:
609:
607:
591:
585:
584:
582:
580:
565:
559:
558:
527:
500:
482:. Cape. p.
481:
468:
462:
461:
453:
447:
440:
414:Popular assembly
404:Political apathy
382:Direct democracy
340:Sanford Levinson
280:Treaty of Lisbon
203:
201:
200:
165:
163:
162:
131:
129:
128:
103:Christmas Island
93:
91:
90:
1198:
1197:
1193:
1192:
1191:
1189:
1188:
1187:
1173:1977 neologisms
1163:
1162:
1161:
1160:
1150:
1148:
1137:
1133:
1114:
1110:
1105:on 3 July 2018.
1093:
1092:
1088:
1080:
1069:
1063:
1059:
1049:
1047:
1034:
1033:
1029:
1022:
1006:
1002:
983:
979:
970:
966:
961:
957:
918:
914:
906:
873:
867:
863:
853:
851:
843:
842:
838:
830:
819:
813:
809:
799:
797:
787:
783:
748:Foreign Affairs
744:
740:
730:
728:
713:
709:
672:
668:
658:
656:
645:
641:
631:
629:
619:
615:
605:
603:
592:
588:
578:
576:
566:
562:
528:
521:
501:
494:
472:Marquand, David
469:
465:
454:
450:
441:
437:
432:
392:Freedom deficit
368:
352:US Constitution
325:A study of the
315:
268:
198:
196:
160:
158:
126:
124:
119:New South Wales
88:
86:
80:sovereign state
72:
52:Richard Corbett
17:
12:
11:
5:
1196:
1186:
1185:
1180:
1175:
1159:
1158:
1131:
1108:
1086:
1057:
1046:on 8 July 2012
1027:
1020:
1000:
977:
964:
955:
932:(3): 533–562.
912:
884:(3): 367–388.
861:
836:
807:
781:
738:
707:
666:
639:
613:
586:
560:
519:
492:
463:
448:
434:
433:
431:
428:
427:
426:
421:
419:Post-democracy
416:
411:
406:
401:
394:
389:
384:
379:
374:
367:
364:
348:gerrymandering
314:
313:Other examples
311:
307:United Nations
276:Treaty of Nice
272:European Union
267:
264:
249:
248:
229:American Samoa
194:
167:United Kingdom
156:
122:
111:Norfolk Island
101:of Australia (
71:
68:
64:European Union
56:David Marquand
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1195:
1184:
1181:
1179:
1176:
1174:
1171:
1170:
1168:
1146:
1142:
1135:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1112:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1090:
1079:
1075:
1068:
1061:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1031:
1023:
1021:9783593384122
1017:
1013:
1012:
1004:
996:
992:
988:
981:
974:
968:
959:
950:
945:
940:
935:
931:
927:
923:
916:
905:
900:
895:
891:
887:
883:
879:
872:
865:
850:
846:
840:
829:
825:
818:
811:
796:
792:
785:
777:
773:
769:
765:
761:
757:
753:
749:
742:
726:
722:
718:
711:
703:
699:
694:
689:
685:
681:
677:
670:
654:
650:
643:
628:
624:
617:
601:
597:
590:
575:
571:
564:
557:
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
533:
526:
522:
516:
512:
508:
507:
499:
495:
489:
485:
480:
479:
473:
467:
459:
452:
445:
439:
435:
425:
422:
420:
417:
415:
412:
410:
407:
405:
402:
400:
399:
395:
393:
390:
388:
385:
383:
380:
378:
375:
373:
370:
369:
363:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
336:voter turnout
332:
328:
319:
310:
308:
304:
299:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
263:
261:
257:
253:
246:
242:
238:
235:), only have
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
214:
210:
206:
205:United States
195:
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
168:
157:
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
134:
123:
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
85:
84:
83:
81:
77:
70:Voting rights
67:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
40:
38:
34:
30:
26:
22:
1149:. Retrieved
1145:the original
1134:
1121:
1111:
1103:the original
1098:
1089:
1073:
1060:
1048:. Retrieved
1044:the original
1039:
1030:
1010:
1003:
991:Euroacademia
990:
980:
975:. IOS Press.
972:
967:
958:
929:
925:
915:
881:
877:
864:
852:. Retrieved
848:
839:
823:
810:
798:. Retrieved
794:
784:
751:
747:
741:
729:. Retrieved
724:
720:
710:
683:
679:
669:
657:. Retrieved
652:
642:
630:. Retrieved
626:
616:
604:. Retrieved
599:
589:
577:. Retrieved
574:the Guardian
573:
563:
555:
535:
531:
524:
505:
497:
477:
466:
451:
438:
396:
387:Elite theory
342:argues that
324:
300:
269:
250:
149:Sint Maarten
73:
47:
41:
24:
20:
18:
854:18 November
800:18 November
731:18 November
659:18 November
606:18 November
579:18 November
217:Puerto Rico
213:territories
187:Isle of Man
133:Netherlands
76:territories
33:governments
1167:Categories
1151:10 October
655:(in Dutch)
632:20 January
430:References
360:California
173:and three
29:democratic
1178:Democracy
949:154774453
899:144466639
768:0015-7120
702:1466-2043
552:154742986
444:democracy
356:US Senate
331:US states
95:Australia
48:Manifesto
46:in their
1126:Archived
1078:Archived
995:Archived
904:Archived
828:Archived
776:20048972
727:(2): 175
538:: 1–13.
474:(1979).
366:See also
292:lobbying
278:and the
185:and the
179:Guernsey
97:: Three
1050:14 July
252:Tokelau
239:in the
145:Curacao
1018:
946:
896:
774:
766:
700:
550:
517:
490:
207:: The
202:
183:Jersey
164:
130:
92:
1099:Demos
1081:(PDF)
1070:(PDF)
944:S2CID
907:(PDF)
894:S2CID
874:(PDF)
831:(PDF)
820:(PDF)
772:JSTOR
548:S2CID
141:Aruba
1153:2009
1052:2020
1016:ISBN
856:2023
802:2023
764:ISSN
733:2023
698:ISSN
661:2023
634:2024
608:2023
581:2023
515:ISBN
488:ISBN
346:and
301:The
254:, a
231:and
221:Guam
147:and
109:and
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886:doi
756:doi
688:doi
540:doi
117:or
1169::
1124:.
1120:.
1097:.
1076:.
1072:.
1038:.
993:.
989:.
942:.
930:44
928:.
924:.
902:.
892:.
882:27
880:.
876:.
847:.
822:.
793:.
770:.
762:.
752:77
750:.
725:36
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936::
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636:.
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177:(
155:.
139:(
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