329:
100:
172:
138:
210:
301:. Another problem in the EU is that voters vote more on the basis of national issues in the European Parliament elections and that the election is more used by voters to punish their government in the middle of their term. There is also insufficiently a European public opinion or European public sphere that votes against or rewards European politicians. Another problem is the big influence of
297:. As European Union citizens elect those who make up Council who then elect those become that Commissioners, there is a real fear it is too distant for many citizens. Often, EU elections are treated as second-order elections; with protest votes more common during national and local elections, example of this would be the success of anti-immigration parties such as
344:
is congruent with the majority only half the time. The largest influences were found to be legislative professionalization, term limits, and issue salience. Partisanship and interest groups affect the ideological balance of incongruence more than the aggregate degree thereof. Policy is found to be
46:) fall short of fulfilling the principles of democracy in their practices or operation. Representative and linked parliamentary integrity have become widely discussed. The qualitative expression of the democratic deficit is the difference between the
973:
Reif, K. and
Schmitt, H. (1980) 'Nine Second-Order National Elections: A Conceptual Framework for the Analysis of European Election Results'. European Journal of Political Research, Vol. 8, No. 1, pp. 3–45.
1005:
567:
Since David
Marquand coined his famous phrase 'democratic deficit' to describe the functioning of the European Community, the debate has raged about the extent and content of this deficit.
633:
580:
1136:
247:
838:
453:"A democratic deficit occurs when ostensibly democratic organizations or institutions, in fact, fall short of fulfilling what are believed to be the principles of
1105:
273:, could also be said to be in a similar position. However, in practice, no legislation from New Zealand is extended to Tokelau without the territory's consent.
914:
997:
1046:
305:
groups on
European institutions. The European Parliament was created to give more democratic legitimacy to the EU but shares legislative power with the
408:
457:." Sanford Levinson, How the United States Constitution Contributes to the Democratic Deficit in America, 55 Drake L. Rev. 859, 860 (2007).
387:
1128:
1088:
1151:
827:
345:
overresponsive to ideology and party, which leads policy to be polarized relative to state electorates. The large differences in
298:
251:
529:
502:
361:
are seen as serious problems for democracy, but another of the root causes of the
American democratic deficit lies in the
581:"Trauma, segregation, isolation: Christmas Island, the tropical outpost where asylum seekers are held against their will"
434:
109:
1113:
1054:
1030:
163:
17:
881:
223:
201:
801:
1193:
659:
509:
The resulting 'democratic deficit' would not be acceptable in a
Community committed to democratic principles.
306:
468:
293:, is also associated with a democratic deficit. National parliaments have given up power to the centralised
349:
during US elections for various income groups are also seen as a problem for the functioning of democracy.
181:
328:
70:
536:'Democratic deficit' is a term coined in 1979 by the British political scientist . . . David Marquand .
93:
do not enjoy equal participation in electing representatives that legislate for them. Examples include:
147:
54:
313:
1183:
606:
235:
686:
117:
687:"Parliamentary representation of overseas territories in the metropolis: a comparative analysis"
634:"The lands that democracy forgot: ignoring the rights of Norfolk, Christmas and Cocos islanders"
685:
Clegg, Peter; Stæhr Harder, Mette Marie; Nauclér, Elisabeth; Alomar, Rafael Cox (7 June 2022).
521:
515:
494:
419:
270:
1020:
984:
The
European Union Democratic Deficit and the Public Sphere: An Evaluation of EU Media Policy
1077:
373:
as all states in the United States regardless of population receive 2 seats in the Senate.
266:
255:
219:
1155:
8:
382:
337:
294:
243:
86:
1188:
998:"Interest Representation: Can Lobbying Regulation Help EU Overcome Democratic Deficit?"
954:
904:
782:
727:
558:
487:
354:
185:
1026:
959:
949:
932:
909:
855:
774:
708:
562:
525:
498:
125:
47:
944:
896:
766:
698:
550:
424:
414:
392:
350:
290:
113:
1154:. University of Texas School of Law -- News & Events. LA Times. Archived from
1047:"Commission of Latin American Parliament joins call for UN Parliamentary Assembly"
703:
554:
541:
Meny, Yves (2003). "De La
Democratie En Europe: Old Concepts and New Challenges".
27:
When an institution falls short of upholding the people's power in and over itself
933:"Why There Is a Democratic Deficit in the EU: A Response to Majone and Moravcsik"
757:
Colón, Rafael Hernández (1998). "Doing Right by Puerto Rico: Congress Must Act".
678:
402:
362:
129:
90:
62:
607:"Delegated legislation and the democratic deficit: The case of Christmas Island"
332:
Voter turnout at the
American presidential elections of 2008 according to income
482:
429:
358:
317:
286:
282:
239:
177:
121:
74:
66:
900:
1177:
778:
712:
346:
215:
85:
The term "democratic deficit" is commonly used to refer to situations where
397:
316:
has been proposed as a way of ameliorating a democratic deficit within the
159:
227:
197:
143:
43:
786:
285:
treaties by repeated referendums, such as those held in
Ireland for the
370:
770:
454:
366:
341:
105:
39:
53:
The phrase "democratic deficit" is cited as first being used by the
728:"The Territorial and District Representation Amendment: A Proposal"
302:
189:
882:"The EU's Democratic Deficit and Repeated Referendums in Ireland"
262:
155:
193:
132:
apply to them but cannot vote in the elections of those states.
684:
365:
itself. For example, there is a lack of representation in the
151:
231:
1106:"Voter Turnout By Income, 2008 US Presidential Election"
889:
International
Journal of Politics, Culture, and Society
848:
281:Some scholars have argued that the ratification of
486:
931:Follesdal, Andreas; Hix, Simon (September 2006).
1175:
1149:
651:
469:"The first use of the term "democratic deficit""
819:
613:. Australasian Study of Parliament Group: 32-38
50:of a country from the highest possible values.
825:
732:Brigham Young University Journal of Public Law
625:
276:
1075:
662:[Democratic deficit in the Kingdom].
572:
1022:Democracy and lobbying in the European Union
930:
837:. Wellington, New Zealand: MTC. p. 33.
409:How Democratic Is the American Constitution?
42:organizations or institutions (particularly
388:Democratic legitimacy of the European Union
1143:
750:
631:
958:
948:
908:
719:
702:
578:
513:
481:
327:
793:
691:Commonwealth & Comparative Politics
660:"Democratisch tekort in het Koninkrijk"
657:
604:
466:
14:
1176:
1078:"The Democratic Deficit in the States"
1076:R. Lax, Jeffrey; H. Phillips, Justin.
1008:from the original on 28 November 2023.
880:Jerzak, Connor T. (1 September 2014).
879:
826:Angelo, Tony; Pasikale, Talei (2008).
799:
632:Wettenhall, Roger (27 November 2015).
598:
520:. Cambridge University Press. p.
517:European Union law: text and materials
514:Chalmers, Damian; et al. (2006).
299:Europe of Freedom and Direct Democracy
252:United States House of Representatives
995:
920:from the original on 7 February 2024.
756:
725:
579:Laughland, Oliver (13 October 2014).
146:: Three constituent countries of the
1150:Sanford Levinson (16 October 2006).
1126:
1018:
844:from the original on 2 January 2024.
726:Jones, Colin P.A. (31 August 2022).
605:Mathews, Kelvin (1 September 2017).
540:
369:for highly populated states such as
1129:"The Democratic Deficit in America"
24:
1139:from the original on 24 June 2023.
1094:from the original on 17 June 2023.
828:"Tokelau: A History of Government"
697:(3). Informa UK Limited: 229–253.
309:, which has one vote per country.
267:dependent territory of New Zealand
25:
1205:
611:Australasian Parliamentary Review
323:
164:States General of the Netherlands
950:10.1111/j.1468-5965.2006.00650.x
937:Journal of Common Market Studies
543:Journal of Common Market Studies
435:Whole-process people's democracy
208:
202:Parliament of the United Kingdom
200:) have no representation in the
170:
162:) have no representation in the
136:
124:), have laws from the states of
98:
80:
1120:
1098:
1069:
1039:
1012:
989:
976:
967:
924:
873:
1053:. 14 June 2008. Archived from
800:Efrati, Maya (18 March 2022).
475:
460:
447:
269:with no representation in the
61:in 1977, which was drafted by
13:
1:
1025:. Campus Verlag. p. 10.
704:10.1080/14662043.2022.2065623
555:10.1111/1468-5965.t01-1-00408
440:
307:Council of the European Union
1051:Campaign for a UN Parliament
658:Wekking, Noor (9 May 2022).
182:British Overseas Territories
89:under the jurisdiction of a
7:
1133:DigitalCommons@UM Carey Law
467:Richard (10 October 1977).
376:
277:Multinational organizations
71:European Economic Community
10:
1210:
806:Brennan Center for Justice
148:Kingdom of the Netherlands
69:in 1979, referring to the
55:Young European Federalists
1152:"Our Broken Constitution"
901:10.1007/s10767-014-9185-8
638:The Sydney Morning Herald
340:concluded that policy in
314:UN Parliamentary Assembly
248:non-voting representation
38:) occurs when ostensibly-
802:"DC Statehood Explained"
236:Northern Mariana Islands
73:, the forerunner of the
1019:Karr, Karolina (2007).
118:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
420:Political polarization
333:
271:New Zealand Parliament
226:of the United States (
65:. It was also used by
1194:United Nations reform
860:Government of Tokelau
835:Government of Tokelau
765:(4). JSTOR: 112–114.
489:Parliament for Europe
331:
856:"Tokelau Government"
664:Bulletineke Justitia
256:United States Senate
220:District of Columbia
110:external territories
1127:Levinson, Sanford.
1085:Columbia University
383:Defective democracy
338:Columbia University
295:European Parliament
244:U.S. Virgin Islands
222:and five inhabited
180:: Eleven inhabited
996:Rudenkova, Daria.
982:David Ward (2002)
355:campaign financing
334:
254:, and none in the
186:Crown Dependencies
32:democratic deficit
1158:on 5 October 2009
531:978-0-521-52741-5
504:978-0-224-01716-9
126:Western Australia
48:democracy indices
36:democracy deficit
18:Democracy deficit
16:(Redirected from
1201:
1168:
1167:
1165:
1163:
1147:
1141:
1140:
1124:
1118:
1117:
1112:. Archived from
1102:
1096:
1095:
1093:
1082:
1073:
1067:
1066:
1064:
1062:
1043:
1037:
1036:
1016:
1010:
1009:
993:
987:
980:
974:
971:
965:
964:
962:
952:
928:
922:
921:
919:
912:
886:
877:
871:
870:
868:
866:
852:
846:
845:
843:
832:
823:
817:
816:
814:
812:
797:
791:
790:
771:10.2307/20048972
754:
748:
747:
745:
743:
723:
717:
716:
706:
682:
676:
675:
673:
671:
655:
649:
648:
646:
644:
629:
623:
622:
620:
618:
602:
596:
595:
593:
591:
576:
570:
569:
538:
511:
493:. Cape. p.
492:
479:
473:
472:
464:
458:
451:
425:Popular assembly
415:Political apathy
393:Direct democracy
351:Sanford Levinson
291:Treaty of Lisbon
214:
212:
211:
176:
174:
173:
142:
140:
139:
114:Christmas Island
104:
102:
101:
21:
1209:
1208:
1204:
1203:
1202:
1200:
1199:
1198:
1184:1977 neologisms
1174:
1173:
1172:
1171:
1161:
1159:
1148:
1144:
1125:
1121:
1116:on 3 July 2018.
1104:
1103:
1099:
1091:
1080:
1074:
1070:
1060:
1058:
1045:
1044:
1040:
1033:
1017:
1013:
994:
990:
981:
977:
972:
968:
929:
925:
917:
884:
878:
874:
864:
862:
854:
853:
849:
841:
830:
824:
820:
810:
808:
798:
794:
759:Foreign Affairs
755:
751:
741:
739:
724:
720:
683:
679:
669:
667:
656:
652:
642:
640:
630:
626:
616:
614:
603:
599:
589:
587:
577:
573:
539:
532:
512:
505:
483:Marquand, David
480:
476:
465:
461:
452:
448:
443:
403:Freedom deficit
379:
363:US Constitution
336:A study of the
326:
279:
209:
207:
171:
169:
137:
135:
130:New South Wales
99:
97:
91:sovereign state
83:
63:Richard Corbett
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1207:
1197:
1196:
1191:
1186:
1170:
1169:
1142:
1119:
1097:
1068:
1057:on 8 July 2012
1038:
1031:
1011:
988:
975:
966:
943:(3): 533–562.
923:
895:(3): 367–388.
872:
847:
818:
792:
749:
718:
677:
650:
624:
597:
571:
530:
503:
474:
459:
445:
444:
442:
439:
438:
437:
432:
430:Post-democracy
427:
422:
417:
412:
405:
400:
395:
390:
385:
378:
375:
359:gerrymandering
325:
324:Other examples
322:
318:United Nations
287:Treaty of Nice
283:European Union
278:
275:
260:
259:
240:American Samoa
205:
178:United Kingdom
167:
133:
122:Norfolk Island
112:of Australia (
82:
79:
75:European Union
67:David Marquand
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1206:
1195:
1192:
1190:
1187:
1185:
1182:
1181:
1179:
1157:
1153:
1146:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1123:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1101:
1090:
1086:
1079:
1072:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1042:
1034:
1032:9783593384122
1028:
1024:
1023:
1015:
1007:
1003:
999:
992:
985:
979:
970:
961:
956:
951:
946:
942:
938:
934:
927:
916:
911:
906:
902:
898:
894:
890:
883:
876:
861:
857:
851:
840:
836:
829:
822:
807:
803:
796:
788:
784:
780:
776:
772:
768:
764:
760:
753:
737:
733:
729:
722:
714:
710:
705:
700:
696:
692:
688:
681:
665:
661:
654:
639:
635:
628:
612:
608:
601:
586:
582:
575:
568:
564:
560:
556:
552:
548:
544:
537:
533:
527:
523:
519:
518:
510:
506:
500:
496:
491:
490:
484:
478:
470:
463:
456:
450:
446:
436:
433:
431:
428:
426:
423:
421:
418:
416:
413:
411:
410:
406:
404:
401:
399:
396:
394:
391:
389:
386:
384:
381:
380:
374:
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
347:voter turnout
343:
339:
330:
321:
319:
315:
310:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
274:
272:
268:
264:
257:
253:
249:
246:), only have
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
221:
217:
216:United States
206:
203:
199:
195:
191:
187:
183:
179:
168:
165:
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
134:
131:
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
96:
95:
94:
92:
88:
81:Voting rights
78:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
51:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
19:
1160:. Retrieved
1156:the original
1145:
1132:
1122:
1114:the original
1109:
1100:
1084:
1071:
1059:. Retrieved
1055:the original
1050:
1041:
1021:
1014:
1002:Euroacademia
1001:
991:
986:. IOS Press.
983:
978:
969:
940:
936:
926:
892:
888:
875:
863:. Retrieved
859:
850:
834:
821:
809:. Retrieved
805:
795:
762:
758:
752:
740:. Retrieved
735:
731:
721:
694:
690:
680:
668:. Retrieved
663:
653:
641:. Retrieved
637:
627:
615:. Retrieved
610:
600:
588:. Retrieved
585:the Guardian
584:
574:
566:
546:
542:
535:
516:
508:
488:
477:
462:
449:
407:
398:Elite theory
353:argues that
335:
311:
280:
261:
160:Sint Maarten
84:
58:
52:
35:
31:
29:
865:18 November
811:18 November
742:18 November
670:18 November
617:18 November
590:18 November
228:Puerto Rico
224:territories
198:Isle of Man
144:Netherlands
87:territories
44:governments
1178:Categories
1162:10 October
666:(in Dutch)
643:20 January
441:References
371:California
184:and three
40:democratic
1189:Democracy
960:154774453
910:144466639
779:0015-7120
713:1466-2043
563:154742986
455:democracy
367:US Senate
342:US states
106:Australia
59:Manifesto
57:in their
1137:Archived
1089:Archived
1006:Archived
915:Archived
839:Archived
787:20048972
738:(2): 175
549:: 1–13.
485:(1979).
377:See also
303:lobbying
289:and the
196:and the
190:Guernsey
108:: Three
1061:14 July
263:Tokelau
250:in the
156:Curacao
1029:
957:
907:
785:
777:
711:
561:
528:
501:
218:: The
213:
194:Jersey
175:
141:
103:
1110:Demos
1092:(PDF)
1081:(PDF)
955:S2CID
918:(PDF)
905:S2CID
885:(PDF)
842:(PDF)
831:(PDF)
783:JSTOR
559:S2CID
152:Aruba
1164:2009
1063:2020
1027:ISBN
867:2023
813:2023
775:ISSN
744:2023
709:ISSN
672:2023
645:2024
619:2023
592:2023
526:ISBN
499:ISBN
357:and
312:The
265:, a
242:and
232:Guam
158:and
120:and
34:(or
945:doi
897:doi
767:doi
699:doi
551:doi
128:or
1180::
1135:.
1131:.
1108:.
1087:.
1083:.
1049:.
1004:.
1000:.
953:.
941:44
939:.
935:.
913:.
903:.
893:27
891:.
887:.
858:.
833:.
804:.
781:.
773:.
763:77
761:.
736:36
734:.
730:.
707:.
695:60
693:.
689:.
636:.
609:.
583:.
565:.
557:.
547:41
545:.
534:.
524:.
522:64
507:.
497:.
495:64
320:.
238:,
234:,
230:,
192:,
154:,
116:,
77:.
30:A
1166:.
1065:.
1035:.
963:.
947::
899::
869:.
815:.
789:.
769::
746:.
715:.
701::
674:.
647:.
621:.
594:.
553::
471:.
258:.
204:.
188:(
166:.
150:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.