Academic degree - Knowledge

2990:) instead of drs. These titles as equivalent to an LL.M (the title mr.) and to a MSc (the title ir.) and if gotten before 1 September 2002, from a recognized Dutch university, may be rendered as M (from Master) behind one's name, instead of using the typical Dutch honorifics before one's name. Since 1 September 2002, Dutch universities offer specific BSc, BA or LLB studies followed by MSc, MA or LLM studies, thus integrating into the international scientific community, offering lectures, other classes, seminars or complete curricula in English instead of Dutch. According to their field of study, MSc graduates may use either ir. or drs. before their names; MA graduates may use drs. before their name; LLM graduates may use mr. before their names, but only if they received such degrees from recognized Dutch universities. Not uncommonly, the Dutch "drs." abbreviation can cause much confusion in other countries, since it is perceived as a person who has a 4430:(M.S.); either of these programs might be as long as three years in length) and a further two to five years of coursework and research, culminating in "comprehensive" examinations in one or more fields, plus perhaps some teaching experience and then the writing of a dissertation for the doctorate, for a total of ten or more years from starting the bachelor's degree (which is usually begun around age 18) to the awarding of the doctorate. This timetable is only approximate, however, as students in accelerated programs can sometimes earn a bachelor's degree in three years or, on the other hand, a particular dissertation project might take four or more years to complete. In addition, a graduate may wait an indeterminate time between degrees before candidacy in the next level or even an additional degree at a level already completed. Therefore, there is no time limit on the accumulation of academic degrees. 4049:

range of subjects within (and sometimes beyond) the relevant faculty, in which case it may also be called a general degree. If a third year or junior honours subject is included, the ordinary degree in that named discipline is awarded. The honours degree involves two years of study at a sub-honours level in which a range of subjects within the relevant faculty are studied and then two years of study at honours level which is specialised in a single field (for example classics, history, chemistry, biology, etc.). Not all universities in Scotland adhere to this; in some, one studies in several subjects within a faculty for three years and can then specialise in two areas and attain a joint honours degree in fourth year.

3654: 3630: 3049:, vocational, or professional engineering degree, together with an academic engineering degree. What is not allowed is, after obtaining a doctorate, using dr. drs. Jansen; dr. Jansen should be used instead. A combination of a Dutch title with an international title is not allowed, except for some limited number of international professional titles. Thus, one should choose either one's classical Dutch title or use the shortcut provided by the law following one's name (since 1 September 2002 it is the other way around: those who hold Dutch degrees as MSc, LLM or MA may optionally use the old-style shortcuts before their names). 3686:(ANECA), a government-dependent quality assurance and accreditation provider for the Spanish higher education system that ensures that the data held in the Register of Universities, Centres and Qualifications (RUCT), a national registry for universities and qualifications, is correct and up to date. All study programmes must be accredited by ANECA prior to their inclusion in the RUCT. The RUCT records all officially approved universities and their bachelor's degrees, master's degrees and PhDs and each and every one of the officially approved and accredited study programmes. Universities are assigned a specific number Code ( 3852: 3145:. The second part of the title usually consisted of a Latin word corresponding to the profession or training. For example, Cand. Mag. (Candidatus Magisterii) required 4 to 5 years, Cand. Real. (Candidatus Realium) required 6 years of study and a scientific thesis in a select set of scientific disciplines (realia). Over the years these were replaced gradually with degrees that were more and more internationally comparable programs and corresponding titles. For example, the degree Cand. Scient. replaced Cand. Real. in the period 1985 to 2003. These degrees were all retired in 2003 in favour of an international system. 101: 3978:, such as the Doctor of Philosophy degree (PhD or DPhil) or Doctor of Education (EdD or DEd), are awarded following a programme of original research that contributes new knowledge within the context of the student's discipline. Doctoral degrees usually take three years full-time. Therefore, in the UK it may only take seven years to progress from undergraduate to earning a doctorate – in some cases six, since having a master's is not always a precondition for embarking on a doctoral degree. This contrasts with nine years in the United States, reflecting differences in the educational systems. 4792:

contribution to knowledge in the field to which the dissertation topic is related. That contrasts with master's thesis, which, in addition to being usually shorter than doctoral dissertations, are not required to include creation of new knowledge or revision/reinterpretation of older views/theories. The doctoral dissertation is examined in a final oral exam before a panel of at least two members (in the state of São Paulo the preferred number is five, while the other regions prefer three members), usually including one or two external examiners from another university or research institute.

4467:" is a graduate-level degree program designed to prepare graduates for professional practice in various fields other than academic scholarship and research. First professional degrees require a minimum of two years of college-level education prior to entering the program and a minimum of six years of total college-level education (including that undertaken prior to entry) to complete the program. Most professional degree programs require a prior bachelor's degree for admission and many require seven or eight years of total study. Many first professional degrees, e.g. 5722:

particular text, it attests to his or her mastery of an entire field (in this case, the law) and permits entry into professional categories: law professor (mudarris) and jurisconsult (mufti).] The main difference between the two is that the granting authority is an individual professor, in the Islamic case, rather than a corporate institution in the case of the university. Despite this point, Makdisi has likened the ijazat al-ifta' wa'l-tadris to the medieval Latin licentia docendi and suggests that it served as a model for that degree.

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medical specialist. Dutch surgeons commonly are only granted access to surgical training and positions after obtaining a doctorate (PhD) successfully. In recent years, the six-year (nominal time) old Curius curriculum (which offered the titles doctorandus and physician) has been replaced with a three-year (nominal time) Bachelor Curius+ followed by a three-year (nominal time) Master Curius+. Those who had already begun their old-style Curius curriculum before that will still have to complete it as a six-year study (nominal time).

4761:'s or doctor's degrees. Criteria for admission into master's and doctor's programs vary in Brazil. Some universities require that candidates take entrance exams; others make admission decisions based solely on undergraduate transcripts, letters of recommendation and possibly oral interviews. In most cases, however, especially for the doctorate, the candidate is required to submit a research plan, and one faculty member must agree to serve as supervisor before the candidate can be admitted into the program. The exceptions are the 3643:

higher education to individuals who have failed to acquire bachelor's degree qualifications. The main reason for offering these alternative studies, though, is the complex bureaucratic process required to receive the approval of specific titles, in particular when it refers to new studies or studies about matters that do not fit with the official studies. For historical reasons, the academic system has been very much under the control of the state, and private universities are still regarded with as a threat to the state system.

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legally protected and can only be used by graduates from Dutch institutions of higher education. Illegal use is considered a misdemeanor and is subject to legal prosecution. Holders of foreign degrees, therefore, need special permission before being able to use a recognised Dutch title, but they are free to use their own foreign title (untranslated). In practice, the Public Department does not prosecute the illegal use of a protected title (the Netherlands applies

3510:("Doctor of Sciences") degree in Russia and some former USSR academic environments. This degree is granted for contributions in a certain field (formally – who established new direction or new field in science). It requires discovery of new phenomenon or development of new theory or essential development of new direction, etc. There is no equivalent of this "doctor of sciences" degree in the US academic system. It is roughly equivalent to 3390: 2771: 894: 12476: 12493: 3501:("Candidate of Sciences"). This degree requires extensive research, taking some classes, publications in peer-reviewed academic journals (not less than 5 publications in Ukraine or 3 publications in Russia), taking 3 or more exams (one or more in their speciality, one in a foreign language and one in the history and philosophy of science) and writing and defending an in-depth thesis (80–200 pages) called a "dissertation". 12431: 12459: 3938:, which may require study and involve an element of research. Degrees such as Master of Philosophy (MPhil) or Master of Letters/Literature (MLitt) are likely to be awarded for postgraduate study involving original research. A student undertaking a master's would normally be expected to already hold a bachelor's degree in a relevant subject, hence the possibility of reaching the master's level in one year. 1659:). In most fields, the system of doctoral degrees is two-tier, the degree of licentiate is an independent academic degree but completing the degree of doctor does not require completion of a licentiate degree. The polytechnics (universities of applied sciences) have the right to award bachelor's and master's degrees; the degree titles are distinct from the titles used for university degrees. 761:, there is a standard list of abbreviations for university names given in the Commonwealth Universities Yearbook. In practice, many variations are used and the Yearbook notes that the abbreviations used may not match those used by the universities concerned. For some British universities it is traditional to use Latin abbreviations, notably 'Oxon' and 'Cantab' for the universities of 2943:(physician). The doctorandus in medicine title is granted after four years (nominal time) of the Curius curriculum, while the title physician is granted after six years (nominal time) of that curriculum. The Dutch physician title is equal to a MSc degree according to the Bologna process and can be compared with the MBBS in the UK degree system and the North American MD, but not the 2722:. People 21 years old, or older, who do not have the required entrance diplomas, may opt for an entrance exam to be admitted to a higher-educational curriculum. In this exam, they have to prove their command of disciplines considered necessary for pursuing such study. After 1 September 2002, they would be thus admitted to a Bachelor's curriculum, not to a Master's curriculum. 4559:

and live longer, healthier lives work in favor of those who argue the continued value of higher degrees. Studies like the 2011 Learning Gains study by Arum and Roksa, on the other hand, reported that only 55% of students had any learning gains during their first two years of college, which favors the argument that investing in higher education may not still be worth it.

2688:. With this structure an attempt was made to standardise all the different studies and to have them conform to similar timetables. An additional effect was that students would be forced to produce results within a preset time-frame or otherwise discontinue their studies. The two-phase structure has been adapted to a bachelor-master structure as a result of the 4211:, which is a prerequisite for access to university-level studies. Although these college programs are typical, they are not offered in every institution in the province. Moreover, while a few other pre-university programs with various concentrations exist, many other technical/career programs are available, depending on the college of choice. For example, 3040:

post-nominal degree 'PhD' can also be used, and these are also legally protected. Stacking of titles, as seen in countries such as Germany (Prof. Dr. Dr. Dr. Gruber), is highly uncommon in the Netherlands and not well received culturally. Those who have multiple doctoral titles may use dr.mult. before their name, but this is seldom seen in practice. The

5672:, pp. XIX: "No other European institution has spread over the entire world in the way in which the traditional form of the European university has done. The degrees awarded by European universities – the bachelor's degree, the licentiate, the master's degree, and the doctorate – have been adopted in the most diverse societies throughout the world." 2320:) or presenting a portfolio of first-author publications on an advanced topic. The exact requirements for satisfying a Habilitation depend on individual universities. The "habil.", as it is abbreviated, to indicate that a habilitation has been awarded after the doctorate, was traditionally the conventional qualification for serving at least as a 5077:(Science Technician). The reason for this diversity is because some schools provide vocational education as part of their high school curriculum (thereby allowing them to hand out "technician" titles), while elsewhere the student is required to decide whether to study science or the humanities for the last two years of secondary school. 2947:, which is a research degree. One-on-one equivalence or interchangeability of the Dutch medical title and MD is often suggested. However, officially the MD title is not known, nor legal to use, in the Netherlands. The correct notation for a Dutch physician who completed his or her medical studies, but did not pursue a doctoral ( 215:. The traditional term of study before new teachers were admitted to the guild of "Master of Arts" was seven years. This was the same as the term of apprenticeship for other occupations. Originally the terms "master" and "doctor" were synonymous, but over time the doctorate came to be regarded as a higher qualification than the 3101:), the head of the department. However, this is not a given; it is also possible that a department is headed by a "plain" doctor, based on knowledge, achievement and expertise. The position of "hoogleraar" is the highest possible scientific position at a university and equivalent to the US "full" professor. The Dutch 6934:"Ministère de l'Enseignement supérieur et de la Recherche, Bulletin officiel spécial 4 du 20 juin 2013, 2. Liste des diplômes des établissements d'enseignement supérieur technique privés et consulaires vises par le ministre charge de l'enseignement supérieur et conférant a leurs titulaires le grade de master" 4157:; an honours degree is normally needed for further study at the master's level. Master's degrees take one to three years (in Quebec they normally take one and a half to two years). Doctorates take a minimum of three years. Alone among Canadian provinces and territories, British Columbia offers two-year 4704:

at level 8 (honours). Another referencing exercise, comparing the NZQF to the 10-level Irish National Framework for Qualifications, found that degrees were comparable but that further work was needed to improve compatibility at the sub-degree levels (1–6). Non-degree qualifications at levels 7–9 were

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Traditionally, more men than women attended and earned degrees at the world's universities. A milestone was reached in the United States, according to the 2010 census, as women surpassed men in attaining master's degrees, for the first time. The U.S. census reports that 10.5 million men have master's

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In Canada, education is the responsibility of the provinces and territories, rather than the federal government. However, all of Canada follows the three-level bachelor's-master's-doctorate system common to the Anglophone world, with a few variations. A common framework for degrees was agreed between

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UK post-secondary qualifications are defined at different levels, with levels 1–3 denoting further education and levels 4–8 denoting higher education. Within this structure, a foundation degree is at level 5; a bachelor's degree at level 6; a master's degree at level 7; and a doctoral degree at level

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The universities of Oxford and Cambridge award honorary Master of Arts (MA) degrees to graduates of their bachelor's programmes, following a specified period of time. This is comparable to the practice of the ancient universities in Scotland awarding an MA for a first degree and arguably reflects the

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is a qualification, lower than bachelor's level, awarded following a two-year programme of study that is usually vocational in nature. The foundation degree can be awarded by a university or college of higher education that has been granted foundation-degree-awarding powers by the UK government. This

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Candidates who have not achieved the standard for the award of honours may be admitted without honours to the "ordinary" bachelor's degree if they have met the required standard for this lesser qualification (also referred to as a "pass degree"). Standard levels for each of these classes are 70%+ for

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operates under a National Framework of Qualifications (NFQ). The school-leaving qualification attained by students is called the Leaving Certificate. It is considered as Level 4–5 in the framework. This qualification is the traditional route of entry into third-level education. There are also Level 5

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Tunisia's educational grading system, ranging from elementary school to Ph.D. programs, operates on a scale of 0 to 20. The minimum score for passing is set at 10 out of 20. This numerical system exclusively evaluates a student's academic accomplishments, serving as the determinant for admission into

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The license to teach law and issue legal opinions is the type of ijazah that resembles the medieval European university degree most closely The main difference between the two is that the granting authority is an individual professor, in the Islamic case, rather than a corporate institution in the

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Media coverage of the rising costs of higher education and increased student debt have also affected the public's perceptions of whether higher degrees are still worthwhile. Statistics citing that college graduates make around $ 1 million more in their lifetimes than those who did not attend college

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Some doctorates, such as the Doctor of Clinical Psychology (DClinPsy) qualification, confirm competence to practice in particular professions. There are also higher doctorates – Doctor of Science (DSc) and Doctor of Letters/Literature (DLitt) — that are typically awarded to experienced academics who

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Not all universities offer degrees named exactly the same, even if they have similar academic and professional effects. Each university may present proposals for the study programme considered to meet professional and academic demand. The proposal will consist of a report linking the study programme

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Certain non-officially approved and accredited study programmes may acquire a positive reputation. However, neither professional associations, government agencies, judiciary authorities, nor universities – other than the study programme provider – are obliged to recognize non-official qualifications

2706:(VWO). There are other routes possible, but only if the educational level of the applicant is comparable to that at the end of the standard two levels is access to university education granted. For some studies, specific end levels or disciplines are required, e.g., graduating without having studied 1184:

For students pursuing a master's degree, they must have completed an undergraduate degree and attained at least a second-class honours upper division (60-69%) or lower division plus at least two years of relevant experience. Most master's degree programs take two years to complete. In an engineering

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The South African Qualifications Authority (SAQA) has developed a credit-based system for degrees, with different levels of National Qualifications Framework (NQF) ratings corresponding to each degree level. For example, an undergraduate degree in Science is rated at NQF level 6, while an additional

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Like Australia, New Zealand has a 10-level qualifications framework (the New Zealand Qualifications Framework – NZQF) and a referencing exercise has found a one-to-one correspondence between the levels of the two frameworks. However, the names given to qualifications at different levels are not the

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Students can work towards a first degree at either ordinary or honours level. A general or ordinary degree (BA/MA or BSc) takes three years to complete; an honours degree (BA/MA Hons or BSc Hons) takes four years. The ordinary degree need not be in a specific subject, but can involve study across a

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But a Specialist degree can appear equivalent to Magister degree by reason of taking an equivalent amount of time. Usually Specialist or Magister degrees incorporate the bachelor's degrees in them, but only the high-level degree is given on the final diploma. Specialist and Magister degrees require

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and the older, pre-Bologna qualifications and which covers qualifications from university institutions and higher-education institutions for fine arts, music and dance (AFAM institutions). In addition to academic degrees, many professional qualifications are tied to the QTI at the different levels.

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basis through the use of an Internet-connected computer, rather than attending college in a traditional campus setting. Improvements in technology, the increasing use of the Internet worldwide, and the need for people to have flexible school schedules that enable them to work while attending school

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of 1179 guaranteed the access – now largely free of charge – of all able applicants, who were, however, still tested for aptitude by the ecclesiastic scholastic. This right remained a point of contention between the church authorities and the slowly emancipating universities, but was granted by the

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Students, the media, and the general public have shown much concern over the value of getting a higher degree in the US ever since the Great Recession of 2007. A 2015 survey of 2,000 adults (900 of which were graduates), implemented by the education technology company Greenwood Hall, reported that

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doctors may use dr.h.c. before their name. Combining different Dutch titles, especially in different disciplines, is allowed, however, (e.g. mr. dr. Jansen, dr. mr. Jansen, dr. ir. Jansen, mr. ir. drs. Jansen, mr. ir. Jansen). The use of the combination ir. ing. is frequent, indicating one holds a

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with guest professors from other faculties or universities added. More and more common—and, in some disciplines, even mandatory—is that the student write, and have accepted for publication by peer-reviewed journals, original scientific work. The number of publications required is often debated and

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focused on practical and theoretical subjects such as mechanics, aerospace, shipbuilding, electronics, computer science, telecommunications, chemistry, biology, fashion industry, food industry, building technology, law and economics). After gaining the diploma one can enter university and enrol in

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In general, students who are admitted to bachelor studies at a university have the right to continue to studies at master level. At polytechnics, the right to continue to master-level studies has to be applied for separately and there is also a work experience requirement. The majority of master's

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The Czech Republic also has voluntary academic titles called "small doctorates" (e.g. RNDr. for natural sciences, PhDr. for philosophy, JUDr. for law etc.) which are achieved after passing an additional exam. Medical students do not get bachelor's or master's degrees, but instead attend a six year

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The European Higher Education Area (EHEA) was formally established in 2010 and, as of September 2016, has 50 members. The implementation of the various elements of the EHEA varies between countries. Twenty-four countries have fully implemented a national qualifications framework, and a further ten

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Specializations or MBAs are courses that include taking a minimum number of graduate classes (minimum of 360 hours) but with no need to do research nor defend a thesis, only to present final work showing knowledge acquired. It is a professional level where theory and practice are focused broadly.

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It is also possible to track qualifications by using the search facility that several Autonomous Communities' own accreditation agencies offer. These agencies work within the ANECA framework and generally show more detailed information about the study programmes available in each territory (e.g.,

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Unlike some other European countries, such as Germany, Dutch academic titles are used rarely outside academia, hold no value in everyday life, and typically are not listed on official documentation (e.g. passport, drivers license, (governmental) communication). Dutch academic titles, however, are

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The license to teach law and issue legal opinions (ijazat al-ifta' wa 'l-tadris; also ijazat al-tadris wa'lifta' or simply ijazat al-ifta') is the type of ijazah that resembles the medieval European university degree most closely, for, rather than authorizing the recipient to transmit or teach a

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Doctoral degrees normally take four additional years of full-time study to complete. Requirements for obtaining a doctor's degree include taking additional advanced courses, passing an oral qualifying exam, and submitting a longer doctoral dissertation which must represent a significant original

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Professional master's or master's degrees usually take one to two years of full-time study. Requirements for an academic master's degree include taking a minimum number of advanced graduate classes (typically between five and eight) and submitting a research thesis, which is examined orally by a

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Undergraduate students in Brazilian universities graduate either with a bachelor's degree, a licentiate degree or a technologist degree. Bachelor degrees in Brazil normally take four or five years of full-time study to complete, with the exception of the human medicine course, which requires six

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Bachelor's degrees take normally three to four years, more commonly three years in Quebec (where they follow on from college courses rather than directly from secondary education). Outside Quebec, three-year bachelor's degrees are normally ordinary degrees, while four-year bachelor's degrees are

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Not all EHEA-compliant study programmes in Spain are officially approved or accredited by government agencies. Some universities offer proprietary study programmes as alternatives for a variety of reasons: serving the continuing education market for individual self-advancement and also providing

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degree does not give a medical student the right to treat patients; for this a minimum of two years of additional study (internship) is required. After obtaining a Medical Board registration, Dutch physicians must work an additional two to six years in a field of expertise to become a registered

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in Australia. In this case, the convention is to include a country abbreviation with the university's name. For example, 'York (Can.)' and 'York (UK)' or 'Newc (UK)' and 'Newc (Aus.) are commonly used to denote degrees conferred by these universities where the potential for confusion exists, and

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Doctor (M.D., D.M.)) reflected the historical separation of all higher University study into these three fields. Over time, the D.D. has gradually become less common outside theology and is now mostly used for honorary degrees, with the title "Doctor of Theology" being used more often for earned

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In most respects, the criteria for awarding qualifications at honours level and above are the same as in the rest of the UK (see above under England, Wales and Northern Ireland). Postgraduate qualifications are not designated Master of Arts, as in the rest of the UK, as this is an undergraduate

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After obtaining a doctorate, Dutch doctors may bear either the title dr. (lower case) before, or the letter D following, their name, but not both simultaneously. There is no notation signifying the specific discipline in which the doctorate is obtained. As of 1 January 2021, the title 'PhD' and

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All current Dutch academic programs are offered under the Anglo-Saxon bachelor/master structure. It takes three years to earn a bachelor's degree and another one or two years to earn a master's degree. There are three official academic bachelor titles (BA, BSc and LLB) and three official master

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are issued with various designations, depending on the faculty: e.g., Doktor der Naturwissenschaften (Doctor of Natural Science); Doktor der Rechtswissenschaften (Doctor of Law); Doktor der Medizin (Doctor of Medicine); Doktor der Philosophie (Doctor of Philosophy), to name just a few. Multiple

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To pursue a doctor of philosophy degree, students must have completed a relevant master's degree. They are required to carry out a supervised scientific study for a minimum of three years and publish at least two scientific first-author papers in peer-reviewed journals relevant to their area of

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ANECA makes recommendations regarding procedures, staffing levels, quality of teaching, resources available to students and continuity or loss of accreditation. The ANECA Registry records all events in the life of an officially approved and accredited study programme or a university. The ANECA

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In the 1930s, the renowned Orientalist Alfred Guillaume noted strong resemblances between Muslim and Western Christian institutions of higher learning. An example he cited is the ijazah, which he recognized as being akin to the medieval licentia docendi, the precursor of the modern university

5160:"are usually composed of three principal ecclesiastical faculties: theology, philosophy, and canon law, as well as at least one other faculty. A pontifical university specifically addresses Christian revelation and disciplines correlative to the evangelical mission of the Church as set out in 1600:

Various medium-length (2–4 years) professional degrees have been adopted, so they now have status as professional bachelor's degrees of varying length. As opposed to academic bachelor's degrees, they are considered to be "applied" degrees. A professional bachelor's degree is 180, 210, or 240

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system for the classification of degrees, however, Pakistan has recently switched to the US model of a two-year associate degree and a four-year bachelor's degree program. The arts, referring to the performing arts and literature, may confer a Bachelor of Arts (BA) and a Master of Arts (MA).

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but issued by a university). These courses last 4–12 months and are a means to further study without continuing to the next degree level, and are usually to demonstrate that students are staying up-to-date in their fields. Most students stay at this level, but some choose to continue to the

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have to pass in order to be eligible to work in their profession. Students usually study at university for three to six years, depending on the field, before they take the first Staatsexamen. While this is normally at the master's level, a few courses (e.g. primary and lower secondary level

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The degrees awarded by the universities and polytechnics are at par by law, but the content and orientation of studies is different. A master's degree obtained at a polytechnic gives the same academic right to continue studies at doctoral level as a master's degree obtained at a university.

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are often listed, and even used in forms of address, in German-speaking countries. A Diplom, Magister, Master's or Staatsexamen student can proceed to a doctorate. Well-qualified bachelor's graduates can also enrol directly into PhD programs after a procedure to determine their aptitude is

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for mathematics and so on; it usually takes four years to read for them. Graduation to these degrees is always with honours. Master of Engineering in particular has now become the standard first degree in engineering at the top UK universities, replacing the older Bachelor of Engineering.

4610:(level 10), which normally takes 3–4 years following on from a master's degree or a Class I or IIa honours qualification. Also included within the higher education system are: diplomas at level 5 (first year of a degree course); advanced diplomas, at level 6 (associate degree level); and 3650:, and they confer no academic or professional rights. This means that they do not entitle the bearer to claim to have any specific academic or professional qualifications, as far as the Spanish authorities are concerned. However, there may be private agreements to recognize the titles. 1347:

The two-cycle degree system was phased out by 2010, with a few exceptions. However, some of the established degree naming has been preserved, allowing universities to award the "Diplom-Ingenieur" (and for a while also the "Magister") to graduates of the new-style Master programmes.

249:, they were equivalent terms. The use of them in the degree name was a matter of custom at a university. Most universities conferred the Master of Arts, although the highest degree was often termed Master of Theology/Divinity or Doctor of Theology/Divinity, depending on the place. 1177:, are required to join programs that are accredited by the Engineers Board of Kenya and the Commission for University Education. The B.Sc. degree in engineering typically takes five years to complete. A degree in medicine or surgery may take six to seven years, while a degree in 1643:, many of whom refer to themselves as universities of applied sciences (UAS). With the exception of a few fields, such as medicine and dentistry, the Finnish system of higher education degrees is in compliance with the Bologna process. Universities award bachelor's degrees ( 1168:

In Kenya, the first undergraduate degree is pursued after students have completed four years of secondary school education and attained at least a C+ (55-59%) on the Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education (KCSE). Students pursuing a degree in engineering, such as B.Sc.

3125:. Retired professors are an exception and may continue to note the title in front of their name, or use the title emeritus professor (em. prof.). People who switch to a non-university job lose their professorial title and are only allowed to use the "dr." abbreviation. 2324:(e.g. "PD Dr. habil.") (senior lecturer) in an academic professorship. Some German universities no longer require the Habilitation, although preference may still be given to applicants who have this credential in securing academic posts in the more traditional fields. 1123:

In South Africa, grades (also known as "marks") are presented as a percentage, with anything below 50% considered a failure. Students who receive a failing grade may have the opportunity to rewrite the exam, depending on the criteria established by their institution.

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Currently, Kenya is implementing a Competency Based Curriculum (CBC) that follows a 2-6-3-3 education system to replace the existing 8-4-4 system which allows confirmation of undergraduate degrees upon successful completion. The CBC system was introduced in 2017.

2224:, for two years, before they are able to take the second Staatsexamen, which tests their practical abilities in their jobs. At some institutions pharmacists and jurists can choose whether to be awarded the first Staatsexamen or a master's degree (or formerly the 1576:

Bachelor's degrees, master's degrees and small doctorates in the form of letters (Bc., Mgr., Ing., ...) are listed before the person's name, and Doctor's degrees (Ph.D.) are listed after name (e.g. MUDr. Jan Novák, Ph.D.). The Czech Republic previously had more

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Management degrees are also classified under 'arts' but are nowadays considered a separate stream, with degrees of Bachelor of Business Administration (BBA) and Master of Business Administration (MBA). Science refers to the basic sciences and natural science (

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credits, allowing progression from these to academic qualifications. Nonetheless, there are diplomas in France with no degree recognition, e.g. specific diplomas designed by various institutions with no recognition from the Ministry of Education, such as the

2010:("university degree"). The former, which are considered to have a higher status, are controlled by the state and issued by universities on behalf of the responsible ministry; the latter are controlled and granted by the universities themselves. Additionally, 4746:. Contrary to what happens in the United States, candidates must declare their intended university major when they register for the Vestibular. Although it is theoretically possible to switch majors afterwards (in a process known within the universities as 4788:

panel of at least two examiners (three is the preferred number), sometimes including one member from another university or research institute. The emphasis of the thesis must be in adding some value to knowledge, but not necessarily in being original.

3838:(MAS) or Executive Master of Business Administration (EMBA) degrees. Universities may also offer the possibility to gain a diploma in advanced studies (DAS, less than 60 ECTS credits). These degrees do not normally give access to a doctoral programme. 7665: 4238:), without having to meet the usual grade and course prerequisites required from students holding a pre-university science diploma. A similar option is offered for college nursing graduates as they can pursue their studies in university to obtain a 4536:

In 21 US jurisdictions, religious institutions can be authorized to grant religious-exempt (rel. exmpt., rel. expt., etc.) degrees without accreditation or government oversight. Such degrees are used primarily to attain church-related employment.

2729:

is in place (although under political review for abolishment, as of February 2011). This limits the number of applicants to a specific course of study, thus trying to control the number of future graduates. The disciplines most renowned for their

1224: 4068:

add an optional final year of secondary education, bringing students up to the level of their A-Level counterparts – students with strong A-Levels or Advanced Highers may be offered entry directly into the second year at Scottish universities.

2259:). Some universities were initially resistant to this change, considering it a displacement of a venerable tradition for the pure sake of globalization. However, universities had to fulfill the new standard by the end of 2007. Enrollment into 3626:. These qualifications comply with the European Higher Education Area (EHEA) framework. Officially approved and accredited university study programmes by law must implement this framework in order to attain and retain accreditation in Spain. 725:

in the names of businesses. This approach is followed, for example, by Australia, the United Kingdom and Israel. The use of fake degrees by individuals, either obtained from a bogus institution or simply invented, is often covered by

8315: 9272:

The direct competence of the Holy See applies only to the Ecclesiastical Faculties of Theology, Philosophy and Canon Law. The other sciences and arts degrees are under the competence of the Department of Education of the Philippine

4657:) or higher doctorates (also normally titled to refer to the field of practice). Extended master's degrees are also allowed to have the word 'doctor' in their title if they are in certain fields, but they are not doctoral degrees. 3866:

An academic degree is protected under UK law. All valid UK degrees are awarded by universities or other degree-awarding bodies whose powers to do so are recognised by the UK government; hence they are known as "recognised bodies".

2364:

qualifications in certain vocational subjects (e.g. Level 5 Certificate in Restaurant Operations) awarded by the Further Education and Training Awards Council (FETAC). Advanced Certificates at Level 6 are also awarded by FETAC.

3013:) to eventually obtain a doctorate and subsequently the title "doctor". Promotion studies are ideally structured according to a preset time schedule of 4 to 6 years, during which the student has to be mentored by at least one 3661:

Universities offering non-official study programmes are legally bound to clearly differentiate between officially-approved and non-officially-approved qualifications. Non-accredited master's degrees will be described as just

7686:

Article 7.23, paragraph 3 of the Dutch Higher Education and Scientific Research Act provides the Informatie Beheer Groep (now called DUO, i.e. the Service for Implementing the Education) with the possibility to grant such a

4738:

courses exist mostly in mathematics, humanities and natural sciences. The technologist degree is available in technology-related fields and can be normally obtained in three years. These degrees are for entry into industry.

2295:

has to be viewed differently; medical students usually write their doctoral theses right after they have completed studies, without any previously conducted scientific research, just as students in other disciplines write a

8890:. Accessed 26 May 2008. (report by the German Federal Ministry of Education analyzing the Chronicle of Higher Education from the U.S. and stating that the J.D. is a professional doctorate); Encyclopædia Britannica. (2002). 7557: 4841:

In Colombia, the system of academic degrees is based in the British model, similar to the U.S. model. After completing their "bachillerato" (high school), students can take one of three options. The first one is called a

2251:. The main reasons for this change are to make degrees internationally comparable and to introduce degrees to the German system that take less time to complete (German students typically took five years or more to earn a 749:

Depending on the culture and the purpose of the listing, only the highest degree, a selection of degrees, or all degrees might be listed. The awarding institution may be shown and it might be specified if a degree was at

4382:

In the United States, since the late 19th century, the threefold degree system of bachelor's, master's, and doctorate has been in place but has evolved into a slightly different pattern from the European equivalent. The

3586:

In Spain, accreditation of official university study programmes is regulated by law and monitored by governmental agencies responsible for verifying their quality and suitability for official approval and accreditation.

1111:

advanced programs. For instance, a student's grades obtained for their bachelor's degree are considered when they apply for a Master's program. Level 4 courses, which include the first year of a Bachelor's program or a

746:, a choice of either, or not indicated at all. In countries influenced by the UK, post-nominal letters are the norm, with only doctorates granting a title, while titles are the norm in many northern European countries. 4242:

in two years (rather than the usual three or four years, depending on whether the student has completed a college diploma in Quebec). Additionally, whereas aspiring medical students are usually required to complete an

4204:

prior to entering university. Upon completion of a two-year pre-university program, such as in sciences or humanities, or a three-year technical program, such as nursing or computer science, college graduates obtain a

4951:

is the denomination given to a professional title. Some professional titles are required for occupations such as physicians, attorneys and as civil/commercial engineers. A professional title may or may not require a

1127:

Degrees in almost any field of study can be pursued at one of the institutions in the country, with certain institutions being known for excelling in specific fields. Major fields of study across the country include

10558: 4374:. Doctoral study typically lasts 3–4 years. In recent years this schemes has become flexible such that in some PhD programmes, students are accepted before, or not completing, the course of study for a master's. 7315: 2315:

is a higher academic qualification—in Germany, Austria, Switzerland and the Czech Republic—that grants a further teaching and research endorsement after a doctorate. It is earned by writing a second thesis (the

6870:"Arrêté du 23-8-2010, attribution du grade aux titulaires du diplôme national supérieur d'expression plastique délivré par les établissements d'enseignement supérieur d'arts plastiques (formulation L. 75-10-1)" 5917: 3729:

All bachelor's and master's degrees accredited by ANECA bestow full academic and professional rights in accordance with new and previous laws. Professional-practice law in Spain is currently under revision.

5681:

Norman Daniel: Review of "The Rise of Colleges. Institutions of Learning in Islam and the West by George Makdisi", Journal of the American Oriental Society, Vol. 104, No. 3 (Jul. – Sep. 1984), pp. 586–588

1638:

Historically, the Finnish higher education system is derived from the German system. The current system of higher education comprises two types of higher education institutions, the universities and the

874:

An online degree is an academic degree (usually a college degree, but sometimes the term includes high school diplomas and non-degree certificate programs) that can be earned primarily or entirely on a

8866:. Accessed 26 May 2008. (under "other references" discusses differences between academic and professional doctorate and statement that the J.D. is a professional doctorate); University of Utah (2006). 3141:

Prior to 1980, there were around 50 different degrees and corresponding educational programs within the Norwegian higher education system. Degrees had titles that included the gender based Latin term

2438:

any curriculum (e.g. physics, medicine, chemistry, engineering, architecture): all high school diplomas allow access to any university curriculum, although most universities have pre-admission tests.

1545:, depending on whether the doctoral student has teaching responsibilities in addition to conducting research or not (typically 6 years for teaching assistants and 4 years for research-only mandates). 6086: 565:

were known as "doctors". As a study in the arts or grammar was a necessary prerequisite to study in subjects such as theology, medicine and law, the degree of doctor assumed a higher status than the

3465:

educational degrees are awarded after finishing a college education. There are several levels of education that one must choose in the 2nd and 3rd year of college, usually in the 3rd year of study.

707:

In many countries, gaining an academic degree entitles the holder to assume distinctive academic dress particular to the awarding institution, identifying the status of the individual wearing them.

2896:

Completing the first phase successfully gives the student access to the second phase. Again, failure to finish within the time given will lead to discontinuation. This phase is concluded with the "

1400: 8229: 10283: 7525: 2287:

administered by the admitting university. The doctoral degree—such as Dr. rer. nat., Dr. phil. and others—is the highest academic degree in Germany and is generally a research degree. The degree

5092:(licentiate) after completing a five-year program. The ingeniero degree requires more physics than the licenciado degree, but both take five years. Some higher-education institutions may award 1467: 3941:

Some universities award a master's as a first degree following an integrated programme of study (an 'integrated master's degree'). These degrees are usually designated by the subject, such as

357:

and issue legal opinions, is most similar to the medieval European university degree in that it permits entry into certain professions. A key difference was that the granting authority of the

8323: 5595:

case of the university. Despite this point, Makdisi has likened the ijazat al-ifta' wa'l-tadris to the medieval Latin licentia docendi and suggests that it served as a model for that degree.

1030:, and include Bachelor of Science in Information Technology (B.Sc.IT.) and Master of Science in Information Technology (M.Sc.IT.). The engineering degree in India follows two nomenclatures, 3184:, which is still in use for new graduates who can choose to also use the old title). All pre-2001 doctoral degree titles were replaced with the title "Philosophical Doctor degree", written 9039: 9829: 6989:"Arrêté du 26 juin 2012, attribution du grade aux titulaires du diplôme d'ingénierie des systèmes électroniques de la sécurité aérienne délivré par l'École nationale de l'aviation civile" 4456:

that takes two full years of study. These may be in professional or academic fields, and the most common awards are the Associate of Arts (A.A.) and Associate of Science (A.S.) degrees.

721:

In many countries, degrees may only be awarded by institutions authorised to do so by the national or regional government. Frequently, governments will also regulate the use of the word

10123: 4604:(level 9), which normally takes 1–2 years for "research" or "coursework" degrees and 3–4 years for an "extended" degree and follows on from either a bachelor or honours degree; and the 1946: 1820: 2029:

in France, the degree-granting system is being simplified: schools continue to grant their own diplomas, but the state's recognition in degree awarding is more important than before.

4902:, equivalent to a graduate certificate degree, after their bachelor's degree. These programs, like in the U.S., are very popular, because it requires only one to two years of study. 3450:

Since 1992, Russian higher education has introduced a multilevel system, enabling higher education institutions to award and issue Bachelor of Science and Master of Science degrees.

10275: 10334: 10330: 5292: 1553:

The Czech Republic has implemented the Bologna process, and functionally has three degrees: Bachelor (3 years), Master (2 years after Bachelor) and Doctor (4 years after Master).

10131: 8258: 4750:), that is actually quite rare in Brazil. Undergraduate curricula tend to be more rigid than in the United States and there is little room to take classes outside one's major. 4307:), such as economics, business administration, sciences, law, engineering or medicine, for 8–10 semesters of full-time study, which typically takes 4–5 years. They study for a 1115:(HNC), may allow students to enter directly into the second year of a Bachelor's program, provided that the course they completed is the same as the one they are applying for. 12293: 10402: 8977: 1452: 524:

and earn first a bachelor's and then master's or doctor's degree in these subjects. Thus, a degree was only a step on the way to becoming a fully qualified master – hence the

4555:

more than half of the graduates surveyed believe those getting their degree now will be receiving a lower return on their investment than their counterparts 10–15 years ago.

650:

In the past, degrees have been directly issued by the authority of the monarch or by a bishop, rather than any educational institution. This practice has mostly died out. In

9901: 4441:(Ed.D.) made up 1.1% (not including Ed.D.s classified as professional degrees rather than research doctorates) and all other research doctorates were less than 1% in total. 2955:) and not "dr." in medicine, which is often used incorrectly. However, like in the United Kingdom, physicians holding these degrees are referred to as 'Doctor' by courtesy. 7643: 4742:

Admission as an undergraduate student to most top public or private universities in Brazil requires that the applicant pass a competitive entrance examination known as the

2216:

teaching), which have a standard study period of three years, are assigned to the bachelor's level. After the first Staatsexamen, teachers and lawyers go through a form of

10574: 10167: 10095: 9909: 9825: 7499: 3982:

have demonstrated a high level of achievement in their academic career; for example, they may have published widely on their subject or become professors in their fields.

8286: 4064:. The Higher is a one-year qualification, as opposed to the two years of A-Levels, which accounts for Scottish honours degrees being a year longer than those in England. 2915:", ir. ("ingenieur" – engineer) or "mr." ("Meester in de rechten" – master of law). Nowadays these Dutch titles have been largely replaced by the Anglo Saxon titles MSc ( 10243: 7322: 3488:

taking final state exams and producing written work on practical application of studied skills or research thesis (usually 70–100 pages) and is roughly equivalent to a

3022:

varies considerably between the various disciplines. However, in all disciplines the student is obligated to produce and publish a dissertation or thesis in book form.

2620:

is a university certificate, aimed at professional training or in specific fields of study, which usually takes one year; it is not allocated a level in the framework.

10504: 10338: 8067: 4854:(technician); this degree consists of two and a half years of study and prepares the student for technical or mechanical labors. Finally, the third option is called a 3072: 1277:

are used for all higher education programmes, and 31 countries have fully implemented diploma supplements. Only 11 countries have included all the major points of the

1082:

Indonesia follows the colonial Dutch system for the classification of degrees. However, Indonesia has been dropping the Dutch titles and develop its own distinctions.

6963:"Arrêté du 26 juin 2012, attribution du grade aux titulaires du diplôme de management et contrôle du trafic aérien délivré par l'École nationale de l'aviation civile" 5925: 3017:. The promotion study has to be concluded with at least a scientific thesis, which has to be defended to "a gathering of his/her peers", in practice the board of the 2087:(third level). All licence degrees take 3 years (180 ECTS credits) and all master's degrees take 2 years (120 ECTS credits). There are also 5-year (300 ECTS credits) 10159: 9182: 4848:(professional career), which is similar to a bachelor's degree requiring from four to 6 years of study according to the chosen program. The other option is called a 3196:

is a substantially higher degree than the PhD and is reserved for those who qualify for such a degree without participating in an organized doctoral degree program.

7836: 7716: 1758: 9286: 9226: 9104: 3878:

conferred with honours. Usually this is a Bachelor of Arts (BA) or a Bachelor of Science (BSc) degree. Other variants exist: for example, Bachelor of Education or

3690:) by the RUCT. The same study programme may acquire different codes as it progresses through various stages of official approval by local and central governments. 3683: 2734:

are medicine and dentistry. Every year a combination of the highest pre-university graduation grades and some additional conditions determine who can start such a

6818:"Arrêté du 23-8-2010, attribution du grade aux titulaires du diplôme national supérieur d'arts plastiques délivré par l'École nationale supérieure des beaux-arts" 5156:

In distinction to secular or Catholic universities, which are academic institutions for the study and teaching of a broad range of disciplines, ecclesiastical or

10476: 8344: 4618:, both of which are at level 8 (honours degree level). In Australia, most degrees are issued ungraded, with bachelor's degrees with honours being the exception. 3717:

being considered and the proposed qualification to be awarded. This report will be assessed by ANECA and sent for the Consejo de Universidades Españolas. If the

2018:("recognised degree") and then, after five years of recognition, have their degrees validated by the state, the validation having to be renewed every six years. 512:, "master" (typically indicating a teacher), entitling one to teach these subjects. Masters of Arts were eligible to enter study under the "higher faculties" of 3693:

Prospective students should check the RUCT Code awarded to the study programme of their interest at every stage of their enquiries concerning degrees in Spain.

3009:

After successfully obtaining a "drs.", "ir." or "mr." degree, a student has the opportunity to follow a further, promotional course of study (informally called

10512: 9132: 8374: 7941: 2867:

Before the introduction of the bachelor-master structure, almost all academic studies in the Netherlands had the same length of four years and had two phases:

5626:

It remains the case that no equivalent of the bachelor's degree, the licentia docendi, or higher degrees ever emerged in the medieval or early modern Islamic

4094:

Students who complete all the requirements for an honours degree, but who do not receive sufficient merit to be awarded third-class honours, may be awarded a

1811: 3057: 1515: 6099: 4964:(attorney) professional title is granted by the Chilean Supreme Court and requires an examination, academic degree and 6 months of pro-bono work experience. 10492: 8615: 5096:(diploma), but the time necessary to obtain one varies. Medical doctors are awarded the title "Médico Cirujano" after completing a 6-year course of study. 5065:(Certificate of Basic Education), awarded upon completing the 9th grade. The next degree is earned upon completing the 11th grade and confers the title of 2674: 1292:(EQF). This is an eight-level framework designed to allow cross-referencing of the various national qualifications frameworks. While it is not specific to 769:

respectively, in spite of these having been superseded by English 'Oxf' and 'Camb' in official university usage, particularly in order to distinguish the

689:, many educational institutions other than universities have been granted degree-awarding powers, including higher education colleges and colleges of the 10279: 10247: 8237: 2372: 7529: 9493: 9455: 9418: 9381: 4600:(level 8), which normally takes 1 year after the bachelor's degree and is mostly taken as an optional extension year, depending on the discipline; the 3537: 2897: 1357: 4705:

not included in the study. In New Zealand, master's degrees may be awarded with classified honours (1st, 2:1, 2:2, 3rd) or with distinction or merit.

3808:. A Licentiate with a predefined qualification gave access to the last stage of a further two or more years of studies (depending on the field) for a 3697:

Registry Search Facility may be the simplest and safest way to verify the status of all officially approved and accredited study programmes in Spain.

3529:

should be considered for recognition at the level of the second doctoral degree. In countries in which only one doctoral degree exists, the degree of

2700:

In order for a Dutch student to get access to a university education, the student must complete a six-year pre-university secondary education called

2631:. These are one-year and two-year qualifications, respectively, and may be offered at the second cycle or third cycle level, distinguished by adding 6653: 5099:

Postgraduate education in Venezuela follows the conventions of the United States (being named "master's" and "doctorate" after the programs there).

4943:

is the denomination given to an academic degree granted by a higher education institution recognized by the Chilean Mineduc (Ministry of Education).

4359:. Post-graduate students in Mexico typically enter a master's program after a few years in the workforce and often continue working while studying. 836:

in the UK and most Commonwealth countries, where the standard abbreviation for Master of Science is MSc. Common abbreviations include BA and MA for

11742: 10426: 9706: 9248: 8097: 6152: 2053: 2041: 1274: 1258: 8486: 6519:"Competency Based Curriculum (CBC) and the end of an Era in Kenya's Education Sector and Implications for Development: Some Empirical Reflections" 2429:

focused on scientific subjects such as maths, chemistry, biology and physics but also including philosophy, ancient Latin and Italian literature;

802: 11410: 11333: 5810: 4800: 4303:. Students typically leave preparatoria at the age of 18 for university, at which point they choose to specialize in a specific academic area (a 7885: 11622: 11154: 9669: 5865: 5701: 5574: 5080:

Titles at the higher-education level usually depend on the institution handing them out. Technical schools award the student with the title of

11232: 10041: 10033: 10029: 9893: 8838: 7142:"Referencing of the national framework of French certification in the light of the European framework of certification for lifelong learning" 5123: 3987: 3971:

The Master of Business Administration (MBA) degree is highly valued by those seeking to advance in business as managers and decision makers.

1059: 716: 7773: 6933: 1257:. This system is gradually replacing the two-stage system previously used in some countries and is combined with other elements such as the 3087: 743: 8860:

NSF 06-312, 2006, p. 7. (under "Data notes" mentions that the J.D. is a professional doctorate); San Diego County Bar Association (1969).

7184: 6605: 5972: 3908:

a first, 60-69% for a 2:1, 50-59% for a 2:2, 40-49% for a 3rd and 30%+ for a pass degree, although this can vary by institution (e.g. the

11873: 9933: 6895: 4830: 301:

is a much later creation and was not introduced in England before 1900. Studies in what once was called philosophy are now classified as

5041:, which are similar in duration and scope to associate degree programs. These are often granted by educational institutions of the type 4769:

during the interview, preferring to let the students define their study program and advisor in the course of the first year of studies.

11338: 9354: 2944: 1852: 1444:'Bachelor-after-bachelor') and the Brevet (in the French-speaking Community only) for short-cycle higher education programmes. 9017: 7699: 7012:

Arrêté du 27 février 2014 relatif à l'attribution du grade de master aux officiers diplômés de l'Ecole spéciale militaire de Saint-Cyr

6001: 5784: 4881:(associates), can opt for higher degrees. Formal education after the bachelor's degree leads to the master's degree with the title of 4315:, with the possibility of finishing a full bachelor's degree later, mainly in fields such as engineering and computer sciences), or a 1846: 10199: 8417: 8264: 5347: 4546:

degrees or higher, compared with 10.6 million women. The first year that women surpassed men in earning bachelor's degrees was 1996.

4491:, which are classified as master's degrees, or with intermediate graduate qualifications that also bear the title of doctor, such as 2171:-titles in many disciplines before their gradual replacement by other Anglo-Saxon-inspired master's and bachelor's degrees under the 678: 8985: 4041:

for a first degree in an arts/humanities subject). The standard undergraduate degree for natural and social science subjects is the

1578: 1472: 10685: 9795: 8959: 8883: 2702: 1094: 758: 6844:"Arrêté du 23-8-2010, attribution du grade aux titulaires du diplôme délivré par l'École nationale supérieure des arts décoratifs" 10211: 9787: 9783: 9779: 8586: 7639: 2742: 2503:; the older university qualifications at this level took two to three years, with the three-year courses conferring the title of 1093:, like many other commonwealth countries, follows the British system, but with its own distinctions. Degrees are approved by the 7503: 6988: 6962: 1617:(master's degree = 120 ECTS-points, except Medicine, which is 180 ECTS-points and Veterinary Medicine, which is 150 ECTS-points) 9775: 8870: 8372: 8294: 7744: 5135: 4765:

post-graduate programs, which accept students with very broad or vague research prospects that sometimes the prospect is given

3934:

such as Master of Arts or Master of Science are typically awarded to students who have undertaken at least a year of full-time

3252: 1174: 7462: 6465: 6253: 2835: 958: 10554: 9771: 9164: 8406: 6582: 5660: 3594:) with full academic and professional rights. The degrees awarded in accordance with the latest higher-education system are: 2542:

took four to six years but was accessed directly from school, with a possible reduction by one year for those with a related

1752: 8659: 8075: 7755: 6409:

Earnest, Joshua; Gupta, S.K.; Sthuthi, Rachel (2018). "Need of Two Distinct Baccalaureate Engineering Programmes in India".

2878:

After finishing this phase, a student can follow another two years' study, which grants equivalents to the Anglo-Saxon BSc (

2807: 2183:

awarded by universities, both of which require a final thesis, are considered equivalent to a master's degree, although the

930: 9699: 7911: 7581: 6567: 4231: 8861: 7814: 7607: 7480: 7272: 7224: 6696: 6254:"XVII. Administration and Faculty: College of Social and Applied Human Sciences: Department of Sociology and Anthropology" 4672:

same and New Zealand does not have associate degrees, thus only levels 7–10 correspond to academic degrees. These are the

614:

teaching guilds would have done, and they are qualified to teach in secondary schools or proceed to higher-level studies.

297:", due to the Renaissance conviction that real knowledge could be derived from empirical observation. The degree title of 12447: 12159: 12006: 10091: 9837: 8204: 7844: 7720: 5287: 5143: 5084:(university higher technician, to distinguish from science technician). Universities award the student with the title of 4579: 4573: 4226:, are offered in some colleges as well. These programs allow students to enter professional university programs, such as 2033: 1901: 821: 8633: 7912:"Education in Russia for foreign citizens: Recognition and equivalence of documents of education and scientific degrees" 7697:

Informatie Beheer Groep (IB-Groep) is a service (now called DUO) of the Dutch Ministry of Education, Culture and Science

5131: 3578:

Spain's higher-education legal framework includes official and accredited education, as well as non-official education.

11678: 11580: 9981: 9977: 8145: 5619: 5327: 2814: 1055: 1047: 937: 8352: 6869: 6843: 6817: 4460:

agreements may allow credit earned on an associate degree to be counted toward the completion of a bachelor's degree.

2338:

In Greece access to university is possible after national exams (Panhellenic Exams). The Greek academic degrees are:

1858: 92:

are divided into classes: first, second (broken into upper second, or 2.1, and lower second, or 2.2) and third class.

10562: 10115: 10067: 9252: 7270: 7246: 7222: 7094: 6670: 6236: 6188: 5714: 5669: 5587: 4666: 3437: 3156:, in 2001 and carried out during the 2003/2004 academic year. It introduced standard periods of study and the titles 2854: 1448: 1396: 1289: 1218: 977: 9139: 8809: 8382: 8005: 7942:"Revision of the International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED); UNESCO. General Conference; 36th; 2011" 6426:"Application of Marketing Techniques in Library Services and Challenges Faced by University Librarians in Sri Lanka" 3419: 2045: 1405: 12288: 12164: 12011: 10025: 10021: 10017: 10013: 10009: 10005: 8877:. Accessed 28 May 2008. (the J.D. degree is listed under doctorate degrees); German Federal Ministry of Education. 8168: 4501:

Intermediate graduate qualifications lie between the master's level and doctorate. They include awards such as the

4038: 3411: 3130: 2788: 1296:, the top four levels (5–8) correspond to the short cycle, first cycle, second cycle, and third cycle of the EHEA. 1067: 911: 880:

have led to a proliferation of online colleges that award associate's, bachelor's, master's, and doctoral degrees.

794: 8512: 5734: 2907:" (doctoral exam). This is not similar to any type of doctoral exam that would grant the student with any type of 12080: 10356: 10163: 9751: 9692: 9408: 8780: 7347: 6282: 2821: 944: 670: 8999: 8619: 6340: 1589:

Before the adoption of the Bologna Process, the lowest degree that would normally be studied at universities in

12465: 10538: 10179: 10171: 10119: 9957: 9953: 9347: 6540: 5119: 4479:

are named as doctorates but should not be confused with research doctorates such as the Ph.D. (or, in law, the

4476: 3415: 3193: 3046: 2792: 2746: 2011: 1214: 1071: 915: 17: 8904: 754:

level, particularly where the honours degree is a separate qualification from the ordinary bachelor's degree.

12298: 11727: 11714: 11295: 10578: 10508: 10326: 10223: 10187: 10147: 9917: 5322: 4530: 4502: 4300: 4291:

follows a three-degree system similar to that of Canada and the US. The pre-university academic level is the

3792:

was reached after 4 or 5 years of study. Depending on the official language of the university, it was called

1278: 681:

was also granted degree awarding powers on its foundation in 1949, despite not becoming a university (as the

148: 8933: 8123: 7141: 5418: 4753:

Individuals who hold either a bachelor's degree, licentiate or technologist are eligible for admission into

4188:

are considered bachelor's level qualifications, despite their often being named as if they were doctorates.

2803: 1956: 926: 11431: 11058: 11010: 10678: 10496: 10318: 10175: 9853: 9739: 9635: 8560: 4688:(level 10). In addition to these, the NZQF has certificates across levels 1–6, diplomas at levels 5 and 6, 4384: 4010: 3653: 3629: 2999: 2664: 2445:(QTI), which tied together, in a three-level system, both the new qualifications introduced as part of the 2421:

at 19 years of age, following 5 years of study in a specific high school focused on certain subjects (e.g.

172: 6125: 5035:

Higher-education programs that provide a professional title but not an academic degree are referred to as

4327:(doctorate). They can also get the degree of "ingenieria" or "medico" as an engineer or MD, respectively. 1826: 739: 325:

in the 9th century was the origin of the doctorate that later appeared in medieval European universities.

11536: 10736: 10516: 9985: 9945: 9941: 9929: 9905: 9861: 9404: 8758: 8725: 8692: 8592: 7166: 6676: 5138:

depend for their status as pontifical universities, and for the nature of their academic degrees, on the

4483:). First professional degrees should also not be confused with professional master's degrees such as the 4480: 4258: 4201: 3077: 1747: 1112: 6774: 4795:

Finally, a small number of Brazilian universities, most notably the public universities in the state of

4273: 2982:) instead of drs., and some courses of study, such as in technology and agriculture< grant the title 2935:" degree is not equivalent to the European Anglo Saxon postgraduate research degree in medicine, of MD ( 606:

and allows the student to attend university. When students graduate from university, they are awarded a

483:, and who had successfully passed examinations held by their master, would be admitted to the degree of 12421: 11825: 11086: 10807: 10618: 10472: 10219: 10079: 10063: 9913: 9873: 9204: 8937: 8908: 8813: 8784: 8663: 8490: 7293: 6290: 4235: 4065: 3835: 3823: 2333: 1063: 8849: 8538: 7789: 3760: 2058: 12518: 12268: 12137: 10650: 10460: 10267: 10263: 10231: 10037: 9340: 8960:"Oregon Student Assistance Commission Office of Degree Authorization (ODA): Religious Exempt Schools" 8373:

Scottish qualifications framework, forming part of the Scottish Credit and Qualifications Framework,

7889: 6061: 6034: 5111: 4464: 4396: 4165: 4034: 2412: 2308:

thesis. Higher doctorates, such as the D.Sc. degree in the UK, are not present in the German system.

686: 663: 581:

is a development from 18th- and 19th-century German universities, is a more advanced degree than the

545:

The naming of degrees eventually became linked to the subjects studied. Scholars in the faculties of

8032:"Welcome to Buscador de Títulos Universitarios – ANECA – Buscador de Títulos Universitarios – ANECA" 6411:

University News—A Weekly Journal of Higher Education, Pub: Association of Indian Universities. 12-18

5444: 5110:

around the world—such as the Pontifical University, St Patrick's College, Maynooth, in Ireland; the

12239: 12095: 11632: 10921: 10642: 10530: 10456: 10287: 10195: 9833: 9473: 7118: 6896:"Arrêté du 31-5-2010, Attribution du grade de master aux titulaires des diplômes de deuxième cycle" 5869: 5643: 5398: 5372: 5267: 4697: 4457: 4169: 4118:(M.Res.). The postgraduate teaching qualification is the Postgraduate Diploma in Education (PGDE). 4002: 3856: 3851: 3400: 2396: 2091:, which are master's degrees. In addition to the doctorate, which is always a research degree, the 1054:, duration and pattern, and differ only in nomenclature. The engineering degree in Bangladesh is a 778: 659: 412: 381: 8835: 8006:"Registro de Universidades, Centros y Títulos (RUCT) - Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deporte" 5167:

The core of degrees granted by pontifical universities consists of three levels: the first is the

5146:. The nature of academic degrees from ecclesiastical institutions of education is outlined in the 4410:

The standard academic progression remains bachelor's—master's—(research) doctorate. Most standard

2006: 1629:(higher doctoral degree = normally after a minimum of 5 years of individual and original research) 1225:

Convention on the Recognition of Qualifications concerning Higher Education in the European Region

12408: 11978: 10671: 10614: 10322: 10215: 10207: 9989: 9937: 9889: 9885: 9821: 9817: 9400: 8316:"The framework for higher education qualifications in England, Wales and Northern Ireland (FHEQ)" 7770: 5297: 4223: 3986:

8. Full information about the expectations for different types of UK degrees is published by the

3404: 3312: 2939:). Besides the title doctorandus, the graduates of the Curius curriculum may also bear the title 2781: 2745:

are government supported, with only a few privately owned universities in existence (i.e. one in

2144: 1640: 1409: 1043: 1031: 904: 766: 424: 404: 11310: 8846: 6746: 6491: 6311: 5849:

Only registered higher education providers can offer Australian Higher Education Qualifications.

4730:

years. Licentiate degrees normally take four-years, and are for students who want to qualify as

2643:, a first-cycle degree that takes three years (180 ECTS credits), and which gives access to the 2612:, which is offered in a few specific professions, takes two to six years and gives the title of 2534:

are obtained after two further years of study (120 ECTS credits) and give the academic title of

2271:

programs is no longer possible at most universities, with a few exceptions. Programs leading to

100: 11996: 11905: 11672: 11543: 11400: 11029: 10598: 10452: 10414: 10406: 10394: 10378: 10352: 10295: 10055: 9993: 9921: 9446: 8049: 7877: 7195: 7022: 6318: 5337: 5147: 4719: 4484: 4207: 3935: 3473:

usually takes 4 years of college (minimum level to be recognized as having a higher education).

3062: 1520: 1170: 1035: 1023: 420: 31: 8747: 8714: 7084: 6178: 6056: 5832: 5696: 5569: 3834:(NDS). Today the federal legislation defines these postgraduate diplomas (60 ECTS credits) as 3618:

Accredited bachelor's degrees and master's degrees qualifications will always be described as

1020:, etc.); the corresponding degrees are Bachelor of Science (BSc) and Master of Science (MSc). 11747: 10792: 10630: 10550: 10546: 10370: 10291: 10259: 10239: 10191: 10087: 10083: 9997: 9897: 9881: 9877: 9869: 9857: 9724: 9507: 9165:"Australian Grading System Explained: A Complete Guide | Study in Australia • OzStudies" 9108: 8684: 8464: 8191:"Degree classification, grade, honours, first class, second class, two two, university, jobs" 5332: 5157: 5107: 4654: 4510: 4053: 3950: 3942: 3521:

should be considered for recognition at the level of the first doctoral degree. According to

3308: 2828: 2679: 1971: 1874: 1190: 951: 416: 365: 361:

was an individual professor whereas the university degree was granted by a corporate entity.

6721: 6226: 6029: 4582:(AQF) covers 10 levels, of which levels 6–10 correspond to academic degrees. These are: the 2966:(dr.), unless they also earn such adegree by completing a PhD curriculum. Furthermore, the 2499:

is obtained after three years of study (180 ECTS credits) and confers the academic title of

171:

which required the applicant to pass a test, take an oath of allegiance, and pay a fee. The

12035: 11767: 11502: 10626: 10622: 10534: 10484: 10398: 10390: 10386: 10364: 10183: 10111: 10099: 9961: 9925: 9865: 9849: 9845: 9841: 9803: 9621: 9577: 9483: 9469: 9427: 9372: 7696: 7463:"Universitaire bachelors – alle 400+ bacheloropleidingen van de Nederlandse universiteiten" 7294:"Framework Levels & Award Types – About the NFQ – National Framework of Qualifications" 7271:

Secretariat of the Standing Conference of the Ministers of Education and Cultural Affairs.

7223:

Secretariat of the Standing Conference of the Ministers of Education and Cultural Affairs.

6627: 6261: 6095: 5947: 5792: 5472:(April–June 1989), "Scholasticism and Humanism in Classical Islam and the Christian West", 5168: 4701: 4689: 4673: 4611: 4526: 4518: 4496: 4434: 4392: 4244: 4111: 4022: 4006: 3994: 3875: 3871: 3860: 3816: 3470: 3462: 3332: 3284: 3256: 3010: 2991: 2908: 2384: 2232: 2088: 2022: 1834: 1570: 1542: 1457: 1388: 1328: 1231:

in 1999, higher education systems in Europe have been undergoing harmonisation through the

857: 817: 798: 790: 762: 690: 570: 439:, candidates who had completed three or four years of study in the prescribed texts of the 400: 298: 74: 62: 41:

is a qualification awarded to a student upon successful completion of a course of study in

7886:"Guidelines for the recognition of Russian qualifications in the other European countries" 6360:"Faith and education in Bangladesh: A review of the contemporary landscape and challenges" 4805: 4796: 2911:

title. Successful completion, however, does grant the student the Dutch degree of "drs." "

1597:). Officially, a bachelor's degree was always obtained after 3 years' university studies. 828:

Abbreviations used for degrees vary between countries and institutions, e.g. MS indicates

245:), "Doctor", and "Professor" signify different levels of academic achievement, but in the 8: 12395: 12132: 12122: 12045: 12020: 11343: 11077: 11053: 10606: 10570: 10542: 10448: 10442: 10430: 10422: 10307: 10251: 10155: 10107: 9973: 9969: 9965: 9612: 9597: 8616:"Secretaría de Educación Pública :: Requisitos Nivel Técnico Superior Universitario" 6798:

Décret 2012-432 du 30 mars 2012 relatif à l’exercice de l’activité d’expertise comptable.

6631: 5509: 5172: 4438: 4419: 4400: 4239: 4061: 4042: 3931: 3789: 3646:

These programmes fall within the category of "non officially approved and accredited" or

3372: 3228: 3083: 3068: 2879: 2360: 2248: 1506: 1491: 1476: 1439: 1424: 1228: 1160:

year of study in that discipline would result in an NQF level 8 (honours degree) rating.

845: 682: 603: 441: 436: 392: 384:

in the late 12th century; it also conferred similar degrees in other subjects, including

330: 246: 181: 118: 105: 8963: 8878: 8715:"Types of research doctoral degrees recognized by the Survey of Earned Doctorates: 2014" 8375:"The framework for qualifications of higher education institutions in Scotland (FHQEIS)" 7481:"Universitaire masters – alle 1200+ masteropleidingen van de Nederlandse universiteiten" 7415: 7055:

Décret 2012-432 du 30 mars 2012 relatif à l’exercice de l’activité d’expertise comptable

4267: 3739: 3283:

degree, granted after 5–6 years of study or 2 years of additional study by holders of a

666:, which empowered the Archbishop to grant dispensations previously granted by the Pope. 12258: 12201: 11965: 11645: 11438: 11320: 11000: 10974: 10850: 10741: 10654: 10610: 10594: 10566: 10500: 10488: 10468: 10314: 10299: 10227: 10151: 10143: 10135: 10127: 10103: 10075: 10049: 9539: 9464: 9086: 8439: 7883: 7440: 5543: 5489: 5272: 4817:), which is of higher standing than a doctorate and is obtained, similar to the German 4758: 4681: 4522: 4492: 4468: 4348: 4247:

before applying to medical schools, Quebec college graduates have the option to enter:

4177: 4173: 4115: 3805: 3489: 3031:

titles (MA, MSc and LLM). These academic titles are protected by the Dutch government.

3018: 2902: 2380: 2368: 2240: 1560: 1463: 1392: 1332: 1262: 853: 809: 786: 622:

was used for those who finished the secondary or high-school level education, known as

566: 216: 78: 12482: 12344: 12110: 11599: 11479: 10873: 10839: 10834: 10586: 10582: 10434: 10418: 10410: 10382: 10374: 10346: 10255: 10203: 10071: 9949: 9760: 9735: 9631: 9395: 9090: 7752: 7090: 6666: 6578: 6518: 6447: 6391: 6232: 6184: 6008: 5976: 5710: 5665: 5615: 5583: 5547: 5535: 5518: 4825:

examination that includes giving a public lecture before a panel of full professors.

4514: 4449: 4427: 4252: 4107: 4103: 4057: 3946: 3916: 3477: 3280: 3177: 3003: 2916: 2754: 2267: 2148: 1975: 1878: 876: 849: 833: 829: 782: 509: 197: 70: 8867: 8190: 7741: 7608:"Citizens' questions letter from Dutch Department of Education, Culture and Science" 7526:"De MPhil graad wordt niet meer verleend - Masteropleidingen - Aanstaande Studenten" 5861: 5806: 4653:), professional doctorates (normally titled to refer to the field of practice, e.g. 4102:

degree. Postgraduate degrees in arts and humanities subjects are usually designated

3804:(Italian) and, according to the Bologna reform, is today considered equivalent to a 3721:

agrees with ANECA's approval, it will be included in the RUCT and ANECA registries.

3540:(ISCED) UNESCO 2011, par.262, for purposes of international educational statistics: 3168:. The system differentiates between a free master's degree and a master's degree in 2655:

in either psychology or medicine and surgery, along with professional registration.

825:

institution names are given in this form in the Commonwealth Universities Yearbook.

805:

for a more complete list and discussion of abbreviations for British universities.)

589:

for PhDs developed within German universities and spread across the academic world.

497:. Further study and, in particular, successful participation in, and moderation of, 112: 65:, although some educational systems offer lower-level undergraduate degrees such as 12435: 12229: 12105: 12100: 12001: 11922: 11819: 11487: 11456: 11363: 11222: 10943: 10139: 10001: 9813: 9809: 9661: 9617: 9534: 9390: 9078: 6437: 6381: 6376: 6371: 6359: 5759: 5692: 5565: 5527: 5481: 5307: 5282: 4934:

In Chile, there is a distinction between academic degrees and professional titles:

4762: 4731: 4693: 4615: 4584: 4506: 4453: 4415: 4388: 4158: 4030: 3998: 3921: 3879: 3224: 2887: 2883: 2392: 2107:

Traditionally in Germany, students graduated after four-to-six years either with a

1897: 1293: 1186: 1027: 837: 525: 484: 346: 334: 326: 253: 88:

In the UK and countries whose educational systems are based on the British system,

66: 42: 10663: 4821:, by the submission of a second (original or cumulative) thesis and approval in a 12234: 12154: 12149: 12144: 11991: 11949: 11915: 11843: 11720: 11627: 11469: 11446: 11405: 11159: 11119: 10931: 10602: 10271: 9656: 9640: 9602: 9587: 9554: 9082: 8887: 8874: 8853: 8842: 8443: 7777: 7759: 7748: 7703: 7380: 6575:

The European Higher Education Area in 2015: Bologna Process Implementation Report

5312: 5302: 4905:

In Colombia, similar to the U.S. system, the students may not go directly to the

4754: 4590: 3909: 3785: 3713:

is the reference framework adopted in Spain in order to structure degree levels.

2735: 2731: 2726: 2689: 2446: 2388: 2367:

The Higher Education and Training Awards Council (HETAC) awards the following: A

2283: 2172: 2136: 2109: 2040:; BUT) are recognised as "professionnal bachelor cycle" qualifications worth 180 2026: 1526: 1482: 1415: 1369: 1361: 1340: 1313: 1232: 1210: 1185:

master's degree program, students are typically required to publish at least one

813: 773:

from an earned MA. Other Latin abbreviations commonly used include 'Cantuar' for

593: 168: 53:. These institutions often offer degrees at various levels, usually divided into 7919: 7585: 2673:, the structure of academic studies was altered significantly in 1982 when the " 598: 12127: 12090: 11969: 11961: 11900: 11892: 11868: 11858: 11790: 11734: 11699: 11575: 11557: 11507: 11247: 11182: 11126: 10802: 10727: 10646: 10638: 10590: 10235: 10059: 9764: 9626: 9582: 9549: 9432: 8880:

U.S. Higher Education / Evaluation of the Almanac Chronicle of Higher Education

7822: 7614: 7185:"National Report regarding the Bologna Process implementation 2012-2015 France" 7110: 5614:(2. ed., repr. ed.). Cambridge : Cambridge University Press. p. 155. 5469: 5317: 5277: 4677: 4596: 4445: 4423: 4212: 4154: 3523:

Guidelines for the recognition of Russian qualifications in the other countries

3288: 3276: 3232: 2936: 2924: 2920: 2376: 2292: 2188: 2114: 1534: 1497: 1430: 1377: 1285: 1004: 1001: 841: 774: 751: 702: 655: 582: 502: 312: 208: 152: 89: 8934:"Structure of the U.S. Education System: Intermediate Graduate Qualifications" 5661:

A History of the University in Europe. Vol. 1: Universities in the Middle Ages

5366: 5364: 2639:

after the qualification name. Higher schools for language mediators offer the

2510:

The second level, tied to the second cycle of the Bologna Process, covers the

2463:

in AFAM institutions. The older qualifications that map to this level are the

2425:

focused on classical subjects, including philosophy, ancient Greek and Latin;

738:

Depending on the culture and the degree earned, degrees may be indicated by a

12512: 12117: 12025: 11944: 11833: 11814: 11799: 11704: 11667: 11550: 11517: 11497: 11420: 11395: 11390: 11377: 11348: 11305: 11242: 11149: 11134: 11105: 11018: 10812: 10694: 9728: 6451: 6395: 5539: 5531: 5514:"From Jāmi' ah to University: Multiculturalism and Christian–Muslim Dialogue" 5179:. From this core pontifical universities confer specific degrees, including: 4339: 4227: 3819:

requiring up to two years of study. French-speaking universities called them

3497: 3092: 2873: 1793: 1360:, all have common and comparable systems of degrees that were adapted to the 1237: 869: 674: 651: 54: 9332: 8146:"Rectors' Conference of the Swiss Universities; unification of degree names" 7244: 6628:"Descriptors defining levels in the European Qualifications Framework (EQF)" 6442: 6425: 3311:, granted after about 2 years of additional study by holders of a degree of 3071:). With time, experience and achievement, this can evolve to a position as " 2651:, a third-cycle qualification that takes at least four years and requires a 2592:

Universities in Italy offer a number of other qualifications, including the

2553:

The third level, tied to the third cycle of the Bologna Process, covers the

2453:

The first level, tied to the first cycle of the Bologna Process, covers the

662:. The Archbishop of Canterbury's right to grant degrees is derived from the 602:(cf. "bachelor") is conferred upon French students who have completed their 12383: 12371: 12321: 12315: 12310: 12169: 11863: 11809: 11804: 11757: 11691: 11617: 11607: 11586: 11530: 11464: 11415: 11277: 11262: 11257: 11252: 11227: 11202: 11192: 11099: 10880: 10698: 10634: 10464: 9544: 9138:. Australian Qualifications Framework Council. January 2013. Archived from 6130: 5361: 4818: 4631:

Second Class Honours – B Division (H2B or IIB; overall mark of 70% to 74%);

4628:

Second Class Honours – A Division (H2A or IIA; overall mark of 74% to 79%);

4472: 4185: 4110:(M.Sc.). Non-doctoral postgraduate research degrees are usually designated 3511: 3352: 3163: 2684:" (Two Phase Structure) was introduced by the Dutch Minister of Education, 2573:, under both new and old systems, takes a minimum of three years after the 2400: 2312: 2199: 1979: 1882: 1566: 480: 156: 144: 58: 4638:

Lower marks do not qualify for honours, but yield a bachelor's degree at:

1368:. The primary 3-cycle structure is called BMD (Bachelor-Master-Doctorate; 645: 12356: 12278: 11937: 11932: 11927: 11848: 11762: 11752: 11612: 11570: 11565: 11382: 11358: 11300: 11267: 11237: 11217: 11212: 11187: 11177: 11144: 11139: 10955: 10936: 10890: 10885: 10766: 9684: 9607: 8284: 8166: 8009: 6386: 5658:

Rüegg, Walter: "Foreword. The University as a European Institution", in:

4161:, allowing credit to be transferred into a four-year bachelor's program. 3525:, in countries with a two-tier system of doctoral degrees, the degree of 3506: 3483:

A Master's (Magister) degree is awarded after 6 years of college (4 + 2).

2932: 2912: 2685: 2670: 2160: 2122: 2062: 2021:

Historically, academic degrees were orientated towards research, and the

1930: 1247: 1137: 1039: 770: 611: 498: 354: 132: 8928: 8926: 8414:

Ministerial Statement on Quality Assurance of Degree Education in Canada

8031: 7771:

The Diploma Mafias – with a list of diploma factories worldwide Newsabah

6204: 4072:

Honours for MA or bachelor's degrees are classified into three classes:

3748: 12349: 12332: 12273: 12253: 11910: 11838: 11785: 11781: 11709: 11525: 11492: 11425: 11328: 11272: 11094: 11048: 11005: 10960: 10911: 10844: 10824: 10787: 10761: 10717: 10712: 8748:"Research degrees included in the Survey of Earned Doctorates: 2010–14" 8516: 7558:"Welke titel mag ik voeren als ik ben afgestudeerd? - Rijksoverheid.nl" 5918:"'Walter Mitty' builder blagged top jobs and £1m in wages with fake CV" 4860:(equivalent to associate degree) and consists of three years of study. 4743: 3682:

University-taught study programme accreditation is granted through the

3517:

In countries with a two-tier system of doctoral degrees, the degree of

3379: 3220: 3169: 3153: 3118: 2795: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 2600:(1 year/60 ECTS credits, 3rd cycle qualification), continuing from the 2212: 2118: 1919: 1843:

diplôme d'ingénierie des systèmes électroniques de la sécurité aérienne

1776: 1051: 918: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 808:

Confusion can result from universities sharing similar names, e.g. the

596:

terminology is tied closely to the original meanings of the terms. The

464: 459: 306: 294: 50: 12499: 7500:"RVZ: 'schaf numerus fixus bij geneeskunde af' :: archief nrc.nl" 5493: 3590:

Official professional study programmes lead to degree qualifications (

493:, a term previously used to describe a squire (i.e., apprentice) to a 12361: 12248: 12224: 11986: 11878: 11638: 11353: 11036: 10970: 10916: 10863: 10858: 10731: 10524: 10480: 9502: 8923: 7147:. Commission Nationale de la Certification Professionelle. p. 13 6697:"Degrees and qualifications — Uddannelses - og Forskningsministeriet" 5706: 5607: 5579: 5176: 4685: 4606: 4404: 4371: 3975: 3809: 3122: 3114: 3102: 3098: 3014: 2725:

For some disciplines in the Netherlands, a governmentally determined

2715: 2278: 2217: 2204: 2168: 2152: 2140: 1915: 1336: 1321: 1253: 1178: 1090: 1017: 693:, many of which are now effectively universities in their own right. 472: 377: 342: 204:, both of which now became the exclusive qualification for teaching. 201: 82: 8810:"Structure of the U.S. Education System: First-Professional Degrees" 6544: 6358:

Roy, Sudipta; Huq, Samia; Rob, Aisha Binte Abdur (1 November 2020).

5392: 5390: 5388: 4931:(high school diploma), which is a requirement for higher education. 4649:

Doctorates in Australia may be research doctorates (normally titled

3389: 3152:("The Quality Reform"), was passed in the Norwegian Parliament, the 2770: 2052:; BTS) is now recognised as a "short cycle" qualification worth 120 893: 803:

Universities in the United Kingdom § Post-nominal abbreviations

395:

used the term "master" for its graduates, a practice adopted by the

12378: 12366: 12327: 12305: 12196: 12085: 12030: 11853: 11652: 11112: 11065: 11024: 10995: 10983: 10926: 10906: 10868: 10829: 8068:"Página no encontrada - Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deporte" 7866: 6126:"Oxbridge defends automatic MAs under threat from quality watchdog" 5485: 4216: 4026: 2750: 2719: 2441:

In 2011, Italy introduced a qualifications framework, known as the

2203:(State Examination). It is not an academic degree but a government 2156: 2000:

The French national education system makes a distinction between a

1923: 1911: 1780: 1772: 1153: 1145: 1133: 574: 558: 554: 546: 521: 517: 468: 450: 408: 385: 290: 282: 273: 257: 6565: 5891: 5612:

The rise of early modern science : Islam, China, and the West

5513: 4414:

programs are based on the four-year bachelor's degree, most often

4219:

has nearly sixty different programs leading to a college diploma.

3855:

The newly conferred bachelor's degree holders after graduation at

3533:

should be considered for recognition at the level of this degree.

2163:. Those degrees were the first, and at the same time highest, non- 12219: 12191: 11659: 11287: 11042: 10948: 10797: 10771: 10722: 8101: 6608:. European Quality Assurance in Vocational Education and Training 5385: 4549: 3710: 3458: 2711: 2707: 2485:

Diploma dell'Istituto Superiore delle Industrie Artistiche (ISIA)

2348:

Metaptychiako Diploma Eidikefsis (EQL Level 7 or master's degree)

2099:

are third level qualifications and recognized as level 7 in EQF.

2072: 1590: 1305: 1270: 1241: 1149: 1013: 1009: 550: 446: 396: 322: 302: 113:

Emergence of the doctor's and master's degrees and the licentiate

46: 10989: 9069:

Rose, Stephen (November 2013). "The Value of a College Degree".

8564: 7321:. Ministry of Education, University and Research. Archived from 5293:

Degrees offered by unaccredited institutions of higher education

3882:. It usually takes three years to read for a bachelor's degree. 3113:, is connected to one's employment. This means that, should the 1514:

The third cycle of Belgium's higher education is covered by the

1308:, there are currently two parallel systems of academic degrees: 801:

have abbreviations that are the same in English and Latin. (See

192:

continued to hold a higher prestige than the bachelor's degree (

12430: 12388: 12263: 11373: 10819: 9592: 9559: 9478: 8894:, 3:962:1a. (the J.D. is listed among other doctorate degrees). 8467:. The Canadian Information Centre for International Credentials 7416:"Framework of qualifications awarded under the previous system" 6665:: Austrian Federal Ministry of Education, Science and Culture. 6662: 5342: 5115: 4813: 4488: 4356: 4288: 4197: 3514:

in Germany, France, Austria and some other European countries.

3454: 3205: 2455: 2261: 2211:(solicitors), judges, public prosecutors, patent attorneys and 2208: 2131: 1317: 1058:(B.Sc. Engineering). Other degrees include the medical degree ( 677:

in the nineteenth century, despite not being a university. The

578: 494: 373: 317: 8804: 8802: 8634:"¿ Por qué estudiar una licenciatura o carrera técnica ?" 6424:

Nishath, S. Shabnam; Somaratna, Sajeewanie D. (29 June 2021).

4958:, additional examination or work experience. For example, the 4437:(Ph.D.), comprising 98.1% of research doctorates in 2014. The 4121:

Postgraduate qualifications are classified into four classes:

2647:. Specialisation institutes/schools in psychoterapy offer the 2073:

Qualifications Framework of the European Higher Education Area

2025:

system awarded only diplomas. Since the implementation of the

1511:'Master-after-master') that lasts one year (60 ECTS). 12441: 12338: 12067: 12053: 12049: 9747: 9743: 8845:. Accessed 26 May 2008; National Science Foundation (2006). " 7884:

Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation.

7245:

Bundesministerium für Building under Forcing (13 June 2013).

6577:. Publications Office of the European Union. pp. 47–86. 6430:

Journal of the University Librarians Association of Sri Lanka

4625:

First Class Honours (H1 or I; overall mark of 80% and above);

4266:

directly into the undergraduate medical education program at

4263:

and then pursue medical studies for the following four years;

3086:). Officially an UHD still works under the supervision of a " 2995: 1365: 727: 630:, (although there were a few 3-year associate degrees called 615: 529: 506: 476: 454: 369: 223: 212: 160: 136: 124: 8868:

University of Utah – The Graduate School – Graduate Handbook

7443:. Ministero dell’Istruzione, dell’Università e della Ricerca 7418:. Ministero dell’Istruzione, dell’Università e della Ricerca 7383:. Ministero dell’Istruzione, dell’Università e della Ricerca 7350:. Ministero dell’Istruzione, dell’Università e della Ricerca 7139: 4634:

Third Class Honours (H3 or III; overall mark of 65% to 69%).

4060:

are studied, compared to (typically) three English or Welsh

2417:

In Italy access to university is possible after gaining the

196:), it was ultimately reduced to an intermediate step to the 9791: 8799: 8781:"Structure of the U.S. Education System: Associate Degrees" 7191: 5139: 4893:(doctorate). The master's degree normally takes two years. 4052:

This also reflects the broader scope of the final years of

2126: 1269:

have a framework but have not yet certified it against the

1129: 177: 143:) at a medieval university. Its roots can be traced to the 8905:"Structure of the U.S. Education System: Master's Degrees" 7980: 7381:"Italian Qualification Framework for the Higher Education" 7218: 7216: 4540: 3371:) degree – the highest title, officially conferred by the 3355:

degree, requires approval by an external ministerial body.

2596:(1 year/60 ECTS credits, 2nd cycle qualification) and the 2231:

Since 1999, the traditional degrees have been replaced by

2071:

The recognised degrees are in three levels, following the

540: 6606:"European Qualifications Framework for lifelong learning" 5973:"Protocols for Staff Listings in the University Calendar" 4650: 4181: 3725:

4. Spanish qualifications and their professional effects.

3121:, he or she also loses the privilege to use the title of 2948: 2608:, respectively. These do not give access to the PhD. The 2311:

However, sometimes incorrectly regarded as a degree, the

2164: 1557:

program and obligatory exam they achieve the title MUDr.

1399:

level 6). Other first cycle degrees include the one-year

1141: 562: 513: 286: 265: 9311: 7960:"European Higher Education Area website 2010-2020- EHEA" 7959: 5407:] (in German). Vol. 5. Stuttgart: J.B. Metzler. 5381:] (in German). Vol. 3. Stuttgart: J.B. Metzler. 3684:

National Agency for Quality Assessment and Accreditation

3657:

Official Spanish University Education Legal Framework 01

3633:

Official Spanish University Education Legal Framework 02

2994:

in multiple disciplines. In the Netherlands, the degree

2275:

did not usually make the transition to Bologna degrees.

1235:, which is based on a three-cycle hierarchy of degrees: 573:(Ph.D.), which in its present form as a degree based on 8978:"Bill addresses degrees from unaccredited institutions" 7280:

The Education System in the Federal Republic of Germany

7232:

The Education System in the Federal Republic of Germany

7213: 4983:, undergraduate degree obtained by completing a 2-year 4422:(B.S.), a one- or two-year master's degree (most often 3885:

The honours are usually categorised into four classes:

3180:, which is but one of many degrees linked to the title 646:

Degrees awarded by institutions other than universities

9287:"Sapientia Christiana (April 15, 1979) - John Paul II" 7086:

Higher Education in England and France Since the 1980s

5648:, vol. 3, Stuttgart: J.B. Metzler, cols 1155–1156 5017:

degree or equivalent. Equivalent to a master's degree.

3846: 2375:'s degree at Level 7; An honours bachelor's degree or 710: 184:

in 1231 where it became a universal license to teach (

12419: 8050:"Search – Buscador de Títulos Universitarios – ANECA" 7753:

Application for a recognized Dutch title (in English)

2585:

took two to six years and gave the academic title of

1447:

Bachelor's degrees are followed in the second cycle (

430: 61:

degrees. The most common undergraduate degree is the

9133:"Australian Qualifications Framework Second Edition" 8847:

Time to Degree of U.S. Research Doctorate Recipients

8834:

Association of American Universities Data Exchange.

8401: 8399: 8000: 7998: 7996: 7994: 6207:. University of York, Department of Computer Science 3380:

Russia, Ukraine and some other former USSR republics

1604:

The academic degrees available at universities are:

626:. The standard Spanish university 5-year degree was 376:, was the first institution to confer the degree of 10693: 7742:

Application for a recognized Dutch title (in Dutch)

7613:. Members.home.nl. 8 September 2009. Archived from 6408: 4355:level takes 1–3 years and mandates completion of a 4098:(ordinary degree – bachelor's level SCQF Level 9). 3133:, so some known criminal uses are not prosecuted). 2493:

Diploma dell'Accademia Nazionale di Arte Drammatica

2345:

Diploma (EQL Level 7 or Integrated master's degree)

1466:credits. The master's degree can be followed by an 1265:to make comparisons between qualifications easier. 832:in the US and places following American usage, but 9000:"In a first, women surpass men in college degrees" 8587:"Faculté de pharmacie de l'Université de Montréal" 7435: 7433: 7023:"Article Article D612-32-2 du Code de l'éducation" 6651: 5445:"Origin of the Bachelor's, Master's and Doctorate" 4780:(professional master's, master's, and doctorate). 4645:Fail (N or Failed: overall mark of 49% and below). 3709:The qualifications framework for higher education 3538:International Standard Classification of Education 3259:; granted after at least about 3.5 years of study. 2014:and schools may be recognised by the state with a 1839:diplôme de management et contrôle du trafic aérien 1764:(both diplomas phased out and no longer delivered) 1615:cand. <Latin abbreviation of field of study> 8755:Doctorate Recipients from U.S. Universities: 2014 8722:Doctorate Recipients from U.S. Universities: 2014 8689:Doctorate Recipients from U.S. Universities: 2014 8396: 7991: 7642:(in Dutch). Wetten.overheid.nl. 21 October 2009. 6153:"New designation for University of Malta degrees" 5833:"Guidelines for the use of the word 'university'" 5785:"Archbishop of Canterbury awards Lambeth Degrees" 4433:By far the most common research doctorate is the 3056:" (dr.) can proceed to teach at universities as " 2469:Diploma di scuole dirette a fini speciali (SDAFS) 1816:diplôme national supérieur d'expression plastique 1356:While higher education is regulated by the three 995: 207:In universities, doctoral training was a form of 12510: 7556:Zaken, Ministerie van Algemene (19 April 2011). 7551: 7549: 7547: 7410: 7408: 7406: 7404: 7402: 7400: 7398: 7375: 7373: 7371: 7369: 7367: 7365: 6543:. European Higher Education Area. Archived from 6423: 6364:International Journal of Educational Development 5811:Department for Business, Innovation & Skills 5691: 5564: 4896:Students also can take a specialization course, 3928:rigorous standards expected of their graduates. 3705:3. Qualifications framework for higher education 2958:In the Netherlands, there is the informal title 1627:dr. <Latin abbreviation of field of study> 1259:European Credit Transfer and Accumulation System 1026:degrees are conferred specially in the field of 673:, was granted limited degree awarding powers by 569:. This led to the modern hierarchy in which the 8285:Quality Assurance Agency for Higher Education, 8167:Department of Business, Innovation and Skills, 8098:"Rectors' Conference of the Swiss Universities" 7430: 6466:"South African Qualifications Authority (SAQA)" 4772:There are two types of post-graduate programs: 4362:Traditionally, students who have completed the 1800:diplôme supérieur de comptabilité et de gestion 1663:degree holders have graduated from university. 1050:(B.S./B.Sc. Engineering). Both are the same in 1038:(B.Tech.). Both represent bachelor's degree in 9670:Master of Arts (Oxford, Cambridge, and Dublin) 9281: 9279: 8345:"Quality Code, Chapter A1: The national level" 7582:"Bachelor-mastertitulatuur: titels combineren" 7575: 7573: 7571: 6312:"Commonwealth University Degree Abbreviations" 5866:Department for Business, Innovation and Skills 5702:Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia 5575:Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia 5112:Pontifical and Royal University of Santo Tomas 4550:Perceptions of the value of a degree in the US 4513:status, and Professional Diplomas, as well as 4106:(M.Litt.) or, in natural and social sciences, 3874:in England, Northern Ireland and Wales is the 2351:Didaktoriko Diploma (EQL Level 8 or Doctorate) 1812:École nationale supérieure des arts décoratifs 1573:) after another three or four years of study. 1060:Bachelor of Medicine & Bachelor of Surgery 337:agree that there is a resemblance between the 10679: 9700: 9362: 9348: 7544: 7395: 7362: 7140:French project working group (October 2010). 6081: 6079: 5124:Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas 5061:Academic degrees in Venezuela start with the 5048: 5042: 5036: 5026: 5020: 5012: 5006: 4998: 4997:, undergraduate degree obtained as a 4+ year 4992: 4984: 4978: 4969: 4959: 4953: 4946: 4938: 4926: 4920: 4906: 4897: 4888: 4882: 4876: 4870: 4864: 4855: 4849: 4843: 4594:(level 7), which normally takes 3 years; the 4588:(level 6), which normally takes 2 years; the 3988:Quality Assurance Agency for Higher Education 3815:Apart from this, most universities offered a 2559:Diploma accademico di formazione alla ricerca 2433:focused on foreign languages and literature; 1462:that last two years, completing an extra 120 717:Unaccredited institutions of higher education 73:degrees. Common postgraduate degrees include 8590: 8124:"Official regulation on the Bologna Process" 7975: 7973: 7600: 6941:Cache.media.enseignemetsup-recherche.gouv.fr 6652:Wadsack, Ingrid; Kasparovsky, Heinz (2004). 4271: 4256: 4025:for students studying arts or humanities in 3480:is awarded after 5 years of college (4 + 1). 3366: 3359: 3346: 3339: 3326: 3319: 3302: 3295: 3270: 3263: 3246: 3239: 3213: 3176:degree (not to be confused with a degree in 3025: 2459:(bachelor's degree) in universities and the 1807:diplôme national supérieur d'arts plastiques 883: 733: 9754:, Associate in Specialized Technology (AST) 9276: 8230:"Foundation degree qualification benchmark" 7579: 7568: 7082: 6566:European Commission/EACEA/Eurydice (2015). 6123: 6002:"ABBREVIATIONS: NAMES OF UNIVERSITIES, ETC" 4831:Universities and Higher Education in Brazil 4403:, intermediate graduate qualifications and 3418:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 3235:); granted after at least 3 years of study. 3208:, the system is similar to the German one. 3002:refused to recognize the MPhils awarded by 2649:Diploma di specializzazione in psicoterapia 2034:University Bachelor of Technology's Diploma 1902:University Bachelor of Technology's Diploma 1864:diplôme d'études fondamentales vétérinaires 532: 488: 487:. The term "bachelor" comes from the Latin 230: 159:authorities who taught and interpreted the 10686: 10672: 9714: 9707: 9693: 9355: 9341: 9304: 9205:"Understanding New Zealand qualifications" 8407:"Canadian Degree Qualifications Framework" 6769: 6767: 6076: 5102: 4911:without having the "master" degree first. 4387:now classifies degrees in six categories: 3495:The first-level academic degree is called 3148:The reform of higher education in Norway, 2342:Ptychio (EQL Level 6 or bachelor's degree) 1790:diplôme d'État de masseur-kinésithérapeute 8418:Council of Ministers of Education, Canada 8205:"Bachelor Degree Grades Explained | Blog" 8170:UK government's list of recognised bodies 7970: 7089:. Symposium Books Ltd. pp. 112–113. 7015: 6691: 6689: 6441: 6385: 6375: 6357: 5642:Verger, J. (1999), "Doctor, doctoratus", 5371:Verger, J. (1998). "Doctor, doctoratus". 5348:Validation of foreign studies and degrees 4974:degrees, there are the following levels: 4334:, students may take extra courses called 4037:(the latter traditionally awarded by the 3608:) – 60 to 120 ECTS Credits in 1–2 years. 3438:Learn how and when to remove this message 2855:Learn how and when to remove this message 2489:Diploma dell'Accademia Nazionale di Danza 2207:that future doctors, dentists, teachers, 1066:(BDS)) and computer application degrees ( 978:Learn how and when to remove this message 679:University College of North Staffordshire 8836:Glossary of Terms for Graduate Education 6775:"Article D612-34 du Code de l'éducation" 5685: 5508: 5504: 5502: 5474:Journal of the American Oriental Society 5073:(High School Graduate of Humanities) or 3850: 3830:and German-speaking universities mostly 3652: 3628: 3034: 2703:voorbereidend wetenschappelijk onderwijs 1653:lisensiaatin tutkinto / licentiat examen 759:Association of Commonwealth Universities 553:became known as "masters", but those in 99: 9127: 9125: 9037: 6903:Media.enseignementsup-recherche.gouv.fr 6764: 6516: 5468: 5025:, a doctoral degree, often requiring a 4541:Current levels of attainment of degrees 4200:, the majority of students must attend 4149:the provinces and territories in 2007. 3172:. The latter corresponds to the former 2598:Master universitario di secondo livello 2477:Diploma di Istituto Musicale Pareggiato 1623:(PhD degree = normally 180 ECTS-points) 1569:. They can also get a "big doctorate" ( 1563:degree in the United States of America) 1181:or management takes around four years. 1042:. In Pakistan, engineering degrees are 1000:Bangladesh and India mostly follow the 585:(M.A.). The practice of using the term 541:Evolution of the terminology of degrees 528:word "graduate", which is based on the 372:, regarded as the oldest university in 147:when the term "doctor" referred to the 14: 12511: 9229:. New Zealand Qualifications Authority 9207:. New Zealand Qualifications Authority 9185:. New Zealand Qualifications Authority 9033: 9031: 8858:InfoBrief, Science Resource Statistics 7073:Article D675-19 du code de l’éducation 7046:Article D636-69 du code de l’éducation 6923:Article D612-34 du code de l’éducation 6807:Article D672-5 du code de l’éducation. 6686: 6523:Journal of Popular Education in Africa 6228:Independent Schools Yearbook 2012-2013 6180:Independent Schools Yearbook 2012-2013 5996: 5994: 5641: 5558: 5462: 5396: 5370: 5136:Pontifical Catholic University of Peru 3957:Master's degrees are often graded as: 3859:, one of the founding colleges of the 2629:Diploma accademico di specializzazione 1565:, or MDDr. for dentists and MVDr. for 1175:Electrical and Electronics Engineering 10667: 9688: 9336: 7555: 7064:Article D672-5 du code de l’éducation 6529:(10): 45–66 – via ResearchGate. 5948:"Advice and Guidance on Degree Fraud" 5499: 4642:Pass (P: overall mark of 50% to 64%); 4452:and some four-year schools, offer an 3898:Lower division or lower second (2:2). 3895:Upper division or upper second (2:1). 3582:1.1 Official and accredited education 2760: 2594:Master universitario di primo livello 2557:from university institutions and the 2520:Diploma accademico di secondo livello 2197:A special kind of examination is the 2097:Diplôme d'Etat de docteur vétérinaire 2093:Diplôme d'Etat de docteur en médicine 2038:bachelor universitaire de technologie 1970:Some Diploma of specialized schools ( 1937:diplôme de comptabilité et de gestion 1873:Some diploma of specialized schools ( 1853:École spéciale militaire de Saint-Cyr 1611:(bachelor's degree = 180 ECTS-points) 1593:was equivalent to a master's degree ( 12448: 9122: 9068: 7837:"Russian System of Higher Education" 7815:"RUSSIAN SYSTEM OF HIGHER EDUCATION" 7666:"Art. 435 Sr (translated by Google)" 5837:Department of Education and Training 5664:, Cambridge University Press, 1992, 5606: 5003:. Equivalent to a bachelor's degree. 4311:(associate degree, only half of the 4232:Bachelor of Science in Physiotherapy 4079:Second class honours, divided into: 3892:Second class honours, divided into: 3743: 3416:adding citations to reliable sources 3383: 2974:A doctorandus in law uses the title 2793:adding citations to reliable sources 2764: 2518:of university institutions, and the 2481:Diploma dell'Accademia di Belle Arti 2395:at Level 10. These are completed in 1847:École nationale de l'aviation civile 1312:the traditional two-cycle system of 916:adding citations to reliable sources 887: 345:and others reject Makdisi's theory. 341:and the university degree. However, 9038:Bidwell, Allie (13 February 2015). 9028: 8618:. 28 September 2010. Archived from 7717:"DUO – IB-Groep/Diploma assessment" 7714:More information on legislation on 7497: 6470:National Government of South Africa 5991: 5953:. Higher Education Degree Datacheck 5288:Degrees of the University of Oxford 5144:Congregation for Catholic Education 5069:(High School Graduate of Science), 4621:Categories of honours degrees are: 4580:Australian Qualifications Framework 4574:Australian Qualifications Framework 3847:England, Wales and Northern Ireland 2625:Diploma di perfezionamento o Master 2577:, and gives the academic titles of 2461:Diploma accademico di primo livello 711:Laws on granting and use of degrees 642:). The highest level was "Doctor". 222:Today the terms "master" (from the 24: 9249:"Award of honours and distinction" 8561:"University of Windsor Law School" 7316:"Italian Qualifications Framework" 5328:List of fields of doctoral studies 5186:Baccalaureate in Sacred Theology, 4925:(high school), students receive a 3826:, the Italian-speaking university 2998:was not awarded after 2009 as the 2927:), depending on the area of study. 1831:Diplomas of some Business Schools 1056:Bachelor of Science in Engineering 1048:Bachelor of Science in Engineering 618:had a similar structure: the term 431:Emergence of the bachelor's degree 25: 12530: 9253:Auckland University of Technology 9105:"Higher education qualifications" 9018:"Women surpassing men by degrees" 8489:. Med.ualberta.ca. Archived from 8287:"doctoral degree characteristics" 7646:from the original on 18 July 2010 4863:After this, students, now called 4667:Tertiary education in New Zealand 4230:(which consists of an integrated 3841: 3601:) – 240 ECTS Credits in 4 years. 2894:The "doctorale fase" (3–4 years): 2738:course of study and who can not. 2718:will make it impossible to study 1609:bachelor i <field of study> 1548: 1541:) that covers a 3-to-7-year-long 1290:European Qualifications Framework 1219:European Qualifications Framework 696: 272:Doctor (LL.D., later D.C.L.) and 12491: 12474: 12457: 12429: 11334:Democratic Republic of the Congo 9266: 9241: 9219: 9197: 9175: 9157: 9097: 9062: 9010: 8992: 8970: 8952: 8897: 8828: 8773: 8740: 8707: 8677: 8652: 8626: 8608: 8579: 8553: 8531: 8515:. Md.utoronto.ca. Archived from 8505: 8479: 8465:"Academic credentials in Canada" 8457: 8432: 8366: 8337: 8308: 8278: 8251: 8222: 8197: 8183: 8160: 8138: 8116: 8090: 8060: 8042: 8024: 7952: 7934: 7904: 7348:"Professional titles (licences)" 7115:World Education News and Reviews 6993:Enseignemetsup-recherche.gouv.fr 6967:Enseignemetsup-recherche.gouv.fr 6874:Enseignemetsup-recherche.gouv.fr 6848:Enseignemetsup-recherche.gouv.fr 6822:Enseignemetsup-recherche.gouv.fr 6492:"CBC New Kenya Education System" 6341:"Definition of an Online Degree" 6258:2013-2014 Undergraduate Calendar 5896:The Council for Higher Education 5188:Sacrae Theologiae Baccalaureatus 5134:(UCLouvain) in Belgium, and the 4887:and doctorate degrees, known as 4708: 4377: 4251:a "medical preparatory" year at 4138: 4039:Ancient Universities of Scotland 3747: 3560:Kandidat Nauk of Natural Science 3388: 2769: 2757:is the oldest, founded in 1575. 2641:Diploma di mediatore linguistico 2623:AFAM institutions may offer the 2575:laurea magistralie/specialistica 2561:from AFAM institutions. The old 2192:(university of applied sciences) 1942:diplôme d'études en architecture 1769:diplôme de formation approfondie 1657:tohtorin tutkinto / doktorexamen 1429:'Specialized Bachelor'; 1068:Bachelor of Computer Application 892: 863: 795:Ancient universities of Scotland 669:Among educational institutions, 9409:Certificate of Higher Education 8260:Master's degree characteristics 7859: 7829: 7807: 7782: 7764: 7735: 7708: 7690: 7680: 7668:(in Dutch). Translate.google.nl 7658: 7632: 7518: 7502:. Vorige.nrc.nl. Archived from 7491: 7473: 7455: 7340: 7308: 7286: 7264: 7247:"German EQF Referencing Report" 7238: 7177: 7159: 7133: 7103: 7076: 7067: 7058: 7049: 7040: 7006: 6981: 6955: 6926: 6917: 6888: 6862: 6836: 6810: 6801: 6792: 6739: 6714: 6645: 6620: 6598: 6568:"2. DEGREES AND QUALIFICATIONS" 6559: 6533: 6510: 6484: 6458: 6417: 6402: 6351: 6333: 6304: 6275: 6245: 6231:. A&C Black. 20 June 2013. 6219: 6197: 6183:. A&C Black. 20 June 2013. 6171: 6145: 6124:John Carvel (18 October 1999). 6117: 6049: 6022: 5965: 5940: 5910: 5884: 5854: 5825: 5799: 5777: 5752: 5727: 5675: 5652: 5397:Verger, J. (1999). "Licentia". 5193:Licentiate in Sacred Theology, 5063:Certificado de Educación Básica 5011:, graduate degree, requiring a 4928:Licenciatura de Enseñanza Media 4224:physical rehabilitation therapy 2780:needs additional citations for 2653:laurea magistrale/specialistica 2606:laurea magistrale/specialistica 2579:Dottore di Ricerca (Dott. Ric.) 2194:is at bachelor's degree level. 1118: 903:needs additional citations for 757:For member institutions of the 167:was originally reserved by the 131:, "I teach") first appeared in 9040:"Placing a Value on Education" 8984:. 29 July 2009. Archived from 7790:"Overview (table of contents)" 7528:. 26 July 2009. Archived from 7083:C.M.A. Deer (1 January 2002). 6751:Opetus- ja kulttuuriministeriö 6726:Opetus- ja kulttuuriministeriö 6377:10.1016/j.ijedudev.2020.102290 5924:. 6 March 2017. Archived from 5635: 5600: 5437: 5411: 5200:Doctorate in Sacred Theology, 5120:Catholic University of America 5082:Técnico Superior Universitario 4776:(specialization and MBAs) and 4660: 4309:técnico superior universitario 4270:(4 to 5 years in duration) or 3779: 3567:Kandidat Nauk of Legal Science 3307:) title – the equivalent of a 3275:) title – the equivalent of a 2658: 2546:and also granted the title of 2522:of AFAM institutions. The old 2050:brevet de technician supérieur 1945:Undergraduate diplomas of the 1496:'Specialized Master'; 1215:European Higher Education Area 1072:Master of Computer Application 996:Bangladesh, India and Pakistan 638:could move to study a related 437:medieval European universities 13: 1: 8660:"Structure of U.S. Education" 8563:. Uwindsor.ca. Archived from 7584:. Onzetaal.nl. Archived from 5791:. 4 June 2008. Archived from 5354: 5323:Lisbon Recognition Convention 5240:Juris Canonici Baccalaureatus 5212:Baccalaureate in Philosophy, 5195:Sacrae Theologiae Licentiatus 5088:(engineer) or with the title 4696:at level 7 (bachelor's), and 4531:Licentiate in Sacred Theology 4503:Certificate of Advanced Study 3821:diplôme d'études approfondies 3740:Bologna process § Sweden 3331:) degree – the equivalent of 2951:-like) study is "drs." (e.g. 2526:is mapped to this level. The 1908:diplôme de formation générale 1279:Lisbon Recognition Convention 27:College or university diploma 9083:10.1080/00091383.2013.842101 7867:"Higher Education in Russia" 7580:Aleid Fokma (16 June 2010). 5238:Baccalaureate in Canon Law, 5202:Sacrae Theologiae Doctoratus 5056: 4757:courses leading to advanced 4713: 4567: 4385:U.S. Department of Education 4054:Scottish secondary education 4011:British degree abbreviations 3188:(instead of the traditional 3000:Universiteiten van Nederland 2695: 2665:Education in the Netherlands 2569:are tied to this level. The 2495:from AFAM institutions. The 2032:Diploma courses such as the 1859:Institut d'études politiques 1785:diplôme d'État de sage-femme 1095:University Grants Commission 1085: 1077: 685:) until 1962. Following the 671:St David's College, Lampeter 173:Third Council of the Lateran 7: 9405:Diploma of Higher Education 8759:National Science Foundation 8726:National Science Foundation 8693:National Science Foundation 8126:. Admin.ch. 1 February 2006 6655:Higher Education in Austria 5260: 5214:Philosophiae Baccalaureatus 5050:centro de formación técnica 4836: 4799:, still award the title of 4056:, where traditionally five 4016: 3920:degree is comparable to an 3788:, the academic degree of a 3666:, without the accompanying 3553:Kandidat Nauk in Literature 2610:Diploma di specializzazione 2583:Diploma di specializzazione 2567:Diploma di specializzazione 2471:from universities, and the 1420:Bachelier de spécialisation 1113:Higher National Certificate 321:issued in medieval Islamic 10: 12535: 11997:Imperial, royal, and noble 10443:First-professional degrees 8938:US Department of Education 8909:US Department of Education 8814:US Department of Education 8785:US Department of Education 8664:US Department of Education 8148:. Crus.ch. 2 February 2012 6291:Cambridge University Press 5699:. In Josef W. Meri (ed.). 5572:. In Josef W. Meri (ed.). 5405:Lexicon of the Middle Ages 5379:Lexicon of the Middle Ages 5247:Juris Canonici Licentiatus 5219:Licentiate in Philosophy, 4717: 4664: 4571: 4562: 4397:first professional degrees 4236:Master of Physical Therapy 4222:Special programs, such as 4166:first professional degrees 3903:Third class honours (3rd). 3889:First class honours (1st). 3836:Master of Advanced Studies 3737: 3638:1.2 Non-official education 2931:For medical students the " 2662: 2618:Diploma di perfezionamento 2443:Quadro dei Titoli Italiani 2410: 2355: 2334:Higher education in Greece 2331: 2102: 2046:Technologist's Certificate 1990: 1957:École militaire interarmes 1688: 1680: 1633: 1584: 1401:Advanced Bachelor's degree 1351: 1327:the three cycle system of 1299: 1208: 1105: 1064:Bachelor of Dental Surgery 867: 714: 700: 116: 104:Meeting of doctors at the 95: 29: 12404: 12212: 12184: 12081:Imperial, royal and noble 12066: 11977: 11958: 11891: 11780: 11690: 11598: 11516: 11478: 11455: 11372: 11319: 11286: 11201: 11168: 11085: 11074: 10969: 10899: 10780: 10754: 10705: 10595:MD (out of US and Canada) 10523: 10441: 10363: 10345: 10306: 10048: 9802: 9759: 9723: 9649: 9568: 9527: 9520: 9492: 9454: 9445: 9417: 9380: 9371: 8591: 8539:"Osgoode Hall Law School" 8513:"UToronto Medical School" 7702:29 September 2007 at the 7467:universitairebachelors.nl 7167:"Mastère Spécialisé (MS)" 6517:Amutabi, Maurice (2019). 6088:Calendar Style Guide 2015 6062:Oxford English Dictionary 6035:Oxford English Dictionary 5254:Juris Canonici Doctoratus 5245:Licentiate in Canon Law, 5226:Doctorate in Philosophy, 4724: 4698:postgraduate certificates 4465:first professional degree 4282: 4272: 4257: 4191: 4143: 3733: 3701:Catalonia, Madrid, etc.) 3199: 3136: 3026:Bachelor/master structure 2413:Higher education in Italy 2327: 2247:) degrees as part of the 1827:université Paris-Dauphine 1819:Graduate diplomas of the 1699: 1696: 1693: 1670: 1382:Bachelor-Master-Doctoraat 1374:Bachelier-Master-Doctorat 1281:in national legislation. 1204: 1100: 884:Degree systems by regions 734:Indicating earned degrees 687:Education Reform Act 1988 658:are still awarded by the 479:), together known as the 407:, as well as the ancient 281:degrees. Studies outside 10922:Maiden and married names 7758:24 November 2010 at the 7119:World Education Services 5870:Department for Education 5645:Lexikon des Mittelalters 5532:10.1177/0011392106058837 5400:Lexikon des Mittelalters 5374:Lexikon des Mittelalters 5268:Academic Awards in Spain 5252:Doctorate in Canon Law, 5221:Philosophiae Licentiatus 5071:Bachiller en Humanidades 4914: 4274:Université de Sherbrooke 4003:postgraduate certificate 3611:3. Doctoral degree PhD ( 3573: 3546:Kandidat Nauk/Philosophy 3131:prosecutorial discretion 3073:universitair hoofddocent 2978:(master, abbreviated as 2962:for physicians, but not 2473:Diploma di Conservatorio 2406: 2397:institutes of technology 2004:("national degree") and 1651:) and doctoral degrees ( 1487:Master de spécialisation 1468:Advanced Master's degree 1387:In the first cycle, the 1288:has been developing the 1163: 1062:(MBBS)), dental degree ( 844:, BS/BSc and MS/MSc for 779:Archbishop of Canterbury 660:Archbishop of Canterbury 108:(16th-century miniature) 30:Not to be confused with 12409:Category:Lists of names 9401:Higher National Diploma 8892:Encyclopædia Britannica 7498:ANP (28 January 2010). 7485:universitairemasters.nl 6443:10.4038/jula.v24i2.8049 5862:"Recognised UK degrees" 5839:. Australian Government 5807:"Recognised UK degrees" 5298:Educational devaluation 5228:Philosophiae Doctoratus 5158:pontifical universities 5108:Pontifical universities 5103:Pontifical universities 4678:bachelor honours degree 4597:bachelor honours degree 4366:may continue on to the 3678:2. Accreditation system 3313:Bachelor of Engineering 3287:with classification of 2145:business administration 1804:Architect State Diploma 1718:Medical and Paramedical 1044:Bachelor of Engineering 1032:Bachelor of Engineering 990: 822:University of Newcastle 186:licentia ubique docendi 163:. The right to grant a 135:as a license to teach ( 11339:Eritrean and Ethiopian 9044:US News Digital Weekly 8593:Université de Montréal 7776:1 October 2011 at the 7441:"Other qualifications" 6319:Trinity College Dublin 6098:. 2015. Archived from 5338:Postgraduate education 5148:apostolic constitution 5049: 5043: 5037: 5027: 5021: 5013: 5007: 4999: 4993: 4985: 4979: 4970: 4960: 4954: 4947: 4939: 4927: 4921: 4907: 4898: 4889: 4883: 4877: 4871: 4865: 4856: 4850: 4844: 4720:Education in Argentina 4278:(4 years in duration). 4259:Université de Montréal 3924:in the United States. 3863: 3658: 3634: 3597:1. Bachelor's Degree ( 3367: 3360: 3347: 3340: 3327: 3320: 3303: 3296: 3271: 3264: 3247: 3240: 3214: 1947:Conservatoire de Paris 1821:Conservatoire de Paris 1645:kandidaatti / kandidat 1538: 1530: 1501: 1486: 1434: 1419: 1381: 1373: 1358:communities of Belgium 1261:(ECTS) and the use of 1171:Mechanical Engineering 1036:Bachelor of Technology 1024:Information Technology 664:Peter's Pence Act 1533 533: 489: 109: 12269:Galton–Watson process 11874:Ancient Tamil country 11296:Australian Aboriginal 9742:, ABA, ABS, AOS, AS, 9508:Candidate of Sciences 9109:Australian Government 8886:13 April 2008 at the 8863:Ethics Opinion 1969-5 8638:Profesionistas.org.mx 8622:on 28 September 2010. 8209:Document-centre.co.uk 7111:"Education in France" 5735:"Degree explanations" 5333:Pontifical university 5132:University of Louvain 5067:Bachiller en Ciencias 5044:instituto profesional 5031:degree or equivalent. 4748:transferência interna 4702:postgraduate diplomas 4690:graduate certificates 4655:Doctor of Engineering 4612:graduate certificates 4511:Professional Engineer 4444:Some schools, mostly 3951:Master of Mathematics 3943:Master of Engineering 3857:King's College London 3854: 3656: 3648:estudios no oficiales 3632: 3463:former USSR republics 3309:Master of Engineering 3231:degree (depending on 3035:Using academic titles 2465:Diploma universitario 2205:licensing examination 2007:diplôme universitaire 1647:), Master's degrees ( 1567:veterinary physicians 1271:overarching framework 1191:peer-reviewed journal 366:University of Bologna 117:Further information: 103: 12036:Post-nominal letters 11155:Indigenous Taiwanese 9578:Academic certificate 9470:Postgraduate diploma 9145:on 10 September 2016 8988:on 15 November 2010. 8966:on 21 February 2011. 8873:26 June 2008 at the 8841:4 March 2009 at the 7747:14 July 2010 at the 7562:www.rijksoverheid.nl 6345:Solveyourproblem.com 6287:Cambridge Dictionary 6262:University of Guelph 6096:University of Oxford 5764:Facultyoffice.org.uk 5709:. pp. 201–203. 5697:"Degrees, or Ijazah" 5582:. pp. 201–203. 5570:"Degrees, or Ijazah" 5510:Al-Attas, Syed Farid 5171:; the second is the 5162:Sapientia christiana 5151:Sapientia Christiana 4527:Doctor of Psychology 4519:Education Specialist 4435:Doctor of Philosophy 4347:, equivalent to the 4330:After receiving the 4245:undergraduate degree 4112:Master of Philosophy 4007:postgraduate diploma 3995:graduate certificate 3974:Doctoral degrees or 3861:University of London 3817:postgraduate diploma 3624:Master Universitario 3606:Master Universitario 3604:2. Master's Degree ( 3504:Finally, there is a 3412:improve this section 3333:Doctor of Philosophy 3257:technical university 3223:; the equivalent of 3143:candidatus/candidata 2986:(engineer, noted as 2789:improve this article 2645:laurea specialistica 2571:Dottorato di ricerca 2563:Dottorato di ricerca 2555:Dottorato di ricerca 2532:laurea specialistica 2516:laurea specialistica 2385:postgraduate diploma 2318:Habilitationsschrift 2023:vocational education 2012:private universities 1898:Licenciate's Diploma 1435:Bachelor-na-bachelor 1391:is issued after 180 912:improve this article 858:Doctor of Philosophy 818:Newcastle University 799:University of London 791:University of Exeter 744:post-nominal letters 691:University of London 571:Doctor of Philosophy 299:Doctor of Philosophy 12396:Surnames by country 12021:Pre-nominal letters 11078:Surnames by country 9725:Associate's degrees 9613:Professional degree 8493:on 14 December 2010 8487:"UA Medical School" 8385:on 18 November 2012 8193:. 15 November 2018. 8078:on 18 December 2016 7922:on 20 December 2019 7892:on 20 December 2019 7282:. pp. 173–174. 7234:. pp. 171–172. 6632:European Commission 6283:"Master of Science" 6205:"Dr Mark Nicholson" 5872:. 15 September 2015 5449:Academicapparel.com 5175:; the third is the 5075:Técnico en Ciencias 4439:Doctor of Education 4420:Bachelor of Science 4405:research doctorates 4319:(bachelor), then a 4240:Bachelor of Nursing 4196:In the province of 4090:Third class honours 4085:Division two (2:2) 4082:Division one (2:1) 4076:First class honours 4043:Bachelor of Science 3373:president of Poland 3341:doktor habilitowany 3229:Bachelor of Science 3219:title – given by a 3105:'s title, noted as 3084:associate professor 3069:assistant professor 3058:universitair docent 2880:Bachelor of Science 2419:Diploma di Maturità 2284:honorary doctorates 2222:Vorbereitungsdienst 2083:(second level) and 1928:Nurse State Diploma 1739:Veterinary Science 1649:maisteri / magister 1581:that were awarded. 1273:. In 38 countries, 1263:Diploma Supplements 1229:Bologna Declaration 789:and 'Exon' for the 683:University of Keele 604:secondary education 501:would earn one the 393:University of Paris 353:, license to teach 331:Syed Farid al-Attas 315:theorizes that the 247:Medieval university 182:University of Paris 119:Licentiate (degree) 106:University of Paris 12259:Endonym and exonym 12202:Calendar of saints 12185:Related traditions 11959:Manners of address 11321:Sub-Saharan Africa 10742:Nobiliary particle 10365:Engineer's degrees 10347:Specialist degrees 9804:Bachelor's degrees 9761:Foundation degrees 9540:Doctor of Sciences 8852:2016-03-08 at the 8640:. 13 February 2014 8440:"Bachelors Degree" 7794:Retsinformation.dk 7328:on 10 October 2016 7273:"Higher education" 7225:"Higher education" 7121:. 8 September 2015 6682:on 11 August 2007. 6547:on 18 October 2010 5898:. 14 November 2017 5813:. 11 December 2012 5512:(1 January 2006). 5273:Academic Inflation 4948:Titulo profesional 4684:(level 9) and the 4523:Doctor of Ministry 4515:specialist degrees 4450:community colleges 4393:bachelor's degrees 4116:Master of Research 3936:postgraduate study 3864: 3759:. You can help by 3659: 3635: 3615:) – in 3–4 years. 3351:) degree – Polish 3190:doctor philosophiæ 3186:philosophiæ doctor 2876:fase" (1–2 years): 2761:Pre-Bologna phases 2749:and all others in 2743:Dutch universities 2675:Tweefasenstructuur 2548:dottore magistrale 2536:dottore magistrale 2369:higher certificate 2089:engineer's degrees 2059:mastère spécialisé 1702:Écoles supérieures 1339:as defined by the 854:Doctor of Medicine 820:in the UK and the 810:University of York 787:University of York 293:were then called " 110: 75:engineer's degrees 12417: 12416: 12345:Personal identity 12180: 12179: 11887: 11886: 11828: 11776: 11775: 11737: 11730: 11723: 11681: 11662: 11655: 11648: 11641: 11589: 11560: 11553: 11546: 11539: 11441: 11434: 11129: 11122: 11115: 11108: 10900:By life situation 10853: 10661: 10660: 9682: 9681: 9678: 9677: 9632:Specialist degree 9516: 9515: 9484:Engineer's degree 9441: 9440: 9428:Bachelor's degree 9396:Foundation degree 8685:"Technical Notes" 6584:978-92-9201-847-4 6159:. 23 January 2012 6105:on 20 August 2018 6009:Massey University 5977:Massey University 5760:"Lambeth Degrees" 5519:Current Sociology 5425:. 6 February 2014 5419:"Academic Degree" 5038:carreras técnicas 4919:After completing 4875:(technicians) or 4869:(professionals), 4694:graduate diplomas 4674:bachelor's degree 4616:graduate diplomas 4507:Graduate Diplomas 4428:Master of Science 4389:associate degrees 4323:(master), then a 4253:McGill University 4159:associate degrees 4108:Master of Science 4104:Master of Letters 3947:Master of Physics 3945:for engineering, 3917:foundation degree 3876:bachelor's degree 3832:Nachdiplomstudium 3777: 3776: 3478:specialist degree 3471:bachelor's degree 3448: 3447: 3440: 3297:magister inżynier 3285:bachelor's degree 3281:Master of Science 3253:Engineer's degree 3178:civil engineering 3150:Kvalitetsreformen 3004:Leiden University 2953:drs. Jansen, arts 2917:Master of Science 2865: 2864: 2857: 2839: 2804:"Academic degree" 2755:Leiden University 2581:and PhD. The old 2540:Diploma di laurea 2528:Laurea magistrale 2524:Diploma di laurea 2512:laurea magistrale 2431:liceo linguistico 2427:liceo scientifico 2373:ordinary bachelor 2149:political science 1998: 1997: 1835:Engineer's degree 1765: 1689:Doctoral Diploma 1510: 1495: 1443: 1428: 1389:Bachelor's degree 1362:Bologna structure 988: 987: 980: 962: 927:"Academic degree" 877:distance learning 850:Master of Science 834:Master of Surgery 830:Master of Science 785:, 'Ebor' for the 783:Durham University 740:pre-nominal title 634:, from where the 505:degree, from the 63:bachelor's degree 16:(Redirected from 12526: 12519:Academic degrees 12504: 12496: 12495: 12494: 12487: 12479: 12478: 12477: 12470: 12462: 12461: 12460: 12450: 12434: 12433: 12425: 12230:Anthropomorphism 11975: 11974: 11923:Buddhist surname 11824: 11733: 11726: 11719: 11679:Hispanic America 11677: 11658: 11651: 11644: 11637: 11585: 11556: 11549: 11544:African-American 11542: 11535: 11453: 11452: 11437: 11430: 11401:Ashkenazi Jewish 11206:and Western Asia 11171:and Central Asia 11125: 11118: 11111: 11104: 11083: 11082: 10944:Placeholder name 10849: 10793:Double-barrelled 10688: 10681: 10674: 10665: 10664: 10525:Doctoral degrees 10050:Master's degrees 9717:academic degrees 9709: 9702: 9695: 9686: 9685: 9618:Graduate diploma 9535:Higher doctorate 9525: 9524: 9452: 9451: 9391:Associate degree 9378: 9377: 9357: 9350: 9343: 9334: 9333: 9327: 9326: 9324: 9322: 9308: 9302: 9301: 9299: 9297: 9283: 9274: 9270: 9264: 9263: 9261: 9259: 9245: 9239: 9238: 9236: 9234: 9223: 9217: 9216: 9214: 9212: 9201: 9195: 9194: 9192: 9190: 9179: 9173: 9172: 9161: 9155: 9154: 9152: 9150: 9144: 9137: 9129: 9120: 9119: 9117: 9115: 9101: 9095: 9094: 9066: 9060: 9059: 9057: 9055: 9035: 9026: 9025: 9024:. 27 April 2011. 9014: 9008: 9007: 9006:. 26 April 2011. 8996: 8990: 8989: 8982:Dailyemerald.com 8974: 8968: 8967: 8962:. 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Stewart 5689: 5683: 5679: 5673: 5656: 5650: 5649: 5639: 5633: 5632: 5604: 5598: 5597: 5566:Devin J. Stewart 5562: 5556: 5555: 5506: 5497: 5496: 5466: 5460: 5459: 5457: 5455: 5441: 5435: 5434: 5432: 5430: 5423:K12academics.com 5415: 5409: 5408: 5394: 5383: 5382: 5368: 5308:Higher education 5283:Ad eundem degree 5052: 5046: 5040: 5030: 5024: 5016: 5010: 5002: 4996: 4988: 4982: 4973: 4963: 4957: 4950: 4942: 4930: 4924: 4910: 4901: 4892: 4886: 4880: 4874: 4868: 4859: 4853: 4847: 4809: 4763:natural sciences 4585:associate degree 4454:associate degree 4416:Bachelor of Arts 4401:master's degrees 4277: 4276: 4268:Université Laval 4262: 4261: 4066:Advanced Highers 4031:Bachelor of Arts 3999:graduate diploma 3932:Master's degrees 3922:associate degree 3880:Bachelor of Laws 3772: 3769: 3751: 3744: 3443: 3436: 3432: 3429: 3423: 3392: 3384: 3370: 3363: 3350: 3343: 3330: 3323: 3306: 3299: 3274: 3267: 3250: 3243: 3225:Bachelor of Arts 3217: 3111:professor Jansen 3096: 3081: 3066: 2906: 2898:doctoraal examen 2888:Bachelor of Laws 2884:Bachelor of Arts 2860: 2853: 2849: 2846: 2840: 2838: 2797: 2773: 2765: 2683: 2435:istituto tecnico 2393:higher doctorate 2137:natural sciences 2075:. These are the 2002:diplôme national 1825:Diplomas of the 1763: 1748:Master's Diploma 1675: 1674: 1564: 1524: 1505: 1502:Master-na-master 1490: 1480: 1461: 1453:Master's degrees 1438: 1423: 1413: 1320:followed by the 1294:higher education 1284:Since 2008, the 1227:in 1997 and the 1187:scientific paper 1028:computer science 983: 976: 972: 969: 963: 961: 920: 896: 888: 781:), 'Dunelm' for 777:(awarded by the 536: 492: 485:Bachelor of Arts 411:universities of 399:universities of 347:Devin J. Stewart 335:Devin J. Stewart 327:Alfred Guillaume 254:doctoral degrees 244: 241: 238: 235: 232: 165:licentia docendi 141:licentia docendi 79:master's degrees 43:higher education 21: 12534: 12533: 12529: 12528: 12527: 12525: 12524: 12523: 12509: 12508: 12507: 12497: 12492: 12490: 12480: 12475: 12473: 12463: 12458: 12456: 12453: 12449:sister projects 12446:at Knowledge's 12444:Academic degree 12440: 12428: 12420: 12418: 12413: 12400: 12235:Personification 12208: 12176: 12062: 11964: 11960: 11954: 11950:Theophoric name 11883: 11788: 11772: 11686: 11594: 11512: 11474: 11451: 11380: 11368: 11315: 11282: 11205: 11197: 11170: 11164: 11076: 11070: 10965: 10932:Posthumous name 10895: 10776: 10750: 10701: 10692: 10662: 10657: 10519: 10437: 10359: 10341: 10302: 10044: 9798: 9755: 9719: 9713: 9683: 9674: 9657:Honorary degree 9645: 9641:Terminal degree 9603:Magister degree 9588:External degree 9570: 9564: 9512: 9488: 9465:Master's degree 9437: 9413: 9367: 9365:academic degree 9361: 9331: 9330: 9320: 9318: 9310: 9309: 9305: 9295: 9293: 9285: 9284: 9277: 9271: 9267: 9257: 9255: 9247: 9246: 9242: 9232: 9230: 9225: 9224: 9220: 9210: 9208: 9203: 9202: 9198: 9188: 9186: 9181: 9180: 9176: 9163: 9162: 9158: 9148: 9146: 9142: 9135: 9131: 9130: 9123: 9113: 9111: 9103: 9102: 9098: 9067: 9063: 9053: 9051: 9036: 9029: 9016: 9015: 9011: 8998: 8997: 8993: 8976: 8975: 8971: 8958: 8957: 8953: 8943: 8941: 8940:. February 2008 8932: 8931: 8924: 8914: 8912: 8911:. February 2008 8903: 8902: 8898: 8888:Wayback Machine 8875:Wayback Machine 8854:Wayback Machine 8843:Wayback Machine 8833: 8829: 8819: 8817: 8816:. February 2008 8808: 8807: 8800: 8790: 8788: 8787:. February 2008 8779: 8778: 8774: 8764: 8762: 8761:. December 2015 8750: 8746: 8745: 8741: 8731: 8729: 8728:. December 2015 8717: 8713: 8712: 8708: 8698: 8696: 8695:. December 2015 8683: 8682: 8678: 8668: 8666: 8658: 8657: 8653: 8643: 8641: 8632: 8631: 8627: 8614: 8613: 8609: 8599: 8597: 8585: 8584: 8580: 8570: 8568: 8567:on 12 June 2011 8559: 8558: 8554: 8544: 8542: 8537: 8536: 8532: 8522: 8520: 8519:on 18 June 2010 8511: 8510: 8506: 8496: 8494: 8485: 8484: 8480: 8470: 8468: 8463: 8462: 8458: 8448: 8446: 8444:York University 8438: 8437: 8433: 8423: 8421: 8409: 8405: 8404: 8397: 8388: 8386: 8371: 8367: 8358: 8356: 8343: 8342: 8338: 8329: 8327: 8314: 8313: 8309: 8300: 8298: 8283: 8279: 8270: 8268: 8257: 8256: 8252: 8243: 8241: 8228: 8227: 8223: 8213: 8211: 8203: 8202: 8198: 8189: 8188: 8184: 8175: 8173: 8165: 8161: 8151: 8149: 8144: 8143: 8139: 8129: 8127: 8122: 8121: 8117: 8107: 8105: 8096: 8095: 8091: 8081: 8079: 8066: 8065: 8061: 8048: 8047: 8043: 8030: 8029: 8025: 8015: 8013: 8012:on 14 July 2013 8004: 8003: 7992: 7979: 7978: 7971: 7958: 7957: 7953: 7940: 7939: 7935: 7925: 7923: 7910: 7909: 7905: 7895: 7893: 7882: 7878: 7865: 7864: 7860: 7850: 7848: 7847:on 14 July 2014 7835: 7834: 7830: 7813: 7812: 7808: 7798: 7796: 7788: 7787: 7783: 7778:Wayback Machine 7769: 7765: 7760:Wayback Machine 7749:Wayback Machine 7740: 7736: 7726: 7724: 7723:on 19 July 2011 7715: 7713: 7709: 7704:Wayback Machine 7695: 7691: 7685: 7681: 7671: 7669: 7664: 7663: 7659: 7649: 7647: 7638: 7637: 7633: 7623: 7621: 7617: 7610: 7606: 7605: 7601: 7591: 7589: 7578: 7569: 7554: 7545: 7535: 7533: 7532:on 26 July 2009 7524: 7523: 7519: 7509: 7507: 7496: 7492: 7479: 7478: 7474: 7461: 7460: 7456: 7446: 7444: 7439: 7438: 7431: 7421: 7419: 7414: 7413: 7396: 7386: 7384: 7379: 7378: 7363: 7353: 7351: 7346: 7345: 7341: 7331: 7329: 7325: 7318: 7314: 7313: 7309: 7299: 7297: 7292: 7291: 7287: 7275: 7269: 7265: 7255: 7253: 7249: 7243: 7239: 7227: 7221: 7214: 7204: 7202: 7201:on 7 March 2016 7198: 7187: 7183: 7182: 7178: 7165: 7164: 7160: 7150: 7148: 7144: 7138: 7134: 7124: 7122: 7109: 7108: 7104: 7097: 7081: 7077: 7072: 7068: 7063: 7059: 7054: 7050: 7045: 7041: 7031: 7029: 7021: 7020: 7016: 7011: 7007: 6997: 6995: 6987: 6986: 6982: 6972: 6970: 6961: 6960: 6956: 6946: 6944: 6936: 6932: 6931: 6927: 6922: 6918: 6908: 6906: 6898: 6894: 6893: 6889: 6879: 6877: 6868: 6867: 6863: 6853: 6851: 6842: 6841: 6837: 6827: 6825: 6816: 6815: 6811: 6806: 6802: 6797: 6793: 6783: 6781: 6773: 6772: 6765: 6755: 6753: 6745: 6744: 6740: 6730: 6728: 6720: 6719: 6715: 6705: 6703: 6695: 6694: 6687: 6679: 6673: 6658: 6650: 6646: 6636: 6634: 6626: 6625: 6621: 6611: 6609: 6604: 6603: 6599: 6589: 6587: 6585: 6570: 6564: 6560: 6550: 6548: 6539: 6538: 6534: 6515: 6511: 6501: 6499: 6490: 6489: 6485: 6475: 6473: 6464: 6463: 6459: 6422: 6418: 6407: 6403: 6356: 6352: 6339: 6338: 6334: 6324: 6322: 6314: 6310: 6309: 6305: 6295: 6293: 6281: 6280: 6276: 6266: 6264: 6252: 6250: 6246: 6239: 6225: 6224: 6220: 6210: 6208: 6203: 6202: 6198: 6191: 6177: 6176: 6172: 6162: 6160: 6151: 6150: 6146: 6136: 6134: 6122: 6118: 6108: 6106: 6102: 6091: 6085: 6084: 6077: 6067: 6065: 6055: 6054: 6050: 6040: 6038: 6028: 6027: 6023: 6013: 6011: 6004: 6000: 5999: 5992: 5982: 5980: 5971: 5970: 5966: 5956: 5954: 5950: 5946: 5945: 5941: 5931: 5929: 5928:on 6 March 2017 5922:Plymouth Herald 5916: 5915: 5911: 5901: 5899: 5890: 5889: 5885: 5875: 5873: 5860: 5859: 5855: 5842: 5840: 5831: 5830: 5826: 5816: 5814: 5805: 5804: 5800: 5783: 5782: 5778: 5768: 5766: 5758: 5757: 5753: 5743: 5741: 5733: 5732: 5728: 5717: 5690: 5686: 5680: 5676: 5657: 5653: 5640: 5636: 5622: 5605: 5601: 5590: 5563: 5559: 5507: 5500: 5480:(2): 175–182 , 5470:Makdisi, George 5467: 5463: 5453: 5451: 5443: 5442: 5438: 5428: 5426: 5417: 5416: 5412: 5395: 5386: 5369: 5362: 5357: 5352: 5313:Honorary degree 5303:External degree 5263: 5130:, in Rome; the 5105: 5059: 4971:grado académico 4955:grado académico 4940:Grado académico 4922:enseñanza media 4917: 4899:especialización 4839: 4803: 4727: 4722: 4716: 4711: 4686:doctoral degree 4682:master's degree 4669: 4663: 4607:doctoral degree 4591:bachelor degree 4576: 4570: 4565: 4552: 4543: 4446:junior colleges 4380: 4351:. Study at the 4349:master's degree 4285: 4208:college diploma 4194: 4155:honours degrees 4146: 4141: 4019: 3910:Open University 3849: 3844: 3810:doctoral degree 3806:master's degree 3786:Bologna Process 3782: 3773: 3767: 3764: 3757:needs expansion 3742: 3736: 3576: 3490:master's degree 3461:and some other 3444: 3433: 3427: 3424: 3409: 3393: 3382: 3202: 3139: 3090: 3075: 3060: 3037: 3028: 2900: 2861: 2850: 2844: 2841: 2798: 2796: 2786: 2774: 2763: 2736:numerus clausus 2732:numerus clausus 2698: 2690:Bologna process 2677: 2667: 2661: 2447:Bologna Process 2415: 2409: 2389:doctoral degree 2381:master's degree 2371:at Level 6; An 2358: 2336: 2330: 2293:medical doctors 2282:doctorates and 2249:Bologna process 2173:Bologna process 2115:social sciences 2105: 2079:(first level), 2027:Bologna Process 1955:Diploma of the 1944: 1929: 1927: 1851:Diploma of the 1837: 1830: 1829: 1818: 1814: 1810:Diploma of the 1809: 1805: 1788: 1787: 1762: 1756: 1750: 1673: 1636: 1587: 1559:(equivalent to 1558: 1551: 1518: 1470: 1455: 1403: 1354: 1341:Bologna process 1302: 1233:Bologna Process 1221: 1211:Bologna process 1209:Main articles: 1207: 1166: 1121: 1108: 1103: 1088: 1080: 998: 993: 984: 973: 967: 964: 921: 919: 909: 897: 886: 872: 866: 814:York University 775:Lambeth degrees 736: 719: 713: 705: 699: 656:Lambeth degrees 648: 567:master's degree 543: 433: 349:finds that the 264:Doctor (D.D.), 242: 239: 236: 233: 217:master's degree 133:medieval Europe 123:The doctorate ( 121: 115: 98: 90:honours degrees 45:, usually at a 39:academic degree 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 12532: 12522: 12521: 12506: 12505: 12488: 12486:from Wikiquote 12471: 12442: 12439: 12438: 12415: 12414: 12412: 12411: 12405: 12402: 12401: 12399: 12398: 12393: 12392: 12391: 12386: 12381: 12376: 12375: 12374: 12359: 12354: 12353: 12352: 12342: 12335: 12330: 12325: 12318: 12313: 12308: 12303: 12302: 12301: 12296: 12291: 12283: 12282: 12281: 12271: 12266: 12261: 12256: 12251: 12246: 12245: 12244: 12243: 12242: 12227: 12222: 12216: 12214: 12210: 12209: 12207: 12206: 12205: 12204: 12194: 12188: 12186: 12182: 12181: 12178: 12177: 12175: 12174: 12173: 12172: 12167: 12165:Ecclesiastical 12157: 12152: 12147: 12142: 12141: 12140: 12135: 12125: 12120: 12115: 12114: 12113: 12108: 12103: 12098: 12093: 12088: 12078: 12072: 12070: 12064: 12063: 12061: 12060: 12059: 12058: 12057: 12056: 12043: 12033: 12023: 12018: 12017: 12016: 12015: 12014: 12012:Ecclesiastical 12004: 11999: 11994: 11983: 11981: 11972: 11956: 11955: 11953: 11952: 11947: 11942: 11941: 11940: 11930: 11925: 11920: 11919: 11918: 11913: 11908: 11901:Christian name 11897: 11895: 11889: 11888: 11885: 11884: 11882: 11881: 11876: 11871: 11866: 11861: 11856: 11851: 11846: 11841: 11836: 11831: 11830: 11829: 11817: 11812: 11807: 11802: 11796: 11794: 11791:Southeast Asia 11778: 11777: 11774: 11773: 11771: 11770: 11765: 11760: 11755: 11750: 11745: 11740: 11739: 11738: 11731: 11724: 11715:Eastern Slavic 11712: 11707: 11702: 11696: 11694: 11688: 11687: 11685: 11684: 11683: 11682: 11670: 11665: 11664: 11663: 11656: 11649: 11642: 11630: 11625: 11620: 11615: 11610: 11604: 11602: 11596: 11595: 11593: 11592: 11591: 11590: 11578: 11573: 11568: 11563: 11562: 11561: 11554: 11547: 11540: 11528: 11522: 11520: 11514: 11513: 11511: 11510: 11505: 11500: 11495: 11490: 11484: 11482: 11476: 11475: 11473: 11472: 11467: 11461: 11459: 11450: 11449: 11444: 11443: 11442: 11435: 11423: 11418: 11413: 11408: 11403: 11398: 11393: 11387: 11385: 11370: 11369: 11367: 11366: 11361: 11356: 11351: 11346: 11341: 11336: 11331: 11325: 11323: 11317: 11316: 11314: 11313: 11308: 11303: 11298: 11292: 11290: 11284: 11283: 11281: 11280: 11275: 11270: 11265: 11260: 11255: 11250: 11245: 11240: 11235: 11230: 11225: 11220: 11215: 11209: 11207: 11199: 11198: 11196: 11195: 11190: 11185: 11180: 11174: 11172: 11166: 11165: 11163: 11162: 11157: 11152: 11147: 11142: 11137: 11132: 11131: 11130: 11123: 11116: 11109: 11097: 11091: 11089: 11080: 11072: 11071: 11069: 11068: 11063: 11062: 11061: 11056: 11046: 11039: 11034: 11033: 11032: 11022: 11015: 11014: 11013: 11008: 11003: 10993: 10986: 10980: 10978: 10967: 10966: 10964: 10963: 10958: 10953: 10952: 10951: 10941: 10940: 10939: 10934: 10924: 10919: 10914: 10909: 10903: 10901: 10897: 10896: 10894: 10893: 10888: 10883: 10878: 10877: 10876: 10866: 10861: 10856: 10855: 10854: 10842: 10837: 10832: 10827: 10822: 10817: 10816: 10815: 10810: 10805: 10795: 10790: 10784: 10782: 10778: 10777: 10775: 10774: 10769: 10764: 10758: 10756: 10752: 10751: 10749: 10748: 10747: 10746: 10745: 10744: 10734: 10720: 10715: 10709: 10707: 10703: 10702: 10695:Personal names 10691: 10690: 10683: 10676: 10668: 10659: 10658: 10647:JSD, SJD, JuDr 10529: 10527: 10521: 10520: 10447: 10445: 10439: 10438: 10369: 10367: 10361: 10360: 10351: 10349: 10343: 10342: 10313: 10311: 10304: 10303: 10228:MTheol/ThM/MTh 10054: 10052: 10046: 10045: 9808: 9806: 9800: 9799: 9770: 9768: 9757: 9756: 9734: 9732: 9721: 9720: 9712: 9711: 9704: 9697: 9689: 9680: 9679: 9676: 9675: 9673: 9672: 9667: 9659: 9653: 9651: 9647: 9646: 9644: 9643: 9638: 9629: 9627:Higher diploma 9624: 9615: 9610: 9605: 9600: 9595: 9590: 9585: 9583:Artist diploma 9580: 9574: 9572: 9571:classification 9566: 9565: 9563: 9562: 9557: 9552: 9547: 9542: 9537: 9531: 9529: 9522: 9518: 9517: 9514: 9513: 9511: 9510: 9505: 9499: 9497: 9490: 9489: 9487: 9486: 9481: 9476: 9467: 9461: 9459: 9449: 9443: 9442: 9439: 9438: 9436: 9435: 9433:Honours degree 9430: 9424: 9422: 9415: 9414: 9412: 9411: 9398: 9393: 9387: 9385: 9375: 9369: 9368: 9360: 9359: 9352: 9345: 9337: 9329: 9328: 9303: 9275: 9265: 9240: 9218: 9196: 9174: 9156: 9121: 9096: 9061: 9027: 9009: 8991: 8969: 8951: 8922: 8896: 8827: 8798: 8772: 8739: 8706: 8676: 8651: 8625: 8607: 8578: 8552: 8530: 8504: 8478: 8456: 8431: 8420:. pp. 2–7 8395: 8365: 8336: 8307: 8277: 8250: 8221: 8196: 8182: 8159: 8137: 8115: 8089: 8059: 8041: 8023: 7990: 7969: 7951: 7933: 7903: 7876: 7858: 7828: 7806: 7781: 7763: 7734: 7707: 7689: 7679: 7657: 7631: 7620:on 7 June 2011 7599: 7567: 7543: 7517: 7506:on 17 May 2013 7490: 7472: 7454: 7429: 7394: 7361: 7339: 7307: 7285: 7263: 7237: 7212: 7176: 7158: 7132: 7102: 7095: 7075: 7066: 7057: 7048: 7039: 7014: 7005: 6980: 6954: 6925: 6916: 6887: 6861: 6835: 6809: 6800: 6791: 6763: 6738: 6713: 6685: 6671: 6644: 6619: 6597: 6583: 6558: 6532: 6509: 6498:. 4 April 2021 6496:NexxusHub Blog 6483: 6457: 6436:(2): 120–137. 6416: 6401: 6350: 6332: 6303: 6274: 6244: 6237: 6218: 6196: 6189: 6170: 6157:Times of Malta 6144: 6116: 6075: 6048: 6021: 5990: 5964: 5939: 5909: 5883: 5853: 5824: 5798: 5776: 5751: 5726: 5715: 5684: 5674: 5651: 5634: 5621:978-0521529945 5620: 5599: 5588: 5557: 5526:(1): 112–132. 5498: 5486:10.2307/604423 5461: 5436: 5410: 5384: 5359: 5358: 5356: 5353: 5351: 5350: 5345: 5340: 5335: 5330: 5325: 5320: 5318:Lambeth degree 5315: 5310: 5305: 5300: 5295: 5290: 5285: 5280: 5278:Academic stole 5275: 5270: 5264: 5262: 5259: 5258: 5257: 5250: 5243: 5232: 5231: 5224: 5217: 5206: 5205: 5198: 5191: 5142:, through the 5104: 5101: 5058: 5055: 5033: 5032: 5018: 5004: 4990: 4966: 4965: 4944: 4916: 4913: 4838: 4835: 4823:Livre-Docência 4726: 4723: 4718:Main article: 4715: 4712: 4710: 4707: 4665:Main article: 4662: 4659: 4647: 4646: 4643: 4636: 4635: 4632: 4629: 4626: 4572:Main article: 4569: 4566: 4564: 4561: 4551: 4548: 4542: 4539: 4424:Master of Arts 4379: 4376: 4338:(similar to a 4299:), similar to 4284: 4281: 4280: 4279: 4264: 4213:Dawson College 4193: 4190: 4145: 4142: 4140: 4137: 4136: 4135: 4132: 4129: 4126: 4096:Special Degree 4092: 4091: 4088: 4087: 4086: 4083: 4077: 4035:Master of Arts 4018: 4015: 3969: 3968: 3965: 3962: 3905: 3904: 3901: 3900: 3899: 3896: 3890: 3848: 3845: 3843: 3842:United Kingdom 3840: 3781: 3778: 3775: 3774: 3754: 3752: 3735: 3732: 3575: 3572: 3571: 3570: 3563: 3556: 3549: 3485: 3484: 3481: 3474: 3446: 3445: 3396: 3394: 3387: 3381: 3378: 3377: 3376: 3356: 3336: 3316: 3292: 3289:Honours Degree 3277:Master of Arts 3260: 3236: 3233:academic major 3201: 3198: 3138: 3135: 3036: 3033: 3027: 3024: 2937:Medical Doctor 2929: 2928: 2925:Master of Laws 2921:Master of Arts 2891: 2874:propedeutische 2863: 2862: 2777: 2775: 2768: 2762: 2759: 2727:limited access 2697: 2694: 2660: 2657: 2423:liceo classico 2408: 2405: 2387:at Level 9; A 2379:at Level 8; A 2377:higher diploma 2357: 2354: 2353: 2352: 2349: 2346: 2343: 2329: 2326: 2190:Fachhochschule 2135:degree in the 2104: 2101: 1996: 1995: 1989: 1988:Baccalaureate 1985: 1984: 1963: 1961: 1959: 1953: 1951: 1949: 1939: 1934: 1933:State Diploma 1905: 1895: 1888: 1887: 1866: 1861: 1857:Diploma of an 1855: 1849: 1832: 1823: 1802: 1797: 1766: 1744: 1743: 1740: 1737: 1736:Public Affairs 1734: 1731: 1728: 1725: 1722: 1719: 1716: 1712: 1711: 1708:Grandes écoles 1698: 1695: 1691: 1690: 1687: 1683: 1682: 1679: 1672: 1669: 1635: 1632: 1631: 1630: 1624: 1618: 1612: 1586: 1583: 1550: 1549:Czech Republic 1547: 1353: 1350: 1345: 1344: 1325: 1301: 1298: 1286:European Union 1206: 1203: 1165: 1162: 1120: 1117: 1107: 1104: 1102: 1099: 1087: 1084: 1079: 1076: 997: 994: 992: 989: 986: 985: 900: 898: 891: 885: 882: 868:Main article: 865: 862: 842:Master of Arts 812:in the UK and 735: 732: 712: 709: 703:Academic dress 701:Main article: 698: 697:Academic dress 695: 647: 644: 632:"diplomaturas" 624:"Bachillerato" 610:, much as the 583:Master of Arts 542: 539: 503:Master of Arts 432: 429: 351:ijazat al-ifta 313:George Makdisi 209:apprenticeship 153:church fathers 114: 111: 97: 94: 32:Academic ranks 26: 18:Degree courses 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 12531: 12520: 12517: 12516: 12514: 12503:from Wikidata 12502: 12501: 12489: 12485: 12484: 12472: 12468: 12467: 12455: 12454: 12451: 12445: 12437: 12432: 12427: 12426: 12423: 12410: 12407: 12406: 12403: 12397: 12394: 12390: 12387: 12385: 12382: 12380: 12377: 12373: 12370: 12369: 12368: 12365: 12364: 12363: 12360: 12358: 12355: 12351: 12348: 12347: 12346: 12343: 12341: 12340: 12336: 12334: 12331: 12329: 12326: 12324: 12323: 12319: 12317: 12314: 12312: 12309: 12307: 12304: 12300: 12297: 12295: 12292: 12290: 12287: 12286: 12284: 12280: 12277: 12276: 12275: 12272: 12270: 12267: 12265: 12262: 12260: 12257: 12255: 12252: 12250: 12247: 12241: 12238: 12237: 12236: 12233: 12232: 12231: 12228: 12226: 12223: 12221: 12218: 12217: 12215: 12211: 12203: 12200: 12199: 12198: 12195: 12193: 12190: 12189: 12187: 12183: 12171: 12168: 12166: 12163: 12162: 12161: 12158: 12156: 12153: 12151: 12148: 12146: 12143: 12139: 12136: 12134: 12131: 12130: 12129: 12126: 12124: 12121: 12119: 12116: 12112: 12109: 12107: 12104: 12102: 12099: 12097: 12094: 12092: 12089: 12087: 12084: 12083: 12082: 12079: 12077: 12074: 12073: 12071: 12069: 12065: 12055: 12051: 12047: 12044: 12042: 12039: 12038: 12037: 12034: 12032: 12029: 12028: 12027: 12024: 12022: 12019: 12013: 12010: 12009: 12008: 12005: 12003: 12000: 11998: 11995: 11993: 11990: 11989: 11988: 11985: 11984: 11982: 11980: 11976: 11973: 11971: 11967: 11963: 11957: 11951: 11948: 11946: 11945:Mandaean name 11943: 11939: 11936: 11935: 11934: 11931: 11929: 11926: 11924: 11921: 11917: 11914: 11912: 11909: 11907: 11906:Biblical name 11904: 11903: 11902: 11899: 11898: 11896: 11894: 11890: 11880: 11877: 11875: 11872: 11870: 11867: 11865: 11862: 11860: 11857: 11855: 11852: 11850: 11847: 11845: 11842: 11840: 11837: 11835: 11832: 11827: 11823: 11822: 11821: 11818: 11816: 11813: 11811: 11808: 11806: 11803: 11801: 11798: 11797: 11795: 11792: 11787: 11783: 11779: 11769: 11766: 11764: 11761: 11759: 11756: 11754: 11751: 11749: 11746: 11744: 11741: 11736: 11732: 11729: 11725: 11722: 11718: 11717: 11716: 11713: 11711: 11708: 11706: 11703: 11701: 11698: 11697: 11695: 11693: 11689: 11680: 11676: 11675: 11674: 11671: 11669: 11666: 11661: 11657: 11654: 11650: 11647: 11643: 11640: 11636: 11635: 11634: 11631: 11629: 11626: 11624: 11621: 11619: 11616: 11614: 11611: 11609: 11606: 11605: 11603: 11601: 11597: 11588: 11584: 11583: 11582: 11579: 11577: 11574: 11572: 11569: 11567: 11564: 11559: 11555: 11552: 11548: 11545: 11541: 11538: 11534: 11533: 11532: 11529: 11527: 11524: 11523: 11521: 11519: 11515: 11509: 11506: 11504: 11501: 11499: 11496: 11494: 11491: 11489: 11486: 11485: 11483: 11481: 11477: 11471: 11468: 11466: 11463: 11462: 11460: 11458: 11454: 11448: 11445: 11440: 11436: 11433: 11432:Ancient Greek 11429: 11428: 11427: 11424: 11422: 11419: 11417: 11414: 11412: 11409: 11407: 11404: 11402: 11399: 11397: 11394: 11392: 11389: 11388: 11386: 11384: 11379: 11378:North America 11375: 11371: 11365: 11362: 11360: 11357: 11355: 11352: 11350: 11347: 11345: 11342: 11340: 11337: 11335: 11332: 11330: 11327: 11326: 11324: 11322: 11318: 11312: 11309: 11307: 11304: 11302: 11299: 11297: 11294: 11293: 11291: 11289: 11285: 11279: 11276: 11274: 11271: 11269: 11266: 11264: 11261: 11259: 11256: 11254: 11251: 11249: 11246: 11244: 11241: 11239: 11236: 11234: 11231: 11229: 11226: 11224: 11221: 11219: 11216: 11214: 11211: 11210: 11208: 11204: 11200: 11194: 11191: 11189: 11186: 11184: 11181: 11179: 11176: 11175: 11173: 11169:Northern Asia 11167: 11161: 11158: 11156: 11153: 11151: 11148: 11146: 11143: 11141: 11138: 11136: 11133: 11128: 11124: 11121: 11117: 11114: 11110: 11107: 11103: 11102: 11101: 11098: 11096: 11093: 11092: 11090: 11088: 11084: 11081: 11079: 11073: 11067: 11064: 11060: 11057: 11055: 11052: 11051: 11050: 11047: 11045: 11044: 11040: 11038: 11035: 11031: 11028: 11027: 11026: 11023: 11021: 11020: 11019:Nom de guerre 11016: 11012: 11009: 11007: 11004: 11002: 10999: 10998: 10997: 10994: 10992: 10991: 10987: 10985: 10982: 10981: 10979: 10976: 10972: 10968: 10962: 10959: 10957: 10954: 10950: 10947: 10946: 10945: 10942: 10938: 10935: 10933: 10930: 10929: 10928: 10925: 10923: 10920: 10918: 10915: 10913: 10910: 10908: 10905: 10904: 10902: 10898: 10892: 10889: 10887: 10884: 10882: 10879: 10875: 10872: 10871: 10870: 10867: 10865: 10862: 10860: 10857: 10852: 10848: 10847: 10846: 10843: 10841: 10838: 10836: 10833: 10831: 10828: 10826: 10823: 10821: 10818: 10814: 10811: 10809: 10806: 10804: 10801: 10800: 10799: 10796: 10794: 10791: 10789: 10786: 10785: 10783: 10779: 10773: 10770: 10768: 10765: 10763: 10760: 10759: 10757: 10753: 10743: 10740: 10739: 10738: 10735: 10733: 10729: 10726: 10725: 10724: 10721: 10719: 10716: 10714: 10711: 10710: 10708: 10706:Personal name 10704: 10700: 10696: 10689: 10684: 10682: 10677: 10675: 10670: 10669: 10666: 10656: 10652: 10648: 10644: 10640: 10636: 10632: 10628: 10624: 10620: 10616: 10612: 10608: 10604: 10600: 10596: 10592: 10588: 10584: 10580: 10576: 10572: 10568: 10564: 10560: 10556: 10552: 10548: 10544: 10540: 10536: 10532: 10528: 10526: 10522: 10518: 10514: 10510: 10506: 10502: 10498: 10494: 10490: 10486: 10482: 10478: 10474: 10470: 10466: 10462: 10458: 10454: 10450: 10446: 10444: 10440: 10436: 10432: 10428: 10424: 10420: 10416: 10412: 10408: 10404: 10400: 10396: 10392: 10388: 10384: 10380: 10376: 10372: 10368: 10366: 10362: 10358: 10354: 10350: 10348: 10344: 10340: 10336: 10332: 10328: 10324: 10320: 10316: 10312: 10309: 10305: 10301: 10297: 10293: 10289: 10285: 10281: 10277: 10273: 10269: 10265: 10261: 10257: 10253: 10249: 10245: 10241: 10237: 10233: 10229: 10225: 10221: 10217: 10213: 10209: 10205: 10201: 10197: 10193: 10189: 10185: 10181: 10177: 10173: 10169: 10165: 10161: 10157: 10153: 10149: 10145: 10141: 10137: 10133: 10129: 10125: 10121: 10117: 10113: 10109: 10105: 10101: 10097: 10093: 10089: 10085: 10081: 10077: 10073: 10069: 10065: 10061: 10057: 10053: 10051: 10047: 10043: 10039: 10035: 10031: 10027: 10023: 10019: 10015: 10011: 10007: 10003: 9999: 9995: 9991: 9987: 9983: 9979: 9975: 9971: 9967: 9963: 9959: 9955: 9951: 9947: 9943: 9939: 9935: 9931: 9927: 9923: 9919: 9915: 9911: 9907: 9903: 9899: 9895: 9891: 9887: 9883: 9879: 9875: 9871: 9867: 9863: 9859: 9855: 9851: 9847: 9843: 9839: 9835: 9831: 9827: 9823: 9819: 9815: 9811: 9807: 9805: 9801: 9797: 9793: 9789: 9785: 9781: 9777: 9773: 9769: 9766: 9762: 9758: 9753: 9750:(Australia), 9749: 9745: 9741: 9737: 9733: 9730: 9726: 9722: 9718: 9710: 9705: 9703: 9698: 9696: 9691: 9690: 9687: 9671: 9668: 9666: 9664: 9660: 9658: 9655: 9654: 9652: 9648: 9642: 9639: 9637: 9633: 9630: 9628: 9625: 9623: 9619: 9616: 9614: 9611: 9609: 9606: 9604: 9601: 9599: 9596: 9594: 9591: 9589: 9586: 9584: 9581: 9579: 9576: 9575: 9573: 9567: 9561: 9558: 9556: 9553: 9551: 9548: 9546: 9543: 9541: 9538: 9536: 9533: 9532: 9530: 9526: 9523: 9519: 9509: 9506: 9504: 9501: 9500: 9498: 9495: 9491: 9485: 9482: 9480: 9479:Diplom degree 9477: 9475: 9471: 9468: 9466: 9463: 9462: 9460: 9457: 9453: 9450: 9448: 9444: 9434: 9431: 9429: 9426: 9425: 9423: 9420: 9416: 9410: 9406: 9402: 9399: 9397: 9394: 9392: 9389: 9388: 9386: 9383: 9379: 9376: 9374: 9373:Undergraduate 9370: 9366: 9358: 9353: 9351: 9346: 9344: 9339: 9338: 9335: 9317: 9313: 9307: 9292: 9288: 9282: 9280: 9269: 9254: 9250: 9244: 9228: 9222: 9206: 9200: 9184: 9178: 9170: 9169:Ozstudies.com 9166: 9160: 9141: 9134: 9128: 9126: 9110: 9106: 9100: 9092: 9088: 9084: 9080: 9076: 9072: 9065: 9049: 9045: 9041: 9034: 9032: 9023: 9019: 9013: 9005: 9001: 8995: 8987: 8983: 8979: 8973: 8965: 8961: 8955: 8939: 8935: 8929: 8927: 8910: 8906: 8900: 8893: 8889: 8885: 8882: 8881: 8876: 8872: 8869: 8865: 8864: 8859: 8855: 8851: 8848: 8844: 8840: 8837: 8831: 8815: 8811: 8805: 8803: 8786: 8782: 8776: 8760: 8756: 8749: 8743: 8727: 8723: 8716: 8710: 8694: 8690: 8686: 8680: 8665: 8661: 8655: 8639: 8635: 8629: 8621: 8617: 8611: 8594: 8588: 8582: 8566: 8562: 8556: 8540: 8534: 8518: 8514: 8508: 8492: 8488: 8482: 8466: 8460: 8445: 8441: 8435: 8419: 8415: 8408: 8402: 8400: 8384: 8380: 8376: 8369: 8354: 8350: 8346: 8340: 8325: 8321: 8317: 8311: 8296: 8292: 8288: 8281: 8266: 8262: 8261: 8254: 8239: 8235: 8231: 8225: 8210: 8206: 8200: 8192: 8186: 8172: 8171: 8163: 8147: 8141: 8125: 8119: 8103: 8099: 8093: 8077: 8073: 8069: 8063: 8055: 8051: 8045: 8037: 8033: 8027: 8011: 8007: 8001: 7999: 7997: 7995: 7986: 7982: 7976: 7974: 7965: 7961: 7955: 7947: 7943: 7937: 7921: 7917: 7916:russia.edu.ru 7913: 7907: 7891: 7887: 7880: 7872: 7868: 7862: 7846: 7842: 7838: 7832: 7824: 7820: 7816: 7810: 7795: 7791: 7785: 7779: 7775: 7772: 7767: 7761: 7757: 7754: 7750: 7746: 7743: 7738: 7722: 7718: 7711: 7705: 7701: 7698: 7693: 7683: 7667: 7661: 7645: 7641: 7640:"Art. 435 Sr" 7635: 7616: 7609: 7603: 7587: 7583: 7576: 7574: 7572: 7563: 7559: 7552: 7550: 7548: 7531: 7527: 7521: 7505: 7501: 7494: 7486: 7482: 7476: 7468: 7464: 7458: 7442: 7436: 7434: 7417: 7411: 7409: 7407: 7405: 7403: 7401: 7399: 7382: 7376: 7374: 7372: 7370: 7368: 7366: 7349: 7343: 7324: 7317: 7311: 7295: 7289: 7281: 7274: 7267: 7252:. p. 216 7248: 7241: 7233: 7226: 7219: 7217: 7197: 7193: 7186: 7180: 7172: 7171:Studyrama.com 7168: 7162: 7143: 7136: 7120: 7116: 7112: 7106: 7098: 7096:9781873927649 7092: 7088: 7087: 7079: 7070: 7061: 7052: 7043: 7028: 7024: 7018: 7009: 6994: 6990: 6984: 6968: 6964: 6958: 6942: 6935: 6929: 6920: 6904: 6897: 6891: 6875: 6871: 6865: 6849: 6845: 6839: 6823: 6819: 6813: 6804: 6795: 6780: 6776: 6770: 6768: 6752: 6748: 6742: 6727: 6723: 6717: 6702: 6698: 6692: 6690: 6678: 6674: 6672:3-85456-453-8 6668: 6664: 6657: 6656: 6648: 6633: 6629: 6623: 6607: 6601: 6586: 6580: 6576: 6569: 6562: 6546: 6542: 6536: 6528: 6524: 6520: 6513: 6497: 6493: 6487: 6471: 6467: 6461: 6453: 6449: 6444: 6439: 6435: 6431: 6427: 6420: 6412: 6405: 6397: 6393: 6388: 6387:10822/1086347 6383: 6378: 6373: 6369: 6365: 6361: 6354: 6346: 6342: 6336: 6320: 6313: 6307: 6292: 6288: 6284: 6278: 6263: 6259: 6255: 6248: 6240: 6238:9781408181188 6234: 6230: 6229: 6222: 6206: 6200: 6192: 6190:9781408181188 6186: 6182: 6181: 6174: 6158: 6154: 6148: 6133: 6132: 6127: 6120: 6101: 6097: 6090: 6089: 6082: 6080: 6064: 6063: 6058: 6052: 6037: 6036: 6031: 6025: 6010: 6003: 5997: 5995: 5978: 5974: 5968: 5949: 5943: 5927: 5923: 5919: 5913: 5897: 5893: 5887: 5871: 5867: 5863: 5857: 5850: 5838: 5834: 5828: 5812: 5808: 5802: 5794: 5790: 5786: 5780: 5765: 5761: 5755: 5740: 5736: 5730: 5723: 5718: 5716:9781135455965 5712: 5708: 5704: 5703: 5698: 5694: 5688: 5678: 5671: 5670:0-521-36105-2 5667: 5663: 5662: 5655: 5647: 5646: 5638: 5631: 5629: 5623: 5617: 5613: 5609: 5608:Huff, Toby E. 5603: 5596: 5591: 5589:9781135455965 5585: 5581: 5577: 5576: 5571: 5567: 5561: 5554: 5549: 5545: 5541: 5537: 5533: 5529: 5525: 5521: 5520: 5515: 5511: 5505: 5503: 5495: 5491: 5487: 5483: 5479: 5475: 5471: 5465: 5450: 5446: 5440: 5424: 5420: 5414: 5406: 5402: 5401: 5393: 5391: 5389: 5380: 5376: 5375: 5367: 5365: 5360: 5349: 5346: 5344: 5341: 5339: 5336: 5334: 5331: 5329: 5326: 5324: 5321: 5319: 5316: 5314: 5311: 5309: 5306: 5304: 5301: 5299: 5296: 5294: 5291: 5289: 5286: 5284: 5281: 5279: 5276: 5274: 5271: 5269: 5266: 5265: 5255: 5251: 5248: 5244: 5241: 5237: 5236: 5235: 5229: 5225: 5222: 5218: 5215: 5211: 5210: 5209: 5203: 5199: 5196: 5192: 5189: 5185: 5184: 5183: 5180: 5178: 5174: 5170: 5169:baccalaureate 5165: 5163: 5159: 5154: 5152: 5149: 5145: 5141: 5137: 5133: 5129: 5125: 5121: 5117: 5113: 5109: 5100: 5097: 5095: 5091: 5087: 5083: 5078: 5076: 5072: 5068: 5064: 5054: 5051: 5045: 5039: 5029: 5023: 5019: 5015: 5009: 5005: 5001: 4995: 4991: 4987: 4981: 4977: 4976: 4975: 4972: 4962: 4956: 4949: 4945: 4941: 4937: 4936: 4935: 4932: 4929: 4923: 4912: 4909: 4903: 4900: 4894: 4891: 4885: 4879: 4873: 4867: 4861: 4858: 4852: 4846: 4834: 4833: 4832: 4826: 4824: 4820: 4816: 4815: 4807: 4802: 4801:Livre-Docente 4798: 4793: 4789: 4785: 4781: 4779: 4778:stricto sensu 4775: 4770: 4768: 4764: 4760: 4756: 4751: 4749: 4745: 4740: 4737: 4733: 4721: 4709:South America 4706: 4703: 4699: 4695: 4691: 4687: 4683: 4679: 4675: 4668: 4658: 4656: 4652: 4644: 4641: 4640: 4639: 4633: 4630: 4627: 4624: 4623: 4622: 4619: 4617: 4613: 4609: 4608: 4603: 4602:master degree 4599: 4598: 4593: 4592: 4587: 4586: 4581: 4575: 4560: 4556: 4547: 4538: 4534: 4532: 4528: 4524: 4520: 4516: 4512: 4508: 4504: 4499: 4498: 4494: 4490: 4486: 4482: 4478: 4474: 4470: 4466: 4461: 4459: 4455: 4451: 4447: 4442: 4440: 4436: 4431: 4429: 4425: 4421: 4417: 4413: 4408: 4406: 4402: 4398: 4394: 4390: 4386: 4378:United States 4375: 4373: 4369: 4365: 4360: 4358: 4354: 4350: 4346: 4341: 4340:certification 4337: 4333: 4328: 4326: 4322: 4318: 4314: 4310: 4306: 4302: 4298: 4295:(also called 4294: 4290: 4287:Education in 4275: 4269: 4265: 4260: 4254: 4250: 4249: 4248: 4246: 4241: 4237: 4233: 4229: 4228:physiotherapy 4225: 4220: 4218: 4214: 4210: 4209: 4203: 4199: 4189: 4187: 4183: 4179: 4175: 4171: 4167: 4162: 4160: 4156: 4150: 4139:North America 4133: 4130: 4127: 4124: 4123: 4122: 4119: 4117: 4114:(M.Phil.) or 4113: 4109: 4105: 4099: 4097: 4089: 4084: 4081: 4080: 4078: 4075: 4074: 4073: 4070: 4067: 4063: 4059: 4055: 4050: 4046: 4044: 4040: 4036: 4032: 4028: 4024: 4021:The standard 4014: 4012: 4008: 4004: 4000: 3996: 3991: 3989: 3983: 3979: 3977: 3972: 3966: 3963: 3960: 3959: 3958: 3955: 3952: 3949:for physics, 3948: 3944: 3939: 3937: 3933: 3929: 3925: 3923: 3918: 3913: 3911: 3902: 3897: 3894: 3893: 3891: 3888: 3887: 3886: 3883: 3881: 3877: 3873: 3870:The standard 3868: 3862: 3858: 3853: 3839: 3837: 3833: 3829: 3825: 3822: 3818: 3813: 3811: 3807: 3803: 3799: 3795: 3791: 3787: 3771: 3762: 3758: 3755:This section 3753: 3750: 3746: 3745: 3741: 3731: 3727: 3726: 3722: 3720: 3714: 3712: 3707: 3706: 3702: 3698: 3694: 3691: 3689: 3685: 3680: 3679: 3675: 3671: 3669: 3668:Universitario 3665: 3655: 3651: 3649: 3644: 3640: 3639: 3631: 3627: 3625: 3621: 3616: 3614: 3609: 3607: 3602: 3600: 3595: 3593: 3588: 3584: 3583: 3579: 3568: 3564: 3561: 3557: 3554: 3550: 3547: 3543: 3542: 3541: 3539: 3536:According to 3534: 3532: 3528: 3524: 3520: 3519:Kandidat Nauk 3515: 3513: 3509: 3508: 3502: 3500: 3499: 3498:Kandidat nauk 3493: 3491: 3482: 3479: 3475: 3472: 3468: 3467: 3466: 3464: 3460: 3456: 3451: 3442: 3439: 3431: 3421: 3417: 3413: 3407: 3406: 3402: 3397:This section 3395: 3391: 3386: 3385: 3374: 3369: 3364: 3362: 3357: 3354: 3349: 3344: 3342: 3337: 3334: 3329: 3324: 3322: 3317: 3314: 3310: 3305: 3300: 3298: 3293: 3290: 3286: 3282: 3278: 3273: 3268: 3266: 3261: 3258: 3254: 3249: 3244: 3242: 3237: 3234: 3230: 3226: 3222: 3218: 3216: 3211: 3210: 3209: 3207: 3197: 3195: 3192:). The title 3191: 3187: 3183: 3182:sivilingeniør 3179: 3175: 3174:sivilingeniør 3171: 3167: 3165: 3159: 3155: 3151: 3146: 3144: 3134: 3132: 3126: 3124: 3120: 3116: 3112: 3108: 3104: 3100: 3094: 3089: 3085: 3079: 3074: 3070: 3064: 3059: 3055: 3050: 3048: 3043: 3042:honoris causa 3032: 3023: 3020: 3016: 3012: 3007: 3005: 3001: 2997: 2993: 2989: 2985: 2981: 2977: 2972: 2969: 2965: 2961: 2956: 2954: 2950: 2946: 2942: 2938: 2934: 2926: 2922: 2918: 2914: 2910: 2904: 2899: 2895: 2892: 2889: 2885: 2881: 2877: 2875: 2870: 2869: 2868: 2859: 2856: 2848: 2837: 2834: 2830: 2827: 2823: 2820: 2816: 2813: 2809: 2806: – 2805: 2801: 2800:Find sources: 2794: 2790: 2784: 2783: 2778:This section 2776: 2772: 2767: 2766: 2758: 2756: 2752: 2748: 2744: 2739: 2737: 2733: 2728: 2723: 2721: 2717: 2713: 2709: 2705: 2704: 2693: 2691: 2687: 2681: 2676: 2672: 2666: 2656: 2654: 2650: 2646: 2642: 2638: 2634: 2630: 2626: 2621: 2619: 2615: 2611: 2607: 2603: 2599: 2595: 2590: 2588: 2584: 2580: 2576: 2572: 2568: 2564: 2560: 2556: 2551: 2549: 2545: 2541: 2537: 2533: 2529: 2525: 2521: 2517: 2513: 2508: 2506: 2502: 2498: 2494: 2490: 2486: 2482: 2478: 2474: 2470: 2466: 2462: 2458: 2457: 2451: 2448: 2444: 2439: 2436: 2432: 2428: 2424: 2420: 2414: 2404: 2402: 2398: 2394: 2390: 2386: 2382: 2378: 2374: 2370: 2365: 2362: 2350: 2347: 2344: 2341: 2340: 2339: 2335: 2325: 2323: 2319: 2314: 2309: 2307: 2303: 2299: 2294: 2290: 2285: 2280: 2276: 2274: 2270: 2269: 2264: 2263: 2258: 2254: 2250: 2246: 2242: 2238: 2234: 2229: 2227: 2223: 2219: 2214: 2210: 2206: 2202: 2201: 2195: 2193: 2191: 2187:awarded by a 2186: 2182: 2178: 2174: 2170: 2166: 2162: 2158: 2154: 2150: 2146: 2142: 2138: 2134: 2133: 2128: 2124: 2120: 2116: 2112: 2111: 2100: 2098: 2094: 2090: 2086: 2082: 2078: 2074: 2069: 2067: 2064: 2060: 2055: 2051: 2047: 2044:credits; the 2043: 2039: 2035: 2030: 2028: 2024: 2019: 2017: 2013: 2009: 2008: 2003: 1993: 1987: 1986: 1983: 1981: 1977: 1973: 1972:Communication 1968: 1964: 1962: 1960: 1958: 1954: 1952: 1950: 1948: 1943: 1940: 1938: 1935: 1932: 1931:Ergotherapist 1925: 1921: 1917: 1913: 1909: 1906: 1904: 1903: 1899: 1896: 1894:and bachelor 1893: 1890: 1889: 1886: 1884: 1880: 1876: 1875:Communication 1871: 1867: 1865: 1862: 1860: 1856: 1854: 1850: 1848: 1844: 1840: 1836: 1833: 1828: 1824: 1822: 1817: 1813: 1808: 1803: 1801: 1798: 1795: 1794:Physiotherapy 1791: 1786: 1782: 1778: 1774: 1770: 1767: 1761: 1760: 1755: 1754: 1749: 1746: 1745: 1741: 1738: 1735: 1732: 1729: 1726: 1723: 1720: 1717: 1714: 1713: 1710: 1709: 1704: 1703: 1692: 1685: 1684: 1677: 1676: 1668: 1664: 1660: 1658: 1654: 1650: 1646: 1642: 1628: 1625: 1622: 1619: 1616: 1613: 1610: 1607: 1606: 1605: 1602: 1601:ECTS-points. 1598: 1596: 1592: 1582: 1580: 1574: 1572: 1568: 1562: 1554: 1546: 1544: 1540: 1536: 1532: 1528: 1522: 1517: 1512: 1508: 1503: 1499: 1493: 1488: 1484: 1478: 1474: 1469: 1465: 1459: 1454: 1450: 1445: 1441: 1436: 1432: 1426: 1421: 1417: 1411: 1407: 1402: 1398: 1394: 1390: 1385: 1383: 1379: 1375: 1371: 1367: 1363: 1359: 1349: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1330: 1326: 1323: 1319: 1315: 1311: 1310: 1309: 1307: 1297: 1295: 1291: 1287: 1282: 1280: 1276: 1272: 1266: 1264: 1260: 1256: 1255: 1250: 1249: 1244: 1243: 1239: 1234: 1230: 1226: 1220: 1216: 1212: 1202: 1198: 1194: 1192: 1188: 1182: 1180: 1176: 1172: 1161: 1157: 1155: 1151: 1147: 1143: 1139: 1135: 1131: 1125: 1116: 1114: 1098: 1096: 1092: 1083: 1075: 1073: 1069: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1053: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1037: 1034:(B.Eng.) and 1033: 1029: 1025: 1021: 1019: 1015: 1011: 1006: 1003: 982: 979: 971: 960: 957: 953: 950: 946: 943: 939: 936: 932: 929: – 928: 924: 923:Find sources: 917: 913: 907: 906: 901:This section 899: 895: 890: 889: 881: 878: 871: 870:Online degree 864:Online degree 861: 859: 855: 851: 847: 843: 839: 835: 831: 826: 823: 819: 816:in Canada or 815: 811: 806: 804: 800: 796: 792: 788: 784: 780: 776: 772: 768: 764: 760: 755: 753: 747: 745: 741: 731: 729: 724: 718: 708: 704: 694: 692: 688: 684: 680: 676: 675:royal charter 672: 667: 665: 661: 657: 653: 652:Great Britain 643: 641: 637: 633: 629: 625: 621: 617: 613: 609: 605: 601: 600: 595: 590: 588: 584: 580: 576: 572: 568: 564: 560: 556: 552: 548: 538: 535: 531: 527: 523: 519: 515: 511: 508: 504: 500: 496: 491: 486: 482: 478: 474: 470: 466: 462: 461: 456: 452: 448: 444: 443: 438: 428: 426: 422: 418: 414: 410: 406: 402: 398: 394: 389: 387: 383: 379: 375: 371: 367: 362: 360: 356: 352: 348: 344: 340: 336: 332: 328: 324: 320: 319: 314: 310: 308: 304: 300: 296: 292: 288: 284: 279: 275: 271: 267: 263: 259: 255: 252:The earliest 250: 248: 228: 225: 220: 218: 214: 210: 205: 203: 199: 195: 191: 188:). 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Retrieved 5422: 5413: 5404: 5399: 5378: 5373: 5253: 5246: 5239: 5233: 5227: 5220: 5213: 5207: 5201: 5194: 5187: 5181: 5166: 5161: 5155: 5150: 5127: 5106: 5098: 5093: 5089: 5085: 5081: 5079: 5074: 5070: 5066: 5062: 5060: 5034: 5000:licenciatura 4986:bachillerato 4967: 4933: 4918: 4904: 4895: 4862: 4840: 4828: 4827: 4822: 4819:Habilitation 4811: 4794: 4790: 4786: 4782: 4777: 4773: 4771: 4766: 4752: 4747: 4741: 4736:Licenciatura 4735: 4728: 4670: 4648: 4637: 4620: 4605: 4601: 4595: 4589: 4583: 4577: 4557: 4553: 4544: 4535: 4500: 4462: 4458:Articulation 4443: 4432: 4411: 4409: 4381: 4367: 4363: 4361: 4352: 4344: 4335: 4332:licenciatura 4331: 4329: 4324: 4320: 4317:licenciatura 4316: 4313:licenciatura 4312: 4308: 4304: 4297:preparatoria 4296: 4293:bachillerato 4292: 4286: 4221: 4206: 4195: 4163: 4151: 4147: 4120: 4100: 4095: 4093: 4071: 4051: 4047: 4029:is either a 4023:first degree 4020: 3992: 3984: 3980: 3973: 3970: 3956: 3940: 3930: 3926: 3914: 3906: 3884: 3872:first degree 3869: 3865: 3831: 3827: 3820: 3814: 3801: 3800:(French) or 3797: 3793: 3783: 3765: 3761:adding to it 3756: 3728: 3724: 3723: 3718: 3715: 3708: 3704: 3703: 3699: 3695: 3692: 3687: 3681: 3677: 3676: 3674:in any way. 3672: 3667: 3663: 3660: 3647: 3645: 3641: 3637: 3636: 3623: 3619: 3617: 3612: 3610: 3605: 3603: 3598: 3596: 3591: 3589: 3585: 3581: 3580: 3577: 3566: 3559: 3552: 3545: 3535: 3530: 3526: 3522: 3518: 3516: 3512:Habilitation 3505: 3503: 3496: 3494: 3486: 3452: 3449: 3434: 3425: 3410:Please help 3398: 3358: 3353:Habilitation 3338: 3318: 3294: 3262: 3238: 3212: 3203: 3189: 3185: 3181: 3173: 3164:baccalaureus 3161: 3157: 3149: 3147: 3142: 3140: 3127: 3110: 3107:prof. Jansen 3106: 3053: 3051: 3041: 3038: 3029: 3008: 2987: 2983: 2979: 2975: 2973: 2967: 2963: 2959: 2957: 2952: 2945:UK MD degree 2940: 2930: 2893: 2871: 2866: 2851: 2842: 2832: 2825: 2818: 2811: 2799: 2787:Please help 2782:verification 2779: 2740: 2724: 2701: 2699: 2668: 2652: 2648: 2644: 2640: 2636: 2632: 2628: 2624: 2622: 2617: 2613: 2609: 2605: 2601: 2597: 2593: 2591: 2586: 2582: 2578: 2574: 2570: 2566: 2562: 2558: 2554: 2552: 2547: 2543: 2539: 2535: 2531: 2527: 2523: 2519: 2515: 2511: 2509: 2504: 2500: 2496: 2492: 2488: 2484: 2480: 2476: 2472: 2468: 2464: 2460: 2454: 2452: 2442: 2440: 2434: 2430: 2426: 2422: 2418: 2416: 2401:universities 2366: 2359: 2337: 2322:Privatdozent 2321: 2317: 2313:Habilitation 2310: 2305: 2301: 2297: 2288: 2277: 2273:Staatsexamen 2272: 2266: 2260: 2256: 2252: 2244: 2236: 2230: 2225: 2221: 2200:Staatsexamen 2198: 2196: 2189: 2184: 2180: 2176: 2130: 2129:, or with a 2108: 2106: 2096: 2092: 2084: 2080: 2076: 2070: 2065: 2049: 2037: 2031: 2020: 2016:diplôme visé 2015: 2005: 2001: 1999: 1992:Baccalauréat 1991: 1969: 1967:diplôme visé 1966: 1941: 1936: 1907: 1900: 1891: 1872: 1870:diplôme visé 1869: 1863: 1842: 1838: 1815: 1806: 1799: 1789: 1784: 1768: 1757: 1751: 1707: 1706: 1701: 1700: 1697:Universities 1665: 1661: 1656: 1652: 1648: 1644: 1641:polytechnics 1637: 1626: 1620: 1614: 1608: 1603: 1599: 1595:kandidatgrad 1594: 1588: 1575: 1555: 1552: 1513: 1451:level 7) by 1446: 1386: 1355: 1346: 1303: 1283: 1275:ECTS credits 1267: 1252: 1246: 1236: 1222: 1199: 1195: 1183: 1167: 1158: 1126: 1122: 1119:South Africa 1109: 1089: 1081: 1022: 1002:colonial era 999: 974: 965: 955: 948: 941: 934: 922: 910:Please help 905:verification 902: 873: 856:and PhD for 827: 807: 756: 748: 737: 722: 720: 706: 668: 649: 640:licenciatura 639: 636:"diplomados" 635: 631: 628:"Licenciado" 627: 623: 619: 607: 599:baccalauréat 597: 591: 586: 579:dissertation 544: 499:disputations 490:baccalaureus 481:Liberal Arts 458: 440: 434: 390: 363: 358: 350: 338: 316: 311: 277: 269: 261: 251: 226: 221: 206: 194:Baccalaureus 193: 189: 185: 164: 145:early church 140: 128: 122: 87: 59:postgraduate 38: 36: 12357:Proper name 12279:Name change 12133:Educational 12111:Substantive 12050:decorations 11933:Jewish name 11928:Dharma name 11893:By religion 11558:Hongkongese 11383:Australasia 11223:Azerbaijani 10956:Regnal name 10937:Temple name 10767:Middle name 10755:By sequence 10732:Matrilineal 10728:Patrilineal 10068:MALS or MLS 9622:certificate 9608:Microdegree 9569:No dominant 9474:certificate 9233:5 September 9211:4 September 9189:4 September 9183:"Australia" 9149:4 September 9114:4 September 9022:Times Union 9004:cbsnews.com 8944:4 September 8915:4 September 8820:4 September 8791:4 September 8765:4 September 8732:4 September 8699:4 September 8669:4 September 8471:4 September 8449:4 September 8424:4 September 8072:Mecd.gob.es 7926:19 February 7624:28 November 7510:27 February 7300:27 February 7205:6 September 7151:5 September 7125:6 September 6969:(in French) 6943:(in French) 6905:(in French) 6876:(in French) 6850:(in French) 6824:(in French) 6472:. 2012–2023 6211:20 December 6163:20 December 6109:3 September 6068:21 December 6041:21 December 5208:Philosophy 4866:profesional 4845:profesional 4804: [ 4680:(level 8), 4676:(level 7), 4661:New Zealand 4301:high school 4164:In Canada, 4125:Distinction 3961:Distinction 3828:post laurea 3824:DEA or DESS 3784:Before the 3780:Switzerland 3531:Doktor Nauk 3527:Doktor Nauk 3507:Doktor Nauk 3255:given by a 3194:dr. philos. 3091: [ 3076: [ 3061: [ 2968:doctorandus 2933:doctorandus 2923:) and LLM ( 2913:doctorandus 2901: [ 2741:Almost all 2686:Wim Deetman 2678: [ 2671:Netherlands 2659:Netherlands 2614:specialista 2587:Specialista 2213:pharmacists 2161:engineering 2123:linguistics 2063:Sciences Po 1994:'s Diploma 1730:Engineering 1519: [ 1471: [ 1456: [ 1404: [ 1364:during the 1138:Engineering 1070:(BCA)) and 1046:(B.E.) and 1040:engineering 771:Oxbridge MA 620:"Bachiller" 355:Islamic law 262:Divinitatis 12483:Quotations 12350:Identifier 12333:Onomastics 12274:Legal name 12254:Deadnaming 12150:Diplomatic 12106:Subsidiary 12101:Hereditary 11992:Diplomatic 11911:Papal name 11820:Indonesian 11786:South Asia 11782:Indosphere 11748:Macedonian 11721:Belarusian 11628:Portuguese 11470:Lithuanian 11364:Zimbabwean 11160:Vietnamese 11120:Generation 11087:East Asian 11075:By culture 11049:Stage name 11006:Hypocorism 10971:Pseudonyms 10961:Slave name 10912:Birth name 10864:Teknonymic 10845:Patronymic 10825:Matronymic 10788:Diminutive 10762:First name 10718:Given name 10713:Birth name 10308:Licentiate 10180:MProfStuds 10042:MA (Oxon.) 10034:MA (Dubl.) 10026:MB BCh BAO 9598:Licentiate 9363:Levels of 9321:1 November 9291:Vatican.va 9054:13 October 8541:. Yorku.ca 8214:13 January 8016:26 October 7946:unesco.org 7687:permission 7027:Légifrance 6779:Légifrance 6476:4 November 6370:: 102290. 5902:22 October 5892:"About us" 5355:References 5234:Canon Law 5173:licentiate 5094:diplomados 5090:licenciado 5014:licenciado 4994:Licenciado 4878:tecnólogos 4774:lato sensu 4767:in promptu 4744:Vestibular 4734:teachers. 4426:(M.A.) or 4418:(B.A.) or 4336:diplomados 3976:doctorates 3796:(German), 3790:Licentiate 3738:See also: 3551:D.Lit. to 3428:April 2010 3251:) title – 3227:degree or 3221:university 3170:technology 3162:bachelor ( 3119:university 3117:leave the 3088:hoogleraar 2988:ir. Jansen 2980:mr. Jansen 2886:) or LLB ( 2815:newspapers 2663:See also: 2538:. 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