Master's degree - Knowledge

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addressed the Oxbridge MA issue, noting that "the MAs granted by the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge are not academic qualifications". The first "framework for qualifications of Higher Education Institutes in Scotland", also published in January 2001, used the same qualifications descriptors, adding in credit values that specified that a stand-alone master should be 180 credits and a "Masters (following an integrated programme from undergraduate to Masters level study)" should be 600 credits with a minimum of 120 at M-level. It was specified that the title "Master" should only be used for qualifications that met the learning outcomes and credit definitions, although it was noted that "A small number of universities in Scotland have a long tradition of labelling certain first degrees as 'MA'. Reports of Agency reviews of such provision will relate to undergraduate benchmarks and will make it clear that the title reflects Scottish custom and practice, and that any positive judgement on standards should not be taken as implying that the outcomes of the programme were at postgraduate level."

1155:(drs.) may be rendered, if obtained in the Netherlands from a university, after the application of the Bologna process, as: MSc instead of ir., LLM instead of mr. and MA or MSc instead of drs. This is because a single program that led to these degree was in effect before 2002, which comprised the same course load as the bachelor and master programs put together. Those who had already started the program could, upon completing it, bear the appropriate title (MSc, LLM or MA), but alternatively still use the old-style title (ir., mr. or drs.), corresponding to their field of study. Since these graduates do not have a separate bachelor's degree (which is – in retrospect – incorporated into the program), the master's degree is their first academic degree. Bearers of foreign master's degree can use the titles ir., mr. and drs. only after obtaining a permission to bear such titles from the Dienst Uitvoering Onderwijs. Those who received their mr., ir. or drs. title after the application of the Bologna process have the option of signing as 1178:, a master's degree can be obtained when completing a two-year study at university (120 ECTS), although there also exist some master's studies which only require 1 year of education (60 ECTS). This discrepancy has various reasons, but the main cause is the transition from the pre-Bologna Process degrees. Degrees like industrial engineering were previously not obtained through university and only took one year, but got transferred to universities, hence why the master's degree for industrial engineering only takes one year at university currently. Similar situations arose for other one-year degrees obtained before 2013 and are therefore now converted to master's degrees through a special certificate. Other master's degrees, such as the degrees from the faculty of Arts and Literature are historically only one year, just like they were before the Bologna Process ratification. Master's degrees for medicine take 3 years to be completed. The situation for the 1031:(EHEA) are moving to a three-cycle (bachelor's - master's - doctorate) system of degrees. Two-thirds of EHEA countries have standardised on 120 ECTS credits for their second-cycle (master's) degrees, but 90 ECTS credits is the main form in Cyprus, Ireland and Scotland and 60-75 credits in Montenegro, Serbia and Spain. The combined length of the first and second cycle varies from "3 + 1" years (240 ECTS credits), through "3 + 2" or "4 + 1" years (300 ECTS credits), to "4 + 2" years (360 ECTS credits). As of 2015, 31 EHEA countries have integrated programmes that combine the first and second cycle and lead to a second-cycle qualification (e.g. the UK integrated master's degree), particularly in STEM subjects and subjects allied to medicine. These typically have a duration of 300 – 360 ECTS credits (five to six years), with the integrated master's degrees in England, Wales and Northern Ireland being the shortest at 240 ECTS credits (four years). 345:. The idea quickly crossed the Atlantic, with Manchester establishing a Faculty of Commerce, awarding Bachelor and Master of Commerce degrees, in 1903. Over the first half of the century the automatic master's degrees for honours graduates vanished as honours degrees became the standard undergraduate qualification in the UK. In the 1960s, new Scottish universities (except for Dundee, which inherited the undergraduate MA from St Andrews) reintroduced the BA as their undergraduate degree in arts, restoring the MA to its position as a postgraduate qualification. Oxford and Cambridge retained their MAs, but renamed many of their postgraduate bachelor's degrees in the higher faculties as master's degrees, e.g. the Cambridge LLB became the LLM in 1982, and the Oxford BLitt, BPhil (except in philosophy) and BSc became the MLitt, MPhil and MSc. 1249:. The educational programmes allow students to be mobile within the system, for example one semester may be taken in a confederate school without paying additional membership or tuition fees. Subsequently, after passing the qualifications provided, people may procure teaching qualifications and continue their scholastic research around doctoral studies, or carry on studying within their career in the private or public sector. Graduates of the program, within the Baltic Sea area are also given the chance to continue onwards with their studies within the postgraduate system if they have studied the social sciences or humanities field. 296:

Science, along with the Bachelor of Natural Science, to stand alongside the MA and BA degrees and be awarded to students who took their degrees in the honours school of natural sciences. In 1879 a statute to actually establish the faculty of Natural Sciences at Oxford was promulgated, but in 1880 a proposal to rename the degree as a Master of Science was rejected along with a proposal to grant Masters of Natural Sciences a Master of Arts degree, in order to make them full members of the university. This scheme would appear to have then been quietly dropped, with Oxford going on to award BAs and MAs in science.

813:. Research master's degrees typically take one to two years, and at least two-thirds of their content consists of research, research training and independent study. Coursework master's degrees typically also last one to two years, and consist mainly of structured learning with some independent research and project work or practice-related learning. Extended master's degrees typically take three to four years and contain significant practice-related learning that must be developed in collaboration with relevant professional, statutory or regulatory bodies. 22: 1309:) which is available after a four-year bachelor or a five-year specialist course. A graduate may choose a master course completely different from his/her previous one. During these two years master students attend specialized lectures in chosen profile, choose a faculty advisor and prepare their master thesis which is eventually defended before certifying commission consisting mostly of professors, leading by the professor from another university. 1495: 1374: 794:. Research master's degrees in the US (e.g., M.A./A.M. or M.S.) require the completion of taught courses and examinations in a major and one or more minor subjects, as well as (normally) a research thesis. Professional master's degrees may be structured like research master's (e.g., M.E./M.Eng.) or may concentrate on a specific discipline (e.g., M.B.A.) and often substitute a project for the thesis. 899:

between one calendar year and two academic years, with at least one academic year of study at master's level. The Framework for Higher Education Qualification (FHEQ) in England Wales and Northern Ireland level 7 qualifications and the Framework for Qualification of Higher Education Institutes in Scotland (FQHEIS) level 11 qualifications (postgraduate and integrated master's degrees, except for

1077:) takes two years and is worth 120 ECTS credits. The two years are often called the master 1 (M1) and master 2 (M2), following the Bologna Process. Depending on the goal of the student (a doctorate or a professional career) the master can also be called a "Master Recherche" (research master) or a "Master Professionnel" (professional master), each with different requirements. 1578:, M.Phil/MPhil/Master of Philosophy is the most advanced master's degree and usually includes both a taught portion and a research portion which requires candidates to complete an extensive original research for their thesis. Regardless of subject, students in all faculties (including sciences, arts, humanities and social sciences) may be awarded the Master of Philosophy. 778:) are designed to prepare students for a particular professional career and are primarily taught, although they may include work placements and independent study projects. Some may require professional experience for entry. Examples include MBA, MDiv, LLM and MSW as well as some integrated master's degrees. The name of the degree normally includes the subject name. 283:

MS was last awarded in 1876. In Britain, however, the degree took a while longer to arrive. When London introduced its Faculty of Sciences in 1858, the university was granted a new charter giving it the power "to confer the several Degrees of Bachelor, Master, and Doctor, in Arts, Laws, Science, Medicine, Music", but the degrees it awarded in science were the

942:. Students may also have to provide evidence of their ability to successfully pursue a postgraduate degree to be accepted into a taught master's course, and possibly higher for a research master's. Graduate schools in the US similarly require strong undergraduate performance, and may require students to take one or more standardised tests, such as the 1335:(Engineer) are also equivalent to master's degrees. They were integrated programmes of study that combined first and second cycles and led to a second cycle qualification. The Spanish government issued a royal decree in 2014 establishing the official equivalences between the Spanish pre-Bologna degrees and the 1932:

Tuition is less expensive than would be the case in North America, costing as little as US$ 5000 for an M.B.A. As an incentive designed to increase foreign student numbers, the government and universities of Taiwan have redoubled their efforts to make a range of high-quality scholarships available in

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In Nepal, after completing a bachelor's degree, students must spend at least three or four years studying full-time in college and university, with an entrance test for those who wish to pursue master's, Ph.D., and doctorate degrees. All doctoral and Ph.D. degrees, as well as third cycle degrees, are

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awards a non-thesis M.Eng. There also exists "a direct track" doctorate degree, which lasts four to five years. Taking this route, students prepare a preliminary research paper during their first year, after which they must pass an exam before being allowed to proceed, at which point they are awarded

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credits, with a minimum requirement of at least 60 ECTS credits at second-cycle level. The definition of ECTS credits is that "60 ECTS credits are allocated to the learning outcomes and associated workload of a full-time academic year or its equivalent", thus European master's degrees should last for

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criticised the practice of Oxford and Cambridge, calling their MAs "the most stupendous of academic frauds" and "bogus degrees". Ensuing correspondence pointed out that "A Scotch M.A., at the most, is only the equivalent of an English B.A." and called for common standards for degrees, while defenders

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post-graduation) programs. At the Master's program there are 2–3 years of graduate-level studies. Usually focused on academic research, the Master's Degree requires, on any specific knowledge area, the development of a thesis to be presented and defended before a board of professors after the period

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Probably the most important master's degree introduced in the 19th century was the Master of Science (MS in the US, MSc in the UK). At the University of Michigan this was introduced in two forms in 1858: "in course", first awarded in 1859, and "on examination", first awarded in 1862. The "in course"

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that "In England the Universities conferred degrees after a considerable period of residence, after much labour performed, and if they were not in all respects so rigorous as the statutes of the Universities required, nevertheless it could not be said, that Masters of Arts were created at Oxford and

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was awarded to BA graduates of a certain standing without further examination from the late 17th century, its main purpose being to confer full membership of the university. At Harvard the 1700 regulations required that candidates for the master's degree had to pass a public examination, but by 1835

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there is a two-year education program that offers a chance to gain a master's degree in interdisciplinary issues. The system offers an education in different areas, such as humanities, environmental and social issues, whilst paying specific consideration to the Baltic Sea area. It is a joint-degree

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system, which is worth 60 ECTS credits and is taught part-time. The candidatus degree is abbreviated cand. and upon completion of, for instance, an engineering master's degree, a person becomes cand.polyt. (polytechnical). Similar abbreviations, inspired by Latin, apply to a large number of fields,

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in a related field, with an extra six months if following on straight from an ordinary bachelor's degree and another extra six months if following on from a degree in a different field, to four years for an "extended" master's degree. At some Australian universities, the master's degree may take up

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rather than as master's degrees, but confirmed that the extended undergraduate degrees were master's degrees, saying that "Some Masters degrees in science and engineering are awarded after extended undergraduate programmes that last, typically, a year longer than Honours degree programmes". It also

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The M.A. degree at Oxford and Cambridge had degenerated, and was granted to Bachelors of three years' standing on the payment of certain fees. At Durham the B.A. had to keep residence for three extra terms, and to pass what seems have been an honours examination in order to proceed to the Master's

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directly admits that the incorrectly missing apostrophe used to be more widespread in publications of this and therefore presumably other Australian universities: "Note that both 'bachelor's degree' and 'master's degree', when used in a generic sense, require an apostrophe. While some dislike this

1120:(a three-year undergraduate degree, equivalent to a bachelor's degree). In particular fields, namely law, pharmacy and medicine, this distinction is not made. University courses are therefore single and last five to six years, after which the master's degree is awarded (in this case referred to as 862:

In the UK, postgraduate master's degrees typically take one to two years full-time or two to four years part-time. Master's degrees may be classified as either "research" or "taught", with taught degrees (those where research makes up less than half of the volume of work) being further subdivided

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The form "Master in ..." is also sometimes used, particularly where a faculty title is used for an integrated master's degree in addition to its use in a traditional postgraduate master's degree, e.g. Master in Science (MSci) and Master in Arts (MArts). This form is also sometimes used with other

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suggested that Durham should award master's degrees in theology and science (with the suggested abbreviations MT and MS, contrary to later British practice of using MTh or MTheol and MSc for these degrees), but its recommendations were not enacted. In 1877, Oxford introduced the Master of Natural

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disciplines, with the most common degrees being MEng, MSci and MChem. 82% of respondents conferred only a master's degree for the course, while 9% conferred a bachelor's degree at the end of the bachelor's-level stage and a master's degree at the end of the course and a further 9% conferred both

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announced the results of a survey of 150 major employers showing nearly two thirds mistakenly thought the Cambridge MA was a postgraduate qualification and just over half made the same error regarding the Edinburgh MA, with QAA chief executive John Randall calling the Oxbridge MA "misleading and

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credit guidelines were developed. This led to questions as to the status of the integrated master's degrees and one-year master's degrees in the UK. However, the Framework for Higher Education Qualifications in England, Wales and Northern Ireland and the Framework for Qualifications of Higher

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The QAA released the first "framework for higher education qualifications in England, Wales and Northern Ireland" in January 2001. This specified learning outcomes for M-level (master's) degrees and advised that the title "Master" should only be used for qualifications that met those learning

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should be allowed to teach freely in any other university. The original meaning of the master's degree was thus that someone who had been admitted to the rank (degree) of master (i.e. teacher) in one university should be admitted to the same rank in other universities. This gradually became

239:, which was only empowered by its charter to grant degrees by examination. However, by the middle of the century the MA as an examined second degree was again under threat, with Durham moving to awarding it automatically to those who gained honours in the BA in 1857, along the lines of the 132:(licence to teach). Originally, masters and doctors were not distinguished, but by the 15th century it had become customary in the English universities to refer to the teachers in the lower faculties (arts and grammar) as masters and those in the higher faculties as doctors. Initially, the 1056:

e.g.: sociology (cand.scient.soc), economics (cand.merc., cand.polit. or cand.oecon), law (cand.jur), humanities (cand.mag) etc. Use of a cand. title requires a master's degree. Holders of a cand. degree are also entitled to use M.Sc. or M.A. titles, depending on the field of study. In

243:, and Edinburgh following the other Scottish universities in awarding the MA as its first degree, in place of the BA, from 1858. At the same time, new universities were being established around the then British Empire along the lines of London, including examinations for the MA: the 278:

as the terminal degree. Sometimes it was possible to earn an MA either by examination or by seniority in the same institution; for example, in Michigan the "in course" MA was introduced in 1848 and was last awarded in 1882, while the "on examination" MA was introduced in 1859.

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of research. Conversely, the Specialization Degree, also comprehends a 1–2 years studies, but does not require a new thesis to be proposed and defended, being usually attended by professionals looking for complementary training on a specific area of their knowledge.

1477:) requires physical attendance. In Brazil, the degree often serves as additional qualification for those seeking to differentiate themselves in the job market, or for those who want to pursue a Ph.D. It corresponds to the European (Bologna Process) 2nd Cycle or the 496:

Master's degrees are commonly titled using the form 'Master of ...', where either a faculty (typically Arts or Science) or a field (Engineering, Physics, Chemistry, Business Administration, etc.) is specified. The two most common titles of master's degrees are the

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were awarded after a minimum of four years of university studies and a successful defence of a written thesis and are considered equivalent to the master's degree. After the completion of that first cycle of the pre-Bologna higher education, the students obtained

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master's degrees are primarily taught degrees, although commonly at least a third of the course is devoted to a research project assessed by dissertation. These may be stand-alone master's courses, leading to, e.g., MSc, MA or MRes degrees, or integrated master's

327:(which, at the time in the UK involved further study beyond the ordinary degree, as it still does in Scotland and some Commonwealth countries); and master's degrees that could only be obtained by further study (including all London master's degrees). In 1903, the 334:

of the ancient universities said that "the Cambridge M.A. does not pretend to be a reward of learning" and that "it is rather absurd to describe one of their degrees as a bogus one because other modern Universities grant the same degree for different reasons".

2140:(the UK standard), and aligns with our key institutional partner Warwick University. Currently, you will find the terms used both with and without an apostrophe throughout our online and print publications – gradually, we need to move toward correct usage." 352:

issued a "'Statement on enhanced and extended undergraduate engineering degree courses", proposing the establishment of a four-year first degree (Master of Engineering). These were up and running by the mid-1980s and were followed in the early 1990s by the

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course with an extra year at master's level (i.e. a total of four years in England, Wales and Northern Ireland, and five years in Scotland). A 2011 survey of UK Higher Education Institutes found that 64% offered integrated master's course, mostly in

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M.B.B.S. is only a medical degree with six and a half years of study resulting in a medical doctor and must finish its study in four years after master's degree with minimum education of 15 or 16 years of university bachelor's degree education.

1929:, bachelor's degree courses are about four years in length, while an entrance examination is required for people who want to study for master's degrees and doctorates. The courses leading to these higher degrees are normally research-based. 748:

master's degrees are primarily research based, although may contain taught elements, particularly on research methods. Examples are the MLitt (usually, but not always a research degree), the Master's by Research, and the MPhil. The Master's

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and Doctors of Medical Practice, Physiotherapy, Dentistry, Optometry and Veterinary Practice. Despite their titles these are still master's degree and may not be referred to as doctoral degrees, nor may graduates use the title "doctor".

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until the 19th century, the pattern of degrees was therefore to have a bachelor's and master's degree in the lower faculties and to have bachelor's and doctorates in the higher faculties. In the United States, the first master's degrees

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education system, there are two different master's degree programmes. Master’s degrees are earned after having received a bachelor’s pass degree and one year after the honours degree. The master's program generally lasts for two years.

1163:, depending on the field in which the degree was obtained, since the ir., mr. and drs. titles are similar to a master's degree, and the shortcut MA or MSc. may officially be used in order to render such title as an international title. 854:

Master's programs in the US and Canada are normally two years (full-time) in length. In some fields/programs, work on a doctorate begins immediately after the bachelor's degree, but a master's degree may be granted along the way as an

4707: 4680: 875:(which is always a taught degree) combines a bachelor's degree course with an additional year of study (120 credits) at master's level for a four (England, Wales and Northern Ireland) or five (Scotland) academic year total period. 1933:

the form of university-specific scholarships that include tuition waivers of up to NT$ 20,000 per month. The government offers the Taiwan Scholarship amounting to NT$ 20,000–30,000 per month (US$ 654–981) for a two-year program.

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The 19th century saw a great expansion in the variety of master's degrees offered. At the start of the century, the only master's degree was the MA, and this was normally awarded without any further study or examination. The

1469:) does not require a set minimum of class-hours, but it is practically impossible to finish it in less than 18 months due to the workload and research required; an average time for the degree is 2.5 years. Specialization ( 463:(EHEA). This established a three-cycle bachelor's—master's—doctorate classification of degrees, leading to the adoption of master's degrees across the continent, often replacing older long-cycle qualifications such as the 4468:"Verification of the compatibility of The framework for higher education qualifications in England, Wales and Northern Ireland (FHEQ) with the Framework for Qualifications of the European Higher Education Area(FQ-EHEA)" 228:

Cambridge as they were in Scotland, without any residence, or without some kind of examination. In Scotland, all the statutes of the Universities which enforced conditions on the grant of degrees were a dead letter."

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Irish master's degrees are one to two years (60–120 ECTS credits) for taught degrees and two years (not credit rated) for taught and research degrees. These have also been certified as compatible with the FQ-EHEA.

3506: 824:. Taught master's degrees are normally one to two year courses, rated at 60 - 120 ECTS credits, while research master's degrees are normally two year courses, either rated at 120 ECTS credits or not credit rated. 4467: 4431: 5185: 528:(M.A.S.), and Professional Master's (MProf). Integrated master's degrees and postgraduate master's degrees oriented towards professional practice are often more specifically named for their field of study ( 659:, etc.) are the traditional formal form of master's degree, where the student already holds an undergraduate (bachelor's) degree on entry. Courses normally last one year in the UK and two years in the US. 3875: 2293: 307:

in 1881. At the Victoria University both the MA and MSc followed the lead of Durham's MA in requiring a further examination for those with an ordinary bachelor's degree but not for those with honours.

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Master of Science is generally abbreviated M.S. or MS in countries following United States usage and MSc or M.Sc. in countries following British usage, where MS would refer to the degree of

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In Scotland, Edinburgh maintained separate BA and MA degrees until the mid-19th century, although there were major doubts as to the quality of the Scottish degrees of this period. In 1832

1316:, first degrees in medicine, dentistry and veterinary science are considered equivalent to master's degrees despite, for historical reasons, often having the titles of bachelor's degrees. 4911: 3476: 84:

level, either as a separate degree or as part of an integrated course. Within the area studied, master's graduates are expected to possess advanced knowledge of a specialized body of

5214: 3409: 1465:) instead. A regular post-graduation course has to comply with a minimum of 360 class-hours, while a M.B.A. degree has to comply with a minimum of 400 class-hours. Master's degree ( 2062: 846:

may or may not be required depending on the program. In general, structure and duration of a program of study leading to a master's degree will differ by country and university.

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Verification of compatibility of the Danish National Qualifications Framework for Higher Education with the Framework for Qualifications of the European Higher Education Area

323:, granted to all BA graduates a certain period after their first degree without further study; master's degrees that could be gained either by further study or by gaining an 4807: 3989: 2103:), but it is becoming more common. It is considered incorrect by most if not all US and most UK and Australian universities, style guides, and dictionaries, for example: 1221:(abbreviation "mr. sc.") was awarded to students who completed a postgraduate university programme (and therefore qualified for a doctorate programme), while the title of 4575: 3498: 4289: 369:

into UK Higher Education in 1997, which called for the establishment of a national framework of qualifications and identified five different routes to master's degrees:

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After completing a successful bachelor's degree, students pursue master's degrees in engineering, education, and arts, as well as all law and medicine-related courses.

291:. The same two degrees, again omitting the master's, were awarded at Edinburgh, despite the MA being the standard undergraduate degree for Arts in Scotland. In 1862, a 927:

is the standard undergraduate degree, this is often the normal entry qualification. In addition, students will normally have to write a personal statement and, in the

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outcomes in full. It addressed many of the Dearing Report's concerns, specifying that shorter courses at H-level (honours), e.g. conversion courses, should be styled

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Education Institutes in Scotland have both been aligned with the overarching framework for the EHEA with these being accepted as masters-level qualifications.

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if the student petitions for it. Some universities offer evening options so that students can work during the day and earn a master's degree in the evenings.

3934: 3814: 4234: 4053: 477:(sciences) and state registration (professional) awards in Germany. As the process continued, descriptors were introduced for all three levels in 2004, and 4627: 3435: 2261: 5066: 4536:"Verification of Compatibility of Irish National Framework of Qualifications with the Framework for Qualifications of the European Higher Education Area" 4504:"Verification of Compatibility of Irish National Framework of Qualifications with the Framework for Qualifications of the European Higher Education Area" 4406: 365:, and MGeol, and in some institutions general or specific MSci (Master in Science) and MArts (Master in Arts) degrees. This development was noted by the 3746: 5466: 5428: 5391: 5354: 4321: 3781: 3345: 1171: 341:

introduced the Master of Commercial Science (MCS), first awarded in 1902. This was the first master's degree in business, the forerunner of the modern

600:, leading to the abbreviations A.M. and S.M. for these degrees. The forms "Master of Science" and "Master in Science" are indistinguishable in Latin. 699: 212:

in Ireland. When the Philadelphia College of Surgeons was established in 1870, it too conferred the Master of Surgery, "the same as that in Europe".

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it was a "discriminatory practice" and that it "devalues and undermines the efforts of students at other universities". The following month the

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There is a range of pathways to the degree with entry based on evidence of a capacity to undertake higher level studies in a proposed field. A

175: 4907: 3468: 1826: 3662: 867:, compared to 120 for an academic year), while research degrees are not typically credit rated but may take up to two years to complete. An 5207: 863:

into "specialist or advanced study" or "professional or practice". Taught degrees (of both forms) typically take a full calendar year (180

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degrees were placed in level 7 (Master) of the EQF. These programmes have been phased out and replaced with the new Bologna programmes of

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is a FQ-EHEA second-cycle qualification worth 120 ECTS credits. These degrees are research-based and offered through universities (e.g.

5327: 5239: 3585: 2636: 2200: 235:(even though, as in the ancient English universities, this was to confer full membership), to be followed in 1840 by the similarly new 5144: 1213:

with the titles of Professor (abbreviation "prof.") for educational studies, Engineer (abbreviation "ing.") for technical studies, or

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professional of their field of expertise (abbreviation "dipl." with a reference to the profession) for other studies. The title of

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in 1859, although the idea of a master's degree as an earned second degree was not well established until the 1870s, alongside the

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degrees) as a stand-alone degree or (for integrated degrees) as part of an integrated scheme of study. In countries where the

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The ancient universities of the UK and Ireland have traditionally awarded MAs in a different manner to that usual today. The

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Postgraduate studies in Israel require the completion of a bachelor's degree and is dependent upon this title's grades; see

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Degree, students are qualified to continue their academic career through Master's Degree ("mestrado", in Portuguese, a.k.a.

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In Australia, master's degrees vary from one year for a "research" or "coursework" master's following on from an Australian

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Admission to a master's degree normally requires successful completion of study at bachelor's degree level either (for

5253: 3656: 3243: 2194: 1853: 1753: 1647: 1534: 1454: 1421: 1336: 1272:), lasts normally from one to, more often, two years, and can be studied after a, at least, four-years undergraduate 648: 533: 4806:(in French). Ministère de l'Education nationale, de l'Enseignement supérieur et de la Recherche. 30 September 2014. 4187: 3965: 1403: 3806: 714: 556:

integrated master's degrees and occasionally for postgraduate master's degrees (e.g. Master's in Accounting). Some

384: 248: 3926: 5381: 4045: 2747: 2112: 1859: 1745:) for examination by two or three examiners. The available degrees include but are not limited to the following: 5320: 4208: 3445: 3272: 3201: 3169: 3137: 3077: 3045: 3013: 2981: 2949: 2917: 2836: 2592: 2253: 2162: 1631:, usually requiring two years to complete. The available degrees include but are not limited to the following: 1516: 1399: 1028: 721:

is not an academic qualification; it is granted without further examination to those who have gained a BA from

460: 4379: 3738: 4230: 3333: 939: 5667: 4314: 4186:(Second ed.). Australian Qualifications Framework Council. January 2013. pp. 59–62. Archived from 3964:(Second ed.). Australian Qualifications Framework Council. January 2013. pp. 72–73. Archived from 3768: 3367: 516:) an extended degree with a large research component. Other generically named master's programs include the 5608: 3640: 2047: 1952: 1701: 963: 943: 837: 417: 267: 4908:"wetten.nl - Wet- en regelgeving - Wet op het hoger onderwijs en wetenschappelijk onderzoek - BWBR0005682" 2127:, and the Macquarie Dictionary as shown in the following Monash University quotation. Monash University's 1822: 1450:

In addition, many Brazilian universities offer an MBA program. However, those are not the equivalent to a

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and requiring a maximum of four years to complete. Master's degree students are required to submit their

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For part-time study, two or three years of study are normally required to achieve a postgraduate degree.

1179: 1081: 1073: 608: 491: 5285:"2023-2024 Taiwan Scholarship program will be open for application from February 1 till March 31, 2023" 3836: 2108: 2007: 1883: 1291: 1242: 1048: 604: 525: 4353: 2120: 5313: 3289: 3218: 3186: 3154: 3094: 3062: 3030: 2998: 2966: 2934: 2853: 2610: 2222: 2022: 656: 5182:"Permenristedikti Nomor 44 Tahun 2015 tentang Standar Nasional Pendidikan Tinggi | LLDikti III" 4881: 4855: 3690: 2902: 2544: 2495: 2417: 2368: 505:(MSc/M.Sc./M.S./S.M.) degrees, which normally consist of a mixture of research and taught material. 315:

At the start of the 20th century, there were four different sorts of master's degree in the UK: the

5446: 4474: 4438: 4121: 4085: 3995: 3777: 1473:) and M.B.A. degrees can be also offered as distance education courses, while the master's degree ( 1384: 1044: 738: 521: 431: 401: 72:

upon completion of a course of study demonstrating mastery or a high-order overview of a specific

5373: 3642: 3307: 2128: 1505: 1388: 1017: 549: 231:

It 1837, separate examinations were reintroduced for the MA in England, at the newly established

205: 2385:

The Charters of the Scotch Universities and Medical Corporations, and Medical Reform in Scotland

2100: 1435: 5419: 2714: 2116: 1967: 1695: 920: 730: 529: 426: 393: 271: 260: 122: 5043:[Value of old type degrees in the higher education system for the Flemish community]. 4377: 2868: 2777: 2689: 2510: 2461: 2383: 1229:

programme. Slovenia is a full member of the Bologna Process since 1999 and Croatia since 2001.

1130:

degree (Vecchio Ordinamento, Old Regulations), which was the only awarded in Italy before the

5480: 3648: 3641:

Great Britain: Parliament: House of Commons: Education and Skills Committee (30 April 2007).

3233: 2431: 2334: 2032: 1942: 1865: 1783: 1653: 1641: 597: 541: 380:

Conversion degrees, sometimes below the standard of undergraduate degrees in the same subject

266:

In the US, the revival of master's degrees as an examined qualification began in 1856 at the

201: 170:, the pre-Reformation universities (St Andrews, Glasgow, and Aberdeen) developed so that the 4150: 3589: 2628: 2182: 5594: 5550: 5456: 5442: 5400: 5345: 5140: 3341: 2782:. The University of Michigan, an Encyclopedic Survey. University of Michigan. p. 294. 1972: 1947: 1913: 1763: 1726: 1659: 1624: 1287: 1246: 1052: 975: 726: 694: 513: 509: 444: 256: 252: 244: 236: 209: 81: 4027:(Report). UK Higher Education International Unit. 23 April 2012. p. 7. Archived from 3713:(Report). UK Higher Education International Unit. 23 April 2012. p. 6. Archived from 3563: 3560:"The framework for higher education qualifications in England, Wales and Northern Ireland" 2307: 603:

In the UK, full stops (periods) are not commonly used in degree abbreviations. In the US,

8: 5585: 5570: 3405: 2027: 1992: 1889: 1803: 1738: 1718: 1238: 1237:

program, which is part of a team effort with four universities. There is for example the

1214: 1210: 1190: 1091:) is also the equivalent of a master's degree, provided the diploma is recognised by the 879: 775: 568:, the Master of Arts and Master of Science degrees may be known in these institutions as 452: 349: 329: 284: 30: 5114: 2707: 21: 5512: 4028: 3714: 3678: 3433: 2890: 2532: 2483: 2405: 2356: 1689: 754: 593: 537: 163: 4729: 303:(MSc) degree was finally introduced in Britain in 1878 at Durham, followed by the new 5604: 5368: 5233: 4738: 4396: 4022:

Results of the 2011 UK HE International Unit European Activity Survey of UK HEIs - UK

3708:

Results of the 2011 UK HE International Unit European Activity Survey of UK HEIs - UK

3652: 3239: 2190: 2178: 2042: 2002: 1871: 1773: 1665: 1604: 1222: 1218: 1193:

or Diplom (4 to 5 years in duration) is considered equivalent to the master's degree.

1000: 969: 722: 644: 615: 545: 517: 502: 338: 300: 288: 232: 197: 93: 26: 4982:"Citizens' questions letter from Dutch Department of Education, Culture and Science" 4535: 4503: 1087: 357:

for physicists and since then integrated master's degrees in other sciences such as

5634: 5590: 5507: 5363: 4388: 3379: 3344:. 16 September 2015. Conversion of BLitt, BPhil, and BSc to MLitt, MPhil, and MSc. 1442:

post-graduation) or Specialization Degree ("especialização", in Portuguese, a.k.a.

1233: 440: 421: 292: 133: 5284: 4829: 3303: 1849:

The following are the most professional and internationalized programs in Nepal:

5629: 5613: 5575: 5560: 5527: 5337: 4706:(Report). Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. pp. 54–56. 4704:

The European Higher Education Area in 2015: Bologna Process Implementation Report

4677:

The European Higher Education Area in 2015: Bologna Process Implementation Report

3108: 2805: 2658: 2166: 2072: 1987: 1205: 1131: 1024: 891: 466: 456: 220: 97: 61: 5088: 5018: 4959: 2187:

The Universities of Europe in the Middle Ages: Volume 1, Salerno, Bologna, Paris

5599: 5555: 5522: 5405: 5167: 4988: 3991:

The Frameworks for Higher Education Qualifications of UK Degree-Awarding Bodies

3770:

The Frameworks for Higher Education Qualifications of UK Degree-Awarding Bodies

2616:

degree, and for a number of years classes were awarded in the M.A. examination.

2598: 2037: 2012: 1907: 1895: 1793: 1683: 1635: 1597: 1575: 1561:

requires one or two years of full-time coursework to achieve a master's degree.

1313: 924: 652: 636: 498: 366: 324: 224: 141: 73: 5041:"Welke waarde heeft mijn oude diploma in de huidige bachelor-masterstructuur?" 5040: 1225:(abbreviation "dr. sc.") was awarded to students who completed a postgraduate 888:

Overarching Framework of Qualifications for the European Higher Education Area

117:

The master's degree dates back to the origin of European universities, with a

5661: 4679:(Report). Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. p. 17. 3586:"The framework for qualifications of Higher Education Institutes in Scotland" 1451: 978:

and may be considered equivalent to a modern (standardized) master's degree (

565: 216: 38: 5305: 5517: 4664:(in Greek). Vol. 54, no. Appendix. Athens, Greece. 1 August 1978. 4628:"Graduate Admissions Tests at a Glance: GMAT, GRE, LSAT, TOEFL & IELTS" 1957: 928: 843: 619: 557: 58: 5261: 3383: 753:

Research (MbyRes, ResM), which is a research degree, is distinct from the

5580: 2633:

Regulations of the University of London on the Subject of Degrees in Arts

1186: 1151: 1138: 1051:). The second form is the Master Degree (no possessive) within the adult 904: 900: 718: 710: 396:, awarded without additional study several years after the award of a BA. 316: 240: 204:

in 1815. By 1861 this had been adopted throughout Scotland as well as by

179: 171: 152: 4347:"The framework of qualifications for the European Higher Education Area" 894:, a "second cycle" (i.e. master's degree) programme is typically 90–120 4378:

European Commission. Directorate General for Education Culture (2015).

2067: 1977: 1519: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 932: 618:. In Australia, some extended master's degrees use the title "doctor": 145: 118: 77: 65: 34: 1553:

M.Arch., M.L.A., M.U.D., M.A., M.Sc., M.Soc.Sc., M.S.W., M.Eng., LL.M.

1457:, as it does not formally certify the student with a Master's degree ( 5475: 1962: 1730: 1714: 1628: 1558: 1226: 5143:. Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deporte. pp. 95973–95993. 5074: 4204: 2160: 1494: 1373: 1588: 1197: 1175: 1013: 761:(MRes), which is a taught degree concentrating on research methods. 413: 374: 184: 167: 89: 4737:. The Danish Evaluation Institute. November 2009. pp. 17–18. 4701: 4674: 4392: 1004:, or the similar five-year Diploma awarded in several subjects in 2563: 1201: 1167: 1057: 1036: 987: 983: 887: 137: 69: 3434:

The National Committee of Inquiry into Higher Education (1997).

1294:

is considered equal to a graduate degree plus a master's degree.

607:

recommends placing periods in degrees (e.g. B.S., Ph.D.), while

121:

of 1233 decreeing that anyone admitted to the mastership in the

5565: 5532: 5451: 4073: 4071: 3702: 3700: 1926: 1734: 1623:

system, a master's degree is a postgraduate degree following a

1298: 1253: 1122: 1116: 1110: 1061: 1039:

there are two forms of master's degree. The Master's Degree or

1005: 996: 991: 686: 678: 85: 4941: 3399:"An Engine for Change: A Chronicle of the Engineering Council" 2223:"History of Medieval Education, Middle Ages European Learning" 4352:. European Higher Education Area. 20 May 2005. Archived from 1620: 1320: 1105: 1009: 868: 682: 674: 666: 640: 561: 362: 358: 354: 101: 49: 5254:"Graduate School, Technion – Israel Institute of Technology" 5015:"titulatuur: drs. A. Jansen, M.B.A. - Genootschap Onze Taal" 4882:"Ministero dell'Istruzione, dell'Università e della Ricerca" 4858:. Commission nationale de la certification professionnelle. 4068: 3697: 2388:. Provincial Medical and Surgical Association. p. 687. 1182:

is similar in many ways, but has implemented it differently.

80:. A master's degree normally requires previous study at the 4601: 2099:

without an apostrophe is considered a mistake by many (see

1839:

research and experience oriented, with a focus on results.

1825:. Degrees awarded are the M.A., M.Sc., M.B.A. and LLM; the 951: 947: 733:

in Ireland is granted to its graduates in a similar manner.

690: 670: 611:

recommends writing degrees without periods (e.g. BS, PhD).

3739:"Structure of the U.S. Education System: Master's Degrees" 2285:"Oxbridge masters degrees 'offensive', says Cambridge don" 383:

The honours arts undergraduate degree awarded by the four

5289:

Taipei Representative Office, Budapest, Hungary 駐匈牙利台北代表處

3396: 2333:

Board Of Overseers, Harvard University (6 January 1825).

1305:) degree can be obtained after a two-year master course ( 703:

bachelor's and master's degrees at the end of the course.

342: 275: 3588:. Quality Assurance Agency. January 2001. Archived from 3562:. Quality Assurance Agency. January 2001. Archived from 1174:

and have separately implemented the Bologna Process. In

713:

is a bachelor's-level qualification offered by the four

223:

and an alumnus of the University of Edinburgh, told the

1098:

répertoire national des certifications professionnelles

3469:"Why I...think Oxbridge MA degrees should be scrapped" 2810:

University of London, the Historical Record: 1836-1912

2775: 3893: 3334:"Regulations for Degrees, Diplomas, and Certificates" 1355:, to be completed after completion of a programme of 1095:, as are qualifications recognised at Level 7 of the 693:, etc.) are UK degrees that combine an undergraduate 377:) first degrees in certain subjects, such as the MEng 3019:

Manchester Courier and Lancashire General Advertiser

2812:. University of London Press. 1912. pp. 39–48. 871:

normally takes two calendar years (360 credits). An

389:

Postgraduate programmes, such as the MA, MSt and MSc

4987:. Members.home.nl. 8 September 2009. Archived from 3807:"University of Nottingham Qualifications Framework" 1068:(abbreviated kand.) equates to a bachelor's degree. 907:) have been certified as meeting this requirement. 404:, which was charged with drawing up the framework. 4231:"Georgia Institute of Technology: Evening Program" 4205:"Irish National Framework of Qualifications (NFQ)" 3927:"Academic Degrees & Professional Designations" 3733: 3731: 3729: 3727: 3271: 3200: 3168: 3136: 3076: 3044: 3012: 2980: 2948: 2916: 2835: 2708:"Graduate Education: Parameters for Public Policy" 2591: 2559:"PARLIAMENTARY REFORM—BILL FOR SCOTLAND—COMMITTEE" 2332: 2283: 1611:Both MA and MS are offered in all major subjects. 1108:the master's degree is equivalent to the two-year 96:, or professional application; and the ability to 4956:"Ministerie van Onderwijs, Cultuur en Wetenschap" 3078:"The Victoria University and its Science Degrees" 2687: 2177: 1170:, the higher education system is governed by the 1134:, is equivalent to the current Laurea Magistrale. 1101:(national register of professional certificates). 938:In the UK, students will normally need to have a 935:, will often have to submit a portfolio of work. 251:in 1850, and the Universities of Bombay (now the 5659: 5012: 4832:. Centre International de Formation Europëenne. 4124:. September 2015. pp. 10–13. Archived from 3231: 2779:Degrees Authorized by the University of Michigan 1204:, during the pre-Bologna process education, all 424:calling for them to be scrapped and telling the 4804:"Organisation licence master doctorat (L.M.D.)" 4662:Journal of the Government of the Greek Republic 4315:"Higher education credit framework for England" 3724: 3466: 2251: 112: 5643:Master of Arts (Oxford, Cambridge, and Dublin) 4856:"The French National Qualifications Framework" 4088:. September 2015. pp. 4–5. Archived from 4046:"TCD to keep selling Masters - Independent.ie" 3390: 2629:"Examination for the degree of Master of Arts" 1603:4 years master's programmes: these are mostly 1596:2 years master's programmes: these are mostly 1434:After acquiring a Bachelor's, Technologist or 957: 741:defines three categories of master's degrees: 5335: 5321: 4634:. QS Quacquarelli Symonds. 13 November 2013. 3113:. Victoria University. 1883. pp. 37–38. 2842:Southern Reporter and Cork Commercial Courier 2589: 2189:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–22. 1260:(μεταπτυχιακό) which literally translates as 901:MAs from the ancient universities of Scotland 4974: 4151:"Master of Research (MRES) - UniSQ Handbook" 2744:"A (Very) Brief History the Master's Degree" 2381: 1717:higher education system, a master's degree ( 564:degree names; because of the flexibility of 472: 176:Oxford, Cambridge and Trinity College Dublin 5089:"European higher education area - Slovenia" 4702:European Commission/EACEA/Eurydice (2015). 4675:European Commission/EACEA/Eurydice (2015). 4283:"Master's Degree Characteristics Statement" 3998:. November 2014. p. 29. Archived from 3527: 1878:Master of Science in Information Technology 1672:Master of Science in Information Technology 1402:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 816:In Ireland, master's degrees may be either 587: 581: 575: 569: 464: 157: 127: 52: 5328: 5314: 5115:"European higher education area - Croatia" 4655: 4653: 3874:. University of Oxford. 2016. p. 20. 3530:"Oxbridge MAs are misleading, says agency" 3051:Sunderland Daily Echo and Shipping Gazette 2866: 4766: 4115:Master's Degree Characteristics Statement 4079:Master's Degree Characteristics Statement 3238:. Bucknell University Press. p. 15. 2154: 1983:European Joint Master degree in Economics 1535:Learn how and when to remove this message 1422:Learn how and when to remove this message 592:. Examples of the reversed usage include 512:(MPhil) indicates (in the same manner as 416:MAs in the UK Parliament, with Labour MP 392:The Oxford and Cambridge MA, and MA from 107: 88:and applied topics; high order skills in 5165: 3437:Higher Education in the learning society 3368:"New-style engineering degrees proposed" 2771: 2769: 20: 4650: 3984: 3982: 3980: 3978: 3859: 2508: 1725:) is a postgraduate degree following a 1085:(postgraduate degree in engineering of 729:Universities in England, and the MA of 5660: 5238:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 4207:. Quality and Qualifications Ireland. 4173: 4171: 3612:"EUROPE: Future of masters programmes" 3509:from the original on 10 September 2016 3479:from the original on 20 September 2016 633:Postgraduate/graduate master's degrees 580:or reversed from the English order to 136:(BA) was awarded for the study of the 5673:Academic degrees of the United States 5309: 5220:from the original on 12 December 2019 5121:from the original on 16 November 2017 4888:from the original on 12 December 2014 4327:from the original on 10 February 2019 3787:from the original on 17 December 2018 3743:United States Department of Education 2877:from the original on 28 December 2019 2766: 2519:from the original on 30 December 2019 2470:from the original on 31 December 2019 2442:from the original on 13 December 2019 2392:from the original on 31 December 2019 2296:from the original on 11 January 2022. 1750:Magister Administrasi Bisnis (M.A.B.) 784:United States Department of Education 412:In 2000, renewed pressure was put on 400:This led to the establishment of the 162:, or Master of Arts) were awarded at 5188:from the original on 9 December 2019 5095:from the original on 22 October 2017 4914:from the original on 18 October 2014 4263:from the original on 9 February 2019 3975: 3881:from the original on 2 February 2017 3540:from the original on 2 February 2017 3397:Colin R. Chapman; Jack Levy (2004). 2870:Regulations as to Degrees in Science 2724:from the original on 2 February 2017 2571:from the original on 2 February 2017 2233:from the original on 18 January 2022 2132:convention, it is prescribed by the 2068:Professional Science Master's degree 2018:Master of Arts (Oxbridge and Dublin) 1823:Education in Israel#Higher education 1517:adding citations to reliable sources 1488: 1461:) but with a Specialization Degree ( 1400:adding citations to reliable sources 1367: 321:Master of Arts (Oxbridge and Dublin) 174:became their first degree, while in 4836:from the original on 21 August 2016 4784:from the original on 6 January 2019 4710:from the original on 17 August 2016 4683:from the original on 17 August 2016 4608:from the original on 22 August 2016 4578:from the original on 17 August 2016 4448:from the original on 17 August 2016 4237:from the original on 9 January 2018 4211:from the original on 26 August 2016 4197: 4180:Australian Qualifications Framework 4168: 4056:from the original on 16 August 2016 3958:Australian Qualifications Framework 3817:from the original on 21 August 2016 3622:from the original on 20 August 2016 3415:from the original on 26 August 2014 3314:from the original on 21 August 2016 3252:from the original on 1 January 2020 2786:from the original on 3 January 2020 2754:from the original on 26 August 2016 2694:Chambers's Encyclopaedia•volume=III 2466:. Vol. 13. 1870. p. 284. 2343:from the original on 1 January 2020 2314:from the original on 19 August 2016 2203:from the original on 2 January 2020 799:Australian Qualifications Framework 707:Non-master's level master's degrees 13: 5147:from the original on 4 August 2017 4778:Swedish Higher Education Authority 4754:from the original on 22 March 2016 4548:from the original on 22 March 2016 4516:from the original on 22 March 2016 4295:from the original on 11 April 2019 3847:from the original on 29 April 2014 3665:from the original on 18 April 2021 3117:from the original on 18 April 2021 2669:from the original on 18 April 2021 2639:from the original on 5 August 2020 2136:(the Australian standard) and the 14: 5684: 4862:from the original on 25 June 2016 4638:from the original on 26 July 2016 4574:. Graduate Prospects. June 2016. 4484:from the original on 9 April 2016 4412:from the original on 26 June 2016 3348:from the original on 27 July 2016 2264:from the original on 27 July 2016 2254:"Commencements, from 1642 onward" 1854:Master of Business Administration 1754:Master of Business Administration 1648:Master of Business Administration 1337:European Qualifications Framework 1290:(schools of engineering) and the 1093:Commission des titres d'ingénieur 534:Master of Business Administration 459:, leading to the creation of the 319:, granted as a first degree; the 187:-style three years after the BA. 5282: 5276: 5246: 4810:from the original on 9 June 2016 3937:from the original on 8 June 2016 3868:University of Oxford Style Guide 3749:from the original on 14 May 2009 3467:Jennifer Currie (16 June 2000). 2816:from the original on 20 May 2016 2432:"Minutes of the Medical Council" 2058:Master's degree non-Euroamerican 2053:Master's degree in North America 1902:Master of Science in Agriculture 1493: 1372: 1339:(EQF) levels. Most (if not all) 1071:In France, the master's degree ( 834:Master's degree in North America 715:ancient universities of Scotland 385:ancient universities of Scotland 5382:Certificate of Higher Education 5200: 5174: 5159: 5133: 5107: 5081: 5059: 5033: 5006: 4948: 4926: 4900: 4874: 4848: 4822: 4796: 4722: 4695: 4668: 4620: 4598:"FAQs about postgraduate study" 4590: 4568:"Applying for a Masters degree" 4560: 4528: 4496: 4460: 4424: 4371: 4339: 4307: 4275: 4249: 4223: 4143: 4107: 4038: 4014: 3949: 3919: 3829: 3799: 3761: 3634: 3604: 3578: 3552: 3521: 3491: 3460: 3442:Her Majesty's Stationery Office 3427: 3360: 3326: 3296: 3264: 3225: 3193: 3161: 3129: 3101: 3069: 3037: 3005: 2973: 2941: 2909: 2860: 2828: 2798: 2776:Walter Arthur Donnelly (1941). 2748:American Historical Association 2736: 2700: 2688:Chambers w. And r, ltd (1862). 2681: 2651: 2621: 2583: 2564:Parliamentary Debates (Hansard) 2551: 2502: 2454: 2424: 2252:Corydon Ireland (22 May 2012). 1860:Master of Computer Applications 1504:needs additional citations for 1123:Laurea magistrale a ciclo unico 801:classifies master's degrees as 786:classifies master's degrees as 407: 310: 190: 4387:. European Union. p. 10. 3644:The Bologna process and the UK 3046:"Clippings from the Athenaeum" 2663:The Durham University Calendar 2590:C. E. Whiting (29 June 1937). 2375: 2326: 2308:"Harvard College Laws of 1700" 2300: 2276: 2245: 2215: 2171: 2085: 2063:Postgraduate-only institutions 1680:Master of Statistics (M.Stat.) 1677:Master of Technology (M.Tech.) 1114:, which can be earned after a 1029:European Higher Education Area 968:In some European countries, a 925:bachelor's degree with honours 461:European Higher Education Area 208:and Durham in England and the 166:soon after its foundation. In 1: 5017:. Onzetaal.nl. Archived from 3780:. November 2014. p. 36. 2593:"Durham University Centenary" 2438:. 13 July 1861. p. 441. 2436:The Medical Times and Gazette 2382:J. A. Lawrie (20 July 1855). 2147: 2113:Cambridge Dictionaries Online 1016:, and other universities and 765:Specialised or advanced study 249:Queen's University of Ireland 200:degree was introduced by the 4884:. Attiministeriali.muir.it. 4541:. November 2006. p. 7. 4257:"What is a Master's degree?" 3813:. University of Nottingham. 2515:. Vol. 4. p. 821. 1953:British degree abbreviations 1708: 1702:Master of Veterinary Science 1547: 914: 827: 268:University of North Carolina 113:Medieval era to 18th century 16:Postgraduate academic degree 7: 5378:Diploma of Higher Education 4958:. Minocw.nl. Archived from 3903:. Debrett's. Archived from 3843:. QS Quacquarelli Symonds. 3528:Ben Russell (3 July 2000). 2867:Ravenscroft, Edward (872). 2665:. 1842. pp. xxv–xxvi. 2101:non-standard apostrophe use 1936: 1800:Magister Pendidikan (M.Pd.) 1582: 1180:French Community of Belgium 958:Comparable European degrees 849: 774:master's degrees (see also 663:Integrated master's degrees 609:The Chicago Manual of Style 532:), including, for example, 10: 5689: 5067:"Home - swissuniversities" 4830:"Degree & recognition" 2008:Master of Advanced Studies 1884:Master of Business Studies 1292:Athens School of Fine Arts 1243:Vytautas Magnus University 1049:Copenhagen Business School 961: 873:integrated master's degree 857:intermediate qualification 831: 605:The Gregg Reference Manual 526:Master of Advanced Studies 489: 144:(MA) for the study of the 5622: 5541: 5500: 5493: 5465: 5427: 5418: 5390: 5353: 5344: 3290:British Newspaper Archive 3232:Carter A. Daniel (1998). 3219:British Newspaper Archive 3187:British Newspaper Archive 3155:British Newspaper Archive 3095:British Newspaper Archive 3063:British Newspaper Archive 3031:British Newspaper Archive 3014:"University Intelligence" 2999:British Newspaper Archive 2982:"University Intelligence" 2967:British Newspaper Archive 2935:British Newspaper Archive 2854:British Newspaper Archive 2611:British Newspaper Archive 2165:October 21, 2008, at the 2138:Oxford English Dictionary 2048:Master's degree in Europe 2023:Master of Arts (Scotland) 1920: 1816: 1812:(Master of Sport Science) 1810:Magister Olahraga (M.Or.) 1760:Magister Manajemen (M.M.) 1600:(MA) leading to MPhil/PhM 1363: 1286:(δίπλωμα) awarded in all 964:Master's degree in Europe 838:Master's degree in Europe 485: 5071:www.swissuniversities.ch 4475:Quality Assurance Agency 4439:Quality Assurance Agency 4122:Quality Assurance Agency 4086:Quality Assurance Agency 3996:Quality Assurance Agency 3778:Quality Assurance Agency 3378:(9): 4. September 1983. 3338:Statutes and Regulations 3138:"Mr. Meyer and his D.D." 2950:"New Degrees of Science" 2635:. 1839. pp. 21–23. 2310:. Constitution Society. 2078: 1998:List of master's degrees 1833: 1614: 1045:University of Copenhagen 772:Professional or practice 739:Quality Assurance Agency 626: 522:Master of Advanced Study 492:List of master's degrees 432:Quality Assurance Agency 402:Quality Assurance Agency 5374:Higher National Diploma 5166:STROUD, ED.M, ANNETTA. 5141:"Real Decreto 967/2014" 4288:. QAA. September 2015. 3837:"Masters in Accounting" 3372:The Production Engineer 3308:University of Cambridge 3273:"Commerce as a Science" 2512:University of Edinburgh 2509:Barnard, Henry (1858). 1484: 1479:North American master's 890:defined as part of the 550:Master of Public Health 5013:Kees™ Internetbureau. 4910:. Wetten.overheid.nl. 3499:"Early day motion 806" 3473:Times Higher Education 3235:MBA: The First Century 2837:"University of London" 2717:. 1969. pp. 1–5. 2715:National Science Board 2690:"Edinburgh University" 1968:Educational specialist 1780:Magister Teknik (M.T.) 1770:Magister Sains (M.Si.) 1742: 1722: 1696:Master of Architecture 731:Trinity College Dublin 588: 582: 576: 570: 473: 465: 427:Times Higher Education 394:Trinity College Dublin 272:University of Michigan 158: 128: 123:University of Toulouse 108:Historical development 98:solve complex problems 53: 41: 29:degree conferred from 5481:Candidate of Sciences 5077:on 28 September 2011. 4934:"Veelgestelde vragen" 4193:on 10 September 2016. 3971:on 10 September 2016. 3649:The Stationery Office 3616:University World News 3384:10.1049/tpe.1983.0163 3083:Birmingham Daily Post 2923:Bury and Norwich Post 2806:"Third Charter, 1858" 2033:Master of Engineering 1866:Master of Engineering 1790:Magister Hukum (M.H.) 1784:Master of Engineering 1654:Master of Engineering 1642:Master of Social Work 1245:in Lithuania and the 832:Further information: 598:University of Chicago 542:Master of Engineering 247:in Australia and the 202:University of Glasgow 78:professional practice 24: 5551:Academic certificate 5443:Postgraduate diploma 4320:. QAA. August 2008. 4052:. 19 November 2005. 3901:"University Degrees" 3342:University of Oxford 3304:"The Faculty of Law" 3202:"University Degrees" 3170:"University Degrees" 2955:Cheltenham Chronicle 2873:. pp. 115–117. 2336:Revised Code of Laws 2134:Macquarie Dictionary 1914:Master of Management 1764:Master of Management 1660:Master of Philosophy 1513:improve this article 1396:improve this section 1282:Also, the five-year 1247:University of Latvia 1211:professional degrees 1066:kandidaatti/kandidat 1053:continuing education 514:Doctor of Philosophy 510:Master of Philosophy 455:in 1999 started the 445:Graduate Certificate 253:University of Mumbai 245:University of Sydney 237:University of London 210:University of Dublin 5586:Professional degree 4962:on 10 February 2009 3841:QS Top Universities 3406:Engineering Council 3110:University Calendar 2918:"Durham University" 2463:College of Surgeons 2123:(master's degree), 2028:Master of Education 1890:Master of Education 1830:a master's degree. 1804:Master of Education 1607:(MS) leading to PhD 1239:University of Tartu 1082:diplôme d'ingénieur 1027:, countries in the 776:professional degree 453:Bologna declaration 373:Four year (five in 350:Engineering Council 305:Victoria University 285:Bachelor of Science 104:and independently. 94:critical evaluation 31:Columbia University 5513:Doctor of Sciences 5045:Education Flanders 4604:. 5 January 2015. 4002:on 13 October 2016 3280:. 26 November 1903 3209:. 7 September 1903 3177:. 2 September 1903 2844:. 28 December 1859 1943:Associate's degree 1690:Master of Commerce 1219:Magister Scientiae 594:Harvard University 538:Master of Divinity 501:(MA/M.A./A.M) and 270:, followed by the 263:in India in 1857. 164:Harvard University 126:formalised as the 42: 5655: 5654: 5651: 5650: 5605:Specialist degree 5489: 5488: 5457:Engineer's degree 5414: 5413: 5401:Bachelor's degree 5369:Foundation degree 4744:978-87-7958-556-0 4509:. November 2006. 4477:. November 2008. 4402:978-92-79-43559-1 4381:ECTS Users' Guide 4131:on 6 October 2016 4095:on 6 October 2016 3745:. February 2008. 3618:. 26 April 2009. 3448:on 15 August 2016 3278:London Daily News 3207:London Daily News 3175:London Daily News 3143:London Daily News 3021:. 5 February 1880 2179:Hastings Rashdall 2121:American Heritage 2117:American Heritage 2043:Master of Science 2003:Magister (degree) 1973:Engineer's degree 1948:Bachelor's degree 1872:Master of Science 1774:Master of Science 1727:Bachelor's degree 1666:Master of Science 1625:Bachelor's degree 1605:Master of Science 1545: 1544: 1537: 1432: 1431: 1424: 1111:Laurea magistrale 1074:diplôme de master 695:bachelor's degree 616:Master of Surgery 589:Scientiæ magister 577:Magister scientiæ 546:Master of Physics 518:Master of Studies 503:Master of Science 339:Dartmouth College 330:London Daily News 301:Master of Science 289:Doctor of Science 233:Durham University 198:Master in Surgery 183:this was awarded 27:Master of Science 5680: 5668:Master's degrees 5591:Graduate diploma 5508:Higher doctorate 5498: 5497: 5425: 5424: 5364:Associate degree 5351: 5350: 5330: 5323: 5316: 5307: 5306: 5300: 5299: 5297: 5295: 5283:Team, Internet. 5280: 5274: 5273: 5271: 5269: 5264:on 10 April 2015 5260:. Archived from 5250: 5244: 5243: 5237: 5229: 5227: 5225: 5219: 5212: 5204: 5198: 5197: 5195: 5193: 5178: 5172: 5171: 5163: 5157: 5156: 5154: 5152: 5137: 5131: 5130: 5128: 5126: 5111: 5105: 5104: 5102: 5100: 5085: 5079: 5078: 5073:. Archived from 5063: 5057: 5056: 5054: 5052: 5037: 5031: 5030: 5028: 5026: 5021:on 8 August 2011 5010: 5004: 5003: 5001: 4999: 4993: 4986: 4978: 4972: 4971: 4969: 4967: 4952: 4946: 4945: 4940:. 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October 2006. 4436: 4428: 4422: 4421: 4419: 4417: 4411: 4386: 4375: 4369: 4368: 4366: 4364: 4358: 4351: 4343: 4337: 4336: 4334: 4332: 4326: 4319: 4311: 4305: 4304: 4302: 4300: 4294: 4287: 4279: 4273: 4272: 4270: 4268: 4253: 4247: 4246: 4244: 4242: 4227: 4221: 4220: 4218: 4216: 4201: 4195: 4194: 4192: 4185: 4175: 4166: 4165: 4163: 4161: 4155:www.unisq.edu.au 4147: 4141: 4140: 4138: 4136: 4130: 4119: 4111: 4105: 4104: 4102: 4100: 4094: 4083: 4075: 4066: 4065: 4063: 4061: 4042: 4036: 4035: 4033: 4026: 4018: 4012: 4011: 4009: 4007: 3986: 3973: 3972: 3970: 3963: 3953: 3947: 3946: 3944: 3942: 3923: 3917: 3916: 3914: 3912: 3897: 3891: 3890: 3888: 3886: 3880: 3873: 3863: 3857: 3856: 3854: 3852: 3833: 3827: 3826: 3824: 3822: 3803: 3797: 3796: 3794: 3792: 3786: 3775: 3765: 3759: 3758: 3756: 3754: 3735: 3722: 3721: 3719: 3712: 3704: 3695: 3694: 3688: 3684: 3682: 3674: 3672: 3670: 3638: 3632: 3631: 3629: 3627: 3608: 3602: 3601: 3599: 3597: 3582: 3576: 3575: 3573: 3571: 3566:on 14 April 2001 3556: 3550: 3549: 3547: 3545: 3525: 3519: 3518: 3516: 3514: 3495: 3489: 3488: 3486: 3484: 3464: 3458: 3457: 3455: 3453: 3444:. Archived from 3431: 3425: 3424: 3422: 3420: 3414: 3403: 3394: 3388: 3387: 3364: 3358: 3357: 3355: 3353: 3330: 3324: 3323: 3321: 3319: 3300: 3294: 3293: 3287: 3285: 3275: 3268: 3262: 3261: 3259: 3257: 3229: 3223: 3222: 3216: 3214: 3204: 3197: 3191: 3190: 3184: 3182: 3172: 3165: 3159: 3158: 3152: 3150: 3145:. 31 August 1903 3140: 3133: 3127: 3126: 3124: 3122: 3105: 3099: 3098: 3092: 3090: 3080: 3073: 3067: 3066: 3060: 3058: 3053:. 24 August 1878 3048: 3041: 3035: 3034: 3028: 3026: 3016: 3009: 3003: 3002: 2996: 2994: 2984: 2977: 2971: 2970: 2964: 2962: 2952: 2945: 2939: 2938: 2932: 2930: 2925:. 7 October 1862 2920: 2913: 2907: 2906: 2900: 2896: 2894: 2886: 2884: 2882: 2864: 2858: 2857: 2851: 2849: 2839: 2832: 2826: 2825: 2823: 2821: 2802: 2796: 2795: 2793: 2791: 2773: 2764: 2763: 2761: 2759: 2740: 2734: 2733: 2731: 2729: 2723: 2712: 2704: 2698: 2697: 2685: 2679: 2678: 2676: 2674: 2655: 2649: 2648: 2646: 2644: 2625: 2619: 2618: 2608: 2606: 2595: 2587: 2581: 2580: 2578: 2576: 2555: 2549: 2548: 2542: 2538: 2536: 2528: 2526: 2524: 2506: 2500: 2499: 2493: 2489: 2487: 2479: 2477: 2475: 2458: 2452: 2451: 2449: 2447: 2428: 2422: 2421: 2415: 2411: 2409: 2401: 2399: 2397: 2379: 2373: 2372: 2366: 2362: 2360: 2352: 2350: 2348: 2330: 2324: 2323: 2321: 2319: 2304: 2298: 2297: 2287: 2280: 2274: 2273: 2271: 2269: 2249: 2243: 2242: 2240: 2238: 2227:Academic Apparel 2219: 2213: 2212: 2210: 2208: 2175: 2169: 2158: 2141: 2091:The spelling of 2089: 1627:and preceding a 1540: 1533: 1529: 1526: 1520: 1497: 1489: 1427: 1420: 1416: 1413: 1407: 1376: 1368: 1331:(Architect) and 1234:Baltic countries 1223:Scientiae Doctor 1206:academic degrees 591: 585: 579: 573: 530:"tagged degrees" 476: 470: 441:Graduate Diploma 435:anachronistic". 422:early day motion 293:royal commission 161: 134:Bachelor of Arts 131: 129:licentia docendī 56: 5688: 5687: 5683: 5682: 5681: 5679: 5678: 5677: 5658: 5657: 5656: 5647: 5630:Honorary degree 5618: 5614:Terminal degree 5576:Magister degree 5561:External degree 5543: 5537: 5485: 5461: 5438:Master's degree 5410: 5386: 5340: 5338:academic degree 5334: 5304: 5303: 5293: 5291: 5281: 5277: 5267: 5265: 5252: 5251: 5247: 5231: 5230: 5223: 5221: 5217: 5210: 5208:"Archived copy" 5206: 5205: 5201: 5191: 5189: 5180: 5179: 5175: 5164: 5160: 5150: 5148: 5139: 5138: 5134: 5124: 5122: 5113: 5112: 5108: 5098: 5096: 5087: 5086: 5082: 5065: 5064: 5060: 5050: 5048: 5039: 5038: 5034: 5024: 5022: 5011: 5007: 4997: 4995: 4991: 4984: 4980: 4979: 4975: 4965: 4963: 4954: 4953: 4949: 4944:on 12 May 2008. 4932: 4931: 4927: 4917: 4915: 4906: 4905: 4901: 4891: 4889: 4880: 4879: 4875: 4865: 4863: 4854: 4853: 4849: 4839: 4837: 4828: 4827: 4823: 4813: 4811: 4802: 4801: 4797: 4787: 4785: 4772: 4771: 4767: 4757: 4755: 4751: 4745: 4734: 4728: 4727: 4723: 4713: 4711: 4700: 4696: 4686: 4684: 4673: 4669: 4659: 4658: 4651: 4641: 4639: 4626: 4625: 4621: 4611: 4609: 4596: 4595: 4591: 4581: 4579: 4572:prospects.ac.uk 4566: 4565: 4561: 4551: 4549: 4545: 4538: 4534: 4533: 4529: 4519: 4517: 4513: 4506: 4502: 4501: 4497: 4487: 4485: 4481: 4470: 4466: 4465: 4461: 4451: 4449: 4445: 4434: 4430: 4429: 4425: 4415: 4413: 4409: 4403: 4384: 4376: 4372: 4362: 4360: 4359:on 6 March 2016 4356: 4349: 4345: 4344: 4340: 4330: 4328: 4324: 4317: 4313: 4312: 4308: 4298: 4296: 4292: 4285: 4281: 4280: 4276: 4266: 4264: 4255: 4254: 4250: 4240: 4238: 4229: 4228: 4224: 4214: 4212: 4203: 4202: 4198: 4190: 4183: 4177: 4176: 4169: 4159: 4157: 4149: 4148: 4144: 4134: 4132: 4128: 4117: 4113: 4112: 4108: 4098: 4096: 4092: 4081: 4077: 4076: 4069: 4059: 4057: 4044: 4043: 4039: 4034:on 9 July 2014. 4031: 4024: 4020: 4019: 4015: 4005: 4003: 3988: 3987: 3976: 3968: 3961: 3955: 3954: 3950: 3940: 3938: 3925: 3924: 3920: 3910: 3908: 3899: 3898: 3894: 3884: 3882: 3878: 3871: 3865: 3864: 3860: 3850: 3848: 3835: 3834: 3830: 3820: 3818: 3805: 3804: 3800: 3790: 3788: 3784: 3773: 3767: 3766: 3762: 3752: 3750: 3737: 3736: 3725: 3720:on 9 July 2014. 3717: 3710: 3706: 3705: 3698: 3686: 3685: 3676: 3675: 3668: 3666: 3659: 3639: 3635: 3625: 3623: 3610: 3609: 3605: 3595: 3593: 3592:on 2 March 2001 3584: 3583: 3579: 3569: 3567: 3558: 3557: 3553: 3543: 3541: 3534:The Independent 3526: 3522: 3512: 3510: 3497: 3496: 3492: 3482: 3480: 3465: 3461: 3451: 3449: 3432: 3428: 3418: 3416: 3412: 3401: 3395: 3391: 3366: 3365: 3361: 3351: 3349: 3332: 3331: 3327: 3317: 3315: 3302: 3301: 3297: 3283: 3281: 3270: 3269: 3265: 3255: 3253: 3246: 3230: 3226: 3212: 3210: 3199: 3198: 3194: 3180: 3178: 3167: 3166: 3162: 3148: 3146: 3135: 3134: 3130: 3120: 3118: 3107: 3106: 3102: 3088: 3086: 3085:. 16 April 1881 3075: 3074: 3070: 3056: 3054: 3043: 3042: 3038: 3024: 3022: 3011: 3010: 3006: 2992: 2990: 2979: 2978: 2974: 2960: 2958: 2947: 2946: 2942: 2928: 2926: 2915: 2914: 2910: 2898: 2897: 2888: 2887: 2880: 2878: 2865: 2861: 2847: 2845: 2834: 2833: 2829: 2819: 2817: 2804: 2803: 2799: 2789: 2787: 2774: 2767: 2757: 2755: 2742: 2741: 2737: 2727: 2725: 2721: 2710: 2706: 2705: 2701: 2686: 2682: 2672: 2670: 2657: 2656: 2652: 2642: 2640: 2627: 2626: 2622: 2604: 2602: 2588: 2584: 2574: 2572: 2567:. 9 July 1832. 2557: 2556: 2552: 2540: 2539: 2530: 2529: 2522: 2520: 2507: 2503: 2491: 2490: 2481: 2480: 2473: 2471: 2460: 2459: 2455: 2445: 2443: 2430: 2429: 2425: 2413: 2412: 2403: 2402: 2395: 2393: 2380: 2376: 2364: 2363: 2354: 2353: 2346: 2344: 2331: 2327: 2317: 2315: 2306: 2305: 2301: 2292:. 27 May 2010. 2290:Daily Telegraph 2282: 2281: 2277: 2267: 2265: 2258:Harvard Gazette 2250: 2246: 2236: 2234: 2221: 2220: 2216: 2206: 2204: 2197: 2176: 2172: 2167:Wayback Machine 2159: 2155: 2150: 2145: 2144: 2125:Merriam-Webster 2093:master's degree 2090: 2086: 2081: 2073:Terminal degree 1988:Graduate school 1939: 1923: 1836: 1819: 1711: 1617: 1585: 1550: 1541: 1530: 1524: 1521: 1510: 1498: 1487: 1428: 1417: 1411: 1408: 1393: 1377: 1366: 1281: 1132:Bologna process 1078: 1064:, the title of 1025:Bologna Process 966: 960: 917: 892:Bologna process 852: 840: 830: 629: 583:Artium magister 571:Magister artium 566:syntax in Latin 494: 488: 457:Bologna Process 420:introducing an 418:Jackie Lawrence 410: 313: 221:Lord Chancellor 193: 159:Magister Artium 115: 110: 62:academic degree 46:master's degree 17: 12: 11: 5: 5686: 5676: 5675: 5670: 5653: 5652: 5649: 5648: 5646: 5645: 5640: 5632: 5626: 5624: 5620: 5619: 5617: 5616: 5611: 5602: 5600:Higher diploma 5597: 5588: 5583: 5578: 5573: 5568: 5563: 5558: 5556:Artist diploma 5553: 5547: 5545: 5544:classification 5539: 5538: 5536: 5535: 5530: 5525: 5520: 5515: 5510: 5504: 5502: 5495: 5491: 5490: 5487: 5486: 5484: 5483: 5478: 5472: 5470: 5463: 5462: 5460: 5459: 5454: 5449: 5440: 5434: 5432: 5422: 5416: 5415: 5412: 5411: 5409: 5408: 5406:Honours degree 5403: 5397: 5395: 5388: 5387: 5385: 5384: 5371: 5366: 5360: 5358: 5348: 5342: 5341: 5333: 5332: 5325: 5318: 5310: 5302: 5301: 5275: 5258:technion.ac.il 5245: 5199: 5173: 5158: 5132: 5106: 5080: 5058: 5032: 5005: 4994:on 7 June 2011 4973: 4947: 4925: 4899: 4873: 4847: 4821: 4795: 4765: 4743: 4721: 4694: 4667: 4649: 4619: 4589: 4559: 4527: 4495: 4459: 4423: 4401: 4370: 4338: 4306: 4274: 4248: 4222: 4196: 4167: 4142: 4106: 4067: 4050:Independent.ie 4037: 4013: 3974: 3948: 3918: 3907:on 28 May 2016 3892: 3858: 3828: 3811:Quality Manual 3798: 3760: 3723: 3696: 3657: 3651:. p. 52. 3633: 3603: 3577: 3551: 3520: 3490: 3459: 3426: 3389: 3359: 3325: 3295: 3263: 3244: 3224: 3192: 3160: 3128: 3100: 3068: 3036: 3004: 2989:. 5 April 1879 2987:Oxford Journal 2972: 2940: 2908: 2859: 2827: 2797: 2765: 2735: 2699: 2680: 2650: 2620: 2599:Yorkshire Post 2582: 2550: 2501: 2453: 2423: 2374: 2339:. p. 22. 2325: 2299: 2275: 2244: 2214: 2195: 2170: 2152: 2151: 2149: 2146: 2143: 2142: 2083: 2082: 2080: 2077: 2076: 2075: 2070: 2065: 2060: 2055: 2050: 2045: 2040: 2038:Master of Laws 2035: 2030: 2025: 2020: 2015: 2013:Master of Arts 2010: 2005: 2000: 1995: 1990: 1985: 1980: 1975: 1970: 1965: 1960: 1955: 1950: 1945: 1938: 1935: 1922: 1919: 1918: 1917: 1911: 1908:Master of Laws 1905: 1899: 1896:Master of Arts 1893: 1887: 1881: 1875: 1869: 1863: 1857: 1835: 1832: 1818: 1815: 1814: 1813: 1807: 1797: 1794:Master of Laws 1787: 1777: 1767: 1757: 1729:, preceding a 1710: 1707: 1706: 1705: 1699: 1693: 1687: 1684:Master of Laws 1681: 1678: 1675: 1669: 1663: 1657: 1651: 1645: 1639: 1636:Master of Arts 1616: 1613: 1609: 1608: 1601: 1598:Master of Arts 1584: 1581: 1580: 1579: 1576:United Kingdom 1563: 1562: 1549: 1546: 1543: 1542: 1501: 1499: 1492: 1486: 1483: 1430: 1429: 1380: 1378: 1371: 1365: 1362: 1361: 1360: 1327:(Licenciate), 1317: 1314:United Kingdom 1310: 1295: 1276:, which means 1250: 1230: 1194: 1183: 1164: 1161:A. Jansen, MSc 1135: 1102: 1088:grandes écoles 1069: 959: 956: 916: 913: 883:to two years. 880:honours degree 851: 848: 829: 826: 780: 779: 769: 762: 735: 734: 704: 660: 628: 625: 499:Master of Arts 487: 484: 409: 406: 398: 397: 390: 387: 381: 378: 367:Dearing Report 325:honours degree 312: 309: 225:House of Lords 192: 189: 151:From the late 142:Master of Arts 114: 111: 109: 106: 74:field of study 37:university in 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5685: 5674: 5671: 5669: 5666: 5665: 5663: 5644: 5641: 5639: 5637: 5633: 5631: 5628: 5627: 5625: 5621: 5615: 5612: 5610: 5606: 5603: 5601: 5598: 5596: 5592: 5589: 5587: 5584: 5582: 5579: 5577: 5574: 5572: 5569: 5567: 5564: 5562: 5559: 5557: 5554: 5552: 5549: 5548: 5546: 5540: 5534: 5531: 5529: 5526: 5524: 5521: 5519: 5516: 5514: 5511: 5509: 5506: 5505: 5503: 5499: 5496: 5492: 5482: 5479: 5477: 5474: 5473: 5471: 5468: 5464: 5458: 5455: 5453: 5452:Diplom degree 5450: 5448: 5444: 5441: 5439: 5436: 5435: 5433: 5430: 5426: 5423: 5421: 5417: 5407: 5404: 5402: 5399: 5398: 5396: 5393: 5389: 5383: 5379: 5375: 5372: 5370: 5367: 5365: 5362: 5361: 5359: 5356: 5352: 5349: 5347: 5346:Undergraduate 5343: 5339: 5331: 5326: 5324: 5319: 5317: 5312: 5311: 5308: 5290: 5286: 5279: 5263: 5259: 5255: 5249: 5241: 5235: 5216: 5209: 5203: 5187: 5183: 5177: 5169: 5168:"AACRAO Edge" 5162: 5146: 5142: 5136: 5120: 5117:. ehea.info. 5116: 5110: 5094: 5091:. ehea.info. 5090: 5084: 5076: 5072: 5068: 5062: 5046: 5042: 5036: 5020: 5016: 5009: 4990: 4983: 4977: 4961: 4957: 4951: 4943: 4939: 4935: 4929: 4913: 4909: 4903: 4887: 4883: 4877: 4861: 4857: 4851: 4835: 4831: 4825: 4809: 4805: 4799: 4783: 4779: 4775: 4769: 4750: 4746: 4740: 4733: 4732: 4725: 4709: 4705: 4698: 4682: 4678: 4671: 4663: 4656: 4654: 4637: 4633: 4629: 4623: 4607: 4603: 4599: 4593: 4577: 4573: 4569: 4563: 4544: 4537: 4531: 4512: 4505: 4499: 4480: 4476: 4469: 4463: 4444: 4440: 4433: 4427: 4408: 4404: 4398: 4394: 4393:10.2766/87192 4390: 4383: 4382: 4374: 4355: 4348: 4342: 4323: 4316: 4310: 4291: 4284: 4278: 4262: 4259:. Prospects. 4258: 4252: 4236: 4232: 4226: 4210: 4206: 4200: 4189: 4182: 4181: 4174: 4172: 4156: 4152: 4146: 4127: 4123: 4116: 4110: 4091: 4087: 4080: 4074: 4072: 4055: 4051: 4047: 4041: 4030: 4023: 4017: 4001: 3997: 3993: 3992: 3985: 3983: 3981: 3979: 3967: 3960: 3959: 3952: 3936: 3932: 3928: 3922: 3906: 3902: 3896: 3877: 3870: 3869: 3862: 3846: 3842: 3838: 3832: 3816: 3812: 3808: 3802: 3783: 3779: 3772: 3771: 3764: 3748: 3744: 3740: 3734: 3732: 3730: 3728: 3716: 3709: 3703: 3701: 3692: 3680: 3664: 3660: 3658:9780215033727 3654: 3650: 3646: 3645: 3637: 3621: 3617: 3613: 3607: 3591: 3587: 3581: 3565: 3561: 3555: 3539: 3535: 3531: 3524: 3508: 3504: 3503:Parliament.uk 3500: 3494: 3478: 3474: 3470: 3463: 3447: 3443: 3439: 3438: 3430: 3411: 3407: 3400: 3393: 3385: 3381: 3377: 3373: 3369: 3363: 3347: 3343: 3339: 3335: 3329: 3313: 3309: 3305: 3299: 3291: 3279: 3274: 3267: 3251: 3247: 3245:9780838753620 3241: 3237: 3236: 3228: 3220: 3208: 3203: 3196: 3188: 3176: 3171: 3164: 3156: 3144: 3139: 3132: 3116: 3112: 3111: 3104: 3096: 3084: 3079: 3072: 3064: 3052: 3047: 3040: 3032: 3020: 3015: 3008: 3000: 2988: 2983: 2976: 2968: 2957:. 5 June 1877 2956: 2951: 2944: 2936: 2924: 2919: 2912: 2904: 2892: 2876: 2872: 2871: 2863: 2855: 2843: 2838: 2831: 2815: 2811: 2807: 2801: 2785: 2781: 2780: 2772: 2770: 2753: 2749: 2745: 2739: 2720: 2716: 2709: 2703: 2695: 2691: 2684: 2668: 2664: 2660: 2659:"Regulations" 2654: 2638: 2634: 2630: 2624: 2617: 2612: 2601: 2600: 2594: 2586: 2570: 2566: 2565: 2560: 2554: 2546: 2534: 2518: 2514: 2513: 2505: 2497: 2485: 2469: 2465: 2464: 2457: 2441: 2437: 2433: 2427: 2419: 2407: 2391: 2387: 2386: 2378: 2370: 2358: 2342: 2338: 2337: 2329: 2313: 2309: 2303: 2295: 2291: 2286: 2279: 2263: 2259: 2255: 2248: 2232: 2228: 2224: 2218: 2202: 2198: 2196:9781108018104 2192: 2188: 2184: 2180: 2174: 2168: 2164: 2161: 2157: 2153: 2139: 2135: 2130: 2126: 2122: 2118: 2114: 2110: 2106: 2102: 2098: 2094: 2088: 2084: 2074: 2071: 2069: 2066: 2064: 2061: 2059: 2056: 2054: 2051: 2049: 2046: 2044: 2041: 2039: 2036: 2034: 2031: 2029: 2026: 2024: 2021: 2019: 2016: 2014: 2011: 2009: 2006: 2004: 2001: 1999: 1996: 1994: 1991: 1989: 1986: 1984: 1981: 1979: 1976: 1974: 1971: 1969: 1966: 1964: 1961: 1959: 1956: 1954: 1951: 1949: 1946: 1944: 1941: 1940: 1934: 1930: 1928: 1915: 1912: 1909: 1906: 1903: 1900: 1897: 1894: 1891: 1888: 1885: 1882: 1879: 1876: 1873: 1870: 1867: 1864: 1861: 1858: 1855: 1852: 1851: 1850: 1847: 1843: 1840: 1831: 1828: 1824: 1811: 1808: 1805: 1801: 1798: 1795: 1791: 1788: 1785: 1781: 1778: 1775: 1771: 1768: 1765: 1761: 1758: 1755: 1751: 1748: 1747: 1746: 1744: 1740: 1736: 1732: 1728: 1724: 1720: 1716: 1703: 1700: 1697: 1694: 1691: 1688: 1685: 1682: 1679: 1676: 1673: 1670: 1667: 1664: 1661: 1658: 1656:(M.Eng./M.E.) 1655: 1652: 1649: 1646: 1643: 1640: 1637: 1634: 1633: 1632: 1630: 1626: 1622: 1612: 1606: 1602: 1599: 1595: 1594: 1593: 1590: 1577: 1573: 1572: 1571: 1570: 1566: 1560: 1557: 1556: 1555: 1554: 1539: 1536: 1528: 1518: 1514: 1508: 1507: 1502:This section 1500: 1496: 1491: 1490: 1482: 1480: 1476: 1475:stricto-sensu 1472: 1468: 1467:stricto sensu 1464: 1460: 1459:stricto sensu 1456: 1453: 1452:United States 1448: 1445: 1441: 1440:stricto sensu 1437: 1426: 1423: 1415: 1405: 1401: 1397: 1391: 1390: 1386: 1381:This section 1379: 1375: 1370: 1369: 1359:(Bachelor's). 1358: 1354: 1350: 1346: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1330: 1326: 1322: 1318: 1315: 1311: 1308: 1304: 1300: 1296: 1293: 1289: 1285: 1279: 1275: 1271: 1267: 1263: 1259: 1258:metaptychiako 1255: 1251: 1248: 1244: 1240: 1235: 1231: 1228: 1224: 1220: 1216: 1212: 1207: 1203: 1199: 1195: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1162: 1158: 1157:A. Jansen, MA 1154: 1153: 1148: 1144: 1140: 1136: 1133: 1129: 1125: 1124: 1119: 1118: 1113: 1112: 1107: 1103: 1100: 1099: 1094: 1090: 1089: 1084: 1083: 1076: 1075: 1070: 1067: 1063: 1059: 1054: 1050: 1046: 1042: 1038: 1034: 1033: 1032: 1030: 1026: 1021: 1019: 1015: 1011: 1007: 1003: 1002: 998: 993: 989: 985: 981: 977: 973: 972: 965: 955: 953: 949: 945: 941: 936: 934: 930: 926: 922: 912: 908: 906: 902: 897: 893: 889: 884: 881: 876: 874: 870: 866: 860: 858: 847: 845: 839: 835: 825: 823: 819: 814: 812: 808: 804: 800: 795: 793: 789: 785: 777: 773: 770: 766: 763: 760: 758: 752: 747: 744: 743: 742: 740: 732: 728: 724: 720: 716: 712: 708: 705: 701: 696: 692: 688: 684: 680: 676: 672: 668: 664: 661: 658: 654: 650: 646: 642: 641:MPhil/M.Phil. 638: 634: 631: 630: 624: 621: 617: 612: 610: 606: 601: 599: 595: 590: 584: 578: 572: 567: 563: 559: 553: 551: 547: 543: 539: 535: 531: 527: 523: 519: 515: 511: 508:The title of 506: 504: 500: 493: 483: 480: 475: 469: 468: 462: 458: 454: 449: 446: 442: 436: 433: 429: 428: 423: 419: 415: 405: 403: 395: 391: 388: 386: 382: 379: 376: 372: 371: 370: 368: 364: 360: 356: 351: 348:In 1983, the 346: 344: 340: 335: 332: 331: 326: 322: 318: 308: 306: 302: 297: 294: 290: 286: 280: 277: 273: 269: 264: 262: 258: 254: 250: 246: 242: 238: 234: 229: 226: 222: 218: 217:Lord Brougham 213: 211: 207: 203: 199: 188: 186: 181: 177: 173: 169: 165: 160: 154: 149: 147: 143: 139: 135: 130: 124: 120: 105: 103: 99: 95: 91: 87: 83: 79: 75: 71: 67: 63: 60: 55: 51: 47: 40: 39:New York City 36: 32: 28: 23: 19: 5635: 5518:Habilitation 5501:Postdoctoral 5437: 5420:Postgraduate 5292:. 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Retrieved 2186: 2173: 2156: 2137: 2133: 2119:(master's), 2096: 2092: 2087: 1958:Diploma mill 1931: 1924: 1848: 1844: 1841: 1837: 1820: 1809: 1799: 1789: 1779: 1769: 1759: 1749: 1712: 1618: 1610: 1586: 1569:M.Phil.,Ph.M 1568: 1567: 1564: 1552: 1551: 1531: 1522: 1511:Please help 1506:verification 1503: 1474: 1470: 1466: 1462: 1458: 1449: 1443: 1439: 1433: 1418: 1409: 1394:Please help 1382: 1356: 1352: 1348: 1344: 1340: 1332: 1328: 1324: 1307:магистратура 1306: 1302: 1288:Polytechnics 1283: 1277: 1273: 1269: 1265: 1261: 1257: 1241:in Estonia, 1160: 1156: 1150: 1146: 1142: 1127: 1121: 1115: 1109: 1096: 1086: 1080: 1072: 1065: 1040: 1022: 1018:polytechnics 995: 979: 976:first degree 970: 967: 937: 921:postgraduate 918: 909: 905:Oxbridge MAs 885: 877: 872: 861: 853: 844:dissertation 841: 821: 817: 815: 810: 806: 802: 796: 792:professional 791: 787: 781: 771: 764: 756: 750: 745: 736: 706: 662: 637:MA/M.A./A.M. 632: 620:Juris doctor 613: 602: 558:universities 554: 507: 495: 450: 437: 425: 411: 408:21st century 399: 347: 336: 328: 314: 311:20th century 298: 281: 265: 230: 214: 194: 191:19th century 150: 116: 66:universities 59:postgraduate 45: 43: 18: 5595:certificate 5581:Microdegree 5542:No dominant 5447:certificate 5125:23 November 5099:23 November 5025:28 November 4998:28 November 4966:28 November 4892:28 November 3931:Accu-Assist 3687:|work= 3669:4 September 3544:4 September 3256:4 September 3121:4 September 2899:|work= 2881:4 September 2790:4 September 2643:4 September 2541:|work= 2523:4 September 2492:|work= 2474:4 September 2446:4 September 2414:|work= 2396:4 September 2365:|work= 2347:4 September 2207:4 September 2129:style guide 1880:(M.Sc.I.T.) 1323:degrees of 1262:post-degree 1187:Switzerland 1172:communities 1152:doctorandus 1141:the titles 1139:Netherlands 1126:). The old 994:university 719:Oxbridge MA 711:Scottish MA 645:MSc/M.S./SM 317:Scottish MA 241:Oxbridge MA 172:Scottish MA 153:Middle Ages 86:theoretical 76:or area of 64:awarded by 5662:Categories 5571:Licentiate 5336:Levels of 5224:9 December 5192:9 December 5051:12 October 5047:(in Dutch) 4918:13 October 4660:"ΦΕΚ 54". 4331:9 February 4299:9 February 4267:9 February 4120:(Report). 4084:(Report). 3791:9 February 2148:References 1993:Licentiate 1978:Euromaster 1904:(M.Sc.Ag.) 1739:Indonesian 1719:Indonesian 1715:Indonesian 1674:(M.Sc. IT) 1574:As in the 1471:lato sensu 1463:lato sensu 1455:MBA degree 1444:lato sensu 1436:Licenciate 1345:Arquitecto 1341:Licenciado 1329:Arquitecto 1325:Licenciado 1189:, the old 1149:(mr.) and 1041:candidatus 1023:Under the 1014:Portuguese 962:See also: 933:humanities 865:UK credits 807:coursework 649:MBA/M.B.A. 490:See also: 146:quadrivium 119:Papal bull 102:rigorously 100:and think 82:bachelor's 35:Ivy League 5636:Ad eundem 5607:/ 5593:/ 5476:Doctorate 5445:/ 5380:/ 5376:/ 3689:ignored ( 3679:cite book 3626:19 August 3596:14 August 3570:14 August 3513:14 August 3483:14 August 3452:14 August 3419:13 August 3352:14 August 3318:14 August 3284:13 August 3213:13 August 3181:13 August 3149:13 August 2901:ignored ( 2891:cite book 2758:10 August 2728:10 August 2575:21 August 2543:ignored ( 2533:cite book 2494:ignored ( 2484:cite book 2416:ignored ( 2406:cite book 2367:ignored ( 2357:cite book 1963:Doctorate 1731:Doctorate 1709:Indonesia 1698:(M.Arch.) 1662:(M.Phil.) 1629:Doctorate 1589:Pakistani 1559:Hong Kong 1548:Hong Kong 1525:July 2016 1412:July 2016 1383:does not 1349:Ingeniero 1333:Ingeniero 1266:programme 1143:ingenieur 1079:A French 915:Admission 828:Structure 727:Cambridge 653:LLM/LL.M. 337:In 1900, 206:Cambridge 5623:Unearned 5294:20 April 5234:cite web 5215:Archived 5186:Archived 5151:3 August 5145:Archived 5119:Archived 5093:Archived 4912:Archived 4886:Archived 4860:Archived 4834:Archived 4808:Archived 4788:15 March 4782:Archived 4749:Archived 4708:Archived 4681:Archived 4636:Archived 4606:Archived 4576:Archived 4543:Archived 4511:Archived 4479:Archived 4443:Archived 4407:Archived 4322:Archived 4290:Archived 4261:Archived 4235:Archived 4209:Archived 4160:11 March 4054:Archived 3935:Archived 3876:Archived 3845:Archived 3815:Archived 3782:Archived 3747:Archived 3663:Archived 3620:Archived 3538:Archived 3507:Archived 3477:Archived 3410:Archived 3346:Archived 3312:Archived 3250:Archived 3115:Archived 3089:8 August 3057:9 August 3025:9 August 2993:9 August 2961:9 August 2929:9 August 2875:Archived 2848:9 August 2820:9 August 2814:Archived 2784:Archived 2752:Archived 2719:Archived 2667:Archived 2637:Archived 2605:8 August 2569:Archived 2517:Archived 2468:Archived 2440:Archived 2390:Archived 2341:Archived 2318:8 August 2312:Archived 2294:Archived 2268:8 August 2262:Archived 2237:8 August 2231:Archived 2201:Archived 2181:(1895). 2163:Archived 2097:master's 1937:See also 1886:(M.B.S.) 1868:(M.Eng.) 1862:(M.C.A.) 1856:(M.B.A.) 1827:Technion 1723:magister 1692:(M.Com.) 1650:(M.B.A.) 1583:Pakistan 1319:The old 1301:master ( 1227:doctoral 1215:Licensed 1198:Slovenia 1176:Flanders 1001:Magister 988:Austrian 971:magister 850:Duration 822:Research 811:extended 803:research 788:research 768:degrees. 759:Research 746:Research 596:and the 471:(arts), 467:Magister 414:Oxbridge 375:Scotland 287:and the 261:Calcutta 185:Oxbridge 168:Scotland 140:and the 90:analysis 70:colleges 54:magister 5609:diploma 5469:level 8 5431:level 7 5394:level 6 5357:level 5 5268:1 April 4866:10 July 4840:10 July 4814:10 July 4758:10 July 4714:10 July 4687:10 July 4642:14 July 4612:14 July 4582:13 July 4552:14 July 4520:14 July 4488:10 July 4452:10 July 4416:10 July 4363:10 July 4241:14 July 4215:13 July 4135:10 July 4099:10 July 4060:11 July 4006:10 July 3911:10 July 3885:10 July 3851:10 July 3821:10 July 3753:10 July 2109:Collins 1910:(LL.M.) 1892:(M.Ed.) 1874:(M.Sc.) 1713:In the 1686:(LL.M.) 1668:(M.Sc.) 1619:In the 1404:removed 1389:sources 1321:Spanish 1312:In the 1303:магистр 1284:diploma 1274:ptychio 1202:Croatia 1191:Licence 1168:Belgium 1147:meester 1145:(ir.), 1137:In the 1058:Finland 1037:Denmark 1010:Spanish 886:In the 755:Master 737:The UK 524:(MASt)/ 138:trivium 57:) is a 5638:degree 5566:Laurea 5533:Fellow 5528:Tenure 5523:Docent 4741: 4399: 3941:29 May 3655: 3242: 2673:29 May 2193: 1927:Taiwan 1921:Taiwan 1916:(M.M.) 1898:(M.A.) 1817:Israel 1735:thesis 1704:(MVSc) 1638:(M.A.) 1621:Indian 1364:Brazil 1353:Máster 1299:Russia 1278:degree 1256:, the 1254:Greece 1128:Laurea 1117:Laurea 1062:Sweden 997:Diplom 992:Polish 984:German 982:, the 818:Taught 723:Oxford 717:. 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