153:. The camps had four regimes of ascending severity. In the strict-regime camps, inmates worked at the most difficult jobs, usually outdoors, and received meager rations. Jobs were less demanding and rations better in the camps with milder regimes. The system of corrective labor was regarded by Soviet authorities successful in that the rate of recidivism was quite low. Prisons and labor camps, in the views of former inmates and Western observers, however, were notorious for their harsh conditions, arbitrary and sadistic treatment of prisoners, and flagrant human rights abuses. In 1989 new legislation, which emphasized rehabilitation rather than punishment, was being drafted to "humanize" the special system. Nevertheless, in 1989 conditions for many prisoners had changed little.
1753:
1765:
217:, crime statistics moved sharply and uniformly upward. From 1991 to 1992, the number of officially reported crimes and the overall crime rate each showed a 27 percent increase; the crime rate nearly doubled between 1985 and 1992. By the early 1990s, theft, burglary, and other acts against property accounted for about two-thirds of all crime in
25:
Crime statistics were a state secret in the USSR from the late 1920s to the early 1930s. In the following decades, the Soviet government only released partial information about crime in the USSR. It was only in the 1960s that the Soviet government began to classify and record crime in a systematic
80:
Apart from this judicial practice, the penal code of USSR contained a number of very specific crimes generally classified as "counter-revolutionary", such as contacts with foreigners or any other kind of opposition or criticism of the communist party. Article 70 listed "anti-Soviet propaganda".
33:
It was only with the collapse of the Soviet Union that crime data became more widely available. Reconstructions of Soviet crime data after the collapse of the USSR indicate that incarceration rates during Stalin's rule were "extremely high" and that the criminal justice system operated on a
204:
of state property by officials. Otherwise, the maximum punishment for a first offender was fifteen years. Parole was permitted in some cases after completion of half of the sentence, and periodic amnesties sometimes also resulted in early release.
93:, defined as any form of private trade with intent to make profit, was also a crime per article 154 of the Penal Code of USSR. Article 162 made a crime engaging in "banned" crafts or forms of employment. A basic premise of
65:
who introduced a number of measures into the penal code and investigatory practice that were unusual in other legal systems. Law was to be perceived not as a means of determining individual guilt but
1930:
1860:
672:
228:
Large parts of the Penal Code concerning crimes such as private trade (art. 154), criticism of the communist party and other political crimes (art. 58) were revoked in 1993.
2133:
1905:
1076:
1059:
1106:
2148:
2100:
1992:
1987:
81:
Article 83 - "illegally leaving USSR". Article 190-1 punished dissemination, "in verbal form", of "knowingly false" statements, defaming USSR or its social structure.
2105:
1952:
109:, the eradication of the exploitation of one person by another, and the resolution of social antagonisms led to the disappearance of basic social roots of crime".
1049:
1569:
1069:
2022:
1962:
1957:
1095:
1064:
2158:
2143:
2090:
1054:
1006:
2128:
1925:
1870:
1850:
1830:
2153:
1977:
1303:
135:
1967:
548:
2184:
1001:
614:
667:
1186:
1156:
150:
1443:
1403:
1313:
1124:
640:
73:. Based on that premise, people could be convicted even with the absence of actual crime if they simply belonged to a vaguely defined
1801:
1431:
1326:
1198:
984:
1336:
1253:
1146:
1276:
1083:
950:
974:
819:
237:
175:
1461:
962:
928:
916:
911:
802:
1388:
38:, high rates of capital punishment, criminalization of workplace violations, and the high prevalence of "political crimes."
1498:
1266:
1378:
1044:
991:
979:
2179:
1426:
1421:
1141:
1089:
1678:
1629:
1562:
1373:
1101:
703:
607:
523:
473:
1708:
1696:
1520:
1510:
1466:
1281:
957:
906:
789:
1713:
1701:
1557:
1542:
1456:
1358:
940:
760:
498:
214:
44:; in particular, in the form of bribery, primarily due to the paucity of goods and services on the open market.
1654:
1634:
1331:
945:
770:
698:
41:
1794:
1725:
1552:
1416:
1368:
1129:
923:
797:
780:
85:
1321:
996:
891:
692:
600:
156:
Relocation of petty criminals outside of large cities was also quite common practice of crime management.
58:
Soviet sociologists argued that crime was rooted in want and poverty, rather than rooted in human nature.
22:
was separated into "ordinary crime" and "political crime." Soviet authorities did not release crime data.
2067:
1880:
1602:
1584:
1350:
1208:
1169:
1136:
826:
814:
730:
632:
221:. Of particular concern to citizens, however, was the rapid growth of violent crime, including gruesome
1597:
1574:
1547:
1639:
1612:
145:
In 1989 the Soviet Union had few prisons. About 99% of convicted criminals served their sentences in
1607:
552:
119:
Some
Marxist theorists contended that the most immediate reasons for crime in the Soviet Union were
1787:
1720:
969:
66:
1649:
1241:
1179:
128:
2110:
2072:
1768:
740:
180:
The death penalty, carried out by shooting, was applied in the Soviet Union only in cases of
127:
influence. This led to novel inventions in the field of psychiatry ("delusion of reformism",
26:
manner, but still prevented professional Soviet criminologists from accessing the full data.
2052:
1530:
1393:
1213:
1011:
725:
35:
1617:
77:
class or if their conviction would be broadly beneficial for the revolutionary movement.
8:
1982:
1942:
1845:
1757:
1486:
1291:
1220:
1028:
877:
755:
677:
650:
574:
387:
106:
53:
2138:
1624:
1535:
852:
765:
655:
645:
120:
448:
2037:
2032:
2007:
1865:
1732:
1672:
1451:
1237:
933:
735:
720:
662:
430:
364:
333:
299:
61:
Soviet criminology was significantly influenced by the works of
Stalinist prosecutor
149:, supervised by the Main Directorate for Corrective Labor Camps which was under the
2062:
2012:
1972:
1920:
1910:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1855:
1840:
1835:
1825:
422:
257:
62:
2095:
2057:
2047:
2027:
2017:
2002:
1997:
1947:
1915:
1900:
1875:
1644:
857:
809:
715:
242:
160:
2042:
1937:
1664:
1592:
872:
862:
70:
2173:
1525:
434:
368:
337:
303:
1408:
1229:
623:
18:
1271:
1233:
1225:
847:
831:
745:
687:
252:
90:
74:
27:
352:
322:"HOMICIDE IN THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE AND SOVIET UNION: Continuity or Change?"
321:
287:
1261:
410:
146:
124:
592:
1481:
1476:
1298:
1191:
1021:
682:
189:
185:
164:
426:
1471:
1016:
750:
710:
222:
193:
1779:
1363:
867:
247:
181:
94:
218:
197:
1810:
1286:
1164:
288:"CRIME IN THE SOVIET UNION: Early Glimpses of the True Story"
201:
98:
1398:
1174:
1383:
1203:
353:"Political Economy of Crime and Punishment under Stalin"
131:) used as an instrument of repression against critics.
524:"The Trial of Gleb Yakunin, 25-28 August 1980 (58.3)"
114:
B. A. Viktorov, Deputy
Minister for Internal Affairs
388:"Soviet Union: Nonpolitical Crime and Punishment"
136:Political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union
2171:
1472:Lenin All-Union Academy of Agricultural Sciences
320:Stickley, Andrew; Mäkinen, Ilkka Henrik (2005).
319:
208:
382:
380:
378:
1795:
608:
350:
30:eased some of the access to the crime data.
105:"The elimination of private property in the
541:
375:
1802:
1788:
615:
601:
474:"The Right to Leave, August 1980 (57.18)"
411:"Trends in the Soviet Treatment of Crime"
622:
351:Belova, Eugenia; Gregory, Paul (2009).
2185:Capital punishment in the Soviet Union
2172:
641:Index of Soviet Union–related articles
408:
285:
238:Index of Soviet Union related articles
176:Capital punishment in the Soviet Union
1783:
596:
315:
313:
281:
279:
277:
275:
273:
1809:
13:
549:"RUSS - CRIME IN THE SOVIET UNION"
326:The British Journal of Criminology
292:The British Journal of Criminology
14:
2196:
575:"Russia: Crime in the Soviet Era"
310:
270:
1764:
1763:
1751:
169:
101:is a socio-economic phenomenon:
567:
516:
491:
466:
441:
402:
344:
1:
1304:Political abuse of psychiatry
1096:Congress of People's Deputies
528:A Chronicle of Current Events
503:A Chronicle of Current Events
478:A Chronicle of Current Events
453:A Chronicle of Current Events
263:
140:
86:Article 58 (RSFSR Penal Code)
415:American Sociological Review
215:collapse of the Soviet Union
209:Collapse of the Soviet Union
7:
1467:Academy of Medical Sciences
231:
47:
10:
2201:
173:
158:
133:
83:
51:
2180:Crime in the Soviet Union
2119:
2081:
1818:
1745:
1689:
1663:
1583:
1506:
1497:
1442:
1349:
1312:
1252:
1155:
1117:
1037:
899:
890:
840:
788:
779:
631:
409:Hazard, John N. (1940).
1758:Soviet Union portal
123:, poor upbringing, and
69:and as part of broader
1861:Bosnia and Herzegovina
1650:Stalinist architecture
1404:Science and technology
1314:Ideological repression
1242:Soviet Airborne Forces
1180:Destruction battalions
449:"Articles 70 & 72"
286:Butler, W. E. (1992).
129:sluggish schizophrenia
117:
1432:List of metro systems
985:Collective leadership
103:
42:Corruption was common
1394:Net material product
1337:Censorship of images
1254:Political repression
1214:Soviet Border Troops
1147:First Deputy Premier
731:1965 economic reform
726:Soviet space program
36:presumption of guilt
2082:States with limited
1462:Academy of Sciences
1277:Population transfer
1221:Soviet Armed Forces
1084:Congress of Soviets
1065:Presidium/Politburo
1029:Soviet anti-Zionism
878:West Siberian Plain
756:Revolutions of 1989
693:Great Patriotic War
678:New Economic Policy
213:Near and after the
196:, certain types of
107:means of production
54:Marxist criminology
1107:Military Collegium
975:Capital punishment
853:Caucasus Mountains
766:Post-Soviet states
646:Russian Revolution
577:. country-data.com
390:. country-data.com
200:, and large-scale
121:mental retardation
2167:
2166:
1777:
1776:
1741:
1740:
1733:Hammer and sickle
1675:and their groups
1673:Soviet dissidents
1452:Communist Academy
1369:Economic planning
1345:
1344:
1238:Soviet Air Forces
1157:Security services
1077:General Secretary
1060:Central Committee
1002:Political parties
934:Brezhnev Doctrine
929:Foreign relations
886:
885:
827:Autonomous okrugs
741:Soviet–Afghan War
721:Sino-Soviet split
663:Russian Civil War
2192:
2120:Dependencies and
1819:Sovereign states
1804:
1797:
1790:
1781:
1780:
1767:
1766:
1756:
1755:
1754:
1504:
1503:
1412:
1267:Collectivization
1012:Marxism–Leninism
897:
896:
786:
785:
617:
610:
603:
594:
593:
587:
586:
584:
582:
571:
565:
564:
562:
560:
551:. Archived from
545:
539:
538:
536:
535:
520:
514:
513:
511:
510:
495:
489:
488:
486:
485:
470:
464:
463:
461:
460:
445:
439:
438:
406:
400:
399:
397:
395:
384:
373:
372:
363:(3/4): 463–478.
348:
342:
341:
317:
308:
307:
283:
258:Kazan phenomenon
115:
63:Andrey Vyshinsky
2200:
2199:
2195:
2194:
2193:
2191:
2190:
2189:
2170:
2169:
2168:
2163:
2121:
2115:
2101:Northern Cyprus
2083:
2077:
1993:North Macedonia
1814:
1808:
1778:
1773:
1752:
1750:
1737:
1685:
1659:
1579:
1493:
1438:
1410:
1384:Internet domain
1379:Five-year plans
1341:
1308:
1248:
1151:
1113:
1045:Communist Party
1033:
992:Passport system
882:
858:European Russia
836:
775:
716:Khrushchev Thaw
695:(World War II)
673:Creation treaty
627:
621:
591:
590:
580:
578:
573:
572:
568:
558:
556:
547:
546:
542:
533:
531:
522:
521:
517:
508:
506:
499:"Article 190-1"
497:
496:
492:
483:
481:
472:
471:
467:
458:
456:
447:
446:
442:
427:10.2307/2084431
407:
403:
393:
391:
386:
385:
376:
349:
345:
318:
311:
284:
271:
266:
243:Crime in Russia
234:
211:
178:
172:
167:
161:101st kilometre
143:
138:
116:
113:
88:
56:
50:
12:
11:
5:
2198:
2188:
2187:
2182:
2165:
2164:
2162:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2125:
2123:
2122:other entities
2117:
2116:
2114:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2087:
2085:
2079:
2078:
2076:
2075:
2070:
2068:United Kingdom
2065:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1881:Czech Republic
1878:
1873:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1822:
1820:
1816:
1815:
1807:
1806:
1799:
1792:
1784:
1775:
1774:
1772:
1771:
1761:
1746:
1743:
1742:
1739:
1738:
1736:
1735:
1730:
1729:
1728:
1718:
1717:
1716:
1706:
1705:
1704:
1693:
1691:
1687:
1686:
1684:
1683:
1682:
1681:
1669:
1667:
1661:
1660:
1658:
1657:
1652:
1647:
1642:
1637:
1632:
1627:
1622:
1621:
1620:
1610:
1605:
1600:
1595:
1589:
1587:
1581:
1580:
1578:
1577:
1572:
1567:
1566:
1565:
1560:
1550:
1545:
1540:
1539:
1538:
1533:
1528:
1518:
1513:
1507:
1501:
1495:
1494:
1492:
1491:
1490:
1489:
1479:
1474:
1469:
1464:
1459:
1454:
1448:
1446:
1440:
1439:
1437:
1436:
1435:
1434:
1429:
1427:Rail transport
1424:
1422:Railway system
1414:
1406:
1401:
1396:
1391:
1386:
1381:
1376:
1371:
1366:
1361:
1355:
1353:
1347:
1346:
1343:
1342:
1340:
1339:
1334:
1329:
1324:
1318:
1316:
1310:
1309:
1307:
1306:
1301:
1296:
1295:
1294:
1284:
1279:
1274:
1269:
1264:
1258:
1256:
1250:
1249:
1247:
1246:
1245:
1244:
1218:
1217:
1216:
1211:
1201:
1196:
1195:
1194:
1184:
1183:
1182:
1172:
1167:
1161:
1159:
1153:
1152:
1150:
1149:
1144:
1142:Deputy Premier
1139:
1134:
1133:
1132:
1125:Heads of state
1121:
1119:
1115:
1114:
1112:
1111:
1110:
1109:
1099:
1093:
1090:Supreme Soviet
1087:
1081:
1080:
1079:
1074:
1073:
1072:
1067:
1057:
1052:
1041:
1039:
1035:
1034:
1032:
1031:
1026:
1025:
1024:
1019:
1014:
1007:State ideology
1004:
999:
994:
989:
988:
987:
977:
972:
967:
966:
965:
955:
954:
953:
943:
938:
937:
936:
926:
921:
920:
919:
914:
903:
901:
894:
888:
887:
884:
883:
881:
880:
875:
873:Ural Mountains
870:
865:
863:North Caucasus
860:
855:
850:
844:
842:
838:
837:
835:
834:
829:
824:
823:
822:
812:
807:
806:
805:
794:
792:
783:
777:
776:
774:
773:
768:
763:
758:
753:
748:
743:
738:
733:
728:
723:
718:
713:
708:
707:
706:
701:
690:
685:
680:
675:
670:
665:
660:
659:
658:
653:
643:
637:
635:
629:
628:
620:
619:
612:
605:
597:
589:
588:
566:
555:on 28 May 2012
540:
515:
490:
465:
440:
421:(4): 566–576.
401:
374:
343:
332:(5): 647–670.
309:
298:(2): 144–159.
268:
267:
265:
262:
261:
260:
255:
250:
245:
240:
233:
230:
210:
207:
174:Main article:
171:
168:
142:
139:
134:Main article:
111:
71:class struggle
49:
46:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2197:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2177:
2175:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2134:Faroe Islands
2132:
2130:
2127:
2126:
2124:
2118:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2106:South Ossetia
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2088:
2086:
2080:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1953:Liechtenstein
1951:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1823:
1821:
1817:
1812:
1805:
1800:
1798:
1793:
1791:
1786:
1785:
1782:
1770:
1762:
1760:
1759:
1748:
1747:
1744:
1734:
1731:
1727:
1724:
1723:
1722:
1719:
1715:
1712:
1711:
1710:
1707:
1703:
1700:
1699:
1698:
1695:
1694:
1692:
1688:
1680:
1677:
1676:
1674:
1671:
1670:
1668:
1666:
1662:
1656:
1653:
1651:
1648:
1646:
1643:
1641:
1638:
1636:
1633:
1631:
1630:Printed media
1628:
1626:
1623:
1619:
1616:
1615:
1614:
1611:
1609:
1606:
1604:
1601:
1599:
1596:
1594:
1591:
1590:
1588:
1586:
1582:
1576:
1573:
1571:
1568:
1564:
1563:Cyrillisation
1561:
1559:
1556:
1555:
1554:
1551:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1531:Working class
1529:
1527:
1526:Soviet people
1524:
1523:
1522:
1519:
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1511:Antisemitism
1364:Central Bank
1282:Forced labor
1230:Spetsnaz GRU
1050:organisation
958:Human rights
907:Constitution
790:Subdivisions
668:Russian SFSR
624:Soviet Union
579:. Retrieved
569:
557:. Retrieved
553:the original
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532:. Retrieved
530:. 2016-01-12
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507:. Retrieved
505:. 2014-07-29
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2149:Isle of Man
2084:recognition
2053:Switzerland
1988:Netherlands
1625:Phraseology
1570:Prohibition
1558:Linguistics
1543:Drug policy
1536:1989 census
1457:Cybernetics
1359:Agriculture
1272:Great Purge
1234:Soviet Navy
1226:Soviet Army
1098:(1989–1991)
1092:(1938–1991)
1086:(1922–1936)
1070:Secretariat
941:Gun control
848:Caspian Sea
832:Closed city
761:Dissolution
746:Perestroika
688:Great Purge
559:5 September
253:Criminology
147:labor camps
91:Speculation
28:Perestroika
2174:Categories
2023:San Marino
1983:Montenegro
1963:Luxembourg
1943:Kazakhstan
1846:Azerbaijan
1665:Opposition
1655:Television
1635:Propaganda
1608:Literature
1482:Naukograds
1477:Sharashkas
1411:(currency)
1389:Inventions
1332:Censorship
1262:Red Terror
946:Government
820:Autonomous
803:Autonomous
736:Stagnation
699:Evacuation
534:2020-10-01
509:2020-10-01
484:2020-10-01
459:2020-10-01
264:References
159:See also:
141:Punishment
125:capitalist
84:See also:
52:See also:
2139:Gibraltar
1958:Lithuania
1813:in Europe
1726:Republics
1714:Republics
1702:Republics
1553:Languages
1417:Transport
1299:Holodomor
1192:Militsiya
1130:President
1022:Stalinism
924:Elections
798:Republics
781:Geography
771:Nostalgia
683:Stalinism
435:0003-1224
369:0048-5829
338:0007-0955
304:0007-0955
223:homicides
190:terrorism
186:espionage
165:Lishenets
75:bourgeois
2159:Svalbard
2144:Guernsey
2091:Abkhazia
2038:Slovenia
2033:Slovakia
2008:Portugal
1866:Bulgaria
1769:Category
1322:Religion
1209:Chairmen
1055:Congress
1017:Leninism
997:Propiska
892:Politics
751:Glasnost
711:Cold War
651:February
232:See also
194:sabotage
112:—
97:is that
48:Ideology
2063:Ukraine
2013:Romania
1973:Moldova
1931:Ireland
1926:Iceland
1921:Hungary
1911:Germany
1906:Georgia
1896:Finland
1891:Estonia
1886:Denmark
1871:Croatia
1856:Belgium
1851:Belarus
1841:Austria
1836:Armenia
1831:Andorra
1826:Albania
1690:Symbols
1603:Fashion
1585:Culture
1499:Society
1444:Science
1409:Rouble
1351:Economy
1327:Science
1137:Premier
1118:Offices
980:Leaders
900:General
868:Siberia
841:Regions
815:Oblasts
656:October
633:History
248:Marxism
182:treason
95:Marxism
2154:Jersey
2096:Kosovo
2058:Turkey
2048:Sweden
2028:Serbia
2018:Russia
2003:Poland
1998:Norway
1978:Monaco
1948:Latvia
1916:Greece
1901:France
1876:Cyprus
1709:Emblem
1697:Anthem
1645:Sports
1598:Cinema
1593:Ballet
1575:Racism
1548:Family
1038:Bodies
626:topics
581:6 July
433:
394:6 July
367:
336:
302:
219:Russia
198:murder
2129:Ă…land
2043:Spain
1968:Malta
1938:Italy
1811:Crime
1640:Radio
1618:Opera
1613:Music
1516:Crime
1287:Gulag
1165:Cheka
810:Krais
202:theft
99:crime
1721:Flag
1679:List
1487:List
1399:OGAS
1292:List
1175:NKVD
963:LGBT
951:List
917:1977
912:1936
583:2013
561:2013
431:ISSN
396:2013
365:ISSN
334:ISSN
300:ISSN
163:and
1204:KGB
1199:MGB
1187:MVD
1170:GPU
970:Law
423:doi
361:140
151:MVD
2176::
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