3446:
488:
features that are clearly Celtic and others that in our opinion are not Celtic. The former we shall group, for the moment, under the label northwestern
Hispano-Celtic. The latter are the same features found in well-documented contemporary inscriptions in the region occupied by the Lusitanians, and therefore belonging to the variety known as LUSITANIAN, or more broadly as GALLO-LUSITANIAN. As we have already said, we do not consider this variety to belong to the Celtic language family.
1696:
487:
In the northwest of the
Iberian Peninsula, and more specifically between the west and north Atlantic coasts and an imaginary line running north-south and linking Oviedo and Merida, there is a corpus of Latin inscriptions with particular characteristics of its own. This corpus contains some linguistic
129:
Celtic languages during the Iron Age and classical
Antiquity. 1: early Iron Age core region (Hallstatt -H-, early La Tène -L-) 2: assumed Celtic expansion by the 4th century BC L: La Tène site H: Hallstatt site I: Iberia B: British Isles G: Galatia, settled in the 3rd century BC (after 279
423:; the term refers simply to non-Insular Celtic languages and not to any special linguistic relationship between them as a group other than they are Celtic. Since little material has been preserved of any of the Continental Celtic languages,
368:, attested in a set (corpus) of Latin inscriptions containing isolated words and sentences that are unmistakably Celtic. It was spoken in the northwest of the Iberian Peninsula comprising today's Spanish regions of
435:. Under this hypothesis, Continental languages are P-Celtic except for Celtiberian and Gallaecian, which are Q-Celtic. The Continental Celtic languages have had a definite influence on all of the
431:
is difficult to perform. Meanwhile, under the P/Q hypothesis, other researchers see the
Brittonic languages and Gaulish as forming part of a subgroup of the Celtic languages that is known as
300:
of what is now central Turkey. Classical writers say that the language is similar to that of Gaul. There is also evidence of invasion and settlement of the Ankara area by Celts from Europe.
125:
2897:
407:
hypothesis that the
Insular Celtic languages constitute a linguistically distinct branch of Celtic (Cowgill 1975; McCone 1991, 1992; Schrijver 1995) that has undergone common
521:
PrĂłsper, B.M. (2005). "Estudios sobre la fonĂ©tica y la morfologĂa de la lengua celtibĂ©rica" [Studies on the phonetics and morphology of the
Celtiberian language]. In
284:(spoken in what is now France). It is evidenced in a number of inscriptions as well as place names and tribal names in writings of classical authors. It may have been a
1656:
673:
Rekonstruktion und relative
Chronologie: Akten Der VIII. Fachtagung Der Indogermanischen Gesellschaft, Leiden, 31. August–4. September 1987
710:
264:(6th to 4th century BC) was spoken on the southern side of the Alps. It is evidenced in a number of inscriptions as well as place names.
743:
3382:
1354:
1325:
3402:
3392:
3422:
3407:
3397:
3467:
3412:
1801:
3417:
648:
17:
3472:
2880:
2693:
699:
680:
622:
595:
588:
Flexion und
Wortbildung: Akten der V. Fachtagung der Indogermanischen Gesellschaft, Regensburg, 9.–14. September 1973
538:
1236:
891:
1287:
432:
736:
2863:
328:(3rd to 1st century BC) is the name given to the language in northeast Iberia, between the headwaters of the
219:
since at least the 6th century AD, it is not considered one of the
Continental Celtic languages, as it is a
671:
McCone, Kim (1992). "Relative
Chronologie: Keltisch". In Beekes, R.; Lubotsky, A.; Weitenberg, J. (eds.).
2336:
1601:
1088:
914:
308:, which is the name given sometimes to the Celtic spoken in Central and Eastern Europe. It was spoken in
507:
285:
2907:
2782:
2387:
2356:
1741:
2868:
2703:
2331:
729:
2668:
3208:
2642:
2618:
1944:
1125:
1068:
853:
812:
586:(1975). "The origins of the Insular Celtic conjunct and absolute verbal endings". In H. Rix (ed.).
522:
399:
150:
2919:
2567:
2113:
1832:
1651:
1541:
53:
3387:
3306:
3269:
2341:
1631:
1626:
1241:
714:
424:
381:
3153:
2968:
2713:
2613:
1984:
1827:
1806:
1218:
767:
3296:
3168:
2902:
2552:
1949:
1872:
1681:
1606:
819:
614:
348:
river. It is attested in some 200 inscriptions as well as place names. It is distinct from
320:
8:
3445:
3183:
3052:
2982:
2963:
2942:
2875:
2698:
2572:
2392:
2377:
2372:
2326:
2301:
1974:
1867:
1852:
1666:
1485:
1280:
1230:
1120:
1113:
1096:
862:
826:
632:
356:
220:
2582:
377:
3349:
3080:
2973:
2937:
2858:
2813:
2708:
2534:
2425:
2382:
2311:
2118:
1893:
1661:
1646:
1641:
1636:
1546:
1403:
1359:
1183:
1019:
977:
494:
428:
216:
3213:
3188:
3178:
2914:
2887:
2768:
2623:
2608:
2603:
2562:
2557:
2462:
2351:
2306:
2296:
2288:
1959:
1913:
1903:
1749:
1576:
1556:
1515:
835:
803:
789:
695:
676:
644:
618:
591:
534:
436:
292:
277:
260:
252:
205:
185:
3242:
3203:
3158:
3145:
3065:
3044:
2947:
2892:
2577:
2397:
2316:
2128:
1908:
1847:
1737:
1616:
1611:
1581:
1551:
1505:
1467:
1333:
1101:
1076:
1044:
1025:
986:
962:
904:
880:
752:
349:
224:
193:
165:
is a geographic, rather than linguistic, grouping of the ancient Celtic languages.
142:
58:
1189:
341:
168:
These languages were spoken by the people known to Roman and Greek writers as the
3285:
3223:
3163:
3126:
3098:
3060:
3025:
3005:
2788:
2778:
2763:
2650:
2457:
2321:
2084:
1939:
1898:
1888:
1732:
1671:
1591:
1586:
1571:
1566:
1479:
1144:
1038:
998:
899:
369:
212:
48:
3324:
3314:
3290:
3237:
3193:
3108:
3088:
3070:
3015:
3010:
2978:
2823:
2803:
2628:
2529:
2508:
2503:
2140:
2074:
2069:
2058:
2039:
2033:
2029:
1842:
1837:
1796:
1723:
1709:
1621:
1596:
1561:
1520:
1510:
1446:
1433:
1373:
1317:
1309:
1300:
1273:
1256:
1212:
1165:
1136:
992:
929:
842:
583:
304:
272:(3rd century BC to 5th (?) century AD) was the main language spoken in greater
228:
201:
101:
87:
3461:
3121:
3093:
3000:
2992:
2734:
2686:
2472:
2420:
2149:
2089:
2079:
1979:
1954:
1745:
1195:
1033:
675:. Institut für Sprachwissenschaft der Universität Innsbruck. pp. 12–39.
154:
607:
3439:
3232:
3020:
2544:
2498:
2437:
2346:
2123:
2101:
2094:
1536:
1461:
1451:
1383:
1012:
942:
448:
420:
248:
1728:
533:] (in Spanish). Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca. pp. 333–350.
231:. A Gaulish substratum in Breton has been suggested, but that is debated.
3354:
3339:
2740:
2659:
2467:
2452:
2442:
2415:
2241:
2194:
2106:
1857:
1474:
1378:
1265:
408:
2009:
1780:
3277:
3265:
2718:
2682:
2482:
2447:
2407:
1999:
1766:
1757:
2677:
1789:
1224:
1177:
1005:
935:
575:
111:
1989:
1695:
3334:
2798:
2251:
2206:
2170:
2158:
2004:
1964:
1784:
1776:
1771:
1753:
1676:
1413:
1408:
1393:
1171:
721:
658:
McCone, Kim (1991). "The PIE stops and syllabic nasals in Celtic".
373:
313:
244:
158:
146:
94:
2019:
337:
3344:
3319:
3198:
3173:
2808:
2773:
2746:
2673:
2655:
2246:
2182:
1811:
1441:
1418:
1108:
1081:
923:
796:
309:
281:
268:
197:
189:
80:
3329:
3116:
2898:
Constitutional status of Orkney, Shetland and the Western Isles
2818:
2793:
2757:
2751:
2664:
2587:
2513:
2432:
1934:
1423:
1368:
1149:
297:
184:. They were spoken in an area arcing from the northern half of
124:
415:
languages can be similarly grouped. Instead, the group called
2218:
2024:
1969:
1862:
1456:
1398:
1388:
1346:
1296:
333:
329:
240:
276:. This is often considered to be divided into two dialects,
2477:
2014:
1994:
1929:
1762:
345:
273:
145:
that were spoken on the continent of Europe and in central
468:
466:
464:
531:
Basques, Celts and Indo-Europeans. Genes and languages
2210:
2596:
547:
461:
606:
403:. However, while many researchers agree with the
3459:
204:, and in inner Anatolia (modern day Turkey) as
692:Studies in British Celtic historical phonology
527:Vascos, celtas e indoeuropeos. Genes y lenguas
2174:
1281:
1092:? (possibly independent or pre-Indo-European)
737:
2162:
604:
2222:
2186:
411:innovations, there is no evidence that the
316:; only two fragmentary texts are preserved.
2198:
1295:
1288:
1274:
744:
730:
689:
605:Galliou, Patrick; Jones, Michael (1991).
569:
243:spoke dozens of different languages and
708:
631:
590:. Wiesbaden: Reichert. pp. 40–70.
582:
553:
520:
472:
14:
3460:
2139:
711:"Old Celtic 2008 (classroom material)"
670:
657:
484:
3371:
3263:
3042:
2844:
2276:
2056:
1707:
1344:
1269:
725:
643:] (in French). Ă©ditions errance.
234:
751:
485:Colera, Jordán (2007). p. 750.
296:, which was spoken in the region of
3264:
1174:(Chubut Province, Argentina; Welsh)
251:times, but only a small number are
24:
280:(spoken in what is now Italy) and
25:
3484:
2694:Festival Interceltique de Lorient
141:are the now-extinct group of the
3444:
2057:
1694:
1237:Scottish Gaelic-medium education
123:
563:
1186:(Nova Scotia; Scottish Gaelic)
514:
478:
388:
13:
1:
3413:Celtic place names in Galicia
3043:
1257:extinct or ancestor languages
454:
3468:Continental Celtic languages
2845:
1355:Ancient Celtic ethnic groups
149:, as distinguished from the
139:Continental Celtic languages
43:Continental Europe, Anatolia
7:
2337:Welsh literature in English
2277:
1708:
1434:Modern Celtic ethnic groups
1345:
570:Ball, M.; Fife, J. (1993).
442:
366:Northwestern Hispano-Celtic
326:Northeastern Hispano-Celtic
10:
3489:
2357:Scottish Gaelic literature
1742:Brigantia (ancient region)
3435:
3378:
3372:
3367:
3305:
3276:
3259:
3222:
3144:
3135:
3107:
3079:
3051:
3038:
2991:
2956:
2930:
2851:
2840:
2727:
2704:Hebridean Celtic Festival
2641:
2543:
2522:
2491:
2406:
2365:
2332:Welsh-language literature
2287:
2283:
2272:
2234:
2148:
2065:
2052:
1922:
1881:
1820:
1716:
1703:
1692:
1529:
1498:
1432:
1353:
1340:
1307:
1250:
1205:
1158:
1135:
1072:? (possibly hypothetical)
1060:
976:
954:
913:
890:
872:
861:
852:
777:
759:
690:Schrijver, Peter (1995).
523:Villar Liebana, Francisco
122:
110:
73:
49:Linguistic classification
47:
37:
32:
3473:Extinct Celtic languages
3137:Ancient Celtic languages
525:; PrĂłsper, B.M. (eds.).
188:in the west to north of
151:Insular Celtic languages
3408:Gaulish words in French
3393:Celtic words in English
1652:Scottish New Zealanders
1542:Anglo-Celtic Australian
1080:? (possibly related to
709:Stifter, David (2008).
660:Studia Celtica Japonica
397:is used in contrast to
2342:Early Irish literature
2223:
2211:
2199:
2187:
2175:
2163:
1632:Scotch-Irish Canadians
1627:Scotch-Irish Americans
1242:Welsh-medium education
892:Southwestern Brittonic
427:analysis based on the
288:to Breton (see below).
2969:Scottish independence
2714:Celtic Media Festival
2597:National music scenes
1828:Proto-Celtic religion
1530:Related ethnic groups
1219:Skol Veythrin Karenza
1159:Celtic-speaking areas
1084:or pre-Indo-European)
694:. Amsterdam: Rodopi.
425:historical linguistic
384:in northern Portugal.
247:across Europe in pre-
3293:(Medieval Welsh law)
2903:Scottish nationalism
2553:Ancient Celtic music
1873:Romano-Celtic temple
1682:Welsh New Zealanders
1607:Irish New Zealanders
633:Lambert, Pierre-Yves
615:Blackwell Publishing
572:The Celtic Languages
2983:Irish republicanism
2964:Breton independence
2943:Scottish devolution
2876:Cornish nationalism
2699:Pan Celtic Festival
2573:Scottish folk music
2327:Scottish literature
1853:Celtic Christianity
1657:Scottish Travellers
1642:Scottish Argentines
1486:Scottish Travellers
1231:Bunscoill Ghaelgagh
1206:Immersive education
641:The Gallic language
215:has been spoken in
2974:Welsh independence
2938:Cornish devolution
2859:Breton nationalism
2709:Celtic Connections
2312:Cornish literature
1662:Ulster Protestants
1647:Scottish Canadians
1637:Scottish Americans
1547:Anglo-Irish people
1184:Cape Breton Island
1020:Early Modern Irish
780:Continental Celtic
637:La langue gauloise
429:comparative method
417:Continental Celtic
413:Continental Celtic
395:Continental Celtic
239:It is likely that
235:Attested languages
221:Brittonic language
217:Continental Europe
192:, and east to the
163:Continental Celtic
64:Continental Celtic
33:Continental Celtic
18:Continental Celtic
3455:
3454:
3431:
3430:
3363:
3362:
3255:
3254:
3251:
3250:
3214:Cisalpine Gaulish
3034:
3033:
2920:national identity
2915:Welsh nationalism
2908:national identity
2888:Irish nationalism
2836:
2835:
2832:
2831:
2769:Cornish wrestling
2637:
2636:
2558:Breton Folk music
2523:Regional cultures
2366:National cultures
2352:Gaelic literature
2307:Breton literature
2268:
2267:
2264:
2263:
2260:
2259:
2048:
2047:
1960:Chief of the Name
1833:Celtic polytheism
1750:Sub-Roman Britain
1690:
1689:
1577:Irish Australians
1557:Cornish Americans
1516:Scottish diaspora
1263:
1262:
1056:
1055:
972:
971:
915:Western Brittonic
804:Cisalpine Gaulish
502:Missing or empty
437:Romance languages
135:
134:
16:(Redirected from
3480:
3448:
3369:
3368:
3261:
3260:
3243:Galwegian Gaelic
3142:
3141:
3040:
3039:
2948:Welsh devolution
2842:
2841:
2594:
2593:
2583:Sean-nĂłs singing
2578:Welsh folk music
2568:Irish folk music
2535:Highland culture
2317:Irish literature
2297:Arthurian Legend
2285:
2284:
2274:
2273:
2226:
2214:
2202:
2190:
2178:
2166:
2146:
2145:
2137:
2136:
2114:Neo-Christianity
2054:
2053:
1985:Gaelic astrology
1945:Celtic festivals
1848:Celtic mythology
1821:Ancient religion
1738:Iron Age Britain
1705:
1704:
1698:
1677:Welsh Argentines
1617:Irish Uruguayans
1612:Irish Travellers
1582:Irish Brazilians
1572:Irish Argentines
1552:Breton Americans
1506:Cornish diaspora
1468:Irish Travellers
1342:
1341:
1334:Celtic languages
1290:
1283:
1276:
1267:
1266:
1045:Galwegian Gaelic
1026:Classical Gaelic
987:Classical Gaelic
881:Common Brittonic
870:
869:
859:
858:
753:Celtic languages
746:
739:
732:
723:
722:
718:
713:. Archived from
705:
686:
667:
654:
628:
612:
601:
579:
557:
551:
545:
544:
518:
512:
511:
505:
500:
498:
490:
482:
476:
470:
393:The modern term
378:Castile and LeĂłn
194:Carpathian basin
143:Celtic languages
127:
30:
29:
21:
3488:
3487:
3483:
3482:
3481:
3479:
3478:
3477:
3458:
3457:
3456:
3451:
3427:
3374:
3359:
3301:
3297:Early Scots law
3286:Early Irish law
3272:
3247:
3224:Scottish Gaelic
3218:
3159:Proto-Brittonic
3131:
3127:Beurla Reagaird
3103:
3099:Scottish Gaelic
3075:
3047:
3030:
3026:Columba Project
3006:Celtic Congress
2987:
2952:
2926:
2847:
2828:
2789:Gaelic handball
2779:Gaelic football
2764:Cornish hurling
2723:
2633:
2592:
2539:
2518:
2504:Gaelic clothing
2487:
2402:
2361:
2322:Manx literature
2279:
2256:
2235:Other claimants
2230:
2135:
2085:Celtic Congress
2061:
2044:
1940:Celtic calendar
1918:
1877:
1816:
1712:
1699:
1686:
1672:Welsh Americans
1592:Irish Catholics
1587:Irish Canadians
1567:Irish Americans
1525:
1499:Celtic diaspora
1494:
1428:
1357:
1349:
1336:
1303:
1294:
1264:
1259:
1246:
1201:
1154:
1145:Beurla Reagaird
1131:
1069:Ancient Belgian
1052:
1039:Scottish Gaelic
999:Primitive Irish
968:
950:
909:
886:
865:
848:
773:
755:
750:
717:on 5 July 2008.
702:
683:
651:
625:
598:
584:Cowgill, Warren
566:
561:
560:
552:
548:
541:
519:
515:
503:
501:
492:
491:
483:
479:
471:
462:
457:
445:
391:
344:rivers and the
237:
131:
39:
28:
27:Language family
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3486:
3476:
3475:
3470:
3453:
3452:
3450:
3449:
3442:
3436:
3433:
3432:
3429:
3428:
3426:
3425:
3420:
3415:
3410:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3379:
3376:
3375:
3365:
3364:
3361:
3360:
3358:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3315:Gaelic warfare
3311:
3309:
3303:
3302:
3300:
3299:
3294:
3291:Cyfraith Hywel
3288:
3282:
3280:
3274:
3273:
3257:
3256:
3253:
3252:
3249:
3248:
3246:
3245:
3240:
3238:Deeside Gaelic
3235:
3229:
3227:
3220:
3219:
3217:
3216:
3211:
3209:Hispano-Celtic
3206:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3166:
3164:Proto-Goidelic
3161:
3156:
3150:
3148:
3139:
3133:
3132:
3130:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3113:
3111:
3105:
3104:
3102:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3085:
3083:
3077:
3076:
3074:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3057:
3055:
3049:
3048:
3036:
3035:
3032:
3031:
3029:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3016:Celtic society
3013:
3011:Celtic Revival
3008:
3003:
2997:
2995:
2989:
2988:
2986:
2985:
2979:United Ireland
2976:
2971:
2966:
2960:
2958:
2954:
2953:
2951:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2934:
2932:
2928:
2927:
2925:
2924:
2923:
2922:
2912:
2911:
2910:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2884:
2883:
2873:
2872:
2871:
2866:
2855:
2853:
2849:
2848:
2838:
2837:
2834:
2833:
2830:
2829:
2827:
2826:
2824:Welsh handball
2821:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2804:Highland games
2801:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2737:
2731:
2729:
2725:
2724:
2722:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2690:
2689:
2680:
2671:
2662:
2647:
2645:
2639:
2638:
2635:
2634:
2632:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2600:
2598:
2591:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2549:
2547:
2541:
2540:
2538:
2537:
2532:
2530:Gaelic culture
2526:
2524:
2520:
2519:
2517:
2516:
2511:
2509:Highland dress
2506:
2501:
2495:
2493:
2489:
2488:
2486:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2473:Pictish stones
2470:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2429:
2428:
2418:
2412:
2410:
2404:
2403:
2401:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2375:
2369:
2367:
2363:
2362:
2360:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2293:
2291:
2281:
2280:
2270:
2269:
2266:
2265:
2262:
2261:
2258:
2257:
2255:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2238:
2236:
2232:
2231:
2229:
2228:
2216:
2204:
2192:
2180:
2168:
2155:
2153:
2143:
2134:
2133:
2132:
2131:
2126:
2116:
2111:
2110:
2109:
2099:
2098:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2077:
2075:Celtic nations
2072:
2070:Celtic Revival
2066:
2063:
2062:
2050:
2049:
2046:
2045:
2043:
2042:
2037:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1926:
1924:
1920:
1919:
1917:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1885:
1883:
1879:
1878:
1876:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1843:Celtic Animism
1840:
1838:Celtic deities
1835:
1830:
1824:
1822:
1818:
1817:
1815:
1814:
1809:
1804:
1799:
1797:Cisalpine Gaul
1794:
1793:
1792:
1787:
1769:
1760:
1735:
1726:
1724:Gaelic Ireland
1720:
1718:
1714:
1713:
1701:
1700:
1693:
1691:
1688:
1687:
1685:
1684:
1679:
1674:
1669:
1664:
1659:
1654:
1649:
1644:
1639:
1634:
1629:
1624:
1622:Manx Americans
1619:
1614:
1609:
1604:
1599:
1597:Irish Chileans
1594:
1589:
1584:
1579:
1574:
1569:
1564:
1562:English people
1559:
1554:
1549:
1544:
1539:
1533:
1531:
1527:
1526:
1524:
1523:
1521:Welsh diaspora
1518:
1513:
1511:Irish diaspora
1508:
1502:
1500:
1496:
1495:
1493:
1492:
1491:
1490:
1489:
1488:
1477:
1472:
1471:
1470:
1454:
1449:
1444:
1438:
1436:
1430:
1429:
1427:
1426:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1396:
1391:
1386:
1381:
1376:
1371:
1365:
1363:
1351:
1350:
1338:
1337:
1318:Celtic studies
1310:Celtic nations
1308:
1305:
1304:
1293:
1292:
1285:
1278:
1270:
1261:
1260:
1251:
1248:
1247:
1245:
1244:
1239:
1234:
1228:
1222:
1216:
1209:
1207:
1203:
1202:
1200:
1199:
1193:
1187:
1181:
1175:
1169:
1166:Lower Brittany
1162:
1160:
1156:
1155:
1153:
1152:
1147:
1141:
1139:
1133:
1132:
1130:
1129:
1126:Paleo-Hispanic
1117:
1105:
1093:
1085:
1073:
1064:
1062:
1058:
1057:
1054:
1053:
1051:
1050:
1049:
1048:
1036:
1031:
1030:
1029:
1016:
1009:
1002:
990:
982:
980:
974:
973:
970:
969:
967:
966:
958:
956:
952:
951:
949:
948:
947:
946:
939:
927:
919:
917:
911:
910:
908:
907:
902:
896:
894:
888:
887:
885:
884:
876:
874:
867:
856:
854:Insular Celtic
850:
849:
847:
846:
839:
832:
831:
830:
823:
813:Hispano-Celtic
809:
808:
807:
793:
785:
783:
775:
774:
772:
771:
763:
761:
757:
756:
749:
748:
741:
734:
726:
720:
719:
706:
700:
687:
681:
668:
655:
650:978-2877722247
649:
629:
623:
602:
596:
580:
565:
562:
559:
558:
546:
539:
513:
477:
459:
458:
456:
453:
452:
451:
444:
441:
405:Insular Celtic
400:Insular Celtic
390:
387:
386:
385:
353:
317:
301:
289:
265:
236:
233:
133:
132:
128:
120:
119:
114:
108:
107:
106:
105:
98:
91:
88:Hispano-Celtic
84:
75:
71:
70:
69:
68:
67:
66:
51:
45:
44:
41:
35:
34:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3485:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3466:
3465:
3463:
3447:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3437:
3434:
3424:
3423:– in Portugal
3421:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3403:– in Galician
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3380:
3377:
3370:
3366:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3312:
3310:
3308:
3304:
3298:
3295:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3283:
3281:
3279:
3275:
3271:
3267:
3262:
3258:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3221:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3151:
3149:
3147:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3134:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3114:
3112:
3110:
3106:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3086:
3084:
3082:
3078:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3058:
3056:
3054:
3050:
3046:
3041:
3037:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
3001:Celtic League
2999:
2998:
2996:
2994:
2993:Pan-Celticism
2990:
2984:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2961:
2959:
2955:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2935:
2933:
2929:
2921:
2918:
2917:
2916:
2913:
2909:
2906:
2905:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2882:
2879:
2878:
2877:
2874:
2870:
2869:reunification
2867:
2865:
2862:
2861:
2860:
2857:
2856:
2854:
2850:
2843:
2839:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2784:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2759:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2742:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2732:
2730:
2726:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2688:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2657:
2654:
2653:
2652:
2649:
2648:
2646:
2644:
2640:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2601:
2599:
2595:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2550:
2548:
2546:
2542:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2527:
2525:
2521:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2496:
2494:
2490:
2484:
2483:Triple spiral
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2427:
2424:
2423:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2413:
2411:
2409:
2405:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2371:
2370:
2368:
2364:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2302:Bardic Poetry
2300:
2298:
2295:
2294:
2292:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2275:
2271:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2239:
2237:
2233:
2225:
2220:
2217:
2213:
2208:
2205:
2201:
2196:
2193:
2189:
2184:
2181:
2177:
2172:
2169:
2165:
2160:
2157:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2150:Celtic League
2147:
2144:
2142:
2138:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2121:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2108:
2105:
2104:
2103:
2100:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2090:Celtic League
2088:
2086:
2083:
2082:
2081:
2080:Pan-Celticism
2078:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2067:
2064:
2060:
2055:
2051:
2041:
2038:
2035:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1980:Gaelicisation
1978:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1955:Celticisation
1953:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1927:
1925:
1921:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1886:
1884:
1880:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1825:
1823:
1819:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1795:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1775:
1774:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1764:
1763:Iron Age Gaul
1761:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1746:Roman Britain
1743:
1739:
1736:
1734:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1722:
1721:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1706:
1702:
1697:
1683:
1680:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1670:
1668:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1658:
1655:
1653:
1650:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1602:Irish Mexican
1600:
1598:
1595:
1593:
1590:
1588:
1585:
1583:
1580:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1560:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1550:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1535:
1534:
1532:
1528:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1503:
1501:
1497:
1487:
1483:
1482:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1464:
1463:
1460:
1459:
1458:
1455:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1445:
1443:
1440:
1439:
1437:
1435:
1431:
1425:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1375:
1372:
1370:
1367:
1366:
1364:
1361:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1326:Celtic tribes
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1291:
1286:
1284:
1279:
1277:
1272:
1271:
1268:
1258:
1254:
1249:
1243:
1240:
1238:
1235:
1232:
1229:
1226:
1223:
1220:
1217:
1214:
1211:
1210:
1208:
1204:
1197:
1196:Y Fro Gymraeg
1194:
1191:
1190:GĂ idhealtachd
1188:
1185:
1182:
1179:
1176:
1173:
1170:
1167:
1164:
1163:
1161:
1157:
1151:
1148:
1146:
1143:
1142:
1140:
1138:
1134:
1127:
1123:
1122:
1118:
1115:
1111:
1110:
1106:
1103:
1099:
1098:
1094:
1091:
1090:
1086:
1083:
1079:
1078:
1074:
1071:
1070:
1066:
1065:
1063:
1059:
1047:
1046:
1042:
1041:
1040:
1037:
1035:
1032:
1028:
1027:
1022:
1021:
1017:
1015:
1014:
1010:
1008:
1007:
1003:
1001:
1000:
996:
995:
994:
991:
989:
988:
984:
983:
981:
979:
975:
965:
964:
960:
959:
957:
953:
945:
944:
940:
938:
937:
933:
932:
931:
928:
926:
925:
921:
920:
918:
916:
912:
906:
903:
901:
898:
897:
895:
893:
889:
883:
882:
878:
877:
875:
873:Reconstructed
871:
868:
864:
860:
857:
855:
851:
845:
844:
840:
838:
837:
833:
829:
828:
824:
822:
821:
817:
816:
815:
814:
810:
806:
805:
801:
800:
799:
798:
794:
792:
791:
787:
786:
784:
782:
781:
776:
770:
769:
765:
764:
762:
760:Reconstructed
758:
754:
747:
742:
740:
735:
733:
728:
727:
724:
716:
712:
707:
703:
701:90-5183-820-4
697:
693:
688:
684:
682:3-85124-613-6
678:
674:
669:
665:
661:
656:
652:
646:
642:
638:
634:
630:
626:
624:0-631-16406-5
620:
616:
611:
610:
603:
599:
597:3-920153-40-5
593:
589:
585:
581:
577:
573:
568:
567:
556:, p. 17.
555:
550:
542:
540:84-7800-530-7
536:
532:
528:
524:
517:
509:
496:
489:
481:
475:, p. 14.
474:
469:
467:
465:
460:
450:
447:
446:
440:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
401:
396:
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
359:
358:
354:
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
322:
318:
315:
311:
307:
306:
302:
299:
295:
294:
290:
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
270:
266:
263:
262:
258:
257:
256:
254:
250:
246:
242:
232:
230:
226:
222:
218:
214:
209:
207:
203:
199:
195:
191:
187:
183:
179:
175:
171:
166:
164:
160:
156:
155:British Isles
152:
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144:
140:
126:
121:
118:
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109:
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54:Indo-European
52:
50:
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42:
36:
31:
19:
3440:Celts portal
3398:– in Spanish
3233:Arran Gaelic
3154:Proto-Celtic
3136:
3122:Bungi Creole
3021:Celtic unity
2957:Independence
2756:
2739:
2563:Gaelic music
2499:Celtic Dress
2448:High crosses
2438:Celtic cross
2416:Bell shrines
2347:Irish annals
2129:Neo-Druidism
2124:Celtic Wicca
2095:Celtic union
2059:Modern Celts
1950:Celtic women
1858:Celtic Rites
1807:Transylvania
1667:Ulster Scots
1537:Anglo-Celtic
1384:Celtiberians
1329:
1321:
1313:
1301:modern Celts
1252:
1124:? (possibly
1119:
1112:? (possibly
1107:
1100:? (possibly
1095:
1087:
1075:
1067:
1043:
1024:
1018:
1013:Middle Irish
1011:
1004:
997:
985:
961:
943:Middle Welsh
941:
934:
922:
879:
841:
834:
825:
818:
811:
802:
795:
788:
779:
778:
768:Proto-Celtic
766:
715:the original
691:
672:
663:
659:
640:
636:
608:
587:
571:
564:Bibliography
554:Lambert 1994
549:
530:
526:
516:
504:|title=
486:
480:
473:Lambert 1994
449:Italo-Celtic
421:paraphyletic
416:
412:
404:
398:
394:
392:
382:Norte Region
376:and western
365:
361:
360:also called
355:
325:
319:
303:
291:
267:
259:
238:
211:Even though
210:
181:
177:
173:
169:
167:
162:
138:
136:
116:
100:
93:
86:
79:
74:Subdivisions
63:
40:distribution
3355:Trimarcisia
3340:GallĂłglaigh
3169:Celtiberian
2893:Isle of Man
2852:Nationalism
2741:Bataireacht
2660:Calan Gaeaf
2619:Isle of Man
2463:Leaf-crowns
2453:Insular art
2426:Dragonesque
2388:Isle of Man
2242:Nova Scotia
2195:Isle of Man
2119:Neopaganism
1868:Monasticism
1379:Caledonians
866:(Brythonic)
820:Celtiberian
609:The Bretons
389:Use of term
321:Celtiberian
282:Transalpine
3462:Categories
3418:– in Italy
3320:Ceathairne
3184:Gallaecian
2814:Road bowls
2719:Eisteddfod
2687:Calan Awst
2683:Lughnasadh
2289:Literature
2152:definition
1975:Clan chief
1767:Roman Gaul
1758:Hen Ogledd
1484:including
1466:including
1192:(Scotland)
1168:(Brittany)
1121:Tartessian
1097:Lusitanian
827:Gallaecian
613:. Oxford:
455:References
409:linguistic
380:, and the
372:, western
357:Gallaecian
286:substratum
38:Geographic
3350:Redshanks
3325:Ceithearn
3053:Brittonic
3045:Languages
2678:Calan Mai
2669:Gŵyl Fair
2643:Festivals
2458:Interlace
1882:Mythology
1790:Gallaecia
1404:Galatians
1255:indicate
1225:Gaelscoil
1221:(Cornish)
1180:(Ireland)
1178:Gaeltacht
1114:Tyrsenian
1006:Old Irish
936:Old Welsh
863:Brittonic
576:Routledge
495:cite book
278:Cisalpine
112:Glottolog
3335:Gaesatae
3226:dialects
3189:Lepontic
3179:Galatian
3081:Goidelic
2931:Autonomy
2846:Politics
2799:Rounders
2651:Calendar
2624:Scotland
2609:Cornwall
2604:Brittany
2492:Clothing
2443:Knotwork
2421:Brooches
2393:Scotland
2378:Cornwall
2373:Brittany
2252:Y Wladfa
2207:Scotland
2171:Cornwall
2159:Brittany
2010:SeanchaĂ
2005:Tanistry
1965:Derbfine
1894:Scottish
1785:Brittany
1781:Domnonée
1777:Armorica
1772:Britonia
1754:Dumnonia
1729:Dálriata
1414:Lepontii
1409:Helvetii
1394:Gallaeci
1215:(Breton)
1172:Y Wladfa
1089:Ligurian
978:Goidelic
836:Lepontic
790:Galatian
666:: 37–69.
635:(1994).
443:See also
433:P-Celtic
374:Asturias
314:Slovenia
293:Galatian
261:Lepontic
253:attested
245:dialects
206:Galatian
196:and the
159:Brittany
147:Anatolia
95:Lepontic
3388:Deities
3345:Hobelar
3307:Warfare
3270:Warfare
3204:Pictish
3199:Cumbric
3174:Gaulish
3146:Extinct
3066:Cornish
2864:history
2809:Hurling
2783:Ladies'
2774:Curling
2747:Camogie
2674:Beltane
2656:Samhain
2614:Ireland
2383:Ireland
2278:Culture
2247:England
2183:Ireland
2141:Nations
2040:Coinage
2030:Warfare
1923:Society
1914:Cornish
1904:British
1812:Galatia
1802:Balkans
1710:Studies
1447:Cornish
1442:Bretons
1419:Noricum
1374:Britons
1347:Peoples
1253:Italics
1227:(Irish)
1198:(Wales)
1109:Rhaetic
1082:Rhaetic
1077:Camunic
1061:Unknown
963:Pictish
955:Pictish
924:Cumbric
905:Cornish
797:Gaulish
370:Galicia
362:Gallaic
350:Iberian
310:Austria
269:Gaulish
225:Cornish
223:, like
198:Balkans
190:Belgium
182:Galatae
153:of the
81:Gaulish
3383:Tribes
3330:Fianna
3117:Shelta
3061:Breton
2881:status
2819:Shinty
2794:Gouren
2758:Cnapan
2752:Cammag
2665:Imbolc
2588:Carnyx
2514:Tartan
2433:Carnyx
2200:Mannin
2176:Kernow
2164:Breizh
2034:Gaelic
1990:Fáinne
1935:Brehon
1909:Breton
1863:Druids
1717:Places
1424:Volcae
1369:Belgae
1330:·
1328:
1322:·
1320:
1314:·
1312:
1233:(Manx)
1150:Shelta
1102:Italic
900:Breton
698:
679:
647:
621:
594:
537:
298:Ankara
213:Breton
186:Iberia
180:, and
174:Celtae
170:Keltoi
59:Celtic
3373:Lists
3194:Noric
3109:Mixed
3089:Irish
3071:Welsh
2735:Bando
2728:Sport
2629:Wales
2545:Music
2478:Torcs
2468:Mazes
2398:Wales
2224:Cymru
2219:Wales
2102:Music
2025:Vates
2020:TĂşath
1970:Druid
1899:Welsh
1889:Irish
1480:Scots
1462:Irish
1457:Gaels
1452:Welsh
1399:Gauls
1389:Gaels
1360:Names
1332:
1324:
1316:
1297:Celts
1213:Diwan
1137:Mixed
993:Irish
930:Welsh
843:Noric
639:[
529:[
342:TurĂa
338:JĂşcar
334:Tagus
330:Douro
305:Noric
249:Roman
241:Celts
229:Welsh
202:Noric
178:Galli
102:Noric
3268:and
3094:Manx
2981:and
2212:Alba
2188:Éire
2107:Rock
2015:Sept
1995:Fili
1930:Bard
1733:Alba
1475:Manx
1299:and
1034:Manx
696:ISBN
677:ISBN
645:ISBN
619:ISBN
592:ISBN
535:ISBN
508:help
346:Ebro
340:and
312:and
274:Gaul
227:and
157:and
137:The
117:None
3278:Law
3266:Law
2408:Art
2000:Law
419:is
364:or
324:or
200:as
130:BC)
3464::
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499::
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493:{{
463:^
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