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263:"The great end, for which men entered into society, was to secure their property. That right is preserved sacred and incommunicable in all instances, where it has not been taken away or abridged by some public law for the good of the whole. By the laws of England, every invasion of private property, be it ever so minute, is a trespass... If no excuse can be found or produced, the silence of the books is an authority against the defendant, and the plaintiff must have judgment."
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292:. Common law judicatures consequently separate the judiciary from the prosecution, thereby establishing the courts as completely independent from both the legislature and law enforcement. Human rights law in these countries is as a result, largely built on legal precedent in the courts' interpretation of constitutional law, whereas that of civil law countries is almost exclusively composed of codified law, constitutional or otherwise.
108:. Constitutional law deals with the fundamental principles by which the government exercises its authority. In some instances, these principles grant specific powers to the government, such as the power to tax and spend for the welfare of the population. Other times, constitutional principles act to place limits on what the government can do, such as prohibiting the arrest of an individual without sufficient cause.
156:, it will identify multiple levels of government coexisting with exclusive or shared areas of jurisdiction over lawmaking, application and enforcement. Some federal states, most notably the United States, have separate and parallel federal and state judiciaries, with each having its own hierarchy of courts with a supreme court for each state.
306:
Another main function of constitutions may be to describe the procedure by which parliaments may legislate. For instance, special majorities may be required to alter the constitution. In bicameral legislatures, there may be a process laid out for second or third readings of bills before a new law can
435:
The third is that the general ideas and principles that the constitution supports arise directly from the judgements and precedents issued by the judiciary. "We may say that the constitution is pervaded by the rule of law on the ground that the general principles of the constitution... are with us
139:
Constitutional laws can be considered second order rule making or rules about making rules to exercise power. It governs the relationships between the judiciary, the legislature and the executive with the bodies under its authority. One of the key tasks of constitutions within this context is to
427:
Dicey's rule of law formula consists of three classic tenets. The first is that the regular law is supreme over arbitrary and discretionary powers. "o man is punishable ... except for a distinct breach of the law established in the ordinary legal manner before the ordinary courts of the land."
284:. Civil law jurisdictions, on the other hand, place less emphasis on judicial review and only the parliament or legislature has the power to effect law. As a result, the structure of the judiciary differs significantly between the two, with common law judiciaries being
279:
nations, such as those in the
Commonwealth as well as the United States, derive their legal systems from that of the United Kingdom, and as such place emphasis on judicial precedent, whereby consequential court rulings (especially those by higher courts) are a
431:
The second is that all men are to stand equal in the eyes of the law. "...no man is above the law...every man, whatever be his rank or condition, is subject to the ordinary law of the realm and amenable to the jurisdiction of the ordinary tribunals"
447:
is often regarded as a second limb functioning alongside the rule of law to curb the powers of the government. In many modern nation states, power is divided and vested into three branches of government: The
382:
Constitutional law is a major focus of legal studies and research. For example, most law students in the United States are required to take a class in
Constitutional Law during their first year, and several
214:. These are intended to ensure basic political, social and economic standards that a nation state, or intergovernmental body is obliged to provide to its citizens but many do include its governments.
797:
is contrasted with a number of other terms. First, in denoting the body of judge-made law based on that developed in
England... erhaps most commonly within Anglo-American jurisdictions,
475:
is a subfield of constitutional law. It includes the rules governing the process of elections. These rules enable the translation of the will of the people into functioning
993:
W B Gwyn, The
Meaning of the Separation of Powers: An Analysis of the Doctrine From Its Origin to the Adoption of the United States Constitution, Tulane University (1965).
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659:(5th edn Cavendish 2005) 9, "A written constitution is one contained within a single document or a series of documents, with or without amendments"
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enter into force. Alternatively, there may further be requirements for maximum terms that a government can keep power before holding an
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form a crucial part of a country's constitution and uphold the rights of the individual against the state. Most jurisdictions, like the
123:, constitutional law is based on the text of a document ratified at the time the nation came into being. Other constitutions, notably
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152:, though there is often a delegation of power or authority to local or municipal authorities. When a constitution establishes a
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the result of judicial decisions determining the rights of private persons in particular cases brought before the courts"
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1. The body of law derived from judicial decisions, rather than from statutes or constitutions; CASE LAW STATUTORY LAW.
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131:, their status within constitutional law varies, and the terms of conventions are in some cases strongly contested.
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have no entrenched document setting out fundamental rights; in those jurisdictions the constitution is composed of
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dictates that government must be conducted according to law. This was first established by
British legal theorist
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Dicey identified three essential elements of the
British Constitution which were indicative of the rule of law:
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was valid authority, even though there was no statutory provision or court order for it. The court, led by
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are known as the horizontal separation of powers. The first and the second are harmonised in traditional
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638:, Series paper 2. Centre for Political and Constitutional Studies, King's College London, Parliament UK
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The
Discourse of Court Interpreting: Discourse Practices of the Law, the Witness and the Interpreter
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is a body of law which defines the role, powers, and structure of different entities within a
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An area of law that deals with interpretation and implementation of the
Constitution
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Constitutional
Conventions and the Headship of State: Australian Experience
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Mapping the Path to
Codifying - or not Codifying - the UK's Constitution
206:, that failed to be ratified. Perhaps the most important example is the
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jurisdictions do not share the same constitutional law underpinnings.
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61:; as well as the basic rights of citizens and, in federal countries
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indicate hierarchies and relationships of power. For example, in a
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Absolute supremacy of regular law as opposed to the influence of
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The Constitution is a result of the ordinary law of the land.
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is a constitutional principle deriving from the common law.
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is another instance where a codified constitution, with the
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1943:
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982:
Introduction to the Study of the Law of the Constitution
969:
Introduction to the Study of the Law of the Constitution
956:
Introduction to the Study of the Law of the Constitution
942:
Introduction to the Study of the Law of the Constitution
886:
Richards, Edward P.; Katharine C. Rathbun (1999-08-15).
836:
Britain and the Americas: Culture, Politics, and History
387:
are devoted to the discussion of constitutional issues.
1036:
699:"Guide to the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms"
464:. Vertical separation of powers is decentralisation.
838:. Manchester, NH: Ezekial Books, LLC. p. 259.
479:. Election law addresses issues who is entitled to
200:
Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union
32:
Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen
766:
833:
2268:
916:Civil Procedure and Courts in the South Pacific
758:
631:
314:
1052:
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332:The examples and perspective in this article
204:Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe
834:Macpherson, Heidi S.; Kaufman, Will (2005).
134:
439:
81:
1059:
1045:
632:Blick, Andrew; Blackburn, Robert (2012),
625:
370:Learn how and when to remove this message
202:which was intended to be included in the
2204:History of the American legal profession
879:
696:
668:
295:
25:
220:Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms
194:, have a codified constitution, with a
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764:
1040:
657:Constitutional and Administrative Law
208:Universal Declaration of Human Rights
34:still have constitutional importance.
913:Care, Jennifer Corrin (2004-01-12).
912:
906:
858:
852:
820:(10th ed.). 2014. p. 334.
741:19 Howell's State Trials 1029 (1765)
726:(1765) 19 Howell's State Trials 1030
318:
892:. Jones & Bartlett. p. 6.
818:Black's Law Dictionary - Common law
773:(2nd, revised ed.). New York:
21:Constitutional law (disambiguation)
13:
919:. Routledge Cavendish. p. 3.
859:Hale, Sandra Beatriz (July 2004).
769:A Dictionary of Modern Legal Usage
390:
14:
2288:
1188:Restitution and unjust enrichment
1000:
697:Heritage, Canadian (2017-10-23).
2235:
2234:
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945:(Macmillan, 10th ed, 1959) p.202
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288:and civil law judiciaries being
80:, though all such states have a
2199:History of the legal profession
987:
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30:The principles from the French
1029:Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary
1015:New International Encyclopedia
865:. John Benjamins. p. 31.
827:
729:
715:
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178:International human rights law
1:
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111:In most nations, such as the
106:international rules and norms
615:Resources in other libraries
7:
542:
346:, discuss the issue on the
315:Study of constitutional law
10:
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1866:International legal theory
1345:International slavery laws
1340:International human rights
1335:International criminal law
1009:"Constitutional Law"
299:
198:. A recent example is the
171:
129:constitutional conventions
125:that of the United Kingdom
18:
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1919:Administration of justice
1904:
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1704:
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765:Garner, Bryan A. (2001).
610:Resources in your library
135:State and legal structure
63:such as the United States
1696:Basic structure doctrine
1546:Natural and legal rights
1427:Public international law
559:Constitutional economics
440:The separation of powers
225:Some countries like the
1876:Principle of typicality
1350:International trade law
1066:
775:Oxford University Press
418:Equality before the law
302:Parliamentary procedure
747:: Constitution Society
737:"Entick v. Carrington"
265:
162:Supreme Court of India
82:
35:
1871:Principle of legality
1630:Delegated legislation
1330:Intellectual property
958:(10th ed, 1959) p.188
564:Constitutional rights
531:, and issues such as
527:, election disputes,
296:Legislative procedure
261:
29:
2089:Barristers' chambers
2031:Legal representation
1969:Justice of the peace
1315:Financial regulation
1024:"Constitutional law"
984:(9th ed, 1945) p.195
971:(9th ed, 1945) p.193
723:Entick v. Carrington
445:Separation of powers
395:The doctrine of the
352:create a new article
344:improve this article
334:may not represent a
244:Entick v. Carrington
19:For other uses, see
2124:Election commission
1836:Expressive function
1365:Landlord–tenant law
1264:Consumer protection
801:is contrasted with
2277:Constitutional law
2082:Legal institutions
1949:Lawsuit/Litigation
1939:Dispute resolution
1744:Catholic canon law
1452:State of emergency
1415:Will and testament
1139:Law of obligations
1092:Constitutional law
1082:Administrative law
1032:. Merriam-Webster.
601:Constitutional law
485:voter registration
462:Westminster system
39:Constitutional law
36:
2264:
2263:
1924:Constitutionalism
1846:Law and economics
1684:Act of parliament
1422:Product liability
1375:Legal archaeology
1300:Environmental law
1294:Entertainment law
1134:International law
926:978-1-85941-719-5
899:978-0-8342-1603-7
872:978-1-58811-517-1
793:In modern usage,
788:978-0-19-507769-8
596:Library resources
569:Philosophy of law
549:Constitutionalism
537:electoral silence
509:electronic voting
380:
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354:, as appropriate.
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1929:Criminal justice
1259:Construction law
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1219:Agricultural law
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2006:Practice of law
1986:Judicial review
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1851:Legal formalism
1831:Comparative law
1826:Contract theory
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1729:Legal pluralism
1700:
1689:Act of Congress
1613:Executive order
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241:. A case named
184:civil liberties
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2197:
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2110:
2109:Civil society
2107:
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2102:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2086:
2084:
2080:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2068:Trier of fact
2066:
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2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2008:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
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1972:
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1967:
1966:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1954:Legal opinion
1952:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
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1934:Court-martial
1932:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
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1912:
1911:
1909:
1907:
1906:Jurisprudence
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1806:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1795:Statutory law
1793:
1791:
1790:Socialist law
1788:
1784:
1783:Byzantine law
1781:
1780:
1779:
1776:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1759:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1745:
1742:
1741:
1740:
1737:
1736:
1735:
1734:Religious law
1732:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1711:
1709:
1707:
1706:Legal systems
1703:
1697:
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1677:
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1674:Statutory law
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1504:Statutory law
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1488:
1484:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1462:Transport law
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1381:
1380:Legal fiction
1378:
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1310:Financial law
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1306:
1303:
1301:
1298:
1295:
1292:
1290:
1287:
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1282:
1280:
1277:
1275:
1272:
1270:
1269:Corporate law
1267:
1265:
1262:
1260:
1257:
1255:
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1245:
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1240:
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1220:
1217:
1215:
1212:
1211:
1209:
1205:
1199:
1196:
1194:
1193:Statutory law
1191:
1189:
1186:
1182:
1179:
1178:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1169:
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1164:
1160:
1157:
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1103:
1100:
1098:
1095:
1093:
1090:
1088:
1085:
1083:
1080:
1079:
1077:
1075:Core subjects
1073:
1069:
1062:
1057:
1055:
1050:
1048:
1043:
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1039:
1031:
1030:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1016:
1010:
1005:
1004:
990:
983:
980:A. V. Dicey,
977:
970:
967:A. V. Dicey,
964:
957:
954:A. V. Dicey,
951:
944:
943:
939:A. V. Dicey,
936:
928:
922:
918:
917:
909:
901:
895:
891:
890:
882:
874:
868:
864:
863:
855:
847:
845:9791851094317
841:
837:
830:
823:
819:
813:
806:
804:
803:statutory law
800:
796:
790:
784:
780:
776:
771:
770:
761:
746:
745:United States
742:
738:
732:
725:
724:
718:
704:
703:www.canada.ca
700:
693:
685:
683:9781925501155
679:
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671:
665:
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624:
616:
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608:
607:
602:
597:
585:
582:
580:
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570:
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560:
557:
555:
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550:
547:
546:
540:
538:
534:
530:
526:
525:vote counting
522:
518:
517:accessibility
514:
510:
506:
505:apportionment
502:
501:redistricting
498:
497:party funding
494:
490:
489:ballot access
486:
482:
478:
474:
465:
463:
459:
455:
451:
446:
437:
433:
429:
422:
419:
416:
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409:
408:
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404:
402:
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374:
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363:
360:December 2010
353:
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321:
320:
312:
310:
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293:
291:
290:inquisitorial
287:
283:
282:source of law
278:
274:
270:
264:
260:
259:stated that,
258:
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250:
246:
245:
240:
236:
232:
228:
223:
221:
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
193:
189:
188:United States
185:
179:
175:
165:
163:
159:
155:
154:federal state
151:
147:
143:
142:unitary state
132:
130:
126:
122:
118:
114:
113:United States
109:
107:
103:
99:
98:statutory law
95:
91:
90:customary law
86:
85:
79:
78:constitutions
75:
74:nation states
70:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
44:
40:
33:
28:
22:
2253:
2246:
2232:
2218:
1991:Jurisdiction
1959:Legal remedy
1914:Adjudication
1814:Legal theory
1652:Ratification
1647:Promulgation
1618:Proclamation
1598:Codification
1531:Human rights
1519:Divine right
1509:Constitution
1477:Women in law
1395:Military law
1390:Marriage law
1385:Maritime law
1284:Election law
1224:Aviation law
1214:Abortion law
1166:Property law
1102:Criminal law
1091:
1027:
1013:
989:
981:
976:
968:
963:
955:
950:
940:
935:
915:
908:
888:
881:
861:
854:
835:
829:
821:
817:
812:
802:
798:
794:
792:
768:
760:
749:. Retrieved
740:
731:
721:
717:
706:. Retrieved
702:
692:
673:
664:
656:
651:
640:, retrieved
634:
627:
600:
554:Constitution
473:Election law
471:
468:Election law
443:
434:
430:
426:
405:
394:
385:law journals
381:
366:
357:
333:
305:
266:
262:
242:
224:
181:
174:Human rights
168:Human rights
138:
110:
71:
38:
37:
2163:Legislature
2094:Bureaucracy
1891:Rule of man
1886:Rule of law
1861:Libertarian
1724:Chinese law
1625:Legislation
1575:Regulations
1563:Law reports
1541:Natural law
1437:Reparations
1432:Refugee law
1355:Jurimetrics
1296:(Media law)
1234:Banking law
1229:Amnesty law
1207:Disciplines
1144:Private law
655:H Barnett,
642:19 November
584:Rule of law
579:Rechtsstaat
529:referendums
477:democracies
450:legislature
401:A. V. Dicey
397:rule of law
286:adversarial
257:Lord Camden
249:John Entick
146:legislature
94:conventions
84:jus commune
55:legislature
2156:Law school
2036:Prosecutor
1974:Magistrate
1761:Jewish law
1719:Common law
1640:Rulemaking
1635:Regulation
1585:Law making
1524:Divine law
1500:Legal code
1447:Sports law
1370:Law of war
1320:Health law
1305:Family law
1289:Energy law
1239:Bankruptcy
1176:Punishment
1171:Public law
799:common law
795:common law
777:. p.
751:2008-11-13
708:2022-01-20
590:References
574:Public law
456:, and the
277:Common law
269:common law
239:convention
212:UN Charter
210:under the
57:, and the
51:parliament
2134:Judiciary
2129:Executive
2104:The bench
2041:Solicitor
2016:Barrister
1896:Sociology
1881:Pseudolaw
1821:Anarchist
1778:Roman law
1766:Parsi law
1751:Hindu law
1739:Canon law
1714:Civil law
1667:Concordat
1558:Precedent
1467:Trust law
1442:Space law
1279:Drugs law
1149:Procedure
1087:Civil law
458:judiciary
454:executive
348:talk page
273:civil law
150:judiciary
121:Singapore
59:judiciary
47:executive
2271:Category
2241:Category
2183:Tribunal
2168:Military
2011:Attorney
1981:Judgment
1841:Feminist
1756:Jain law
1553:Case law
1274:Cyberlaw
1181:Corporal
1159:Criminal
1129:Evidence
1119:Doctrine
1097:Contract
672:(2016).
543:See also
342:You may
309:election
271:and the
235:case law
72:Not all
2255:Outline
2192:History
2099:The bar
2073:Verdict
2021:Counsel
2001:Justice
1856:History
1679:Statute
1495:Charter
1457:Tax law
1405:Probate
1018:. 1905.
231:statute
2173:Police
2144:Agency
2026:Lawyer
1771:Sharia
1662:Treaty
1657:Repeal
1603:Decree
1514:Custom
1410:Estate
1360:Labour
1124:Equity
923:
896:
869:
842:
785:
680:
598:about
452:, the
216:Canada
192:France
148:, and
119:, and
67:Canada
49:, the
2248:Index
2114:Court
2058:Trial
1964:Judge
1805:Yassa
1608:Edict
1154:Civil
1107:Crime
350:, or
158:India
117:India
104:, or
43:state
1996:Jury
1944:Fiqh
1800:Xeer
1198:Tort
1114:Deed
921:ISBN
894:ISBN
867:ISBN
840:ISBN
783:ISBN
678:ISBN
644:2016
535:and
511:and
495:and
481:vote
267:The
237:and
190:and
176:and
65:and
1068:Law
805:...
779:177
53:or
2273::
1502:/
1026:.
1012:.
791:.
781:.
743:.
739:.
701:.
539:.
515:,
507:,
503:,
499:,
491:,
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483:,
403:.
311:.
233:,
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115:,
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929:.
902:.
875:.
848:.
754:.
711:.
686:.
420:;
414:;
373:)
367:(
362:)
358:(
340:.
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
