9119:
10659:, "Parliamentary sovereignty means that Parliament can, if it chooses, legislate contrary to fundamental principles of human rights. ... The constraints upon its exercise by Parliament are ultimately political, not legal. But the principle of legality means that Parliament must squarely confront what it is doing and accept the political cost. Fundamental rights cannot be overridden by general or ambiguous words. This is because there is too great a risk that the full implications of their unqualified meaning may have passed unnoticed in the democratic process. In the absence of express language or necessary implication to the contrary, the courts, therefore, presume that even the most general words were intended to be subject to the basic rights of the individual. In this way the courts of the United Kingdom, though acknowledging the sovereignty of Parliament, apply principles of constitutionality little different from those which exist in countries where the power of the legislature is expressly limited by a constitutional document."
10676:(1882) 145, "Lawyers are apt to speak as though the legislature were omnipotent, as they do not require to go beyond its decisions. It is, of course, omnipotent in the sense that it can make whatever laws it pleases, inasmuch as a law means any rule which has been made by the legislature. But from the scientific point of view, the power of the legislature is of course strictly limited. It is limited, so to speak, both from within and from without; from within, because the legislature is the product of a certain social condition, and determined by whatever determines the society; and from without, because the power of imposing laws is dependent upon the instinct of subordination, which is itself limited. If a legislature decided that all blue-eyed babies should be murdered, the preservation of blue-eyed babies would be illegal; but legislators must go mad before they could pass such a law, and subjects be idiotic before they could submit to it."
311:
510:
480:
8868:
9517:
7560:
5929:
2832:
15004:(1516) Book I, "wherever it is found that the sheep of any soil yield a softer and richer wool than ordinary, there the nobility and gentry, and even those holy men, the abbots not contented with the old rents which their farms yielded... stop the course of agriculture, destroying houses and towns, reserving only the churches, and enclose grounds that they may lodge their sheep in them... Stop the rich from cornering markets and establishing virtual monopolies. Reduce the number of people who are kept doing nothing. Revive agriculture and the wool industry, so that there is plenty of honest, useful work for the great army of unemployed β by which I mean not only existing thieves, but tramps and idle servants who are bound to become thieves eventually."
384:
3536:
6651:
the executive can create and administer financial benefits schemes. Fourth, through the
Attorney General the executive can stop prosecutions or pardon convicted offenders after taking advice. Fifth, the executive may acquire more territory or alter limits of British territorial waters. Sixth, the executive may expel aliens and theoretically restrain people from leaving the UK. Seventh, the executive can sign treaties, although before it is considered ratified the treaty must be laid before Parliament for 21 days and there must be no resolution against it. Eighth, the executive governs the armed forces and can do "all those things in an emergency which are necessary for the conduct of war".
796:
3426:
4933:
4484:, fundamental human rights and freedoms are themselves "best maintained ... by "an effective political democracy". Similarly, this "characteristic principle of democracy" is enshrined by the First Protocol, article 3, which requires the "right to free elections" to "ensure the free expression of the opinion of the people in the choice of the legislature". While there are many conceptions of democracy, such as "direct", "representative" or "deliberative", the dominant view in modern political theory is that democracy requires an active citizenry, not only in electing representatives, but in taking part in political life.
6570:
6418:
409:
4082:
7270:
6055:. This also means an element of retroactivity, since an application of developing rules may differ from at least one party's understanding of the law in any conflict. Although formally the British judiciary may not declare an Act of Parliament "unconstitutional", in practice the judiciary's power to interpret the law so as to be compatible with human rights can render a statute inoperative, much like in other countries. The courts do so sparingly because they recognise the importance of the democratic process. Judges may also sit from time to time on public inquiries.
7456:
668:
6059:
13231:"I'm quite embarrassed to be the only justice to tick a lot of the diversity boxes, for example the gender one, the subject areas in which I'm interested (which are not ones that most of my colleagues have had much to do with up until now), the fact that I went to a non-fee-paying school and the fact that I wasn't a practitioner for any great length of time. I'm different from most of my colleagues in a number of respects (and they're probably at least as conscious of this as I am). I think we could do with more of that sort of diversity."
7046:
3407:'s ban on fox hunting, arguing it was not a valid Act because it was passed avoiding the House of Lords, using the Parliament Acts. They argued that the 1949 Act itself was passed using the 1911 Act's power to override the Lords in two years. The claimants argued that this meant the 1949 Act should not be considered a valid law, because the 1911 Act was limited in scope and could not be used to amend its own limitation of the Lords' power. The House of Lords, sitting as the UK's highest court, rejected this argument, holding both the
6682:
698:
7196:
22:
4003:
19220:
2725:
7475:, is essential to hold executive power and public bodies accountable under the law. In practice, constitutional principles emerge through cases of judicial review, because every public body, whose decisions affect people's lives, is created and bound by law. A person can apply to the High Court to challenge a public body's decision if they have a "sufficient interest", within three months of the grounds of the cause of action becoming known. By contrast, claims against public bodies in
11062:, first "absolute supremacy or predominance of regular law as opposed to the influence of arbitrary power", second "equality before the law, or the equal subjection of all classes to the ordinary law of the land administered by the ordinary law courts" and third, "principles of private law have with us been by the action of the courts and Parliament so extended as to determine the position of the Crown and of its servants". See also J. Raz, "The Rule of Law and its Virtue" (1977) 93
9754:
11923:(1772) 98 ER 499, "The state of slavery is of such a nature, that it is incapable of now being introduced by Courts of Justice upon mere reasoning or inferences from any principles, natural or political; it must take its rise from positive law; the origin of it can in no country or age be traced back to any other source: immemorial usage preserves the memory of positive law long after all traces of the occasion; reason, authority, and time of its introduction are lost ..."
4488:
depends upon a constant process of deliberative discussion and public debate, rather than imposition of decisions. It is also generally agreed that basic standards in political, social and economic rights are necessary to ensure everyone can play a meaningful role in political life. For this reason, the rights to free voting in fair elections and "general welfare in a democratic society" have developed hand-in-hand with all human rights, and form a fundamental cornerstone of
636:
19232:
19244:
5542:
5121:
2758:
17484:
5661:
6716:. This includes rules that Ministers are "expected to behave in a way that upholds the highest standards of propriety", "give accurate and truthful information to Parliament", resign if they "knowingly mislead Parliament", to be "as open as possible", have no possible conflicts of interest and give a full list of interests to a permanent secretary, and only "remain in office for so long as they retain the confidence of the Prime Minister".
16589:
16154:
4453:
8945:, because his ancestors and those of his Norman barons all came from Norway. He was, however, persuaded by those summoned, that the laws of the Britons, English and Picts should remain in force 'because it was hard to adopt laws and to judge according to those that they did not know'. It is recorded that 'Finally, by the counsel and at the request of his barons, he acquiesced' and authorised and confirmed the laws as they were under
2771:
2740:
5957:
sole criterion for appointment and the appointments system is modern, open and transparent. In terms of scrutiny, A Judicial
Appointment and Conduct Ombudsman, responsible for investigating and making recommendations concerning complaints about the judicial appointments process, and the handling of judicial conduct complaints within the scope of the Constitutional Reform Act, provides checks and balances to the Supreme Court.
9044:, where leaders demanded an end to feudalism, and for everything to be held in common. Despite the revolt's violent repression, slavery and serfdom broke down, yet most people remained without any substantial liberty, in political or economic rights. As sheep farming became more profitable than agricultural work, enclosures of common land dispossessed more people, who turned into paupers and were punished.
6092:, and one lay person. For other senior judges such as those on the Court of Appeal, or for the Lord Chief Justice, Master of the Rolls, or the heads of the High Court divisions, a similar five member panel with two judges is formed. Gender and ethnic diversity is lacking in the British judiciary compared to other developed countries, and potentially compromises the expertise and administration of justice.
9310:, ratifying the Treaty of Union 1707, between the then-independent states of Scotland and England, resulted in them both merging their states to create a new state, Great Britain, and dissolving their parliaments to create a new Parliament, which gave Scottish electors representation in Westminster. The Treaty also stipulated that Scottish private law would continue under a Scottish court system.
7145:, to carry out compulsory purchasing according to law, to administer school education, libraries, care for children, roads or highway maintenance and local buses, provide care for the elderly and disabled, prevent pollution and ensure clean air, ensure collection, recycling and disposal of waste, regulate building standards, provide social and affordable housing, and shelters for the homeless.
14914:. This allowed, for example, in clause 9, 'Every freeman shall at his own pleasure provide agistment' or grazing rights, and in clause 12, 'Henceforth every freeman, in his wood or on his land that he has in the forest, may with impunity make a mill, fish-preserve, pond, marl-pit, ditch, or arable in cultivated land outside coverts, provided that no injury is thereby given to any neighbour.'
199:, the highest form of law, both Houses must read, amend, or approve proposed legislation three times and the monarch must give consent. The judiciary interprets the law found in Acts of Parliament and develops the law established by previous cases. The highest court is the twelve-person Supreme Court, as it decides appeals from the Courts of Appeal in England, Wales, and
7491:
Parliament, when it passes an Act. Otherwise, a claimant can argue that a public body's decision was unlawful in five main types of case: (1) it exceeded the lawful power of the body, used its power for an improper purpose, or acted unreasonably, (2) it violated a legitimate expectation, (3) failed to exercise relevant and independent judgement, (4) exhibited bias or a
11941:(3rd ed) p. 630 that: "It is a principle of legal policy that the municipal law should conform to public international law. The court, when considering, in relation to the facts of the instant case, which of the opposing constructions of the enactment would give effect to the legislative intention, should presume that the legislator intended to observe this principle."
10944:, : "Parliamentary sovereignty is a fundamental principle of the UK constitution", and at : "it is a fundamental principle of the UK constitution that, unless primary legislation permits it, the Royal prerogative does not enable ministers to change statute law or common law ... This is, of course, just as true in relation to Scottish, Welsh or Northern Irish law."
4194:, attempted to put this into practice (e.g. requiring the executive does not come from the legislature), it is clear that modern political parties may undermine such a separation by capturing all three branches of government, and democracy has been maintained since the 20th century despite the fact that "there is no formal separation of powers in the United Kingdom".
15939:
12910:
3477:, "based on the principle of the sovereign equality of all its Members", said that "to save succeeding generations from the scourge of war, which twice in our lifetime has brought untold sorrow to mankind", the UN would "reaffirm faith in fundamental human rights", and members should "live together in peace with one another as good neighbours". The
5745:. A third proposed option is to elect peers by work and professional groups, so that health care workers elect peers with special health knowledge, people in education elect a fixed number of education experts, legal professionals elect legal representatives, and so on. This is argued to be necessary to improve the quality of legislation.
9270:. As well as reaffirming Magna Carta, it says the 'pretended power of suspending laws or the execution of laws by regal authority without consent of Parliament is illegal', that 'election of members of Parliament ought to be free', and that 'Parliament ought to be held frequently'. The justification for government itself, encapsulated by
11809:, ch 41, "All merchants shall have safe and secure exit from England, and entry to England, with the right to tarry there and to move about as well by land as by water, for buying and selling by the ancient and right customs, quit from all evil tolls, except (in time of war) such merchants as are of the land at war with us ..."
6074:, no judge has been removed, as to do so the King must act on address by both Houses of Parliament. It is very likely that a judge would never be dismissed, not merely because of formal rules but a "shared constitutional understanding" of the importance of the integrity of the legal system. This is reflected, for example, in the
14237:(2016) 320, 'The net result, over time, will be a patchwork of combined authorities with elected mayors, supplying a mezzanine layer of government that sits between individual local authorities and central government.' HC 369 (2015-16) criticised the lack of actual public consultation in creating combined authorities. See also
6712:" is a still smaller group of 22 or 23 people, though only twenty ministers may be paid. Each minister typically heads a Department or Ministry, which can be created or renamed by prerogative. Cabinet committees are usually organised by the Prime Minister. Every minister is expected to follow collective responsibility, and the
14977:(1546) 31, servitude was 'the greatest inconvenience that nowe is suffred by the lawe. That is to have any christen man bounden to an other, and to have the rule of his body, landes, and goodes, that his wyfe, children, and servantes have laboured for, all their life tyme, to be so taken, lyke as it were extorcion or bribery'.
15951:
12885:
present
Parliament, and by the authority of the same, that from henceforth the House of Lords in Parliament shall be and is hereby wholly abolished and taken away; and that the Lords shall not from henceforth meet or sit in the said House called the Lords' House, or in any other house or place whatsoever..." See also
10558:(2015) 65, it "is not possible to predict the outcome of changes made by Parliament to the 'manner and form' of the legislative process since, depending on the nature and reasons for such changes, the courts might still be influenced by a deep-seated belief in the proposition that Parliament cannot bind itself."
5043:, resultingβwith a 72.2% turnoutβin a margin of 51.9% favouring "leave" and 48.1% favouring "remain". Some allegations were made of misconduct taking place in the campaigns in support of both referendum options, whilst authorities found nothing considered serious enough to affect results and little to chastise.
4476:, legitimises the fact of Parliamentary sovereignty, and it is widely considered that "democracy lies at the heart of the concept of the rule of law". The opposite of arbitrary power exercised by one person is "administration is in the hands of the many and not of the few". According to the preamble to the
15804:
JC Coffee, 'What Went Wrong? An
Initial Inquiry into the Causes of the 2008 Financial Crisis' (2009) 9(1) Journal of Corporate Law Studies 1. For problems starting in US regulation, see E Warren, 'Product Safety Regulation as a Model for Financial Services Regulation' (2008) 43(2) Journal of Consumer
13394:
in London, commercial property in Oxford, Milton Keynes, Nottingham, Newcastle, etc., and a right to receive 23% of the income from the Duchy of
Lancaster's Savoy Estate in London (2) 116,000 hectares of agricultural land and forests, together with minerals and residential and commercial property (3)
10977:
AC 1, 48, per Lord Bridge, "The maintenance of the rule of law is in every way as important in a free society as the democratic franchise. In our society the rule of law rests upon twin foundations: the sovereignty of the Queen in
Parliament in making the law and the sovereignty of the Queen's courts
9940:
It has been commented by Dicey that formally, the
British Parliament was limited by the terms of the international treaties that created it in the first place. His comment that it would be imprudent for the British Parliament to try and abolish Scots Law for example, has been criticised judicially as
9937:
that has evolved since Dicey's era, and the reduction in checks on governmental power, has led to an excessively powerful government that is not legally constrained by the observance of fundamental rights. A Constitution would impose limits on what
Parliament could do. To date, the Parliament of the
4073:
On appeal, the
European Court of Human Rights concluded the convention was breached because the statute did not "indicate with reasonable clarity the scope and manner of exercise of the relevant discretion conferred on the public authorities." The judgment, however, was overshadowed by the government
3746:
for devolved assemblies, where the assembly passes a motion that the
Westminster Parliament can legislate on a devolved matter before it does so, meant the UK could not negotiate to leave without the Scottish, Welsh or Northern Ireland legislatures' consent. The Supreme Court held that the government
3421:
Lord Hope argued that Parliamentary sovereignty "is no longer, if it ever was, absolute", and that the "rule of law enforced by the courts is the ultimate controlling factor on which our constitution is based", and cannot be used to defend unconstitutional Acts (as determined by the courts). There is
3294:
Parliamentary sovereignty is often seen as a central element in the British constitution, although its extent is contested. It means that an Act of Parliament is the highest form of law, but also that "Parliament cannot bind itself". Historically, Parliament became sovereign through a series of power
11653:
with their judicial oaths, not only in disputes between private persons but also in disputes between private persons and the state. The state, in the shape of the executive, is as much subject to the rule of law as are private persons." cf K. D. Ewing, "The Resilience of the Political Constitution"
11652:
UKPC 23, Lady Hale, "A vital element in any modern democratic constitution is the independence of the judiciary from the other arms of government, the executive and the legislature. This is crucial to maintaining the rule of law: the judges must be free to interpret and apply the law, in accordance
7140:
section 101 says that a local authority can discharge its functions through a committee or any officer, and can transfer functions to another authority, while section 111 gives authorities the power to do anything including spending or borrowing 'which is calculated to facilitate, or is conducive or
5956:
Further aspects of this explores how independent the Judiciary has become. An Appointments Commission, responsible for selecting candidates to recommend for judicial appointment to the Secretary of State for Justice was established. The Judicial Appointments Commission ensures that merit remains the
5583:
recognised the right to "vote at the election of a person to represent him or in Parliament, there to concur to the making of laws, which are to bind his liberty and property" as "a most transcendent thing, and of an high nature". This originally meant that any interference in that right would lead
5067:
Laws that touch on topics such as the structure of government, rights of citizens and the powers of devolved assemblies become constitutionally significant simply by their subject matter and the sovereignty of parliament meaning that the specifics of the law becoming legally binding. This allows for
4545:, Lord Steyn, giving the leading judgement, said it was "necessary" to view the law of negligence in the context of "the contours of our social welfare state". More generally, the common law has been increasingly developed to be harmonious with statutory rights, and also in harmony with rights under
4174:
said the "constitutional right of access to the courts is inherent in the rule of law". Without access to courts, "laws are liable to become a dead letter, the work done by Parliament may be rendered nugatory, and the democratic election of Members of Parliament may become a meaningless charade." In
9950:
of personal liberty, and "the institutions and manners of the nation". Opponents of a codified constitution argue that the country is not based on a founding document that tells its citizens who they are and what they can do. There is also a belief that any unwarranted encroachment on the spirit of
7116:
In real terms since 2010, central government cut local council funding by nearly 50 per cent, and real spending fell by 21 per cent, as councils failed to make up cuts through business rates. Unitary authorities and district councils are responsible for administering council tax and business rates.
6087:
Members of the judiciary can be appointed from among any member of the legal profession who has over 10 years of experience having rights of audience before a court: this usually includes barristers, but can also mean solicitors or academics. Appointments should be made "solely on merit" but regard
5573:
aged 18 and over to elect Members of Parliament to the House of Commons. Sections 3 and 4 exclude people who are convicted of an offence and in a penal institution, or detained under mental health laws. These restrictions fall below European standards, which require that people who are convicted of
5111:
Conventions are harder to pin down as being constitutionally significant due to be unwritten agreements without hard legal force, but they remain an integral element of the constitution. Elements such as the leader of the party with a majority becoming Prime Minister, the House of Lords not vetoing
4487:
Its essence lies in not simply majority decision-making, nor referendums that can easily be used as a tool of manipulation, "but in the making of politically responsible decisions" and in "large-scale social changes maximising the freedom" of humankind. The legitimacy of law in a democratic society
14953:
and camlet furred with grise, and we be vestured with poor cloth: they have their wines, spices and good bread, and we have the drawing out of the chaff and drink water: they dwell in fair houses, and we have the pain and travail, rain and wind in the fields; and by that that cometh of our labours
14281:
12884:
An Act abolishing the House of Lords 1649, reading "The Commons of England assembled in Parliament, finding by too long experience that the House of Lords is useless and dangerous to the people of England to be continued, have thought fit to ordain and enact, and be it ordained and enacted by this
9955:
in the course of delivering his opinion in a case heard in Louisiana in 1873: "England has no written constitution, it is true; but it has an unwritten one, resting in the acknowledged, and frequently declared, privileges of Parliament and the people, to violate which in any material respect would
7148:
Local authorities do not yet have powers common in other countries, such as setting minimum wages, regulating rents, or borrowing and taxing as is necessary in the public interest, which frustrates objectives of pluralism, localism and autonomy. Since 2009, authorities have been empowered to merge
6671:
clauses, which enable a Secretary of State to alter provisions of primary legislation. For this reason it has often been argued that executive authority should be reduced, written into statute, and never used to deprive people of rights without Parliament. All uses of the prerogative, however, are
6659:
create corporations, such as the BBC, and franchises for markets, ferries and fisheries. Twelfth, the executive has the right to mine precious metals, and to take treasure troves. Thirteenth, it may make coins. Fourteenth, it can print or license the authorised version of the Bible, Book of Common
6650:
Though royal prerogative powers can be categorised in different ways, there are around 15. First, the executive may create hereditary titles, confer honours and create peers. Second, the executive can legislate by an Order in Council, though this has been called an 'anachronistic survival'. Third,
5160:
in a democratic vote, although outcomes do not always accurately match people's preferences overall. Elections must be held within five years after the previous election of a Parliament, though historically they have tended to occur each four years. Election spending is tightly controlled, foreign
4999:
which sought to guarantee basic standards of democracy and human rights to preserve peace in post-war Europe. At the same time, following long-held visions for European integration with the UK "at the centre", democratic European countries sought to integrate their economies both to make war vain,
4144:
remarked that the SFO had to consider "the principle that no-one, including powerful British companies who do business for powerful foreign countries, is above the law", but the decision reached was not unreasonable. When enforcement or court proceedings do take place, they should proceed swiftly:
3453:
In recent history, Parliament's sovereignty has evolved in four main ways. First, since 1945 international cooperation meant Parliament augmented its power by working with, not dominating, other sovereign nations. While Parliament had nearly uncontested military power before, and so was thought by
186:
The leading institutions in the United Kingdom's constitution are Parliament, the judiciary, the executive, and regional and local governments, including the devolved legislatures and executives of Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland. Parliament is the supreme law-making body, and represents the
5960:
The Judiciary hears appeals from the whole UK in civil law matters, and for criminal law in England and Wales, and Northern Ireland. It does not hear criminal appeals from Scotland. The Supreme Court does however consider "devolution issues" where these may affect Scottish criminal law. Since the
5525:
which investigate spending, policies, laws and their impact, and often report to recommend reform. For instance, the Modernisation Committee of the House of Commons in 2002 recommended publishing draft bills before they became law, and was later found to have been highly successful. There are 650
4506:
stated that the right of everyone "to give vote at the election of a person to represent in Parliament, there to concur to the making of laws, which are to bind liberty and property, is a most transcendent thing, and of an high nature". This has meant that the courts actively ensure that votes
13145:(2014) 329, 'whatever the theoretical position, there are a number of reasons which help to ensure that these latter powers are unlikely ever to be used, with the security of judicial tenure relying not so much on legal rules as on a shared constitutional understanding which these rules reflect.'
12429:
art 4, levying money for the Crown without Parliament's consent is illegal. Each year a Supply and Appropriation (Anticipation and Adjustments) Bill, typically passed in March, provides money on account to fund activities from the start of the new financial year. A Supply and Appropriation (Main
7230:
with 129 elected members each four years: 73 from single member constituencies with simple majority vote, and 56 from additional member systems of proportional representation. Under section 28, the Scottish Parliament can make any laws except for on 'reserved matters' listed in Schedule 5. These
3366:", and supreme. 18 years later however, the English Parliament abolished itself in order to create the new Parliament following on the Treaty of Union between England and Scotland, while the Scottish Parliament did likewise. Power struggles within Parliament continued between the aristocracy and
14269:
listing (1) agriculture, fisheries, forestry and rural development) (2) ancient monuments and historic buildings (3) culture (4) economic development (5) education and training (6) environment (7) fire and rescue services and promotion of fire safety (8) food (9) health and health services (10)
10245:
clauses 1 ("the English church shall be free"), 12 and 14 (no tax "unless by common counsel of our kingdom"), 17 ("Common pleas shall ... be held in some fixed place"), 39β40 ("To no one will we sell, to no one will we refuse or delay, right or justice"), 41 ("merchants shall have safe and
7490:
Almost any public body, or private bodies exercising public functions, can be the target of judicial review, including a government department, a local council, any Minister, the Prime Minister, or any other body that is created by law. The only public body whose decisions cannot be reviewed is
7246:
created a 60-member national assembly with elections every four years, and set out twenty fields of government competence, with some exceptions. The fields include agriculture, fisheries, forestry and rural development, economic development, education, environmental policy, health, highways and
5598:
Election spending is tightly controlled today by statute. A maximum of Β£20 million can be spent by political parties in national campaigns, plus Β£10,000 in each constituency. Political advertisements on television are prohibited except for those in certain free time slots, although the internet
3963:
has been regarded as a fundamental principle of modern legal systems, including the UK. It has been called "as important in a free society as the democratic franchise", and even "the ultimate controlling factor on which our constitution is based". Like parliamentary sovereignty, its meaning and
3655:
rail line from London to Manchester and Leeds claimed that the government had not properly followed an Environmental Impact Assessment Directive by whipping a vote in Parliament to approve the plan. They argued that the Directive required open and free consultation, which was not fulfilled if a
6728:, it has been expected that government should be open about information, and should disclose it upon a request unless disclosure would compromise personal data, security or may run against the public interest. In this way the trend has been to more open, transparent and accountable governance.
238:
in their public capacity, known as the Crown, embodies the state. Laws can only be made by or with the authority of the Crown in Parliament, all judges sit in place of the Crown and all ministers act in the name of the Crown. The monarch is for the most part a ceremonial figurehead and has not
5729:
system. However, the government withdrew support after backlash from Conservative backbenches. It has often been argued that if the Lords were elected by geographic constituencies and a party controlled both sides "there would be little prospect of effective scrutiny or revision of government
6654:
The executive cannot declare war without Parliament by convention, and in any case has no hope in funding war without Parliament. Ninth, the Prime Minister can appoint ministers, judges, public officials or royal commissioners. Tenth, the monarch needs to pay no tax, unless statute states it
5708:
The government carries out appointment of most peers, but since 2000 has taken advice from a seven-person House of Lords Appointments Commission with representatives from the Labour, Conservatives and Liberal-Democrat parties. A peerage can always be disclaimed, and ex-peers may then run for
5605:
to be compatible with the Convention because "each person has equal value" and "we do not want our government or its policies to be decided by the highest spenders." Foreign interference in voting is completely prohibited, including any "broadcasting" (also over the internet) "with intent to
6723:
and network of government bodies, who are employed at the pleasure of the Crown. The Civil Service Code requires civil servants to show "high standards of behaviour", uphold core values of "integrity, honesty, objectivity and impartiality", and never put themselves in a position that "might
10060:
and take the power to dissolve Parliament away from the monarch. The Coalition also promised to introduce law on the reform of the House of Lords. In the referendum, the Alternative Vote system was rejected by 67% to 33%, and therefore all reforms regarding the voting system were dropped.
5952:
officially from 2005, is the Supreme Court. The Lord Chancellor's role changed dramatically on 3 April 2006, as a result of the Constitutional Reform Act 2005. Due to the Constitutional Reform Act of 2005, the make up of the Judiciary is clearly demonstrated for the first time inside the
5574:
very minor crimes (such as petty theft or drug offences) have the right to vote. Since 2013, everyone has to register individually to vote, instead of households being able to register collectively, but an annual household canvass is conducted to increase the number of registered people.
10863:
5185:. Second, the judiciary interprets the law. It can not strike down an Act of Parliament, but the judiciary ensures that any law which may violate fundamental rights has to be clearly expressed, to force politicians to openly confront what they are doing and "accept the political cost".
18438:
11592:
2β11, 4_5, a constitutional democracy means: (1) "a majority or plurality of people" (2) "all citizens have the moral independence necessary to participate in the political decision as free moral agents" (3) "the political process is such as to treat all citizens with equal concern".
9883:
and adoption of British constitutional principles propagated their spread around the world. One of the oldest constitutional systems in the world, dating back over one thousand years, it is characterised by the stability of its governing institutions, its capacity to absorb change, a
13283:
See R Blackburn, 'Monarchy and the personal prerogatives' Public Law 546, explaining that the "personal prerogative" of the monarch is a set of powers that must be exercised according to law, and must follow the advice of the Prime Minister, or in accordance with Parliament and the
5653:, and must be over 18 on the day of nomination to run for a seat, be a qualifying Commonwealth or Irish citizen, not be bankrupt, found guilty of corrupt practices, or be a Lord, judge or employee of the civil service. To limit the government's practical control over Parliament, the
11156:
3599:
has long been held to prevail in any conflict between Acts of Parliament for the limited fields in which it operates, but member states and citizens gain control over the scope of EU law, and so extend their sovereignty in international affairs, through joint representation in the
10918:
1 QB 752), but they cannot give legal rulings on its operation or scope, because those matters are determined within the political world. As Professor Colin Munro has stated, 'the validity of conventions cannot be the subject of proceedings in a court of law' β (1975) 91 LQR 218,
3887:
13104:, "In this way the courts of the United Kingdom, though acknowledging the sovereignty of Parliament, apply principles of constitutionality little different from those which exist in countries where the power of the legislature is expressly limited by a constitutional document."
4541:, because each right can usually only be restricted if "in accordance with law" and as "necessary in a democratic society". The place of the social welfare state that is necessary to support democratic life is also manifested through courts' interpretation. For instance, in
16102:
Dawn Oliver noted the absence of a 'master plan or coherent programme for reform of the UK constitution' and considered that the reforms were 'pragmatic responses to political pressures and perceived problems, on an ad hoc, incremental basis': as quoted by Mitchell, James,
12673:
4533:"each person has equal value" and "we do not want our government or its policies to be decided by the highest spenders". More broadly, the concept of a "democratic society" and what is "necessary" for its functioning underpins the entire scheme of interpretation for the
10912:, 146. "Judges, therefore, are neither the parents nor the guardians of political conventions; they are merely observers. As such, they can recognise the operation of a political convention in the context of deciding a legal question (as in the Crossman diaries case β
6558:" (written by the government, outlining its political platform) at the opening of Parliament. Public support for the monarchy remains high, with only 21% of the population preferring a republic instead. However, on the other hand, it has been argued that the UK should
5965:, the judiciary has acknowledged that while a system of precedent, that binds lower courts, is necessary to provide "at least some degree of certainty", the courts should update their jurisprudence and "depart from a previous decision when it appears right to do so."
3708:
give more limited powers to local and London governments. Practically, but also constitutionally, it has become increasingly accepted that decisions should not be taken for the UK which would override, and run counter to, the will of regional governments. However, in
11843:(1606) 2 St Tr 371. John Bate claimed he did not need to pay a duty on imported currants imposed by the Crown, as contrary to the Confirmation of Charters, Weirs, Taxation Act 1371, 45 Edw 3 c. 4, which prohibited indirect taxation without consent of Parliament. The
4495:
In the UK's "modern democratic constitution", the principle of democracy is manifested through statutes and case law which guarantee the right to vote in fair elections, and through its use as a principle of interpretation by courts. In 1703, in the landmark case of
10032:
as lead ministry. The Constitutional Reform and Governance Act 2010 is a piece of constitutional legislation. It enshrines in statute the impartiality and integrity of the British Civil Service and the principle of open and fair recruitment. It enshrines in law the
7301:
bound the King to require Parliament's consent before any tax, respect the right to a trial "by lawful judgment of his Peers, or by the Law of the Land", stated that "We will sell to no man, we will not deny or defer to any man either Justice or Right", guaranteed
13718:
13190:(1932) 168-9, between 1832 and 1906, 'Out of 139 judges appointed, 80 were members of the House of Commons at the time of their nomination; 11 others had been candidates for Parliament', and that of the 80, '63 were appointed by their own party while in office'.
5724:
proposed to have 360 directly elected members, 90 appointed members, 12 bishops and an uncertain number of ministerial members. The elected Lords would have been elected by proportional representation for 15-year terms, through 10 regional constituencies on a
9424:
that slavery was unlawful at common law, this set off a wave of outrage in the southern colonies of America, whose economies were heavily dependent on slavery. Together with northern colonies' grievances over taxation without representation, this led to the
9178:, holding that even that "the common law will control Acts of Parliament". Though supported by some judges, the idea that common law courts could nullify Acts of Parliament was rejected, and the common law was formally placed under the King's control in the
14270:
highways and transport (11) housing (12) local government (13) National Assembly for Wales (14) public administration (15) social welfare (16) sport and recreation (17) tourism (18) town and country planning (19) water and flood defence (20) Welsh language.
3532:, Parliament decided that the British judiciary should be required to apply human rights norms directly in determining British cases, to ensure a more speedy, human rights-based resolution to case law, and effectively influence human rights reasoning more.
14592:(2010) was 'Ministers and public officers at all levels must exercise the powers conferred on them in good faith, fairly, for the purposes for which the powers were conferred, without exceeding the limits of such powers and not unreasonably.' Contrast the
8941:), summoned nobles learned in the law from all parts of the country in order to learn the established laws and customs. After hearing from 12 men from each county on oath, he expressed the wish to establish Norse law as the common law in England under one
7112:
charged on businesses with operations in the locality. These powers are, compared to other countries, extreme in limiting local government autonomy, and taxes can be subjected to a local referendum if the Secretary of State determines they are excessive.
9339:
license, became the object of mass financial speculation, provoked by government ministers interested in its rising share price. When it transpired, contrary to promoters' stories, that no trade was done because the Spanish had revoked their promise the
13485:
true it was, that God had endowed His Majesty with excellent science, and great endowments of nature; but His Majesty was not learned in the laws of his realm of England, and causes which concern the life, or inheritance, or goods, or fortunes of his
13395:
rights to extract minerals covers some 115,500 hectares (4) 55% of the UK's foreshore, and all of the UK's seabed from mean low water to the 12-nautical-mile (22 km) limit, plus sovereign rights of the UK in the seabed and its resources vested by the
10692:(1885) 39β40, Parliament has "under the English constitution, the right to make or unmake any law whatever; and further... no person or body is recognised by the law of England as having a right to override or set aside the legislation of Parliament."
6118:
the government suffered scathing criticism for creating high fees that cut the number of applicants to employment tribunals by 70 per cent. The Attorney General of England and Wales, and in Scottish matters, the Advocate General for Scotland, and the
4040:
held that the "great end, for which men entered into society, was to secure their property", and that without any authority "every invasion of private property, be it ever so minute, is a trespass." Carrington acted unlawfully and had to pay damages.
3660:
compelled party members to vote. The Supreme Court unanimously held the Directive did not require that no party whip occurred, but if a conflict had existed a Directive would not be able to compromise the fundamental constitutional principle from the
7089:, there are 55 unitary authorities in the larger towns (e.g. Bristol, Brighton, Milton Keynes) and 36 metropolitan boroughs (surrounding Liverpool, Manchester, Leeds, Birmingham, Sheffield, and Newcastle) which function as unitary local authorities.
12289:
similarly set elections to take place at a maximum of each five years, but elections usually occurred in a fourth year. Before this the maximum was seven years, but in practice governments called votes sooner. From 2011 until its repeal in 2022 the
7153:. This has been done around Manchester, Sheffield, Liverpool, Newcastle, Leeds, Birmingham, the Tees Valley, Bristol and Peterborough. The functions of an elected mayor are not substantial, but can include those of Police and Crime Commissioners.
6516:). The PM's modern functions include leading the dominant political party, setting policy priorities, creating Ministries and appointing ministers, judges, peers, and civil servants. The PM also has considerable control through the convention of
12070:
10584:(1615) 21 ER 485, Lord Ellesmere LC, "when a Judgment is obtained by Oppression, Wrong and a hard Conscience, the Chancellor will frustrate and set it aside, not for any error or Defect in the Judgment, but for the hard Conscience of the Party."
9203:. This demanded the King to abide by Magna Carta, levy no tax without Parliament, not arbitrarily commit people to prison, not have martial law in times of peace, and not billet soldiers in private homes. Charles I responded by shutting down or
4776:
9498:
abolished slavery within the British Empire, compensating slave owners and made ex-slaves in the colonies work for their owners for four to six years as indentured servants without pay; this was abolished in 1838 after public outcry. With the
2877:, Parliament became the dominant branch of the state, above the judiciary, executive, monarchy, and church. Parliament can make or unmake any law, a fact that is usually justified by Parliament being democratically elected, and upholding the
15136:(1653) 5 State Tr 825, 828, Keble J, 'Whatsoever is not consonant to the law of God, or to right reason which is maintained by scripture... be it Acts of Parliament, customs, or any judicial acts of the Court, it is not the law of England.'
14018:
15077:(1604) 5 Coke Rep 91, that nobody can enter another's property without lawful authority and that "the house of every one is to him as his castle and fortress, as well for his defence against injury and violence as for his repose." See also
13855:
s 3, putting management of the civil service into statute. Civil Service Management Code s 11.1.1, civil servants employed at pleasure of the Crown, theoretically lacking a wrongful dismissal remedy according to somewhat outdated case law:
12363:
Secretary of State for the Home Department, Ex Parte Simms Secretary of State for the Home Department, Ex Parte O'Brien, R v. [1999] UKHL 33; [2000] 2 AC 115; [1999] 3 All ER 400; [1999] 3 WLR 328 (8th July,
9945:
Proponents of a codified constitution argue it would strengthen the legal protection of democracy and freedom. As a strong advocate of the "unwritten constitution", Dicey highlighted that English rights were embedded in the general English
5953:
Constitution. This form of enshrined law presents a new branch of government. An independent Supreme Court has been established, separate from the House of Lords and with its own independent appointments system, staff, budget and building.
6084:, once head of the judiciary but now simply a government minister, also has a statutory duty to uphold the independence of the judiciary, for instance, against attacks upon their integrity by media, corporations, or the government itself.
6088:
may be had to the need for diversity when two candidates have equal qualifications. For appointments to the Supreme Court, a five-member Judicial Appointments Committee is formed including one Supreme Court judge, three members from the
13337:
estimated the Queen's personal wealth at Β£340 million, making her the 302nd richest person in the UK: H Nianias, 'The Queen drops off the top end of the Sunday Times Rich List for the first time since its inception' (26 April 2015) The
14566:(3rd edn 2016) ch 16 follows this. It is often, however, unclear how a procedural requirement of the law can be separated from substance, and it was thought that "irrationality" is too restrictive. AW Bradley, KD Ewing and CJS Knight,
8997:
1215. This was a commitment to hold 'common counsel' before any taxation, hold courts at a fixed place, hold trials according to law or before an accused's peers, guarantee free movement of people for trade, and give back common land.
5684:
remains an historical curiosity in the British constitution. Traditionally it represented the landed aristocracy, and political allies of the monarch or the government, and has only gradually and incompletely been reformed. Today, the
10790:
9295:
created an independent system of justice: judges were salaried and could not be removed except by both Houses of Parliament, no member of the House of Commons could be paid by the Crown, and the Crown had to be Anglican. In 1703,
11167:
in the interests of national security, public safety or the economic well-being of the country, for the prevention of disorder or crime, for the protection of health or morals, or for the protection of the rights and freedoms of
9444:
broke out, and the French King was deposed with demands for "liberty, equality and fraternity". The British aristocracy reacted with repression on free speech and association to forestall any similar movement. While figures like
10648:
3633:
held that, because the EU law conflicted with the sections of the 1988 Act, those sections would not be enforced, and disapplied, because Parliament had not clearly expressed an intention to renounce the 1972 Act. According to
5594:
seat was not valid after it was found that 44 unstamped ballot papers were not counted. These common law principles predate statutory regulation, and therefore appear to apply to any vote, including elections and referendums.
18744:
11790:, "The general rules of international law shall be an integral part of federal law. They shall take precedence over the laws and directly create rights and duties for the inhabitants of the federal territory." In the EU, see
10893:
13807:
6099:
enables a court to hold anyone in contempt, and commit the person to imprisonment, for violating a court order, or behaviour that could compromise a fair judicial process. In practice this is enforced by the executive. The
4895:
stressed that "there is a strong presumption in favour of interpreting English law (whether common law or statute) in a way which does not place the United Kingdom in breach of an international obligation." For example, in
14359:
5168:
Most Lords are appointed by the Prime Minister, through the King, on the advice of a Commission which, by convention, offers some balance between political parties. Ninety-two hereditary peers remain. To become law, each
11720:
11988:
11933:
11601:(2002) 32β33 "it would be perverse to argue that there is anything undemocratic about a restriction on the capacity of decision-makers to interfere with the rights which are fundamental to democracy itself". See also
10838:(1963) Case 26/62, member states "have limited their sovereign rights, albeit within limited fields, and have thus created a body of law which binds both their nationals and themselves" on the "basis of reciprocity".
10203:
4832:
are a basic component of the British constitution, both as a primary tool of interpretation of domestic law, and through the UK's consistent support and membership of major international organisations. As far back as
254:
applications, to decide whether the decisions or acts of public bodies are lawful. Every public body can only act in accordance with the law, laid down in Acts of Parliament and the decisions of the courts. Under the
10934:
1953 SC 396, Lord Cooper, "The principle of the unlimited sovereignty of Parliament is a distinctively English principle which has no counterpart in Scottish constitutional law." However this view was disapproved in
4217:
following a judge being subject to criminal proceedings. There is now a duty on all ministers to "uphold the continued independence of the judiciary", including against assault by powerful corporations or the media.
12838:
5447:
4853:, is part of the laws of the realm. The constitutional crises of the 17th century centred upon Parliament halting the King's attempting to tax international trade without its consent. Similarly in the 18th century,
4723:
2857:, the Supreme Court recognises constitutional principles, and constitutional statutes, which shape the use of political power. There are at least four main constitutional principles recognised by the courts. First,
11421:
PL 57, "Our Parliamentary democracy is based on the Rule of Law. ... If Parliament did the unthinkable then I would say that the courts would also be required to act in a manner which would be unprecedented."
7092:
In other parts of England, local government is split between two tiers of authority: 32 larger County Councils, and within those 192 District Councils, each sharing different functions. Since 1994, England has had
4139:
paid bribes to Saudi government figures. The House of Lords held the SFO was entitled to take into account the public interest in not pursuing an investigation, including the security threats that might transpire.
15130:(1614) Hob 85, 80 ER 235, Hobart CJ, 'even an Act of Parliament, made against natural equity, as to make a man judge in his own case, is void in itself, for jura nutrae sunt immutabilia, and they are leges legu.'
13585:
13571:
11648:
7325:
in Scotland, enshrined principles of representative democracy, no tax without Parliament, freedom of speech in Parliament, and no "cruel and unusual punishment". By 1789, these ideas evolved and inspired both the
4362:
11159:"(1) Everyone has the right to respect for his private and family life, his home and his correspondence. (2) There shall be no interference by a public authority with the exercise of this right except such as is
16176:
11661:
7231:
powers, reserved for the British Parliament, include foreign affairs, defence, finance, economic planning, home affairs, trade and industry, social security, employment, broadcasting, and equal opportunities.
5517:
that decolonisation, university constituencies and lowering of the voting age took place. Parliament's main functions are to legislate, to allocate money for public spending, and to scrutinise the government.
4032:, claimed that the King's Chief Messenger, Nathan Carrington, had no legal authority to break into and ransack his home, and remove his papers. Carrington claimed he had authority from the Secretary of State,
4921:, and held it was no bar for the claimant to assert her legal rights. It has been further debated whether the UK should adopt a theory of that sees international law as part of UK without any further act (a "
12714:(21 October 1969) The Times, elector in Enfield sought mandamus ('we command') to require Home Secretary to perform statutory duty of laying before Parliament Commission reports with draft orders in Council.
12909:(1917) Fabian Tract No. 183, 7, at 12, preferring a chamber of around 100 people elected by proportional representation. E McGaughey, 'A Twelve Point Plan for Labour, and A Manifesto for Labour Law' (2017)
12470:
HC Modernisation Committee (2001β02) HC 1168, recommended publishing draft bills, and (2005β06) HC 1097, 'one of the most successful Parliamentary innovations of the last ten years' and 'should become more
11434:
UKSC 51, "Without such access , laws are liable to become a dead letter, the work done by Parliament may be rendered nugatory, and the democratic election of Members of Parliament may become a meaningless
7404:
contains the rights to life, rights against torture, against forced labour, to marry, to an effective remedy, and the right to suffer no discrimination in those rights. Most case law concerns the rights to
5584:
to damages. If the denial of voting would have changed the result, or if a vote was "conducted so badly that it was not substantially in accordance with the law" the vote would have to be run again. So, in
4517:
held that if a vote "was conducted so badly that it was not substantially in accordance with the law as" then it would be declared void, and so would even minor irregularities that would affect the result.
11729:
13741:
11847:
held the Crown could impose the duty as he pleased to regulate trade. The Court could not go behind the King's statement that the duty was indeed imposed for the purpose of regulating trade. Then, the
7141:
incidental to, the discharge of any of their functions'. However, the real duties of local council are found in hundreds of scattered Acts and statutory instruments. These include duties to administer
3999:
and recast the judicial appointments system to entrench independence, diversity and merit. As statute gives no further definition, the practical meaning of the "rule of law" develops through case law.
2915:
Fourth, the British constitution is bound to international law, as Parliament has chosen to increase its practical power in cooperation with other countries in international organisations, such as the
11636:
7238:, members of the British Parliament from Scottish constituencies do not vote on issues that the Scottish Parliament has exercised power over. This is the most powerful regional government so far. The
3244:
11391:(10th ed. 1959) 73, who said "The electors in the long run can always enforce their will", on the basis that executive dominance over Parliament might require revisions of the extent of the concept.
11383:(7th ed. 2011) 35, "A further question is whether the democratic process in the UK works so well as to justify the absence of any limit on the authority of Parliament to legislate." This criticises
9118:
14851:(2004) 161, this included a 25% tax on income and property, all the year's wool, and all churches gold and silver, to pay a ransom after Richard I was captured when returning from the crusades by
16521:
13203:
12496:
9605:
reduced the property qualification further, so that around one third of men in Britain could vote. However, the act did not establish universal suffrage; 40% of men and all women could not vote.
6554:
Minor ceremonial duties include giving an audience to the Prime Minister, as well as visiting ministers or diplomats from the Commonwealth, and acting on state occasions, such as delivering the "
4995:
section 20 stipulates that a treaty is ratified once it is laid before Parliament for 21 days and no adverse resolution is passed against it. Regionally, the UK participated in drafting the 1950
17912:
14140:
8720:
6976:
16195:
4906:
held that a young lady who had been illegally trafficked to the UK had a right to bring a race discrimination claim against her employers, even though she had herself been in violation of the
14434:
12588:
12125:
12009:
11792:
11499:
4326:
10056:
the latter in 2022. The Acts were intended to reduce the number of MPs in the House of Commons from 650 to 600, change the way the UK is divided into parliamentary constituencies, introduce
3742:
through merger control, and the right to vote for EU institutions) only Parliament could consent to notifying the intention to negotiate to leave under Article 50. They also argued that the
17994:
17714:
10288:
9938:
UK has no limit on its power other than the possibility of extra-parliamentary action (by the people) and of other sovereign states (pursuant to treaties made by Parliament and otherwise).
8917:
6667:
In addition to these royal prerogative powers, there are innumerable powers explicitly laid down in statutes enabling the executive to make legal changes. This includes a growing number of
9859:
Aspects of the British constitution were adopted in the constitutions and legal systems of other countries around the world, particularly those that were part of, or formerly part of, the
14242:
11075:
12060:, "Speech to the 69th Annual Conservative Party Conference at Llandudno" (9 October 1948). See J. Danzig, "Winston Churchill: A founder of the European Union" (10 November 2013), EU ROPE
9933:
A. V. Dicey identified that ultimately "the electorate are politically sovereign," and Parliament is legally sovereign. Barendt argues that the greater political party discipline in the
6523:
By contrast in law, as is necessary in a democratic society, the monarch is a figurehead with no political power, but a series of ceremonial duties, and considerable funding. Aside from
11632:
4665:
7097:
for administrative purposes at Whitehall, yet these have no regional government or democratic assembly (like in London, Scotland, Wales or Northern Ireland) after a 2004 referendum on
5513:
that Parliament could be said to have finally become "democratic" in any modern sense (as property qualifications to vote were abolished for everyone over 21), and not until after the
2884:
Second, the rule of law has run through the constitution as a fundamental principle from the earliest times as "The king must ... under the law, because the law makes the king" (
13905:
ss 1 and 21-44. Sch 1 lists public bodies that are subject. The BBC can only be required to disclose information held for non-journalistic purposes, to protect freedom of expression:
9036:
struck England, and killed around a third of the population. As peasants lost their lords, and there was a shortage of workers, wages rose. The King and Parliament responded with the
13818:
11628:
10637:
UKHL 56, "Parliamentary sovereignty is an empty principle if legislation is passed which is so absurd or so unacceptable that the populace at large refuses to recognise it as law".
9914:
argues that the uncodified nature of the United Kingdom constitution does not mean it should not be characterised as a "constitution", but also claims that the lack of an effective
8854:
7085:
unified district or borough councils have local government powers, and since 1998 to 2006 new regional assemblies or Parliaments exercise extra powers devolved from Westminster. In
6386:
5347:
14661:
14641:
13913:
13782:
12710:
11243:
11226:
9620:'s programme of reform. This included a legal guarantee of the right of unions to collectively bargain and strike for fair wages, an old age pension, a system of minimum wages, a
6000:
for public or regulatory disputes, ranging from immigration, to social security, to tax. After the High Court, Crown Court, or appeal tribunals, cases generally may appeal to the
5649:, voters have the choice of both constituencies and a party list, which tends to reflect overall preferences best. To be elected as an MP, most people generally become members of
4115:
16614:
15156:(1765) "if the parliament will positively enact a thing to be done which is unreasonable, I know of no power that can control it..." In the US, Coke CJ's argument was applied in
16528:
13591:
6860:
2900:, elections in which all capable adults participate have become a fundamental constitutional principle. Originally only wealthy, property-owning men held rights to vote for the
752:
737:
7222:
have their own devolved governments and national parliament, similar to state or provincial governments in other countries. The extent of devolution differs in each place. The
15714:
14428:
14410:
14165:
12083:
11607:
1 AC 98, Lord Hoffmann, "Their Lordships do not doubt that such a principle is one of the building blocks of democracy and necessarily permeates any democratic constitution."
10937:
10905:
10877:
10337:
10226:
8260:
6996:
6623:
5200:
who must be able to command a majority in the House of Commons. The Cabinet of Ministers is appointed by the Prime Minister to lead the main departments of state, such as the
4984:
3711:
3643:
3232:
3218:
3192:
1502:
14635:
6333:
13998:
13543:
HC Deb (21 April 1993) col 490 and HC 422 (2003β04) Treasury Solicitor, suggesting an exhaustive catalogue of powers is probably not possible, but listing major categories.
18919:
15374:
14369:
10834:
9998:
which alters the structure of the House of Lords to separate its judicial and legislative functions. For example, the legislative, judicial and executive functions of the
7281:, here the people traditionally gather to exchange views, debate, and listen. Debating and free speech societies are found throughout the UK and make a regular part of TV.
2649:
1673:
1659:
4166:
had statutory authority to create fees for court services, but in the case of employment tribunals, his Order led to a 70% drop in claims against employers for breach of
14681:
12519:
ECHR 868 reaffirmed the position. HL Paper 103, HC 924 (2013-14) recommended prisoners serving under 12 months should be entitled to vote. Parliament still did not act.
9854:
8200:
4428:
2311:
817:
9941:"cynical" but was written in the high Victorian era when Parliament was grappling with the concept of Irish Home Rule, strongly opposed by many politicians at the time.
5232:
institutions developed to deliver UK residents economic, social and legal rights. All public bodies, and private bodies that perform public functions, are bound by the
4062:
Schedule 5, stated there should be no interference in telecommunications unless the Secretary of State issued a warrant, but said nothing explicit about phone tapping.
3651:
would not be interpreted by the courts as having been given up by membership of the EU, or probably any international organisation. Here a group protesting against the
283:, to privacy against unlawful surveillance, to freedom of expression, conscience and religion, to respect for private life, to freedom of association including joining
17777:
17752:
11787:
7129:
section 1 states local authorities may do anything an individual person may do, unless prohibited by law, but this provision has little effect because human beings or
16173:
11654:
16593:
15517:
13762:
13603:
11625:
11575:(1996) 135, "the only law that counts as legitimate is one that could be rationally accepted by all citizens in a discursive process of opinion- and will-formation."
11409:
10973:
4338:
4310:
3638:"whatever limitation of its sovereignty Parliament accepted when it enacted the was entirely voluntary". It was, therefore, the duty of the courts to apply EU law.
1625:
14513:. But under s 11, the period is three years for personal injury or death, under s 11A ten years for defective products, and under s 15 twelve years to recover land.
6520:(that ministers must publicly support the government even when they privately disagree, or resign), and control over the government's communications to the public.
4925:" theory), or whether it should still be required for international law principles to be translated into domestic law (a "dualist" theory). The current position in
17734:
14647:
12527:
12515:
12434:
for the balance of the grant of estimates for the financial year, with a detailed schedule of total net resources, capital and cash authorised for each department.
9842:
9459:
as well as men, arguing that unjust gender and class oppression flowed from "the respect paid to property... as from a poisoned fountain". While successful in the
8680:
5036:
2943:
2813:
2689:
1512:
963:
11144:
or private should be bound by and entitled to the benefit of laws publicly made, taking effect (generally) in the future and publicly administered in the courts."
17782:
16282:
15400:
15138:
10461:
10314:
arts 2 (life), 3 (torture), 4 (servitude), 5 (liberty), 6 (fair trial), 8 (privacy), 9 (conscience and religion), 10 (expression), 11 (association and assembly).
10041:
9656:
9199:
succeeded to the throne in 1625, and more fervently asserted a divine right, including the ability to levy tax without Parliament, Coke and others presented the
8550:
7950:
5510:
4022:". This means that the state, government, and any person acting under government authority (including a corporation), may only act according to law. In 1765, in
3751:; Parliament must pass an Act enabling it to do so. However, the Sewel convention could not be enforced by courts, rather than observed. This led Prime Minister
3738:
would obliterate rights that Parliament had conferred through Acts of Parliament (such as the right of free movement of British citizens in the EU, the right to
2897:
1335:
1330:
1325:
1320:
1315:
1310:
1305:
1300:
1295:
156:
15394:
case following Lord Macclesfield LC, disgraced by his role on the South Sea Company, impeached by the House of Lords and found guilty of taking bribes in 1725.
14949:: whereby can they say or shew that they be greater lords than we be, saving by that they cause us to win and labour for that they dispend? They are clothed in
10705:
10284:
7104:
Three main issues in local government are the authorities' financing, their powers, and the reform of governance structures. First, councils raise revenue from
17810:
14572:
13864:
13435:
The vote was 45.13% in favour of becoming a republic, but on a model of having a directly elected president. 54..87% of voters opposed this. See Public Law 3.
9987:" β however Parliament is not bound to amend the law nor can the judiciary void any statute β and it can refuse to enforce, or "strike down", any incompatible
6606:
in particular. These are powers of day-to-day management, but tightly constrained to ensure that executive power cannot usurp Parliament or the courts. In the
6070:
The independence of the judiciary is one of the cornerstones of the constitution, and means in practice that judges cannot be dismissed from office. Since the
5165:
reviews and votes upon legislative proposals by the Commons. It can delay legislation by one year, and cannot delay at all if the proposed Act concerns money.
2373:
938:
37:
15896:
10341:
UKSC 3, per Lord Neuberger and Lord Mance, "The United Kingdom has no written constitution, but we have a number of constitutional instruments. They include
5084:
The Scottish, Welsh and Northern Ireland devolution Acts of 1998 (as amended) creating an executive and legislature for each of those three nations in the UK.
4936:
In the Brexit referendum 51.9% voted to leave the European Union, and 48.1% to remain. Critics have filed complaints about the substantiality of the question.
12689:
11877:
10769:
10247:
10119:
8847:
8490:
5360:
4526:
3614:
3180:
2329:
1911:
953:
12732:
Act of Settlement 1700 s 3 unless 'qualifying Commonwealth and Irish citizens, British Nationality Act 1981 Sch 7 and Electoral Administration Act 2006 s 18
11776:
11323:(1748) Book XI, ch 6, 'When legislative power is united with executive power in a single person or in a single body of the magistracy, there is no liberty.'
14406:
12088:
11849:
10109:
8710:
6035:
It is generally accepted that the British courts do not merely apply but also create new law through their interpretative function: this is obvious in the
4980:
3756:
803:
207:
in Scotland. UK courts cannot decide that Acts of Parliament are unconstitutional or invalidate them, but can declare that they are incompatible with the
57:
15977:
11474:, Book IV, Part V, 139, translated by D. Lee (arguing that philosopher kings should rule over a rigid hierarchy where there was "no interchange of jobs").
5099:
Via court cases, judges create common law when they decide legal proceedings. This means that in order to understand the common law, individual pieces of
259:, courts may review government action to decide whether the government has followed the statutory obligation on all public authorities to comply with the
18301:
18266:
18256:
15617:(October 1862) 'Power in the Hands of the Masses throws the Scum of the Community to the Surface. ... Truth and Justice are soon banished from the Land.'
14991:
14580:
said 'The administrator must act fairly, reasonably and according to law. That is the essence and the rest is mainly machinery.' M Elliott and R Thomas,
13639:
12833:
7331:
6775:
6579:
6539:
is a public, government corporation, which in 2015 held Β£12 billion in investments, mostly land and property, and therefore generates income by charging
5618:
5055:
nature of the Constitution, there is no entrenched source of constitutional law. However, over time three main bodies of sources have emerged. The main
2411:
2175:
590:
14498:
rule 54.5 claims can be made up to 'three months after the grounds to make the claim first arose', but the period can be shorter if legislation says so.
11034:
should be bound by and entitled to the benefit of laws publicly made, taking effect (generally) in the future and publicly administered in the courts."
18759:
18311:
17832:
13756:
13517:
12855:
12544:
11621:
11464:, Book V, Parts 3 and 4, translated by D. P. Chase (favouring aristocracy, by equating it with appointment according to "excellence", supposedly), and
8650:
6319:
942:
831:
595:
195:
is mostly appointed by cross-political party groups from the House of Commons, and can delay but not block legislation from the Commons. To make a new
14795:, 'Such is the unity of all history that anyone who endeavours to tell a piece of it must feel that his first sentence tears a seamless web.' But see
10513:
18659:
17974:
17767:
16694:
11074:. Previously, discourse among international finance followed a restrictive ideal: M Stephenson, "Rule of Law as a Goal of Development Policy" (2008)
7812:
7535:
7166:
6708:
Although the Prime Minister is the head of Parliament, His Majesty's Government is formed by a larger group of Members of Parliament, or peers. The "
6437:
The executive branch, while subservient to Parliament and judicial oversight, exercises day to day power of the British government. The UK remains a
2386:
2382:
1533:
16577:
12585:
12177:
12122:
11999:, dissenting, at - argued the dualist theory of international law should be abandoned, and international law should be directly effective in UK law.
9406:
was unlawful and that "the spirit of liberty is so deeply ingrained in our constitution" any person enslaved in England must be freed. However, the
6562:, on the ground that hereditary inheritance of political office has no place in a modern democracy. A referendum was held in Australia, in 1999 on
4404:
3422:
not yet a consensus on the meaning of "Parliamentary sovereignty", except that its legitimacy depends on the principle of "the democratic process".
18261:
17822:
16514:
11213:
8840:
8169:
7724:
7122:
6295:
5178:
3987:
Other definitions seek to exclude human rights and international law as relevant, but largely stem from visions of pre-democratic scholars such as
3873:
1652:
705:
244:
16037:
Abbott, Lewis F. (2006). "Five: "The Legal Protection of Democracy & Freedom: The Case for a New Written Constitution & Bill of Rights"".
7342:. Although some labelled natural rights as "nonsense upon stilts", more legal rights were slowly developed by Parliament and the courts. In 1792,
7247:
transport, housing, planning, and some aspects of social welfare. The Supreme Court has tended to interpret these powers in favour of devolution.
18251:
17679:
17126:
15488:
15126:
14230:
13768:
12913:
12632:
11706:
11552:
10774:
10538:
10057:
8570:
7734:
7680:
7118:
6882:
5845:
5630:
4414:
4296:
4014:
by requiring people's liberty, privacy or other rights are not infringed by the government unless there is a clear legal basis and justification.
2998:
2955:
2638:
1507:
948:
349:
80:
12513:
ECHR 681 (blanket disqualification of convicted prisoners from voting breached ECHR Prot 1, art 3. After this the UK failed to change its laws.
10040:
The Coalition Government formed in May 2010 proposed a series of further constitutional reforms in their coalition agreement. Consequently, the
18547:
18358:
17874:
15627:
12480:
12282:
10053:
8810:
8770:
5713:
greatly reduced the House of Lords' power, as it can only delay and cannot block legislation by one year, and cannot delay money bills at all.
5522:
3079:
3067:
1873:
958:
14318:
clauses 12 (no tax without consent), 39 (fair trial), 40 (justice), 41 (free movement of merchants), and 47 (disafforesting common land). The
18323:
17969:
17747:
16806:
14621:
13907:
13852:
13674:
13653:
12521:
11855:
11784:
11344:
65, the "efficient secret" of the UK constitution was "the close union, the nearly complete fusion, of the legislative and executive powers".
8800:
8760:
8540:
6365:
5613:. Domestic donations are limited to registered parties, and must be reported, when they are over Β£7,500 nationally or Β£1,500 locally, to the
4992:
4805:
4592:
2614:
2316:
1696:
1212:
1132:
548:
15312:
3508:, it has accepted as a formal duty that its sovereignty would not be used unlawfully. Second, in 1950 the UK helped to write and joined the
2896:. This means the government may only conduct itself according to legal authority, including respect for human rights. Third, at least since
19183:
18654:
18433:
18037:
14973:
14523:
11023:
10419:
10393:
9625:
8750:
7862:
7150:
5553:
are democratically elected by constituencies across the UK, and the parties who have a majority in the Commons form the British government.
2806:
2669:
2364:
2291:
2260:
1217:
1127:
123:
cemented Parliament's position as the supreme law-making body, and said that the "election of members of Parliament ought to be free". The
16144:
13825:
s 17 the Minister for Civil Service (i.e. the PM) maintains a list of govt departments (for the purpose of proceedings against the Crown).
6506:
emerged as a dominant political figure. Leading the House of Commons from 1721 to 1742, Walpole is generally acknowledged to be the first
5637:, voters choose a party from multi-member regional constituencies: this tends to give smaller parties much greater representation. In the
19264:
18599:
18410:
16373:
13396:
12449:
12163:
11951:
11209:
10209:
10065:
said they would refuse to support changes to the boundaries of constituencies, as they believed such changes favoured the Conservatives.
9901:
7069:
The constitution of British regional governments is an uncodified patchwork of authorities, mayors, councils and devolved government. In
5265:
5196:
with cross-party and judicial recommendations, to protect judicial independence. Third, the executive branch of government is led by the
4677:
4074:
swiftly passing a new Act to authorise phone tapping with a warrant. By itself the principle of legality is not enough to alone preserve
3794:
2989:
2634:
2421:
2043:
968:
569:
14536:
Different books and cases categorise the grounds to review administrative discretion differently, as do different fields of law such as
7117:
The duties of British local governments are also extremely limited compared to other countries, but also uncodified so that in 2011 the
5599:
remains largely unregulated. Any spending over Β£500 by third parties must be disclosed. While these rules are strict, they were held in
3629:
states that nationals of any member state can freely incorporate and run a business across the EU without unjustified interference. The
18609:
18552:
18084:
18027:
15237:
15132:
13858:
12979:
12763:
12759:
8867:
8390:
8240:
8080:
7370:
6008:
has an Outer (first instance) and Inner (appeal) House. Appeals then go to the Supreme Court, although at any time a court may make a "
5403:
5392:
5078:
The Representation of the People Acts (1918) (as amended) providing for universal voting and other matters of political representation.
4269:
2586:
1849:
897:
359:
15647:
9516:
6621:
It is also clear that no exercise of the prerogative can compromise any right contained in an Act of Parliament. So, for instance, in
19269:
18948:
17842:
14071:
11796:(2008) C-402/05, holding that international law binds EU law unless it requires an act that would run contrary to basic human rights.
9430:
8957:
8380:
7101:
failed. This means that England has among the most centralised, and disunified systems of governance in the Commonwealth and Europe.
6904:
6182:
5977:
5780:
4867:"is not the law of a particular country but the law of all nations", and "the law of merchants and the law of the land is the same".
4253:
4050:
3823:
2561:
2546:
1474:
1469:
1464:
1459:
1454:
718:
11265:
UKHL 56, Lord Nicholls, "indefinite imprisonment without charge or trial is anathema in any country which observes the rule of law".
10802:
9951:
constitutional authority would be stiffly resisted by the British people, a perception expounded by the 19th century American judge
8900:
The history of the British constitution, though officially beginning in 1800, traces back to a time long before the four nations of
18594:
18453:
18405:
12044:
4754:
4033:
3935:
2531:
2526:
1995:
1573:
978:
76:
12890:
12610:
ss 72-131 and Schs 8-13, in referendums, the limit has traditionally been set at Β£600,000 for the official campaigns on each side.
9612:
to suppress British trade unions. In response, the labour movement organised to support representatives in Parliament, and in the
9103:
to monopolise trade routes. Under her successor, James I, further companies were created to colonise North America, including the
9009:
emerged: a returned crusader who robbed from the rich to give to the poor. The commitments on common land were soon recast in the
5144:
While principles may be the basis of the UK constitution, the institutions of the state perform its functions in practice. First,
19279:
18175:
17984:
17815:
16532:
15501:
15022:
13995:
13969:
set up property value bands, but despite proposals in 1995, these have never been altered despite drastic shifts in house prices.
11733:
AC 188, "the Act is a scheme of social welfare, intended to confer benefits at the public expense on grounds of public policy".
11205:
10822:
8790:
7940:
6768:
6599:
6356:
6120:
5654:
4976:
lost substantial legitimacy under international law, and combined with independence movements this led to its rapid dissolution.
4922:
2799:
2357:
2024:
1937:
1436:
1431:
1426:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1406:
1401:
440:
294:
16639:
11763:
See, for example, J Lobel, "The Limits of Constitutional Power: Conflicts between Foreign Policy and International Law" (1985),
9509:
a group of agricultural workers who formed a trade union were prosecuted and sentenced to be transported to Australia under the
9379:
emerged as a stable political figure who for 21 years held a majority of the House of Commons, and is now considered the first "
4929:
is that while international law binds the EU, it cannot undermine fundamental principles of constitutional law or human rights.
18936:
18510:
18239:
18207:
18047:
18032:
18022:
17847:
17837:
17827:
17800:
16756:
15791:
13096:
12655:
ss 92. Furthermore, any "trading" with hostile foreign parties with whom the UK is "at war" may lead to seven years in prison.
11668:, 2116, suggesting the current political constitution of the UK is not necessarily the same as a fully democratic constitution.
11133:
9991:. Any actions of government authorities that violate Convention rights are illegal except if mandated by an Act of Parliament.
9934:
8230:
7912:
6548:
6430:
6271:
6013:
5558:
5546:
5494:
5149:
5133:
3379:
2901:
2566:
2551:
2464:
2429:
2406:
2334:
1905:
1887:
987:
890:
742:
689:
188:
107:) to represent the people, to hold courts in a fixed place, to guarantee fair trials, to guarantee free movement of people, to
33:
15805:
Affairs 452, and contrast the Consumer Credit Act 1974 or the Unfair Terms in Consumer Contracts Directive 93/13/EEC arts 3-6.
14035:
14031:
12031:
9608:
From the start of the 20th century, Britain underwent vast social and constitutional change, beginning with an attempt by the
9392:
established that the government could do nothing but that which was empowered by law, while the first teacher of English law,
9375:
who promptly ruled that people in a position of trust must avoid any possibility of a conflict of interest. Out of the chaos,
9021:, was bound by law, and it remains 'the nearest approach to an irrepealable "fundamental statute" that England has ever had.'
2786:
18629:
18202:
17405:
17156:
16968:
16687:
16048:
15853:
15826:
15698:
15661:
15404:(1718) Prec Ch 505 that a fiduciary could take money from a trust and keep profits if they restored the principal afterwards.
14095:
12705:
12701:
12652:
11775:, "The Constitutionalization of International Law and the Legitimation Problems of a Constitution for World Society" (2008),
11617:
11301:
10481:
10477:
10473:
10465:
10457:
10453:
10439:
9785:, significant cuts were made to public services, labour rights, and the powers of local government, including abolishing the
9648:
9602:
8620:
8480:
8340:
8330:
8014:
7902:
7852:
7774:
7650:
7260:
6926:
6307:
5928:
5562:
5372:
5028:
4969:
4796:
4522:
4128:
2831:
2749:
2679:
2591:
2581:
2571:
2516:
2434:
2324:
1832:
747:
680:
4968:, enabling any resolution of the Security Council except the use of force to be implemented by an Order in Council. Due the
18496:
18318:
17979:
17952:
17518:
17356:
15560:
15014:
12535:(13 June 2017) App No 22962/15, denial of prisoner voting in the Scottish independent referendum was not a breach of art 3.
12148:
10914:
10721:
10267:
10029:
9640:
prevented the House of Lords blocking legislation for more than two years, and removed the right to delay any money bills.
9613:
9455:
9380:
8740:
8730:
8210:
7078:
6749:
6603:
6524:
6507:
6464:
5815:
5669:
5197:
5129:
3486:
3168:
2599:
2486:
2476:
2439:
2399:
2369:
2344:
2306:
2068:
1988:
1277:
1272:
1267:
1262:
1257:
1252:
1247:
1242:
1237:
1232:
1227:
1222:
1207:
1202:
1197:
1192:
1187:
1182:
1177:
1172:
1167:
1162:
1157:
1152:
1147:
1142:
1137:
1122:
1117:
1112:
1107:
1102:
1097:
1092:
1087:
1082:
1077:
1072:
1067:
1062:
1057:
1052:
1047:
1042:
1037:
1032:
1027:
1022:
1017:
1012:
1007:
1002:
997:
992:
810:
543:
220:
41:
4175:
principle every person is subject to the law, including government ministers, or corporate executives, who may be held in
18669:
18614:
18557:
18476:
18420:
18388:
18222:
17907:
17672:
16599:
15152:
14471:
14453:
12258:
11504:
11483:
11153:
10311:
10015:
9968:
9818:
9731:
9398:
8400:
8300:
8070:
7559:
7401:
7397:
7374:
7294:
6563:
6025:
5933:
5835:
5601:
5333:
4996:
4903:
4887:
In modern case law it has been consistently accepted that it "is a principle of legal policy that law should conform to
4534:
4477:
4067:
4045:
4036:, who issued a search "warrant", but there was no statute that gave Lord Halifax the authority to issue search warrants.
3509:
2924:
2837:
2576:
2541:
2536:
2496:
2481:
2471:
2454:
2449:
2444:
1721:
787:
509:
479:
450:
310:
260:
208:
72:
15233:
19274:
18644:
18624:
18567:
18532:
18180:
18112:
17373:
16776:
16313:
15880:
15454:
14615:
14059:
13445:
13175:
10366:
10263:
9773:. The Commonwealth is open to any country committed to peace, liberty, equality, and development, as stipulated in the
9747:
9165:
8670:
8180:
7256:
6894:
6761:
6640:
5857:
5825:
5689:
has abolished all but 92 hereditary peers, leaving most peers to be "life peers" appointed by the government under the
5016:
4765:
4066:
held there was no wrong at common law, and refused to interpret the statute in light of the right to privacy under the
3580:
3501:
resolutions, up to the actual use of force, in return for representation in the General Assembly and Security Council.
3263:
2556:
2521:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2491:
2459:
2048:
778:
613:
14562:
said the grounds were "illegality", "irrationality" and "procedural impropriety". A Le Sueur, M Sunkin and J Murkens,
11507:
11487:
4316:
4287:
19284:
18639:
18537:
18192:
18185:
18052:
18017:
18002:
17902:
17569:
17433:
17280:
17237:
17029:
16801:
14152:
14014:
13978:
13966:
13926:
13886:
13691:
11164:
10709:
10379:
10134:
9830:
9798:
9204:
8370:
8220:
7438:
7264:
6986:
6840:
6821:
6678:
the House of Lords held that no person could be deprived of legitimate expectations by use of the royal prerogative.
5754:
5087:
The Human Rights Act (1998) establishing a bill of rights and freedoms actionable by individuals through the courts."
4953:
4585:
4205:
sitting as the head of the judiciary, while also being a Member of Parliament, and sitting in the cabinet. Since the
3768:
3705:
3535:
3478:
3128:
2916:
2416:
1974:
1583:
1578:
1383:
1378:
1373:
1368:
1363:
1358:
1353:
931:
840:
767:
354:
176:
15491:", held that slavery was "so odious" that nobody could take "a slave by force to be sold" for any "reason whatever".
14440:
4190:, there should be a strict separation of the executive, legislature and judiciary. While other systems, notably the
18724:
18276:
18234:
18158:
18153:
18057:
17935:
17103:
16680:
14945:, "What have we deserved, or why should we be kept thus in servage? We be all come from one father and one mother,
14238:
13252:
11450:
11417:, "The maintenance of the rule of law is in every way as important in a free society as the democratic franchise."
10818:
9868:
9318:
8610:
8560:
8410:
8310:
8138:
8108:
8034:
7600:
7450:
7162:
6602:, a series of important powers that were once vested in the king or queen are now exercised by government, and the
6089:
5969:
5472:
5193:
5145:
3669:
2000:
1800:
1795:
1526:
621:
501:
435:
416:
25:
15071:, that the task of a court in construing any statute is to find its mischief and the intention of Parliament, and
8960:. Just 12 per cent of people were free, while the feudal system made others serfs, slaves or bordars and cottars.
7373:
at its centre, enshrining civil, political, economic, social and cultural rights. In 1950, the UK co-authored the
4944:
and physically destroyed large parts of the country, the UK has consistently supported organisations formed under
18787:
18604:
18542:
18468:
18163:
18012:
17959:
17922:
17887:
17861:
17762:
17044:
16996:
16888:
16883:
15048:
14136:
13902:
13424:
13082:
12656:
12105:
10129:
10045:
9984:
9838:
9659:
enabled all women to vote, and that the UK became democratic. The War also triggered uprising in Ireland, and an
9503:, further punishment for poverty was inflicted as people were put into work houses if found to be unemployed. In
9352:
8590:
7764:
7551:
6966:
6725:
6396:
6283:
6124:
5721:
5694:
5310:
5258:
5059:
are Acts of Parliament, court cases, and conventions in the way that government, Parliament and the monarch act.
3787:
3313:
was guaranteed to people to farm, graze, hunt or fish, though aristocrats continued to dominate politics. In the
3156:
2982:
2684:
927:
909:
876:
16194:, 'Natural Law, Justice and DemocracyβSome Reflections on Three Types of Thinking About Law and Justice' (1944)
14954:
they keep and maintain their estates: we be called their bondmen, and without we do readily them service, we be
11881:(1692) 2 Salk 443, "we take notice of the laws of merchants that are general, not of those that are particular."
11859:(1637) 3 St Tr 825 held that the King could raise money from trade without Parliament. This was reversed by the
9845:
that resulted in 51.89 per cent of people favouring to leave, and 48.11 per cent of voters favouring to remain.
18734:
18522:
18448:
18343:
18296:
18212:
18132:
18092:
17882:
17665:
17503:
17310:
17170:
17070:
15987:
15614:
13661:
s 33(5). The power of expulsion is considered 'doubtful' outside statute: AW Bradley, KD Ewing and CJS Knight,
13350:
13298:
13163:
13125:
12822:
12796:
11428:(1998) 161 DLR (4th) 385, 416, "democracy in any real sense of the word cannot exist without the rule of law."
11367:
11353:
11088:
10988:
10570:
ch. 12, "No scutage nor aid shall be imposed on our kingdom, unless by common counsel of our kingdom ..."
10374:
9995:
9967:
instituted constitutional reforms in the late 1990s and early-to-mid 2000s. The effective incorporation of the
9715:
9672:
9080:
9071:
united Wales and England in one administrative system, while the King became ever more despotic, executing the
9032:
was a source of welfare for common people, peasant labourers bound by a feudal system of control. In 1348, the
8630:
8500:
7872:
7822:
7378:
6720:
6449:
6156:
5866:
5436:
5217:
5189:
5103:
must be examined, with earlier and higher court case law having precedent over newer and lower court case law.
4198:
4113:
The rule of law requires the law is truly enforced, though enforcement bodies may have room for discretion. In
4007:
3992:
3912:
3521:
3399:
3206:
2220:
1933:
1901:
1765:
1563:
1543:
644:
471:
390:
377:
302:
268:
235:
215:, who must maintain the confidence of a majority of the members of Parliament. The prime minister appoints the
108:
15061:
Coke had already reported on many significant constitutional judgments, often adding his own style, including
14426:, by the position that international law must be compatible with basic principles of the UK constitution: see
14038:. Having an uncodified constitution means laws can be amended and changed easily, the rules are not entrenched
13293:
n.b. the Monarch continued to withhold royal assent for laws in British colonies leading, for example, to the
4917:, as well as the European Convention on Human Rights, in interpreting the scope of the common law doctrine of
4048:, which enables infringements of rights as a starting point only if "in accordance with the law". In 1979, in
3618:, where a fishing business claimed that it should not be required to have 75% of British shareholders, as the
3394:
ensured the Lords could only delay legislation by one year, and not delay any budgetary measure over a month.
19176:
18943:
18749:
18679:
18649:
18619:
18584:
18486:
18458:
18376:
18284:
18168:
17947:
17697:
17513:
17180:
17165:
17001:
16848:
16654:
16649:
16186:
15973:
15307:
13795:
12963:
12509:
9594:
9276:
9132:
7442:
6709:
6689:
6175:
5773:
4301:
4246:
3605:
2762:
2009:
1770:
517:
216:
16483:
16213:, 'Autobiographical Memories of the Weimar Republic: A Conversation with Wolfgang Luthardt' (February 1978)
14340:
Anarchical Fallacies; Being an Examination of the Declarations of Rights Issued During the French Revolution
12114:
Report of an investigation in respect of Vote Leave Limited, Mr Darren Grimes, BeLeave, Veterans for Britain
9083:
and murdering those who resisted. After Henry VIII died, and power struggles following the death of his boy
6639:
without an Act of Parliament, because it could result in rights being withdrawn that were granted under the
5672:, loosely based on the Lords' expertise, achievement, or political affiliation. Since the abolition of most
19062:
18986:
18958:
18904:
18707:
18697:
18634:
18589:
18562:
18415:
18400:
18097:
18072:
18007:
17897:
17006:
16225:, 'Socialism: true and false. A lecture delivered to the Fabian Society' (21 January 1894) Fabian Tract, 51
15547:
Anarchical Fallacies; Being an examination of the Declaration of Rights issued during the French Revolution
15500:
AW Blumrosen, 'The Profound Influence in America of Lord Mansfield's Decision in Somerset v Stuart' (2007)
14852:
14263:
14212:
cf Widdicombe Committee, Committee of Inquiry into the Conduct of Local Authority Business (1986) Cmnd 9797
13263:
11430:
11275:
10194:
9802:
8928:
8510:
8440:
8320:
8004:
7243:
7074:
6811:
6114:
5742:
5717:
5032:
4578:
4350:
4150:
3681:
3362:
cemented Parliament's power over the monarch, and therefore over the church and courts. Parliament became "
3110:
2932:
2744:
2604:
2188:
2087:
2017:
2004:
1980:
1811:
1806:
16568:
14942:
14730:
11059:
10894:
Opinion polling for the United Kingdom European Union membership referendum Β§ Postβreferendum polling
10510:
a majority of voters favoured leaving the EU, and membership of the EU formally ended on 31 January 2020.
9095:, took the throne in 1558. Half a century of prosperity followed as Elizabeth I avoided wars, and founded
6551:, to give royal assent to Acts of Parliament, and to dissolve Parliament upon the calling of an election.
18953:
18931:
18899:
18894:
18876:
18817:
18739:
18729:
18664:
18527:
18491:
18289:
18067:
17706:
17528:
16619:
16574:
16324:
16299:
16164:
15762:
15653:
15576:
14937:
14891:
13333:
13228:
12581:
12185:
12118:
10188:
10028:" process when he took over as PM in 2007. This was an ongoing process of constitutional reform with the
9735:
9734:
in 1950. Further it was seen that the only way to prevent conflict was through economic integration. The
9500:
9360:
9123:
9041:
8875:
7968:
7930:
7892:
7446:
7425:
and assembly. The UK also enshrines rights to fair labour standards, social security, and a multitude of
7086:
6131:, which reviews cases submitted by the police for prosecution, and conducts them on behalf of the Crown.
4400:
3490:
3454:
writers of the Imperial period to be able to "make or unmake any law whatever", the UK chose to join the
2870:
2654:
2214:
2073:
1880:
914:
845:
522:
383:
92:
16562:
16346:
16271:
12232:
11066:
195. Contrast D. Lino, "The Rule of Law and the Rule of Empire: A. V. Dicey in Imperial Context" (2018)
9682:
at the end of the War demanded German reparations, beggaring the country through the 1920s and upon the
9347:
This was made worse by the decision of conservative politicians to endorse the company to take over the
6471:
was asserted by Parliament to prevent any taxation by the monarch without Parliament's consent, and the
5534:. For a proposed Bill to become an Act, and law, it must be read three times in each chamber, and given
4209:, there has been only one instance of a judge being removed, and a suspension cannot happen without the
19210:
19013:
18914:
18754:
17498:
17161:
16948:
16918:
16878:
16858:
16838:
16741:
14911:
14456:
arts 2 (right to life). Article 3 (right against torture). Article 4, right against forced labour, see
13869:
13822:
13634:
12967:
12291:
10930:
9495:
9251:
9096:
9025:
9010:
8060:
7620:
7426:
7235:
7190:
7130:
7058:
6612:
in 1607, it was held that the royal prerogative could not be used to determine court cases, and in the
6346:
6096:
5251:
3780:
3693:
3648:
3619:
2975:
2775:
2093:
1742:
1686:
1538:
904:
855:
200:
13704:
This convention was established through the Iraq war, where Parliament backed an invasion contrary to
11527:(1863) "that government of the people, by the people, for the people shall not perish from the Earth".
9287:
as the cornerstone of the new constitution, Parliament proceeded to set up a system of finance in the
9148:, who unified the Scottish and English Crowns, religious and political tensions grew as he asserted a
7459:
Any person in the UK who is significantly affected by a public body's act can challenge a decision by
3425:
19149:
18909:
18714:
18687:
18197:
18077:
17544:
17508:
17473:
17398:
17340:
17175:
17112:
17034:
16853:
16294:
15740:
15595:(1798) supported this, arguing that working class "vice" and overpopulation was the cause of poverty.
14725:
13803:
11404:
11039:
10469:
9919:
9876:
9794:
9660:
9284:
9267:
9112:
9037:
8879:
8520:
8430:
8190:
7385:
even against Acts of Parliament: Parliament has always undertaken to comply with basic principles of
7239:
7137:
7070:
6850:
6830:
6745:
6517:
6128:
5993:
5530:(MPs) in the House of Commons, currently elected for terms of up to five years, and 790 peers in the
5506:
5481:
sits at the apex of power. It emerged through a series of revolutions as the dominant body, over the
4918:
4167:
3861:
3701:
3689:
3375:
3351:'s assertion that judges could declare statutes void if they went "against common right and reason".
3119:
3092:
2858:
2624:
2619:
2078:
2061:
2038:
1958:
1947:
1691:
1647:
824:
15418:(1741) 26 ER 531 established that any body of assembled people can do a corporate act by a majority.
15037:(1554) and ruled until 1558. Mary then died without children, after killing hundreds of Protestants.
14050:
ss 1-5, which add that the Secretary of State can remove restrictions through secondary legislation.
7498:
As a remedy, a claimant can ask for the public body's decisions to be declared void and quashed (or
6463:, and all constitutional duties and power are accepted by binding convention to have shifted to the
6080:
rule that matters awaiting decision in court should not be prejudged in a Parliamentary debate. The
19047:
18577:
18217:
17964:
17599:
17320:
17233:
17054:
17039:
16986:
16933:
16928:
16903:
16761:
16378:
16253:
16246:
14804:
14747:
14585:
13799:
13617:
13597:
13347:
12393:
11744:
11067:
10787:
10750:
10580:
10354:
10114:
9922:
allows Parliament to overrule fundamental rights, makes it to some extent a "facade" constitution.
9711:
9288:
9180:
8158:
7670:
7322:
7082:
6741:
6636:
6569:
6528:
6261:
6168:
6148:
5766:
5726:
5486:
5213:
5075:"The Parliament Acts (1911β49) that regulate the respective powers of the two Houses of Parliament.
5020:
4913:
In doing so, the court unanimously drew upon international treaties signed by the UK, known as the
4888:
4465:
4239:
4090:
4078:
in the face of ever more intrusive statutory powers of surveillance by corporations or government.
4018:
At its core, the rule of law, in English and British law, has traditionally been the principle of "
3965:
3901:
3626:
3331:
2928:
2297:
2029:
1568:
795:
423:
395:
228:
180:
17024:
14967:
EP Cheyney, 'The Disappearance of English Serfdom' (1900) 15(57) English Historical Review 20 and
14890:, "But I kan rymes of Robyn Hood" is the first mention of the tales, notably in the run up to the
14758:
unified England and Wales with Scotland, but did not yet officially use the name 'United Kingdom'.
14570:(2014) ch 24 now suggests substantive grounds, legitimate expectations and procedural grounds. In
10610:
9643:
Despite this, the Liberal government, against the opposition of Labour, armed for and entered the
5301:
3473:
in 1919 recalled that "peace can only be established if it is based upon social justice", and the
3038:
19192:
19105:
18926:
18861:
18572:
18229:
17549:
17285:
17141:
16958:
16908:
16868:
16826:
16821:
16816:
16791:
16786:
16781:
16766:
16751:
16746:
16736:
16731:
16726:
16721:
16609:
16023:
15729:
15513:
15414:
15242:
14924:
14462:(1772) 98 ER 499. Articles 12-14 are the right to marriage, effectiveness and to equal treatment.
13840:
QB 752, suggesting the duty of confidentiality expires after a number of years out of government.
13557:
12784:
12619:
12337:
11120:
10735:
9826:
9770:
9510:
9263:
8580:
8470:
8270:
7784:
7065:
with representation, it has limited powers including over transport, the environment and housing.
6737:
6587:
6438:
6429:, exercises political power of the British government, when they command majority support of the
5686:
5570:
5426:
5382:
5052:
4965:
4745:
3973:
3482:
3273:
3047:
2664:
1921:
1892:
1826:
1701:
727:
224:
120:
65:
14792:
14596:
13994:
N Amin-Smith and D Phillips, 'English council funding: what's happened and what's next?' (2019)
13745:
QB 300 (beneficiary of market franchise not entitled to Crown's exemption from planning control)
12809:
10014:(a member of the judiciary in the House of Lords) was abolished by transferring them to the new
9490:
from 1815 further impoverished people by fixing prices to maintain landowner profits. While the
4932:
4186:
is seen as an essential part of maintaining the rule of law. In theory, originally advocated by
3991:. The rule of law was explicitly recognised as a "constitutional principle" in section 1 of the
3968:, formerly the highest judge in England and Wales, suggested the rule of law ought to mean that
211:. They can determine whether the acts of the executive are lawful. The executive is led by the
68:. This enables the constitution to be easily changed as no provisions are formally entrenched.
19042:
18107:
17453:
17049:
16991:
16953:
16943:
16923:
16913:
16898:
16893:
16873:
16843:
16811:
16796:
16771:
16204:
15208:
14821:
14706:
14483:
14383:
14343:
14319:
13836:
13553:
13129:
12680:, holding that a partial forfeiture of Β£349,216 donations by a non-UK resident was appropriate.
12492:
12388:
12344:
12323:
12030:
standards of free and fair voting; see the Venice Commission, Code of Practice on Referendums (
11594:
11319:
11031:
10507:
10494:
10358:
10346:
10104:
10062:
9889:
9786:
9707:
9590:
9541:
9494:
extended the vote slightly, only those with property had any representation in Parliament. The
9292:
9200:
9168:
courts, which denied that the King could pass judgment in legal proceedings, and held that the
8883:
8660:
8098:
7422:
6555:
6491:
6472:
6231:
6222:
6071:
5885:
5806:
5690:
5591:
5414:
5112:
secondary legislation and judges remaining impartial on government policy are all conventions.
5068:
the constitution to be amended whenever a law is made on a constitutionally significant topic.
4736:
4469:
4206:
4058:
claimed the police unlawfully tapped his phone, to get evidence. The only related statute, the
3442:
2893:
2226:
1605:
883:
463:
219:
of other ministers, who lead the executive departments, staffed by civil servants, such as the
96:
16214:
16064:
15690:
12596:
12133:
11356:
7842:
5228:. Fourth, as the UK matured as a modern democracy, an extensive system of civil servants, and
4274:
3719:
contested the government on whether the Prime Minister could trigger Article 50 to notify the
19224:
19197:
19037:
18993:
18856:
18442:
17264:
17260:
17242:
16938:
16863:
16833:
15870:
15843:
15816:
15751:
15565:
15369:
15262:, Oliver's son, briefly succeeded but lacking support swiftly renounced power after 9 months.
15195:
14694:
14495:
14201:
13501:
13366:
13354:
13271:
12326:
10738:
10435:
10370:
10362:
10300:
10251:
10079:
10025:
9988:
9972:
9905:
9885:
9880:
9814:
9810:
9491:
9475:
9403:
9239:
9149:
9068:
9064:
8990:
8974:
8932:
8450:
8420:
8128:
7832:
7754:
7744:
7464:
7418:
7393:
7392:
Because this appeals process was long, Parliament legislated to "bring rights home" with the
7290:
7035:
7025:
6713:
6614:
6559:
6460:
6407:
6252:
6211:
6021:
6009:
5973:
5918:
5550:
5527:
5461:
5417:
5182:
5024:
4818:
4787:
4538:
4442:
4124:
4055:
3949:
3697:
3529:
3314:
3304:
3303:, granted the right of Parliament to exist for "common counsel" before any tax, against the "
3284:
3057:
2729:
2609:
2197:
2113:
1558:
256:
240:
104:
29:
15678:
10625:
9926:
presents a spirited argument for a written constitution for the UK, but still refers to the
9651:
which enabled every adult male the vote, although it was only after the mass protest of the
9136:(1689). This laid the foundations for a peaceful unification of England and Scotland in the
8993:
to pay for the wars led to intense discontent, and the aristocracy forcing the King to sign
6543:
to businesses or people for homes. The monarch's major ceremonial duties are to appoint the
5294:
5071:
Professor Robert Blackburn lists the following as recent constitutionally significant acts:
3672:
has meant Parliament gave power to legislate on specific topics to nations and regions: the
3031:
19057:
18998:
18963:
18851:
18824:
18335:
17638:
17458:
17443:
17438:
17391:
17246:
17214:
17096:
16440:
16019:
15100:
15030:
14958:; and we have no sovereign to whom we may complain, nor that will hear us nor do us right."
14867:
clauses 12 (Parliament), 17 (court), 39 (fair trial), 41 (free movement), 47 (common land).
14553:
14537:
14387:
14323:
13658:
13067:
12660:
12454:
12109:
11905:
10959:
10701:
10280:
10094:
9915:
9598:
9407:
9216:
9196:
9014:
9002:
8946:
8148:
7630:
7523:
7492:
7480:
6801:
6697:
6608:
6483:
6479:
6199:
6044:
5985:
5906:
5614:
5610:
5209:
5153:
5125:
5004:
4949:
4907:
4641:
4187:
4183:
4132:
4059:
3544:
3470:
3300:
1953:
1943:
1679:
1484:
1479:
430:
14282:
Agricultural Sector (Wales) Bill - Reference by the Attorney General for England and Wales
10821:). See J. Danzig, "Winston Churchill: A founder of the European Union" (10 November 2013)
10468:
further abolished multiple votes for graduates of London, Cambridge and Oxford, and other
6459:
monarch since 2022. No Queen or King has withheld assent to any bill passed by Parliament
5709:
Parliament. Since 2015, a peer may be suspended or expelled by the House. In practice the
5705:. Since 2005, senior judges can only sit and vote in the House of Lords after retirement.
8:
19134:
19052:
19030:
19025:
19008:
19003:
18981:
18871:
18829:
17361:
15773:
15437:
15288:
15284:
15272:
15068:
14955:
14709:
14507:
14354:
14299:
14266:
13294:
12870:
12866:
12426:
12410:
12398:
12311:
12307:
12286:
11864:
11860:
11839:
11750:
11424:
11403:, "The Rule of Law and the Sovereignty of Parliament" (31 October 2007), speech given at
11104:
10764:
10622:
10607:
10594:
10411:
10350:
10160:
10156:
10074:
9980:
9927:
9699:
9664:
9637:
9575:
9558:
9553:
9529:
9479:
9450:
9426:
9388:
9259:
9255:
9174:
9052:
8963:
8350:
8250:
7794:
7610:
7511:
7484:
7343:
7335:
7318:
7303:
7274:
7269:
7227:
7204:
7200:
7182:
7172:
7098:
6644:
6628:
6417:
6240:
6105:
5997:
5989:
5937:
5710:
5638:
5634:
5622:
5566:
5490:
5298:
5291:
5281:
5161:
interference is prohibited, and donations and lobbying are limited in whatever form. The
5157:
4838:
4630:
4619:
4155:
4024:
3811:
3728:
3720:
3677:
3662:
3609:
3601:
3592:
3512:. While that convention reflected norms and cases decided under British statutes and the
3438:
3408:
3391:
3383:
3359:
3355:
3144:
3035:
3028:
3018:
2862:
2339:
2146:
1916:
1855:
1760:
1755:
1716:
1665:
445:
332:
136:
116:
112:
16544:
16013:
15818:
Comparative Politics: Interests, Identities, and Institutions in a Changing Global Order
15291:
12663:) ss 1-2, seven years prison for trading with an enemy who is "at war with His majesty".
12340:
10963:(330 BCE) 3.16, "It is more proper that law should govern than any one of the citizens".
9979:
and given the judiciary some power to enforce them. The courts can advise Parliament of
6243:
5081:
The European Communities Act (1972) making the UK a legal partner in the European Union.
5031:
to enable prosecution of war criminals, and subjected itself to the jurisdiction of the
4081:
3497:, and other bodies, into law. For example, the UK bound itself to implement by order UN
19129:
19085:
18866:
18844:
18839:
18807:
18719:
17892:
17589:
17523:
17315:
17295:
17255:
17219:
17210:
17201:
16389:
15104:
15000:
14755:
14751:
14743:
14593:
14458:
14107:
14083:
13929:
13505:
13470:
13113:
13048:
12414:
11919:
11844:
11523:
11460:
11261:
11108:
11015:
10724:
10484:, but millions of UK residents, who pay taxes but do not have citizenship, cannot vote.
10415:
10003:
9774:
9633:
9621:
9579:
9420:
9393:
9368:
9307:
9100:
8871:
8820:
7882:
7640:
7590:
7414:
7346:
began the British movement for women's rights and equality, while movements behind the
7094:
6936:
6916:
6661:
6512:
6028:. This follows a longer tradition of courts interpreting the law to be compatible with
5962:
5876:
5625:
system of voting the UK uses, as it tends to exclude minority parties. By contrast, in
5617:. The system for electing the Commons is based on constituencies, whose boundaries are
4956:, which sets universal standards for people's rights at work. After the failure of the
4926:
4872:
4857:
viewed international law as a general tool for interpretation of the common law, while
4653:
4562:
4210:
3849:
2963:
2909:
2874:
2854:
2170:
2106:
2053:
1896:
1620:
850:
629:
342:
172:
148:
140:
132:
128:
61:
16569:
What is the UK Constitution? | The Constitution Unit - UCL β University College London
16077:
15451:
13369:
s 1, up to eight Crown Estate Commissioners are appointed by the monarch on PM advice.
12932:
12207:
9467:, liberty, freedom and democracy were scarcely protected in the new "United Kingdom".
19144:
19090:
18692:
17463:
17228:
16044:
15876:
15849:
15822:
15694:
15679:
15657:
15391:
15158:
15087:
15073:
14510:
14360:
A Vindication of the Rights of Woman: with Strictures on Political and Moral Subjects
14176:
14119:
14047:
13985:. Also under ss 52A-Y in Wales the Secretary can cap council tax if deemed excessive.
13982:
13885:
This is elaborated upon in a much larger Civil Service Management Code. See also the
13705:
13040:
12431:
12057:
12023:
11603:
10099:
10037:
which requires that treaties are laid before Parliament before they can be ratified.
9960:
9952:
9790:
9782:
9743:
9727:
9679:
9583:
9549:
9525:
9464:
9441:
9411:
9332:
9323:
9314:
9212:
9169:
9137:
9060:
8890:, and that there be no villains nor gentlemen, but that we may be all unied [
8690:
8600:
8460:
8360:
8280:
7386:
7366:
7347:
7339:
7327:
7314:
7278:
7223:
7126:
7062:
7005:
6946:
6872:
6791:
6701:
6499:
6495:
6487:
6468:
6426:
6152:
6063:
6052:
6029:
5738:
5702:
5650:
5629:
voters may select preferences for candidates, although this system was rejected in a
5482:
5221:
5170:
4987:
in 1966, saw the UK ratify most rights from the Universal Declaration. Codifying the
4957:
4945:
4914:
4829:
4558:
4546:
4489:
4176:
4106:
3988:
3981:
3976:
to all people, with speedy and fair procedures for enforcement, protects fundamental
3748:
3724:
3673:
3588:
3584:
3505:
3463:
3455:
3430:
3344:
3326:
3101:
2959:
2908:, dominated politics. From 1832 onwards, adult citizens slowly obtained the right to
2866:
2083:
1735:
1731:
1726:
581:
560:
534:
408:
196:
160:
155:, the UK guaranteed every adult citizen over 21 years the equal right to vote in the
16604:
15247:
13322:) 111, suggesting the monarch has a right to be consulted, to encourage and to warn.
13227:
cf 'Baroness Brenda Hale: "I often ask myself 'why am I here?'" (17 September 2010)
11308:
teacher to the UK on refugee status, despite a High Court judge ordering it be done.
10864:
R (on the application of HS2 Action Alliance Ltd) v Secretary of State for Transport
10213:
5337:
3587:
in 1992. The idea of a Union had long been envisaged by European leaders, including
2967:
60:
as a political body. Unlike in most countries, no official attempt has been made to
19139:
19122:
19117:
19100:
19080:
18886:
17739:
17594:
17579:
17564:
17448:
17300:
17251:
17223:
17205:
15530:
15386:
15259:
15079:
15063:
14877:
14545:
14364:
14189:
13890:
13873:
13240:
13032:
12996:
12677:
12636:
12566:
12384:
12361:
11992:
11975:
11955:
11724:
11692:
11470:
11279:
11247:
11230:
11192:
10992:
10941:
10652:
10476:
lowered the voting age to 18. Restrictions on prisoner voting were inserted by the
10242:
10230:
10204:
R (Animal Defenders International) v Secretary of State for Culture Media and Sport
10198:
10089:
9822:
9762:
9691:
9683:
9668:
9567:
9341:
9243:
9108:
8913:
8887:
8530:
8118:
8024:
7519:
7476:
7455:
7219:
7186:
7176:
7142:
7045:
7015:
6540:
6377:
6109:
6048:
6005:
5642:
5586:
5514:
5351:
4727:
4713:
4681:
4509:
4507:
cast are counted, and that democratic elections are conducted according to law. In
4432:
4388:
3743:
3739:
3498:
3412:
3404:
3196:
2885:
2394:
2282:
2274:
2253:
2237:
1839:
1790:
1640:
1630:
600:
530:
204:
144:
16153:, T Khaitan and S Vogenauer, 'Should Britain have a written constitution?' (2007)
16117:
15718:
11297:
10909:
10881:
9017:. These documents established that the monarch, even with apparent authority from
8886:, preached that "matters goeth not well to pass in England, nor shall not do till
6724:
reasonably be seen to compromise their personal judgment or integrity". Since the
6618:
in 1610 it was held new prerogative powers could not be created by the executive.
6337:
19248:
18812:
18702:
18393:
18353:
17604:
17468:
17325:
17185:
17089:
16581:
16334:
Book II, An Essay Concerning the True Origin, Extent, and End of Civil Government
16333:
16180:
16038:
14675:
14609:
14577:
14221:
Local Democracy, Economic Development and Construction Act 2009 s 107A and Sch 5A
14002:
13572:
R v Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs, ex p Bancoult (No 2)
12917:
12592:
12129:
11665:
11518:
11293:
11042:, also remarked, "democracy lies at the heart of the concept of the rule of law".
9999:
9976:
9644:
9540:
grew demanding the right to vote for everyone in free and fair elections. As the
9460:
9433:
in 1776. The British military failed to hold control. Instead, it began settling
9364:
9356:
9328:
9228:
9189:
9076:
9072:
8921:
7714:
7660:
7580:
7472:
7460:
7054:
7050:
6101:
6081:
6043:, where there is no codified statutory basis for large parts of the law, such as
6024:, courts have been expressly required to interpret law to be compatible with the
6001:
5944:
The judiciary in the United Kingdom has the essential functions of upholding the
5895:
5698:
5676:, there has been ongoing debate about whether or how to elect the House of Lords.
5673:
5646:
5243:
5225:
5023:. To ensure that the European Convention was directly applied by the courts, the
4514:
4214:
4202:
4163:
4136:
4002:
3996:
3923:
3560:
3517:
3336:
3322:
3318:
2165:
1963:
1610:
1592:
868:
491:
337:
251:
124:
16522:
From Unwritten to Written: Transformation in the British Common-Law Constitution
16419:
The Democratic and the Authoritarian State: Essays in Political and Legal Theory
12954:
This has three divisions: the Administrative, Family and King's Bench divisions.
11407:. It is also a considered that the rule of law is necessary for democracy, e.g.
6681:
6574:
U.S. President Barack Obama (R) meeting with Opposition leader Jeremy Corbyn (L)
6160:
6058:
5758:
5140:, but the judiciary may not declare an Act of Parliament to be unconstitutional.
4154:
the Supreme Court held the government's imposition of Β£1200 in fees to bring an
3964:
extent is disputed. The most widely accepted meanings speak of several factors:
3889:
R (Central Electricity Generating Board) v Chief Constable of Devon and Cornwall
18425:
18306:
18244:
17805:
17688:
16539:
16394:
15484:
15466:
15225:
15034:
15026:
15018:
14987:
14887:
14541:
14399:
Though a UN General Assembly Declaration, not a treaty, the rights are binding
13154:
Codified in 1963, updated in 1972 and 2001, HC Deb (15 December 2001) col 1012.
12983:
12298:
has elections each 3 years, and the US has presidential elections each 4 years.
11971:
11833:
11379:
cf A. Bradley, "The Sovereignty of Parliament β Form or Substance?" in Jowell,
10669:
9860:
9806:
9766:
9758:
9739:
9703:
9695:
9629:
9609:
9446:
9415:
9376:
9224:
9145:
9104:
8700:
8640:
8290:
7547:
7195:
7109:
6544:
6503:
6422:
5949:
5681:
5665:
5531:
5498:
5229:
5205:
5162:
5056:
5040:
5008:
4973:
4961:
4941:
4898:
4892:
4877:
4858:
4848:
4709:
4566:
4037:
3716:
3685:
3630:
3576:
3540:
3459:
3446:
3434:
3387:
2936:
2920:
2905:
2711:
2231:
1926:
1819:
1815:
659:
212:
192:
168:
164:
45:
21:
15337:
13036:
12430:
Estimates) Bill, typically passed in July, authorises issue of money from the
9789:. However some powers were restored with extensive devolution of power in the
7396:, so that people can raise human rights claims in British courts based on the
6753:
5509:
is usually thought to be its democratic nature, although it was only upon the
4456:
Parliament was recognised as a forum for the King for "common counsel" before
19258:
18481:
18042:
17940:
17930:
17729:
17724:
17574:
17290:
16210:
16200:
15919:
15632:
15479:
15474:
15462:
14968:
14882:
14549:
13678:
13391:
13319:
13101:
13044:
12640:
12091:
s 1, giving power to the PM to notify intention to negotiate to leave the EU.
11959:
11678:
10817:
e.g. "Speech to the 69th Annual Conservative Party Conference at Llandudno" (
10656:
10124:
10084:
10049:
10034:
9864:
9841:. After 2015, however, early elections were held anyway in 2017, following a
9719:
9617:
9545:
9348:
9303:
9298:
9157:
8982:
8978:
8953:
7362:
6656:
6442:
6140:
5948:, democracy, and human rights. The highest court of appeal, renamed from the
5579:
5321:
4988:
4530:
4498:
4376:
4191:
4141:
4120:
3548:
3367:
710:
667:
577:
17081:
16629:
10061:
Conservatives forced the government to drop House of Lords reforms, and the
9855:
History of the constitution of the United Kingdom Β§ Worldwide influence
9753:
9172:
was subject to the law and cannot be expanded. Coke CJ went even further in
6590:, is to hold the government and the Prime Minister to account in and out of
5091:
and claims that recent developments have seen some acts ad hoc codification
18348:
17719:
17614:
17584:
17335:
17305:
16703:
16610:
United Kingdom Constitutional Law Association blog on Constitutional Reform
16159:
Briggs, Asa, βTrollope, Bagehot, and the English Constitution,β in Briggs,
15147:
14946:
14303:
14132:
13893:
guide civil servants on how to answer questions from Parliament committees.
13387:
13267:
12525:
ECHR 155, reaffirmed breach but awarded no compensation or costs. However,
12348:
11400:
11035:
11030:(2008) 8, "all persons and authorities within the state, whether public or
10021:
10007:
9923:
9911:
9652:
9505:
9471:
9372:
9185:
9161:
7986:
7358:
7286:
6956:
6536:
6532:
6095:
Backing up the judiciary is a considerable body of administrative law. The
6040:
5535:
5174:
4854:
4570:
4503:
4481:
4473:
4098:
4075:
3977:
3972:
is clear and predictable, not subject to broad or unreasonable discretion,
3652:
3568:
3417:
2842:
2267:
1970:
1748:
675:
556:
276:
17657:
16672:
12674:
R (Electoral Commission) v City of Westminster Magistrate's Court and UKIP
7242:
lists which matters are transferred to the Northern Ireland Assembly. The
6123:
represent the Crown in litigation. The Attorney General also appoints the
5737:, could simply be to abolish the House of Lords. This was done during the
3433:
as a "sovereign" member, to augment its power through cooperation, in the
3246:
R (Miller) v The Prime Minister and Cherry v Advocate General for Scotland
167:
to guarantee international peace and security. The UK was a member of the
18834:
18764:
17624:
17619:
17414:
17136:
16338:
16329:
16289:
16009:
15029:
was transferred to the crown, and Elizabeth was allowed to live there by
14864:
14796:
14784:
14720:
14444:(22 October 1986) BVerfGE 73, 339 (first setting out the basic concepts).
14315:
11891:
11806:
11772:
11568:
11414:
11384:
11051:
11038:, "The Rule of Law and the Sovereignty of Parliament" (31 October 2007),
10685:
10567:
10342:
9872:
9833:, a Conservative and Liberal Democrat coalition launched a programme of "
9571:
9153:
9115:
in 1628. Many religious dissidents left England to settle the new world.
9092:
9088:
9056:
9033:
9029:
8994:
8937:
7307:
7298:
7105:
6583:
6452:
6144:
5981:
5945:
5796:
5502:
5233:
5201:
4842:
4834:
4608:
4457:
4159:
4086:
4029:
4011:
3960:
3837:
3752:
3635:
3564:
3348:
3310:
3296:
3008:
2889:
2878:
2861:
means that Acts of Parliament are the supreme source of law. Through the
2156:
1615:
772:
723:
651:
485:
402:
327:
284:
191:
is elected by a democratic vote in the country's 650 constituencies. The
152:
103:, which in 1215 required the King to call a "common counsel" (now called
100:
84:
19243:
13719:
Bank voor Handel en Scheepvaart NV v Administrator of Hungarian Property
10460:(enabled all men to vote over 21, and women over 30 with property), and
6475:
denied the monarch any power to arrest people for failing to pay taxes.
5541:
4170:, such as unfair dismissal, unlawful wage deductions or discrimination.
111:, and to guarantee rights of "common" people to use the land. After the
19236:
17645:
17609:
17330:
16414:
16404:
16357:
16305:
16150:
15681:
The Routledge Companion to Britain in the Nineteenth Century, 1815-1914
15302:
14584:(3rd edn 2017) ch 12 generally follows this. Another categorisation of
14401:
13408:
13379:
13052:
13020:
12889:, 'We should abolish the House of Lords, not reform it' (12 July 2012)
12607:
12027:
11764:
11585:
11537:
11445:
11418:
11019:
9964:
9947:
9871:. The British constitution is the source of the modern concepts of the
9746:
with the UK to be "at the centre", although it did not enter until the
9371:
committed suicide, and the disgraced Lord Chancellor was replaced with
9280:
was the protection of people's rights: "lives, liberties and estates."
9271:
9247:
9208:
9127:
9048:
9006:
8967:
7515:
7500:
7382:
6668:
6632:
6591:
6456:
6076:
6036:
5609:
Donations by foreign parties can be forfeited in their entirety to the
5478:
5120:
4861:
in particular did more than any other to affirm that the international
4063:
3657:
3525:
3513:
3494:
3474:
3295:
struggles between the monarch, the church, the courts, and the people.
2940:
2248:
2033:
1598:
280:
15184:(1614) that held it would not be treason to advocate the King's death.
14435:
Kadi and Al Barakaat International Foundation v Council and Commission
12010:
Kadi and Al Barakaat International Foundation v Council and Commission
11793:
Kadi and Al Barakaat International Foundation v Council and Commission
9144:
While Elizabeth I maintained a Protestant church, under her successor
7297:, British law had one of the world's longest human rights traditions.
7133:
cannot tax or regulate other people in the way that governments must.
7108:(charged on local residents according to property values in 1993) and
5660:
5621:
to even out populations. There has been considerable debate about the
5565:
gives the right to all registered citizens of the United Kingdom, the
4529:, restrict spending or any foreign interference because, according to
3772:
697:
19112:
19020:
17559:
17554:
17483:
17151:
17146:
16644:
16624:
16615:
The Constitution Society feature on What is the British Constitution?
16529:
Report on the British constitution and proposed European constitution
16409:
Behemoth: The Structure and Practice of National Socialism, 1933-1944
16241:
16191:
15983:
15786:
15686:
15588:
15542:
14895:
14780:
14558:
14335:
13311:
12886:
12843:
12295:
11996:
11863:, and after the Civil War and Glorious Revolution, once again by the
11455:
11337:
11007:
10954:
10438:(common property qualification rules for all boroughs and counties),
9834:
9563:
9521:
9487:
9483:
9434:
9220:
9084:
8986:
8896:] together, and that the lords be no greater masters than we be."
7351:
6685:
6674:
5626:
5137:
4283:
4227:
4171:
4145:
anyone who is detained must be charged and put on trial or released.
4102:
3556:
3386:
ensured the Commons would prevail in any conflict over the unelected
3371:
3363:
3340:
2242:
1860:
1775:
635:
151:
in 1922, leaving Northern Ireland within the UK. After struggles for
88:
19231:
16543:
15815:
Kopstein, Jeffrey; Lichbach, Mark; Hanson, Stephen E., eds. (2014).
15090:
that a person born in Scotland is entitled to all rights in England.
14838:(1976) 242, 12% free, 30% serfs, 35% bordars and cottars, 9% slaves.
14243:
List of lord mayoralties and lord provostships in the United Kingdom
10541:, "The Sovereignty of Parliament β Form or Substance?" in J Jowell,
9769:, with the majority of former British colonies choosing to join the
7514:). A court may also declare the parties' rights and duties, give an
7495:, or failed to give a fair hearing, and (5) violated a human right.
6627:
the Supreme Court held that the Prime Minister could not notify the
5561:
is the primary organ of representative government. Section 1 of the
4452:
4231:
56:
comprises the written and unwritten arrangements that establish the
18973:
16510:
16475:
16465:
16277:
16263:
16169:
15821:(4, revised ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 37β39.
13215:
13199:
12100:
See House of Commons, Digital, Culture, Media and Sport Committee,
11633:
International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights 1966
11160:
10514:"Brexit: Boris Johnson to act swiftly in bringing deal back to MPs"
10011:
9647:. At the end of the War, with millions dead, Parliament passed the
9537:
8905:
7506:
7211:
5100:
4960:
and following World War II, the UK became a founding member of the
4094:
4019:
2757:
2203:
2128:
2123:
1709:
175:
in 1973, but left in 2020. The UK is also a founding member of the
28:
is central to the United Kingdom's democratic constitution. In the
16588:
9690:. The failed international law system, was replaced following the
9195:
Coke fell from favour, and was removed from judicial office. When
9126:
confirmed Parliament's supremacy over the monarch, represented by
8989:, but at great cost. Taxes levied by Richard I, and his successor
7504:), or it could ask for an order to make the body do something (or
4837:, English law recognised the right to free movement of people for
18799:
16634:
16368:
16352:
16319:
15470:
15364:
15324:
15143:
13630:
13383:
13378:'Crown Estate makes record Β£304m Treasury payout' (28 June 2016)
13187:
12444:
12294:
fixed the timespan between elections at five years. By contrast,
11140:(2008) 8, "all persons and authorities within the state, whether
8942:
8901:
7410:
7406:
6693:
6643:, such as the right to work in other EU member states or vote in
6446:
5734:
4881:
4697:
3552:
3489:
wrote the UK's funding and membership of the United Nations, the
2739:
2209:
1551:
272:
264:
79:, have recognised and affirmed constitutional principles such as
64:
such arrangements into a single document, thus it is known as an
14662:
R (Corner House Research) v Director of the Serious Fraud Office
14642:
Council of Civil Service Unions v Minister for the Civil Service
13783:
Council of Civil Service Unions v Minister for the Civil Service
11244:
R (Corner House Research) v Director of the Serious Fraud Office
11227:
R (Corner House Research) v Director of the Serious Fraud Office
5136:. The executive is bound to the rule of law, interpreted by the
4131:
acted unlawfully by dropping an investigation into the UKβSaudi
4116:
R (Corner House Research) v Director of the Serious Fraud Office
19095:
16707:
16447:
16435:
16431:
16384:
16228:
16222:
15458:
15212:
14995:
14950:
14295:
13950:
12846:
challenged the law disqualifying peers standing for Parliament.
12071:
World Trade Organization (Immunities and Privileges) Order 1995
11141:
11003:
11001:
9687:
9486:
by subsidising employers and landowners with parish rates. The
9254:, and after a brief conflict forced James II out. Known as the
8780:
6862:
Local Democracy, Economic Development and Construction Act 2009
6108:, which performs various functions including administering the
6017:
5940:
in 2009, are web-streamed live, and judges no longer wear wigs.
5606:
influence persons to give or refrain from giving their votes".
5012:
4778:
World Trade Organization (Immunities and Privileges) Order 1995
4691:
3735:
3596:
2644:
1844:
17383:
16667:
R (HS2 Action Alliance Ltd) v Secretary of State for Transport
15715:
Taff Vale Railway Co v Amalgamated Society of Railway Servants
14429:
R (HS2 Action Alliance Ltd) v Secretary of State for Transport
14411:
International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights
12084:
R (Miller) v Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union
10938:
R (Miller) v Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union
10906:
R (Miller) v Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union
10878:
R (Miller) v Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union
10338:
R (HS2 Action Alliance Ltd) v Secretary of State for Transport
10227:
R (HS2 Action Alliance Ltd) v Secretary of State for Transport
6624:
R (Miller) v Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union
4985:
International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights
3712:
R (Miller) v Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union
3647:
the Supreme Court held that certain fundamental principles of
3644:
R (HS2 Action Alliance Ltd) v Secretary of State for Transport
19072:
16231:, 'The reform of the House of Lords' (1917) Fabian Tract, 183
14808:
14636:
Associated Provincial Picture Houses v Wednesbury Corporation
14019:
Council Tax (Administration and Enforcement) Regulations 1992
11682:(1703) 2 Ld Raym 938, dissent approved by the House of Lords.
11465:
11305:
10851:
R v Secretary of State for Transport, ex parte Factortame Ltd
9463:
in defeating France, and cementing union with Ireland in the
8970:
by creating a unified system of law "common" to the country.
8956:
was compiled in 1086 cataloguing all land and labour to levy
8909:
7215:
5657:
restricts higher payment of salaries to a set number of MPs.
2904:, while the monarch, occasionally together with a hereditary
2838:
London, Houses of Parliament. The Sun Shining through the Fog
2770:
1783:
159:. After World War II, the UK became a founding member of the
15976:(20 July 2003). "Why Britain Needs a Written Constitution".
14370:
Declaration of the Rights of Woman and of the Female Citizen
14294:
The oldest free speech and debating society in the world is
14254:
cf Sir Kenneth Calman Report, Serving Scotland Better (2009)
10998:
10835:
Van Gend en Loos v Nederlandse Administratie der Belastingen
7570:
5549:
is the most important body in the British constitution. Its
5177:
by the monarch. The Sovereign does not veto legislation, by
5148:
is the sovereign entity. Its two chambers legislate. In the
4845:
wrote confidently that international commercial law, or the
4464:
The principle of a "democratic society", with a functioning
3759:, giving her power to notify the intention to leave the EU.
2650:
Post-Brexit United Kingdom relations with the European Union
16398:
14682:
R v Bow Street Stipendiary Magistrate, ex p Pinochet (No 2)
14306:
in 1823. Most universities have student debating societies.
12164:"UK Constitution: Proposals and ministerial responsibility"
12034:) on asking questions with concrete, determinative choices.
9821:
rights without the need for claimants to take cases to the
9624:
with higher taxes on the wealthy to fund spending. After a
4148:
People must also be able to access justice in practice. In
2701:
2134:
10250:"), and 47β48 (land taken by the King "shall forthwith be
9586:, and the UK gradually enabled greater political freedom.
9238:
dictator. After his death, the monarchy was restored with
6688:
hosts the major offices of the British government, led by
6660:
Prayer and state papers. And fifteenth, subject to modern
16207:, from a tribute at St John's Smith Square on 5 June 2013
16107:, Parliamentary Affairs, Vol. 63, No. 1 (Jan 2010), p. 85
15228:, October to November 1647, summarised in ASP Woodhouse,
15224:
Debates on the proper nature of liberty were held at the
13708:
in 2003, and a vote against an invasion of Syria in 2013.
11626:
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights 1966
9723:
9593:
more middle class property owners were enfranchised, the
9327:
to Britain, allowing British merchants to sell slaves in
9246:
again attempted to assert divine right to rule. In 1688,
9018:
8892:
6531:, which reserves 25 per cent of the net revenue from the
4312:
Int Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights 1966
4044:
Today this principle of legality is found throughout the
3969:
2706:
16362:
16268:
Introduction to the Study of the Law of the Constitution
16172:, 'The Resilience of the Political Constitution' (2013)
16065:
Introduction to the Study of the Law of the Constitution
16015:
Introduction to the Study of the Law of the Constitution
15649:
The Politics today companion to the British Constitution
14648:
R v North and East Devon Health Authority, ex p Coughlan
13872:
s 191, civil servants expressly have the right to claim
11056:
Introduction to the Study of the Law of the Constitution
10002:
are now shared between the Lord Chancellor (executive),
9829:
reduced but did not eliminate hereditary peers. Since a
4884:
was lawful "in no country" and therefore in common law.
964:
Scottish Parliament constituencies and electoral regions
16283:
Eichmann in Jerusalem: A Report on the Banality of Evil
14811:
assembly to advise the King, a precursor to Parliament.
14423:
10762:
For instance, preceding art. 8 of that convention, see
10462:
Representation of the People (Equal Franchise) Act 1928
10042:
Parliamentary Voting System and Constituencies Act 2011
9765:, the Empire was gradually dismantled via a process of
9657:
Representation of the People (Equal Franchise) Act 1928
9601:
enabled free association without criminal penalty. The
9351:
as an alternative financier to the government over the
7207:
has 129 MSPs with extensive powers, including taxation.
6467:, Parliament or the courts. Over the 17th century, the
5511:
Representation of the People (Equal Franchise) Act 1928
5019:. In 1995, the UK also became a founding member of the
4521:
A considerable body of regulation, for instance in the
2888:
in the 13th century). This principle was recognised in
263:. Convention rights include everyone's rights to life,
157:
Representation of the People (Equal Franchise) Act 1928
16575:
Britain's unwritten constitution | The British Library
15921:
The House of Lords and the British political tradition
15814:
15236:. By contrast, a bitter opponent of the civil war was
14789:
The history of English law before the time of Edward I
12132:, and see E McGaughey, "Could Brexit be Void?" (2018)
10649:
R (Simms) v Secretary of State for the Home Department
8927:
Following the conquest, according to the legal record
6112:
for people who cannot afford access to the courts. In
3747:
could not begin the process of leaving purely through
19208:
14807:, explaining pre-Norman collections of laws, and the
13731:
e.g. MoJ, Rev of the Exec Royal Prer Powers (2009) 23
12690:
Political Parties, Elections and Referendums Act 2000
11599:
Civil Liberties and Human Rights in England and Wales
10464:(enabled equal suffrage of men at women age 21). The
10120:
Royal Commission on the Constitution (United Kingdom)
10058:
a referendum on changing the system used to elect MPs
9313:
The new union was soon faced with disaster as in the
9211:") without authority. The country descended into the
5362:
Political Parties, Elections and Referendums Act 2000
4527:
Political Parties, Elections and Referendums Act 2000
3615:
R (Factortame Ltd) v Secretary of State for Transport
3325:
in Rome, declaring himself the supreme leader of the
3299:
in 1215, which came from the conflict leading to the
2997:
954:
Political Parties, Elections and Referendums Act 2000
15872:
World Criminal Justice Systems: A Comparative Survey
14407:
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
14405:
norms in international law, since two treaties, the
13808:
Ministerial and other Pensions and Salaries Act 1991
12089:
European Union (Notification of Withdrawal) Act 2017
10377:
may now be added to this list." Also see Laws LJ in
10110:
Political and Constitutional Reform Select Committee
9930:
and resulting Acts of Parliament as a constitution.
9478:
had begun. Poverty had also accelerated through the
9215:
in 1642 culminating in the capture and execution of
9059:(who he soon beheaded for supposed infidelity), the
5590:
the Court of Appeal declared that an election for a
4981:
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
4876:, one of the most important cases in legal history,
3757:
European Union (Notification of Withdrawal) Act 2017
3539:
From 1973 to 2020, the UK was a member state of the
58:
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
18786:
16533:
House of Lords Select Committee on the Constitution
13947:
The Oxford Handbook of Local and Regional Democracy
9663:leading to the partition of the island between the
7332:
Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen
5173:must be read by both houses three times, and given
4828:Like other democratic countries, the principles of
3403:, a group of pro-hunting protestors challenged the
16659:Robinson v Secretary of State for Northern Ireland
16185:JAW Griffith, 'The Political Constitution' (1979)
16145:Magna Carta and contemporary constitutional change
16040:British Democracy: Its Restoration & Extension
15579:arts 3-4 gave Irish representation at Westminster.
13518:R (Miller) v Secretary of State for Exiting the EU
12856:House of Lords (Expulsion and Suspension) Act 2015
12595:, and E McGaughey, 'Could Brexit be Void?' (2018)
12545:Electoral Registration and Administration Act 2013
12208:"How power is exercised within the UK | Law Wales"
11895:(1759) 97 Eng Rep 614, 618; (1759) 2 Burr 882, 887
11721:Gorringe v Calderdale Metropolitan Borough Council
8966:, who became the monarch in 1154, established the
7510:), or prevent the body from acting unlawfully (or
6321:R (Miller) v Secretary of State for Exiting the EU
5273:
4537:as applied in British law, particularly after the
3520:, the UK accepted that people could appeal to the
943:2023 Periodic Review of Westminster constituencies
99:have special constitutional status. These include
16650:Full Constitution of England - Constitute Project
14685:1 AC 119 (possibility of a conflict of interest).
14322:reasserted these values from Magna Carta against
12880:
12878:
12152:3 All ER 484 (on the legal nature of conventions)
12043:For principles of treaty interpretation, see the
11989:R (SG) v Secretary of State for Work and Pensions
11934:Saad v Secretary of State for the Home Department
11588:, "Constitutionalism and Democracy" (1995), 3(1)
11536:cf A. J. Zurcher, "The Hitler Referenda" (1935),
11332:A. W Bradley, K. D. Ewing, and C. J. S. Knight,
10813:
10811:
10795:
9234:Cromwell, not wishing to become a King, became a
7536:History of the constitution of the United Kingdom
7167:Intergovernmental relations in the United Kingdom
6190:
5788:
5741:in 1649, but restored along with the monarchy in
3665:that Parliament is free to organise its affairs.
2849:, "to talk") is the UK's highest law-making body.
1534:Intergovernmental relations in the United Kingdom
183:to participate in regulating the global economy.
19256:
13932:(with highly limited powers except in transport)
13633:was seized in 1955, and later recognised in the
13472:Prohibitions, Case of [1607] EWHC KB J23
12998:Hounga v Allen & Anor [2014] UKSC 47
12839:Re Parliamentary Election for Bristol South East
11214:Data Retention and Investigatory Powers Act 2014
10323:A. W. Bradley, K. D. Ewing and C. J. S. Knight,
7354:drove reform for labour and democratic freedom.
5449:Re Parliamentary Election for Bristol South East
5132:, is removable by a simple majority vote in the
4010:, following common law principles, protects the
3875:R (Corner House Research) v Serious Fraud Office
3715:, a group of people who sought to remain in the
3504:Although the UK has not always clearly followed
3462:in 1945, to participate in building a system of
3339:(both the King's representative and head of the
2881:, including human rights and international law.
16605:Guardian Special Report β Constitutional Reform
16594:The New International Encyclopædia/Constitution
15489:let justice be done whatever be the consequence
14231:Cities and Local Government Devolution Act 2016
13798:. See also, recognising the PM's position, the
13586:R (Lain) v Criminal Injuries Compensation Board
13496:
13494:
12633:Animal Defenders International v United Kingdom
11707:Animal Defenders International v United Kingdom
11649:Archie v Law Association of Trinidad and Tobago
11304:, in contempt of court for failing to return a
10775:Crofter Hand Woven Harris Tweed Co Ltd v Veitch
8924:of 1066, the written history of law was scant.
7119:Department for Communities and Local Government
6884:Cities and Local Government Devolution Act 2016
6783:
5847:Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union
5631:2011 United Kingdom Alternative Vote referendum
5224:is exercised by the Prime Minister, subject to
4416:Animal Defenders International v United Kingdom
4364:Archie v Law Association of Trinidad and Tobago
4298:Int Covenant on Civil and Political Rights 1966
3528:, if domestic remedies were not enough. In the
2956:Parliamentary sovereignty in the United Kingdom
16563:The UK constitution - The Constitution Society
15628:Conspiracy and Protection of Property Act 1875
13848:
13846:
12875:
12775:Ministerial and Other Salaries Act 1975 ss 1-2
12481:Dissolution and Calling of Parliament Act 2022
12283:Dissolution and Calling of Parliament Act 2022
12102:Disinformation and 'fake news': Interim Report
11099:
11097:
10808:
9449:called natural rights "nonsense upon stilts",
5633:staged by the Cameron-Clegg coalition. In the
3347:over the common law courts, contradicting Sir
3081:Dissolution and Calling of Parliament Act 2022
3069:European Union (Withdrawal Agreement) Act 2020
959:Dissolution and Calling of Parliament Act 2022
17673:
17399:
17111:
17097:
16688:
16105:The Westminster Model and the State of Unions
15808:
15483:(that "holding his body" had been unlawful).
14639:1 KB 223 (unreasonableness loosely defined);
14622:R v Home Secretary ex p Venables and Thompson
13853:Constitutional Reform and Governance Act 2010
13675:Constitutional Reform and Governance Act 2010
10846:
10844:
10480:. British citizens abroad can vote under the
9192:in the House of Lords) was above common law.
8848:
6769:
6490:, and finally the settlement of power in the
6367:Constitutional Reform and Governance Act 2010
6176:
5774:
5259:
4993:Constitutional Reform and Governance Act 2010
4952:in 1919, the UK was a founding member of the
4807:Constitutional Reform and Governance Act 2010
4586:
4247:
3788:
3220:R (HS2 Action Alliance) v Transport Secretary
2983:
2807:
14524:R (Datafin) v Panel on Takeovers and Mergers
13491:
13390:. This includes (1) retail property such as
9706:began to crumble as decolonization occurred
9470:During this time, with the invention of the
4600:
3731:where 51.9% of those voting voted to leave.
2949:
2365:Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office
2292:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
2261:Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha
17687:
16702:
16657:: including discussion of later cases e.g.
16374:Considerations on Representative Government
15875:(revised ed.). Routledge. p. 20.
13843:
13534:(2018) ch 10 258-265, listing 9 categories.
13021:"The Impact of Constitutions on Labour Law"
13018:
12450:Considerations on Representative Government
11210:Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act 2000
11094:
10801:e.g. "Speech at the University of Zurich" (
9902:Constitutional reform in the United Kingdom
9152:. This prompted a series of cases from Sir
9001:Failure to abide by Magna Carta led to the
7518:, or compensation could also be payable in
7149:into 'combined authorities' and to have an
4940:Since the World Wars brought an end to the
4862:
4846:
3723:of the UK's intention to leave, without an
969:Senedd constituencies and electoral regions
17680:
17666:
17406:
17392:
17104:
17090:
16695:
16681:
16219:J Laws, 'Law and Democracy' Public Law 72
15917:
15841:
15645:
15477:, Somerset escaped and sued for a writ of
14645:AC 374 (legitimate expectation rejected).
13742:Spook Erection Ltd v Environment Secretary
12980:Tribunals, Courts and Enforcement Act 2007
12764:House of Commons Disqualification Act 1975
12760:House of Commons Disqualification Act 1957
11937:EWCA Civ 2008, Lord Phillips MR, quoting
11557:The Democratic and the Authoritarian State
10841:
9698:where the UK held a permanent seat on the
8855:
8841:
8551:Parl. Voting System and Constituencies Act
7371:Universal Declaration of Human Rights 1948
6776:
6762:
6655:expressly. Eleventh, the executive may by
6183:
6169:
5781:
5767:
5497:emerged as the dominant chamber, over the
5405:House of Commons Disqualification Act 1975
5394:House of Commons Disqualification Act 1957
5266:
5252:
4593:
4579:
4480:, as drafted by British lawyers following
4271:Universal Declaration of Human Rights 1948
4254:
4240:
3795:
3781:
2990:
2976:
2814:
2800:
1912:Metropolitan and non-metropolitan counties
1850:Measure of the National Assembly for Wales
287:, and to freedom of assembly and protest.
16640:The Parliamentary and Constitution Centre
16215:KCL Law School Research Paper No. 2016-34
16078:"Slaughter-House Cases 83 U.S. 36 (1873)"
15924:(Ph.D. thesis). University of Birmingham.
14767:See AW Bradley, KD Ewing and CJS Knight,
14072:Planning and Compulsory Purchase Act 2004
12927:
12925:
11178:Malone v Metropolitan Police Commissioner
10511:
10006:(judicial) and the newly created post of
9983:that conflicts with the Act by means of "
9544:hit Ireland and millions migrated to the
8811:Dissolution and Calling of Parliament Act
7960:Eire (Confirmation of Agreement) Act 1929
7546:and events relevant to the status of the
6906:Planning and Compulsory Purchase Act 2004
6700:, who was executed in 1649 following the
6478:The monarch's continued assertion of the
4085:The most broadly accepted meaning of the
4051:Malone v Metropolitan Police Commissioner
3995:, which limited the judicial role of the
3825:Malone v Metropolitan Police Commissioner
2935:. However, the UK left membership of the
2853:Although the British constitution is not
1288:European Parliament elections (1979β2019)
77:Appellate Committee of the House of Lords
16118:"Vote 2011: UK rejects alternative vote"
15940:"Is there a United Kingdom Constitution"
14941:(1385) translated by GC Macaulay (1895)
14729:(1385) translated by GC Macaulay (1895)
13530:cf AW Bradley, KD Ewing and CJS Knight,
12045:Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties
11730:O'Rourke v Camden London Borough Council
9752:
9515:
9250:'invited' a replacement King and Queen,
9117:
8866:
8761:Early Parliamentary General Election Act
8541:Constitutional Reform and Governance Act
7922:Ireland (Confirm. of Agreement) Act 1925
7454:
7268:
7194:
7044:
6680:
6568:
6416:
6057:
5927:
5659:
5540:
5119:
4931:
4767:European Communities Act 1972 (repealed)
4756:European Convention on Human Rights 1950
4451:
4080:
4001:
3937:R (Fire Brigades Union) v Home Secretary
3534:
3424:
2830:
239:refused assent to any new law since the
20:
16546:The Public Records and The Constitution
16426:British Government and the Constitution
15972:
15937:
15933:
15931:
15868:
15776:reduced the power to delay to one year.
15593:An Essay on the Principle of Population
15427:Walpole's tenure lasted from 1721-1742.
15023:John Dudley, 1st Duke of Northumberland
12457:. AW Bradley, KD Ewing and CJS Knight,
11206:Interception of Communications Act 1985
10512:Perraudin, Frances (13 December 2019).
10248:exit from England, and entry to England
9837:" cuts, and cemented their term in the
9359:. The result of the crash was that the
9063:was declared separate from Rome in the
8935:, on the advice of the King's Council (
7863:Church of England Assembly (Powers) Act
7156:
6664:, it may take guardianship of infants.
6357:Ministerial and other Salaries Act 1975
6121:Solicitor General for England and Wales
6004:in England and Wales. In Scotland, the
5655:Ministerial and other Salaries Act 1975
5027:was passed. Parliament also passed the
4964:, recognised by Parliament through the
3802:
250:Most constitutional questions arise in
231:which funds schools and universities.
48:remains unelected but can be overruled.
19257:
16600:Cabinet Office - Constitutional Reform
16036:
15792:The Economic Consequences of the Peace
15021:until he was replaced and executed by
14651:QB 213 (legitimate expectation upheld)
13204:Judicial Appointments Regulations 2013
13097:R (Simms) v SS for the Home Department
12922:
12905:(5th edn 1920) ch V, 134-135. S Webb,
12723:Electoral Administration Act 2006 s 17
12497:Criminal Procedure (Insanity) Act 1964
12259:"What are constitutional conventions?"
11454:(c. 411 BC) Book 2, para 37. Contrast
10978:in interpreting and applying the law."
10152:
10150:
10048:were passed, though the government of
9848:
9597:provided free primary school, and the
9040:to freeze wage rises. This led to the
8491:Parties, Elections and Referendums Act
8391:Referendums (Scotland & Wales) Act
6272:Burmah Oil Company Ltd v Lord Advocate
6014:Court of Justice of the European Union
3543:(and its predecessor organisation the
3370:. Outside Parliament, people from the
2845:, 1904). Parliament (from old French,
2335:Chagos Archipelago sovereignty dispute
18785:
17661:
17387:
17085:
16676:
16491:Public Law Text, Cases, and Materials
16470:Constitutional and Administrative Law
16343:The Constitutional History of England
16008:
15670:
14801:The constitutional history of England
14769:Constitutional and Administrative Law
14568:Constitutional and Administrative Law
14564:Public Law Text, Cases, and Materials
14141:Carers and Disabled Children Act 2000
14096:Public Libraries and Museums Act 1964
13663:Constitutional and Administrative Law
13532:Constitutional and Administrative Law
13143:Constitutional and Administrative Law
13141:AW Bradley, KD Ewing and CJS Knight,
12702:Parliamentary Constituencies Act 1986
12653:Representation of the People Act 1983
12459:Constitutional and Administrative Law
12161:
11618:Universal Declaration of Human Rights
11334:Constitutional and Administrative Law
10556:Constitutional and Administrative Law
10482:Representation of the People Act 1985
10478:Representation of the People Act 1983
10474:Representation of the People Act 1969
10466:Representation of the People Act 1948
10458:Representation of the People Act 1918
10454:Representation of the People Act 1884
10440:Representation of the People Act 1867
10325:Constitutional and Administrative Law
10192:UKSC 41 (Parliamentary sovereignty),
10105:House of Lords Constitution Committee
9867:and those countries that adopted the
9649:Representation of the People Act 1918
9603:Representation of the People Act 1884
9548:, Chartists staged a mass march from
9396:represented the standard view in his
8481:Representation of the People Act 2000
8341:Representation of the People Act 1985
8331:Representation of the People Act 1983
8241:House of Commons Disqualification Act
8015:Representation of the People Act 1948
7978:HM Declaration of Abdication Act 1936
7951:Representation of the People Act 1928
7853:Representation of the People Act 1918
7715:Representation of the People Act 1867
7432:
7261:Civil liberties in the United Kingdom
7125:of local authorities. Generally, the
6977:Carers and Disabled Children Act 2000
6927:Public Libraries and Museums Act 1964
6757:
6308:CCSU v Minister for the Civil Service
6164:
5762:
5733:A second option, like in the Swedish
5680:Along with a hereditary monarch, the
5668:is a chamber mostly appointed by the
5563:Representation of the People Act 1983
5521:In practice many MPs are involved in
5373:Representation of the People Act 1983
5247:
5062:
5029:International Criminal Court Act 2001
4970:Universal Declaration of Human Rights
4797:International Criminal Court Act 2001
4574:
4523:Representation of the People Act 1983
4261:
4235:
3776:
3575:Third, the UK became a member of the
2971:
2680:United Kingdom and the United Nations
2325:British Overseas Territories Act 2002
17357:Legal services in the United Kingdom
16630:ESRC Centre on Constitutional Change
16538:
16489:A Le Sueur, M Sunkin and J Murkens,
15928:
15676:
15561:A Vindication of the Rights of Woman
15015:Edward Seymour, 1st Duke of Somerset
14894:. As ballads and poems evolved, see
12149:Attorney General v Jonathan Cape Ltd
11500:Mathieu-Mohin and Clerfayt v Belgium
10915:Attorney General v Jonathan Cape Ltd
10722:International Organisations Act 1968
10268:European Union (Withdrawal) Act 2018
10171:
9895:
9686:leading to a fascist collapse under
9562:was drafted by German revolutionary
9456:A Vindication of the Rights of Woman
8381:Local Government etc. (Scotland) Act
7487:usually sets the period as 6 years.
6750:Local government in Northern Ireland
6547:who can command the majority of the
5936:, which moved to its modern home at
5816:Supreme Court of Judicature Act 1875
5192:, the judiciary is appointed by the
5128:ensures that the executive, and the
5011:in 1992) and committed to implement
4327:Mathieu-Mohin and Clerfayt v Belgium
3583:and through its ratification of the
3487:International Organisations Act 1968
3458:in 1919, and after its failure, the
3181:R (Factortame) v Transport Secretary
3169:Attorney General v Jonathan Cape Ltd
2400:British National (Overseas) passport
2345:Falkland Islands sovereignty dispute
2307:British Overseas Territories citizen
1801:2011 referendum on law-making powers
1697:Act of the Northern Ireland Assembly
221:Department of Health and Social Care
16075:
15153:Commentaries on the Laws of England
13446:"Who are the monarchists? | YouGov"
12256:
12081:On the post-referendum debate, see
11939:Bennion on Statutory Interpretation
11505:European Convention on Human Rights
11484:European Convention on Human Rights
11154:European Convention on Human Rights
11010:, "The Rule of Law" (2007), 66(1)
10312:European Convention on Human Rights
10289:General Treaty on Tariffs and Trade
10147:
10016:Supreme Court of the United Kingdom
9969:European Convention on Human Rights
9732:European Convention on Human Rights
9632:blocking reform, Parliament pass a
9399:Commentaries on the Laws of England
8711:EU (Notification of Withdrawal) Act
8071:European Convention on Human Rights
7377:, enabling people to appeal to the
7375:European Convention on Human Rights
7295:European Convention on Human Rights
6731:
6672:subject to judicial review: in the
6527:, the monarchy is funded under the
6026:European Convention on Human Rights
5836:European Convention on Human Rights
5602:Animal Defenders International v UK
5501:that traditionally represented the
5365:ss 12-69, 72-131, 149 and Schs 8-13
5334:Animal Defenders International v UK
4997:European Convention on Human Rights
4552:
4535:European Convention on Human Rights
4478:European Convention on Human Rights
4068:European Convention on Human Rights
4046:European Convention on Human Rights
3734:The claimants argued that, because
3700:, to bring peace. In addition, the
3510:European Convention on Human Rights
3321:asserted his divine right over the
2925:European Convention on Human Rights
1394:Northern Ireland Assembly elections
451:Republicanism in the United Kingdom
261:European Convention on Human Rights
209:European Convention on Human Rights
73:Supreme Court of the United Kingdom
13:
19265:Constitution of the United Kingdom
16551:. London: Oxford University Press.
16515:Are judges now out of their depth?
16298:(1385) translated by GC Macaulay (
14625:AC 407 (irrelevant consideration).
14616:Padfield v Minister of Agriculture
14060:Town and Country Planning Act 1990
13176:Courts and Legal Services Act 1990
10554:cf A. W. Bradley and K. D. Ewing,
10442:(extended the franchise to around
10176:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
9956:produce a revolution in an hour."
9574:distracted from social reform and
7941:Royal and Parliamentary Titles Act
7463:. The claims usually begin in the
7257:Human rights in the United Kingdom
6895:Town and Country Planning Act 1990
5858:Courts and Legal Services Act 1990
5826:Charter of the United Nations 1945
4119:, a group campaigning against the
243:in 1708. The monarch is bound by
187:people of the United Kingdom. The
54:constitution of the United Kingdom
14:
19296:
16556:
16076:Bradley, Joseph P. (dissenting).
14836:Medieval History and Civilization
14438:(2008) C-402/05 (for the EU) and
14302:was established in 1815, and the
14153:Environmental Protection Act 1990
14015:Local Government Finance Act 1992
13979:Local Government Finance Act 1992
13967:Local Government Finance Act 1992
13927:Greater London Authority Act 1999
13887:Prevention of Corruption Act 1906
13692:Burmah Oil Co Ltd v Lord Advocate
13202:s 27A and SI 2013/2193. See also
11540:American Political Science Review
11165:necessary in a democratic society
10710:International Labour Organization
10380:Thoburn v Sunderland City Council
10135:United Kingdom constitutional law
9799:Greater London Authority Act 1999
9556:broke out across Europe, and the
9520:Demanding democratic reform, the
9335:, incorporated to monopolise the
9091:, the daughter of Henry VIII and
9067:, with the King as the head. The
8651:HL (Expulsion and Suspension) Act
8201:UK joins the European Communities
7913:Irish Free State Constitution Act
7439:United Kingdom administrative law
7265:United Kingdom constitutional law
6987:Environmental Protection Act 1990
6841:Local Government Finance Act 1992
6822:Greater London Authority Act 1999
6498:and an early financial crisis as
5755:Judiciaries of the United Kingdom
5015:in which it participated, in the
4972:in 1948, the continuation of the
4954:International Labour Organization
4724:R (SG) v SS for Work and Pensions
4666:Saad v SS for the Home Department
3769:Rule of law in the United Kingdom
3706:Greater London Authority Act 1999
3479:Bretton Woods Agreements Act 1945
3129:Greater London Authority Act 1999
2917:International Labour Organization
1579:Greater London Authority Act 1999
177:International Labour Organization
16:Uncodified constitution of the UK
19270:Government of the United Kingdom
19242:
19230:
19218:
17482:
16587:
16110:
16096:
16069:
16057:
16030:
16002:
15966:
15911:
15899:. Courts and Tribunals Judiciary
15889:
15862:
15835:
15798:
15779:
15767:
15756:
15745:
15734:
15723:
15707:
15639:
15620:
15607:
15598:
15582:
15570:
15552:
15536:
15523:
15506:
15502:13 Texas Wesleyan Law Review 645
15494:
15444:
15430:
15421:
15407:
15379:
15358:
15330:
15327:confirmed by the House of Lords.
15317:
15296:
15278:
15265:
15253:
15218:
15202:
15187:
15174:
15165:
15118:
15109:
15093:
15055:
15040:
15007:
14980:
14961:
14929:
14917:
14905:
14870:
14858:
14841:
14828:
14814:
14774:
14761:
14736:
14714:
14700:
14688:
14668:
14654:
14628:
14602:
14530:
14516:
14501:
14489:
14477:
14465:
14447:
14416:
14393:
14376:
14348:
14329:
14309:
14288:
14273:
14257:
14248:
14239:2012 English mayoral referendums
14224:
14215:
14206:
14195:
14182:
14170:
14158:
14146:
14125:
14113:
14101:
14089:
14077:
14065:
14053:
14041:
14024:
14007:
13988:
13972:
13960:
13935:
13920:
13896:
13879:
13828:
13812:
13789:
13775:
13748:
13734:
13725:
13711:
13698:
13684:
13668:
13646:
13623:
13610:
13578:
13563:
13546:
13537:
13524:
13510:
13463:
13438:
13429:
13418:
13402:
13372:
13360:
13341:
13325:
13304:
13287:
13277:
13257:
13253:Prosecution of Offences Act 1985
13245:
13234:
13221:
13209:
13193:
13180:
13169:
13157:
13148:
13135:
13118:
13107:
13089:
13074:
13059:
13012:
12989:
12973:
12957:
12948:
12939:
12933:"Constitutional Reform Act 2005"
12911:46(1) Industrial Law Journal 169
12895:
12860:
12849:
12842:2 QB 257, Viscount Stansgate or
12827:
12815:
12802:
12790:
12778:
12769:
12753:
12744:
12735:
12726:
12717:
12695:
12683:
12666:
12646:
12625:
12613:
12601:
12573:
12559:
12550:
12538:
12501:
12486:
12474:
12464:
12437:
12420:
12403:
12377:
12354:
12331:
12317:
12301:
12276:
12250:
12225:
12200:
12170:
12155:
12141:
12094:
11710:UKHL 15, and see also ECHR 362
11451:History of the Peloponnesian War
9963:government under prime minister
9869:Westminster parliamentary system
9306:was a constitutional right. The
8621:Scottish independence referendum
8611:Succession to the Crown Act 2013
8139:Commonwealth Immigrants Act 1968
8109:Commonwealth Immigrants Act 1962
8035:Statute of the Council of Europe
7903:Irish Free State (Agreement) Act
7601:Succession to the Crown Act 1707
7558:
7451:United States administrative law
7163:Devolution in the United Kingdom
6719:Assisting ministers is a modern
6566:, but failed to get a majority.
6090:Judicial Appointments Commission
5693:, law lords appointed under the
5505:. The central justification for
5473:Parliament of the United Kingdom
5194:Judicial Appointments Commission
5000:and to advance social progress.
3670:devolution in the United Kingdom
3591:, who in 1946 had called for a "
3343:) asserted the supremacy of the
2769:
2756:
2738:
2723:
794:
696:
666:
634:
508:
478:
407:
382:
309:
163:to uphold human rights, and the
18788:Countries of the United Kingdom
17888:Countries of the United Kingdom
17413:
16531:(2003) Written evidence to the
16480:Principles of International Law
16454:(1906 through 1929) Volumes IβX
16310:A Federation for Western Europe
16084:. Cornell University Law School
15944:Oxford Journal of Legal Studies
15848:. Waterside Press. p. 23.
15049:The True Law of Free Monarchies
14665:UKHL 60 (independent judgement)
14137:NHS and Community Care Act 1990
13903:Freedom of Information Act 2000
13819:Ministers of the Crown Act 1975
13616:Allen (1862) 1 B&S 850 and
13425:Fixed-term Parliaments Act 2011
13083:Pickin v British Railways Board
12982:, appealing to the appropriate
12945:Practice Statement 3 All ER 77
12657:Trading with the Enemy Act 1939
12075:
12063:
12050:
12037:
12016:
12002:
11980:
11964:
11944:
11926:
11912:
11898:
11884:
11870:
11825:
11812:
11799:
11757:
11736:
11713:
11699:
11685:
11671:
11641:
11610:
11578:
11562:
11546:
11530:
11512:
11492:
11477:
11438:
11394:
11373:
11361:
11347:
11326:
11311:
11285:
11268:
11253:
11236:
11219:
11198:
11183:
11171:
11147:
11127:
11113:
11082:
11045:
10981:
10966:
10947:
10922:
10898:
10886:
10870:
10856:
10827:
10781:
10756:
10743:
10729:
10714:
10695:
10679:
10662:
10640:
10631:
10616:
10601:
10587:
10573:
10561:
10548:
10531:
10500:
10487:
10456:(extended the male franchise),
10429:
10403:
10386:
10330:
10317:
10130:Ancient constitution of England
10046:Fixed-term Parliaments Act 2011
9985:Declarations of Incompatibility
9839:Fixed-term Parliaments Act 2011
9718:. To prevent any recurrence of
9616:won 29 seats and supported the
8731:European Union (Withdrawal) Act
8211:Local Government (Scotland) Act
7651:HC (Disqualifications) Act 1801
7250:
6967:NHS and Community Care Act 1990
6726:Freedom of Information Act 2000
6631:of an intention to leave under
6397:Freedom of Information Act 2000
6387:Ministers of the Crown Act 1975
6284:Rahmatullah v Foreign Secretary
6125:Director of Public Prosecutions
5968:Litigation usually begins in a
5722:House of Lords Reform Bill 2012
5695:Appellate Jurisdiction Act 1876
5348:R (Electoral Commission) v UKIP
5311:Fixed-term Parliaments Act 2011
5115:
4182:In other systems the idea of a
3625:Under EU law, the principle of
3612:. This principle was tested in
3157:Pickin v British Railways Board
2685:United Nations Security Council
365:Other constitutional principles
364:
95:. It also recognises that some
19280:Politics of the United Kingdom
17883:Counties of the United Kingdom
16174:14(12) German Law Journal 2111
15338:"Union with Scotland Act 1706"
14822:"Laws of Edward the Confessor"
14599:, codifying directors' duties.
14441:Re WΓΌnsche Handelsgesellschaft
13981:ss 52ZA-ZY, introduced by the
13914:BBC v Information Commissioner
13386:and the colour purple for the
13353:. This was raised from 15% by
13299:US Declaration of Independence
13164:Constitutional Reform Act 2005
13126:Constitutional Reform Act 2005
12823:House of Lords Reform Act 2014
12797:Constitutional Reform Act 2005
12711:R (McWhirter) v Home Secretary
11590:European Journal of Philosophy
11368:Constitutional Reform Act 2005
11354:Constitutional Reform Act 2005
11300:, holding the Home Secretary,
11091:ss. 1, 63β65 and Schs 8 and 12
11089:Constitutional Reform Act 2005
10989:R (Jackson) v Attorney General
10375:Constitutional Reform Act 2005
10305:
10294:
10273:
10257:
10236:
10219:
10180:
10165:
9996:Constitutional Reform Act 2005
9975:has granted citizens specific
9673:Government of Ireland Act 1920
9258:, Parliament proclaimed a new
9081:Dissolution of the monasteries
8401:Scottish devolution referendum
8301:Scottish devolution referendum
7823:Government of Ireland Act 1914
7631:Constitution of Ireland (1782)
7379:European Court of Human Rights
7321:in England and Wales, and the
6157:Civil Service (United Kingdom)
5867:Constitutional Reform Act 2005
5437:Constitutional Reform Act 2005
5274:Parliament composition sources
5190:Constitutional Reform Act 2005
5106:
5094:
4979:Two fundamental treaties, the
4199:Constitutional Reform Act 2005
4008:European Court of Human Rights
3993:Constitutional Reform Act 2005
3913:Constitutional Reform Act 2005
3762:
3522:European Court of Human Rights
3400:R (Jackson) v Attorney General
3207:R (Jackson) v Attorney General
2221:British Indian Ocean Territory
1766:Act of the Scottish Parliament
1564:English votes for English laws
1544:Council of Nations and Regions
303:Politics of the United Kingdom
109:free the church from the state
1:
16645:Constitutional Law Chronology
16625:UCL Constitution Unit - About
16155:78(4) Political Quarterly 499
16132:
15979:Charter88 Sovereignty lecture
15487:, after declaring he should "
15308:Second Treatise on Government
14422:This is qualified, as in the
13943:Cross on Local Government Law
13796:Ministerial Salaries Act 1975
13677:s 20, codifying the previous
13592:R (Harrison) v Home Secretary
12964:Employment Tribunals Act 1996
12741:Insolvency Act 1986 s 426A(5)
12510:Hirst v United Kingdom (No 2)
12116:(17 July 2018). Litigated in
10367:European Communities Act 1972
10264:European Communities Act 1972
9971:into British law through the
9831:financial crisis of 2007β2008
9748:European Communities Act 1972
9730:was established to draft the
9595:Elementary Education Act 1870
9566:and Manchester factory owner
9277:Second Treatise on Government
9133:Second Treatise on Government
8771:EU (Withdrawal Agreement) Act
8671:European Union Referendum Act
8170:NI (Temporary Provisions) Act
7443:Australian administrative law
6641:European Communities Act 1972
6191:Executive composition sources
5789:Judiciary composition sources
5701:who are senior clergy of the
5477:In the British constitution,
5239:
5057:sources of constitutional law
5017:European Communities Act 1972
5007:(reorganized and renamed the
3606:Council of the European Union
3581:European Communities Act 1972
3264:European Communities Act 1972
3233:R (Miller) v Brexit Secretary
2826:
2340:Gibraltar sovereignty dispute
1771:Scottish statutory instrument
1346:Scottish Parliament elections
832:Justices of the Supreme Court
269:arbitrary arrest or detention
18655:Universal basic income (UBI)
15918:Mc Manamon, Anthony (2012).
15869:Terrill, Richard J. (2015).
15845:Champions of the rule of law
15469:as a slave and taken him to
14923:Pollock and Maitland (1899)
14853:Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor
14264:Government of Wales Act 1998
14166:Household Recycling Act 2003
12907:Reform of the House of Lords
12409:This was represented by the
12162:Haves, Emily (4 July 2022).
11431:R (UNISON) v Lord Chancellor
11276:R (UNISON) v Lord Chancellor
10195:R (UNISON) v Lord Chancellor
9803:Government of Wales Act 2006
9636:system for welfare, and the
9513:, triggering mass protests.
9005:, and the popular legend of
8929:Laws of Edward the Confessor
8801:EU (Future Relationship) Act
8781:UK leaves the European Union
8511:Government of Wales Act 2006
8371:Local Government (Wales) Act
8090:HC Disqualification Act 1957
8005:British Nationality Act 1948
7471:Administrative law, through
7244:Government of Wales Act 1998
6997:Household Recycling Act 2003
6812:Government of Wales Act 2006
6134:
6115:R (UNISON) v Lord Chancellor
5748:
5493:, and within Parliament the
5035:. In 2016 the UK voted in a
5033:International Criminal Court
4351:R (UNISON) v Lord Chancellor
4221:
4151:R (UNISON) v Lord Chancellor
4093:, includes the principle of
3682:Government of Wales Act 1998
3111:Government of Wales Act 1998
2933:International Criminal Court
2605:politics of Northern Ireland
1807:Government of Wales Act 1998
939:UK Parliament constituencies
7:
18660:Water supply and sanitation
18359:Weapons of mass destruction
18344:His Majesty's Naval Service
17529:Courts of England and Wales
17374:United Kingdom law category
16620:LSE - A New UK Constitution
16325:Two Treatises of Government
16147:' (2015) History and Policy
16082:Legal Information Institute
15763:National Insurance Act 1911
15654:Manchester University Press
15577:Union with Ireland Act 1800
15162:5 US (1 Cranch) 137 (1803).
14938:The Chronicles of Froissart
14849:Medieval England, 1042-1228
14619:AC 997 (improper purpose),
13334:Sunday Times Rich List 2015
12903:Self-Government in Industry
12582:R (Wilson) v Prime Minister
12570:QB 151, per Lord Denning MR
12119:R (Wilson) v Prime Minister
11389:The Law of the Constitution
11212:ss 1β11, as amended by the
10690:The Law of the Constitution
10189:R (Miller) v Prime Minister
10068:
10010:(legislative). The role of
9843:referendum on EU membership
9813:of 1998 brought peace. The
9736:European Economic Community
9501:Poor Law Amendment Act 1834
9431:declaration of independence
9361:Chancellor of the Exchequer
9266:in Scotland, that cemented
9242:in 1660, but his successor
9124:Glorious Revolution of 1688
8571:Alternative Vote referendum
8561:Welsh devolution referendum
8411:Welsh devolution referendum
8311:Welsh devolution referendum
7931:Balfour Declaration of 1926
7893:Church of Scotland Act 1921
7706:Judicial Committee Act 1844
7698:Judicial Committee Act 1843
7690:Judicial Committee Act 1833
7447:Canadian administrative law
6784:Regional government sources
6334:Youssef v Foreign Secretary
5976:for civil law issues, or a
5003:In 1972, the UK joined the
4401:R (Wilson) v Prime Minister
3491:International Monetary Fund
3445:, opened by Prime Minister
3378:fought for the vote in the
2871:Glorious Revolution of 1688
2215:British Antarctic Territory
1539:Legislative consent motions
681:The Lord McFall of Alcluith
10:
19301:
18755:Stereotypes of the British
17238:English administrative law
15646:Pilkington, Colin (1999).
15180:Compounded by a ruling in
14912:Charter of the Forest 1217
13870:Employment Rights Act 1996
13868:1 WLR 1046, but under the
13823:Crown Proceedings Act 1947
13635:Island of Rockall Act 1972
13575:UKHL 61, per Lord Bingham
13397:Continental Shelf Act 1964
13186:This was not always true:
13019:Kahn-Freund, Otto (1976).
12968:Employment Appeal Tribunal
12810:Lords Appointments webpage
12397:(1615) 21 ER 485, and the
12292:Fixed-term Parliaments Act
11503:(1987) 10 EHRR 1, on the
11161:in accordance with the law
10931:MacCormick v Lord Advocate
9899:
9852:
9817:empowered courts to apply
9742:in 1992, was supported by
9496:1833 Slavery Abolition Act
9344:, driving economic chaos.
9252:William and Mary of Orange
9188:(then administered by the
9011:Charter of the Forest 1217
8591:Fixed-term Parliaments Act
7843:Royal Proclamation of 1917
7765:Appellate Jurisdiction Act
7725:Reform Act (Scotland) 1868
7533:
7529:
7436:
7427:social and economic rights
7306:for people, and preserved
7289:is recent, but before the
7254:
7191:Northern Ireland Executive
7180:
7170:
7160:
6735:
6692:ministers. Facing towards
6525:private wealth and finance
6347:Crown Proceedings Act 1947
6138:
6097:Contempt of Court Act 1981
6016:to clarify the meaning of
5752:
5470:
5220:" is the monarch, but all
5046:
4556:
4225:
4201:ended the practice of the
3766:
3694:Northern Ireland Executive
3649:British constitutional law
3620:Merchant Shipping Act 1988
3547:), which is committed to "
3193:R (Simms) v Home Secretary
2953:
2655:UKβEU withdrawal agreement
19275:Law of the United Kingdom
19170:
19071:
18972:
18920:First Minister and deputy
18885:
18798:
18794:
18781:
18777:
18678:
18518:
18509:
18467:
18384:
18375:
18334:
18275:
18144:
18140:
18131:
17993:
17921:
17873:
17869:
17860:
17793:
17705:
17696:
17633:
17537:
17491:
17480:
17421:
17370:
17349:
17273:
17194:
17127:Parliamentary sovereignty
17119:
17113:Law of the United Kingdom
17063:
17015:
16977:
16714:
16187:42(1) Modern Law Review 1
15842:Hostettler, John (2011).
15741:Old Age Pensions Act 1908
13945:(2004). J Loughlin (ed),
13804:Chevening Estate Act 1959
13657:AC 179, now regulated by
13037:10.1017/S0008197300012022
13025:The Cambridge Law Journal
12643:. Confirmed in ECHR 362.
11381:The Changing Constitution
10543:The Changing Constitution
10470:University constituencies
9994:Changes also include the
9920:parliamentary sovereignty
9877:parliamentary sovereignty
9809:in Northern Ireland, the
9795:Northern Ireland Act 1998
9661:Irish War of Independence
9552:to Parliament in 1848 as
9285:Parliamentary sovereignty
9268:Parliamentary sovereignty
9113:Massachusetts Bay Company
9051:, to seal a divorce from
9038:Statute of Labourers 1351
9013:, signed at St Paul's by
8977:, more closely tied with
8751:EU Withdrawal (No. 2) Act
8721:Invocation of Article 50
8631:House of Lords Reform Act
8521:Northern Ireland Act 2009
8501:Constitutional Reform Act
7873:Government of Ireland Act
7813:Status of Aliens Act 1914
7735:Reform Act (Ireland) 1868
7429:through its legislation.
7240:Northern Ireland Act 1998
7138:Local Government Act 1972
7032:
7023:
7013:
7003:
6994:
6984:
6974:
6964:
6954:
6944:
6934:
6924:
6914:
6902:
6892:
6880:
6870:
6858:
6851:Local Government Act 1999
6848:
6838:
6831:Local Government Act 1972
6828:
6819:
6809:
6799:
6789:
6746:Local government in Wales
6518:collective responsibility
6404:
6394:
6384:
6375:
6363:
6354:
6344:
6330:
6316:
6304:
6292:
6280:
6268:
6259:
6250:
6238:
6229:
6220:
6208:
6196:
6129:Crown Prosecution Service
5915:
5903:
5893:
5883:
5874:
5864:
5855:
5843:
5833:
5823:
5813:
5804:
5794:
5507:Parliamentary sovereignty
5458:
5444:
5434:
5424:
5412:
5401:
5390:
5380:
5370:
5358:
5344:
5330:
5318:
5308:
5289:
5279:
4815:
4803:
4794:
4785:
4774:
4763:
4752:
4743:
4734:
4720:
4706:
4688:
4674:
4662:
4650:
4638:
4628:
4616:
4606:
4543:Gorringe v Calderdale MBC
4439:
4429:Gorringe v Calderdale MBC
4425:
4411:
4397:
4385:
4373:
4359:
4347:
4335:
4323:
4308:
4294:
4281:
4267:
3980:, and works according to
3946:
3932:
3920:
3910:
3898:
3884:
3870:
3862:A v Home Secretary (No 2)
3858:
3846:
3834:
3820:
3808:
3702:Local Government Act 1972
3690:Northern Ireland Act 1998
3415:to be valid. However, in
3281:
3271:
3261:
3241:
3229:
3215:
3203:
3189:
3177:
3165:
3153:
3141:
3126:
3120:Northern Ireland Act 1998
3117:
3108:
3099:
3093:Local Government Act 1972
3090:
3077:
3065:
3055:
3045:
3026:
3016:
3006:
2999:Parliamentary sovereignty
2950:Parliamentary sovereignty
2859:parliamentary sovereignty
2730:United Kingdom portal
2620:Northern Ireland Protocol
1959:Non-metropolitan District
1648:Northern Ireland Act 1998
898:Monetary Policy Committee
350:Parliamentary sovereignty
245:constitutional convention
81:parliamentary sovereignty
75:and its predecessor, the
36:represents the public in
19285:Uncodified constitutions
18548:Environmental inequality
16496:M Elliott and R Thomas,
16452:English Local Government
16424:C Turpin and A Tomkins,
16254:Lord Bingham of Cornhill
16247:The English Constitution
16163:(1955) pp. 87β115.
14892:Peasants' revolt of 1381
14748:Kingdom of Great Britain
14586:Lord Bingham of Cornhill
14413:of 1966 recast the UDHR.
14382:Turning points were the
13955:English Local Government
13800:Chequers Estate Act 1917
13643:2 QB 153 on alterations.
13618:Criminal Appeal Act 1995
13607:(1864) 3 Moo PC (NS) 115
13598:R (FBU) v Home Secretary
13348:Sovereign Grant Act 2011
13316:The English Constitution
12766:give further exceptions.
12237:The Constitution Society
11745:Johnson v Unisys Limited
11342:The English Constitution
10788:Treaty on European Union
10751:Legality of the Iraq War
10355:Claim of Rights Act 1689
10174:The British Constitution
10140:
10115:Parliament in the Making
9367:for his corruption, the
9289:Bank of England Act 1694
9042:Peasants' Revolt of 1381
8876:Peasants' Revolt of 1381
8681:EU membership referendum
8261:EC membership referendum
8181:European Communities Act
7671:Scottish Reform Act 1832
7544:Constitutional documents
7357:Upon the catastrophe of
7323:Claim of Rights Act 1689
6742:Subdivisions of Scotland
6637:Treaty on European Union
6529:Sovereign Grant Act 2011
6262:Sovereign Grant Act 2011
6149:Prime Minister of the UK
5727:single transferable vote
5523:Parliamentary committees
5214:Department for Education
5039:on whether to leave the
5021:World Trade Organization
4889:public international law
4601:Internationalism sources
4179:for violating an order.
4091:Lord Bingham of Cornhill
3966:Lord Bingham of Cornhill
3902:UNISON v Lord Chancellor
3627:freedom of establishment
3429:The UK has committed to
2929:World Trade Organization
2298:Turks and Caicos Islands
1569:Greater London Authority
719:Leader of the Opposition
424:William, Prince of Wales
293:This article is part of
277:forced labour or slavery
229:Department for Education
181:World Trade Organization
143:joined Ireland, but the
17265:English civil procedure
17142:Law of Northern Ireland
16655:Constitutional Statutes
16196:19 Tulane Law Review 32
16179:30 October 2020 at the
15730:Trade Disputes Act 1906
15518:Transportation Act 1790
15514:Transportation Act 1717
15415:Attorney General v Davy
14613:AC 40 (following law).
14001:3 November 2020 at the
13930:ss 31, 141, 180 and 333
13763:In re a Local Authority
13604:Re Lord Bishop of Natal
13558:House of Lords Act 1999
12785:House of Lords Act 1999
12750:RPA 1983 ss 160 and 173
12620:Communications Act 2003
12591:16 January 2019 at the
12338:House of Lords Act 1999
12257:UCL (8 November 2021).
12128:16 January 2019 at the
12022:Presumed violations of
11995:, on the benefits cap,
11664:30 October 2020 at the
11573:Between Facts and Norms
11410:X v Morgan-Grampian Ltd
11190:Malone v United Kingdom
11121:Malone v United Kingdom
10974:X v Morgan-Grampian Ltd
10736:United Nations Act 1946
10216:, (international law).
10207:UKHL 15, (democracy),
9827:House of Lords Act 1999
9771:Commonwealth of Nations
9761:. After the end of the
9511:Unlawful Oaths Act 1797
9412:North American colonies
9410:had accelerated to the
9264:Claim of Right Act 1689
8581:European Union Act 2011
8441:Government of Wales Act
8321:British Nationality Act
8081:Interpretation Act (NI)
7785:Interpretation Act 1889
6738:Subdivisions of England
6439:constitutional monarchy
5988:issues. There are also
5687:House of Lords Act 1999
5427:House of Lords Act 1999
5383:Communications Act 2003
5126:parliamentary democracy
4966:United Nations Act 1946
4746:United Nations Act 1946
4339:X v Morgan-Grampian Ltd
3696:following the historic
3593:United States of Europe
3483:United Nations Act 1946
3274:European Union Act 2011
3048:United Nations Act 1946
2044:Community council areas
1922:Non-metropolitan county
1702:Law of Northern Ireland
225:National Health Service
121:Claim of Right Act 1689
66:uncodified constitution
18434:Science and technology
17570:British Virgin Islands
17281:British Virgin Islands
16757:Bosnia and Herzegovina
16295:Froissart's Chronicles
16205:17 Oxford Law News 8-9
15938:Barendt, Eric (1997).
15323:(1703) 92 ER 126, per
15271:The conflict ended at
15230:Puritanism and Liberty
15209:Petition of Right 1628
15142:(1701) 12 Mod 669 per
14726:Froissart's Chronicles
14707:Senior Courts Act 1981
14556:. Lord Diplock in the
14484:Senior Courts Act 1981
14384:Second Reform Act 1867
14320:Petition of Right 1628
13837:AG v Jonathan Cape Ltd
13554:Life Peerages Act 1958
13384:map.whoownsengland.org
13130:Senior Courts Act 1981
12528:Moohan v Lord Advocate
12516:Green v United Kingdom
12493:Mental Health Act 1983
12389:Acts of Supremacy 1534
12345:Lord Great Chamberlain
12324:Life Peerages Act 1958
11405:King's College, London
11320:The Spirit of the Laws
11040:King's College, London
10708:: Constitution of the
10508:2016 Brexit referendum
10495:Appropriation Act 1923
10359:Act of Settlement 1701
10353:and (in Scotland) the
10347:Petition of Right 1628
10172:King, Anthony (2007).
9890:responsible government
9805:. After many years of
9787:Greater London Council
9778:
9591:Second Reform Act 1867
9582:of 1860 to 1865 ended
9578:opposed anything, the
9533:
9363:was imprisoned in the
9293:Act of Settlement 1700
9207:and taxing trade (or "
9201:Petition of Right 1628
9141:
8897:
8791:UK Internal Market Act
8741:EU Withdrawal Act 2019
8159:EC Treaty of Accession
7969:Statute of Westminster
7804:Aliens Restriction Act
7468:
7423:freedom of association
7282:
7208:
7066:
6705:
6595:
6492:Bill of Rights of 1689
6486:being executed in the
6473:Habeas Corpus Act 1640
6434:
6232:Habeas Corpus Act 1640
6223:Petition of Right 1628
6072:Act of Settlement 1700
6067:
5941:
5886:Senior Courts Act 1981
5807:Act of Settlement 1700
5691:Life Peerages Act 1958
5677:
5592:Greater London Council
5554:
5415:Life Peerages Act 1958
5141:
4937:
4863:
4847:
4737:Versailles Treaty 1919
4470:deliberative democracy
4461:
4207:Act of Settlement 1700
4135:. It was alleged that
4110:
4015:
3641:On the other hand, in
3572:
3450:
3443:Methodist Central Hall
3437:since 1945. The first
2894:Petition of Right 1628
2850:
2383:Diplomatic missions of
2227:British Virgin Islands
49:
18411:Free trade agreements
16393:(1516) translated by
15752:Trade Boards Act 1909
15401:Bromfield v Wytherley
15370:The Wealth of Nations
15139:City of London v Wood
15115:(1610) 77 Eng Rep 638
14695:Human Rights Act 1998
14496:Civil Procedure Rules
14432:UKSC 3 (for the UK),
14202:Homelessness Act 2002
13502:Case of Proclamations
13367:Crown Estate Act 1961
13272:Scottish Militia Bill
12916:6 August 2020 at the
12821:Now confirmed in the
12394:Earl of Oxford's case
12263:The Constitution Unit
12233:"The UK constitution"
11012:Cambridge Law Journal
10674:The Science of Ethics
10581:Earl of Oxford's case
10545:(7th ed., 2011) ch. 2
10436:Great Reform Act 1832
10371:Human Rights Act 1998
10363:Acts of Union of 1707
10301:Human Rights Act 1998
10201:, ff (rule of law),
10080:UK administrative law
10026:Governance of Britain
9989:secondary legislation
9973:Human Rights Act 1998
9906:Constitutional theory
9886:bicameral legislature
9881:judicial independence
9853:Further information:
9815:Human Rights Act 1998
9811:Good Friday Agreement
9757:The evolution of the
9756:
9614:1906 general election
9519:
9492:Great Reform Act 1832
9476:Industrial Revolution
9302:established that the
9205:proroguing Parliament
9181:Earl of Oxford's case
9150:divine right of Kings
9121:
9069:Law in Wales Act 1535
9065:Act of Supremacy 1534
8975:Richard the Lionheart
8933:William the Conqueror
8870:
8421:Good Friday Agreement
8061:Royal Titles Act 1953
7755:Royal Titles Act 1876
7681:Irish Reform Act 1832
7621:Wales and Berwick Act
7458:
7419:freedom of expression
7415:freedom of conscience
7394:Human Rights Act 1998
7291:Human Rights Act 1998
7272:
7226:created a unicameral
7198:
7181:Further information:
7171:Further information:
7048:
7036:UK constitutional law
7026:Homelessness Act 2002
6714:Ministerial Code 2010
6684:
6615:Case of Proclamations
6572:
6420:
6408:UK constitutional law
6253:Crown Estate Act 1961
6062:The Supreme Court on
6061:
6022:Human Rights Act 1998
6010:preliminary reference
5931:
5919:UK constitutional law
5720:have been debated. A
5663:
5619:periodically reviewed
5577:As far back as 1703,
5551:Members of Parliament
5544:
5528:Members of Parliament
5462:UK constitutional law
5123:
5025:Human Rights Act 1998
4935:
4819:UK constitutional law
4788:Human Rights Act 1998
4539:Human Rights Act 1998
4455:
4443:UK constitutional law
4158:claim undermined the
4125:Corner House Research
4084:
4056:handling stolen goods
4005:
3950:UK constitutional law
3698:Good Friday Agreement
3538:
3530:Human Rights Act 1998
3428:
3332:Earl of Oxford's case
3315:Act of Supremacy 1534
3305:divine right of kings
3285:UK constitutional law
3058:Human Rights Act 1998
2834:
2625:BritishβIrish Council
2610:Good Friday Agreement
2422:Free trade agreements
2387:in the United Kingdom
2198:Akrotiri and Dhekelia
2114:Bailiwick of Guernsey
1674:deputy First Minister
1559:Governance of England
570:Deputy Prime Minister
257:Human Rights Act 1998
241:Scottish Militia Bill
38:650 UK constituencies
30:Palace of Westminster
24:
18760:World Heritage Sites
18553:Environmental issues
18257:Female party leaders
17898:Overseas territories
17247:English criminal law
17215:English contract law
16580:1 April 2019 at the
16441:Industrial Democracy
16020:Macmillan Publishers
15677:Cook, Chris (2005).
15199:(1627) 3 How St Tr 1
15101:Case of Prohibitions
15031:Mary, Queen of Scots
14573:R (Baker) v Devon CC
14554:English contract law
14552:or implied terms in
14388:Trade Union Act 1871
13865:Riordan v War Office
13659:Immigration Act 1971
13068:Re Spectrum Plus Ltd
12556:(1703) 2 Ld Raym 938
12110:Electoral Commission
11906:Pillans v Van Mierop
11064:Law Quarterly Review
10702:Treaty of Versailles
10598:(1610) 8 Co Rep 114a
10281:Treaty of Versailles
10095:English contract law
9918:, and the fact that
9916:separation of powers
9599:Trade Union Act 1871
9408:Atlantic slave trade
9342:stock market crashed
9184:, establishing that
8981:in Rome, joined the
8947:Edward the Confessor
8888:everything be common
8431:Northern Ireland Act
8191:Local Government Act
7493:conflict of interest
7157:Devolved governments
7123:1340 specific duties
6814:ss 5β93 and Schs 5β7
6802:Northern Ireland Act
6794:ss 2β78 and Schs 5β6
6609:Case of Prohibitions
6598:Although called the
6560:abolish the monarchy
6480:divine right to rule
6215:(1627) 3 How St Tr 1
6200:Prohibitions del Roy
5990:employment tribunals
5907:Re Spectrum Plus Ltd
5615:Electoral Commission
5611:Electoral Commission
5325:(1703) 2 Ld Raym 938
5210:Department of Health
5154:Member of Parliament
5005:European Communities
4950:Treaty of Versailles
4908:Immigration Act 1971
4642:Pillans v Van Mierop
4380:(1703) 2 Ld Raym 938
4188:Baron de Montesquieu
4184:separation of powers
4162:, and was void. The
4133:Al-Yamamah arms deal
4129:Serious Fraud Office
4060:Post Office Act 1969
3727:. This followed the
3545:European Communities
3471:Treaty of Versailles
3254:Repealed legislation
2189:Overseas Territories
1954:Metropolitan Borough
1680:Emma Little-Pengelly
1621:Combined authorities
979:UK general elections
446:Counsellors of State
360:Separation of powers
147:separated after the
16978:States with limited
16635:Democratic Audit UK
15990:on 30 December 2009
15774:Parliament Act 1949
15473:. With the help of
15438:Entick v Carrington
15289:Claim of Right 1689
15285:Bill of Rights 1689
15273:Battle of the Boyne
14771:(2018) ch 2, 32-48.
14508:Limitation Act 1980
14300:The Cambridge Union
14233:s 15. cf M Elliot,
13957:(1929) Volumes IβX.
13629:e.g. the Island of
13415:(3rd edn 1959) ch 2
13295:American Revolution
12966:, appealing to the
12871:Parliament Act 1949
12867:Parliament Act 1911
12706:Boundary Commission
12427:Bill of Rights 1689
12411:Parliament Act 1911
12399:Bill of Rights 1689
12312:Parliament Act 1949
12308:Parliament Act 1911
12287:Parliament Act 1911
11865:Bill of Rights 1689
11861:Ship Money Act 1640
11840:Case of Impositions
11767:Virginia Law Review
11751:Gisda Cyf v Barratt
11425:Reference on Quebec
11105:Entick v Carrington
11077:World Bank Research
11060:Part II, ch IV, 189
10765:Entick v Carrington
10623:Parliament Act 1911
10608:Parliament Act 1949
10412:Entick v Carrington
10161:Parliament Act 1949
10157:Parliament Act 1911
10075:UK human rights law
10030:Ministry of Justice
9981:primary legislation
9888:and the concept of
9849:Worldwide influence
9738:, which became the
9700:UN Security Council
9665:Republic of Ireland
9638:Parliament Act 1911
9576:Viscount Palmerston
9559:Communist Manifesto
9530:Revolutions of 1848
9480:Speenhamland system
9451:Mary Wollstonecraft
9427:American Revolution
9389:Entick v Carrington
9260:Bill of Rights 1689
9256:Glorious Revolution
9053:Catherine of Aragon
8351:Single European Act
8231:NI Constitution Act
8044:Parliament Act 1949
7485:Limitation Act 1980
7344:Mary Wollstonecraft
7319:Bill of Rights 1689
7228:Scottish Parliament
7201:Scottish Parliament
7183:Scottish Government
7173:Scottish devolution
7099:North East Assembly
6833:ss 1β18 and 101β144
6645:European Parliament
6629:European Commission
6582:, currently led by
6580:official opposition
6564:becoming a Republic
6241:Bill of Rights 1689
6106:Ministry of Justice
5998:First-tier Tribunal
5938:Middlesex Guildhall
5932:Proceedings in the
5711:Parliament Act 1949
5639:Scottish Parliament
5635:European Parliament
5623:first-past-the-post
5567:Republic of Ireland
5299:Parliament Act 1949
5292:Parliament Act 1911
5282:Bill of Rights 1689
4839:international trade
4631:Bill of Rights 1689
4620:Case of Impositions
4156:employment tribunal
4054:a man charged with
4025:Entick v Carrington
3812:Entick v Carrington
3803:Rule of law sources
3729:Brexit poll of 2016
3721:European Commission
3678:Scottish Parliament
3602:European Parliament
3439:UN General Assembly
3409:Parliament Act 1949
3397:In a leading case,
3392:Parliament Act 1949
3384:Parliament Act 1911
3360:Bill of Rights 1689
3356:Glorious Revolution
3145:Stockdale v Hansard
3036:Parliament Act 1949
3029:Parliament Act 1911
3019:Bill of Rights 1689
2863:English Reformation
2412:UKβCD Customs Union
2176:UK-CD Customs Union
2147:Bailiwick of Jersey
1934:Unitary authorities
1917:Metropolitan county
1902:Ceremonial counties
1856:Act of Senedd Cymru
1761:Scottish Parliament
1717:Scottish devolution
117:Bill of Rights 1689
113:Glorious Revolution
18454:Telecommunications
18406:Economic geography
18262:Political scandals
17893:Crown Dependencies
17434:Administrative law
17256:English family law
17132:Constitutional law
16663:BH v Lord Advocate
16428:(7th edition, CUP)
15604:(1834) 172 ER 1380
15558:M Wollstonecraft,
15375:Book V, ch 1, Β§107
15353:Articles 18 and 19
15342:legislation.gov.uk
15196:Five Knights' case
15086: (1572) ,
14900:Annales of England
14756:Acts of Union 1707
14752:Kingdom of Ireland
14744:Acts of Union 1800
14594:Companies Act 2006
14459:Somerset v Stewart
14298:(est 1755), while
14108:Childcare Act 2006
14084:Education Act 1996
13413:Cabinet Government
13114:Inquiries Act 2005
12597:King's Law Journal
12343:, or 90 plus the "
12135:King's Law Journal
11920:Somerset v Stewart
11909:(1765) 3 Burr 1663
11850:Case of Ship Money
11845:Court of Exchequer
11783:. In Germany, see
11657:German Law Journal
11524:Gettysburg Address
11461:Nicomachean Ethics
11262:A v Home Secretary
11195:, (1984) 7 EHRR 14
10655:, 2 AC 115, 131,
10004:Lord Chief Justice
9910:The legal scholar
9779:
9775:Harare Declaration
9634:National Insurance
9580:American Civil War
9536:A movement called
9534:
9421:Somerset v Stewart
9394:William Blackstone
9369:Postmaster General
9308:Acts of Union 1707
9142:
9101:East India Company
8898:
8874:, a leader of the
8471:House of Lords Act
8271:Interpretation Act
7883:Anglo-Irish Treaty
7641:Acts of Union 1800
7469:
7433:Administrative law
7340:French Revolutions
7283:
7209:
7067:
6937:Childcare Act 2006
6917:Education Act 1996
6706:
6596:
6588:Conservative Party
6513:Primus inter pares
6435:
6212:Five Knights' case
6068:
5996:disputes, and the
5978:magistrates' court
5963:Practice Statement
5942:
5877:Inquiries Act 2005
5718:options for reform
5678:
5555:
5216:. Officially the "
5142:
5063:Acts of Parliament
4938:
4927:European Union law
4873:Somerset v Stewart
4654:Somerset v Stewart
4645:(1765) 3 Burr 1663
4623:(1606) 2 St Tr 371
4563:European Union law
4462:
4211:Lord Chief Justice
4111:
4101:and commitment to
4016:
3850:A v Home Secretary
3573:
3451:
2964:European Union law
2910:universal suffrage
2875:Acts of Union 1707
2851:
2171:Common Travel Area
2107:Crown Dependencies
2074:Preserved counties
2054:Shires of Scotland
630:King-in-Parliament
153:universal suffrage
149:Anglo-Irish Treaty
141:Acts of Union 1800
129:Acts of Union 1707
97:Acts of Parliament
50:
19206:
19205:
19166:
19165:
19162:
19161:
19158:
19157:
18773:
18772:
18505:
18504:
18371:
18370:
18367:
18366:
18252:Political parties
18176:Foreign relations
18127:
18126:
18123:
18122:
17856:
17855:
17833:Mass surveillance
17811:Foreign relations
17744:Second World War
17655:
17654:
17381:
17380:
17362:British penal law
17079:
17078:
16592:Works related to
16063:A V Dicey (1897)
16050:978-0-906321-31-7
15855:978-1-904380-68-9
15828:978-1-139-99138-4
15700:978-0-415-35970-2
15663:978-0-7190-5303-0
15392:English trust law
15159:Marbury v Madison
14992:Vagrancy Act 1547
14576:1 All ER 73, 88,
14538:directors' duties
14363:(1792). See also
14192:ss 8-43 and 166-8
14177:Building Act 1984
14120:Highways Act 1980
14048:Localism Act 2011
13983:Localism Act 2011
13706:international law
13665:(2018) ch 10, 261
13640:R (Lye) v Kent JJ
13475:, 1 November 1607
12834:Peerages Act 1963
12704:, setting up the
12586:EWHC 3520 (Admin)
12432:Consolidated Fund
12178:"British Library"
12123:EWHC 3520 (Admin)
12058:Winston Churchill
12024:international law
11622:arts 21 and 29(2)
11604:Matadeen v Pointu
11508:Protocol 1, art 3
11070:Modern Law Review
10803:19 September 1946
10100:English trust law
10063:Liberal Democrats
10018:in October 2009.
9896:Theory and reform
9791:Scotland Act 1998
9783:Margaret Thatcher
9744:Winston Churchill
9728:Council of Europe
9680:Versailles Treaty
9667:in the south and
9584:slavery in the US
9550:Kennington Common
9526:Kennington Common
9465:Act of Union 1800
9442:French Revolution
9333:South Sea Company
9324:Asiento de Negros
9315:Treaty of Utrecht
9213:English Civil War
9170:royal prerogative
9138:Act of Union 1707
9111:in 1606, and the
9061:Church of England
9003:First Barons' War
8865:
8864:
8829:
8828:
8691:Scotland Act 2016
8661:Recall of MPs Act
8601:Scotland Act 2012
8361:Maastricht Treaty
8281:Scotland Act 1978
8099:Life Peerages Act
7387:international law
7367:international law
7348:Tolpuddle Martyrs
7328:US Bill of Rights
7315:English Civil War
7279:Hyde Park, London
7224:Scotland Act 1998
7127:Localism Act 2011
7063:region of England
7042:
7041:
7018:ss 8β43 and 166β8
7006:Building Act 1984
6947:Highways Act 1980
6873:Localism Act 2011
6865:s 107A and Sch 5A
6792:Scotland Act 1998
6702:English Civil War
6600:royal prerogative
6500:South Sea Company
6496:Act of Union 1707
6488:English Civil War
6469:Petition of Right
6427:10 Downing Street
6414:
6413:
6399:ss 1-77 and Sch 1
6153:Cabinet of the UK
6064:Parliament Square
6030:international law
5925:
5924:
5739:English Civil War
5703:Church of England
5651:political parties
5468:
5467:
5222:prerogative power
5171:Act of Parliament
5124:The UK system of
4958:League of Nations
4946:international law
4915:Palermo protocols
4830:international law
4825:
4824:
4701:(2013) C-584/10 P
4695:(2008) C-402/05,
4559:International law
4547:international law
4490:international law
4449:
4448:
4405:EWHC 3520 (Admin)
4275:arts 21 and 29(2)
4262:Democracy sources
4177:contempt of court
4107:international law
3989:Albert Venn Dicey
3982:international law
3956:
3955:
3841:(1995) 21 EHRR 97
3749:royal prerogative
3725:Act of Parliament
3674:Scotland Act 1998
3589:Winston Churchill
3585:Maastricht Treaty
3506:international law
3464:international law
3456:League of Nations
3431:international law
3345:Court of Chancery
3327:Church of England
3301:First Barons' War
3291:
3290:
3102:Scotland Act 1998
2960:International law
2824:
2823:
2615:UKβIreland border
2407:Visa requirements
2358:Foreign relations
2312:Visa requirements
2286:
2277:
2270:
2094:Historic counties
1981:Historic counties
1727:Scotland Act 1998
949:Political parties
846:England and Wales
779:King-on-the-Bench
711:Sir Lindsay Hoyle
346:
197:Act of Parliament
161:Council of Europe
93:international law
19292:
19247:
19246:
19235:
19234:
19223:
19222:
19221:
19214:
19186:
19179:
18887:Northern Ireland
18796:
18795:
18783:
18782:
18779:
18778:
18516:
18515:
18429:
18382:
18381:
18240:House of Commons
18208:Local government
18142:
18141:
18138:
18137:
18048:Renewable energy
18033:hydroelectricity
17871:
17870:
17867:
17866:
17703:
17702:
17682:
17675:
17668:
17659:
17658:
17550:Northern Ireland
17492:Further subjects
17486:
17408:
17401:
17394:
17385:
17384:
17341:English case law
17224:English land law
17206:English tort law
17106:
17099:
17092:
17083:
17082:
17016:Dependencies and
16715:Sovereign states
16697:
16690:
16683:
16674:
16673:
16591:
16552:
16550:
16468:and CJS Knight,
16161:Victorian People
16126:
16125:
16114:
16108:
16100:
16094:
16093:
16091:
16089:
16073:
16067:
16061:
16055:
16054:
16034:
16028:
16027:
16006:
16000:
15999:
15997:
15995:
15986:. Archived from
15970:
15964:
15963:
15961:
15959:
15954:on 15 April 2013
15950:. Archived from
15935:
15926:
15925:
15915:
15909:
15908:
15906:
15904:
15893:
15887:
15886:
15866:
15860:
15859:
15839:
15833:
15832:
15812:
15806:
15802:
15796:
15783:
15777:
15771:
15765:
15760:
15754:
15749:
15743:
15738:
15732:
15727:
15721:
15711:
15705:
15704:
15684:
15674:
15668:
15667:
15643:
15637:
15624:
15618:
15611:
15605:
15602:
15596:
15586:
15580:
15574:
15568:
15556:
15550:
15540:
15534:
15531:Combination Acts
15527:
15521:
15510:
15504:
15498:
15492:
15448:
15442:
15434:
15428:
15425:
15419:
15411:
15405:
15387:Keech v Sandford
15383:
15377:
15362:
15356:
15355:
15350:
15348:
15334:
15328:
15321:
15315:
15300:
15294:
15292:arts 2, 8 and 13
15282:
15276:
15269:
15263:
15260:Richard Cromwell
15257:
15251:
15222:
15216:
15206:
15200:
15191:
15185:
15178:
15172:
15171:(1615) 21 ER 485
15169:
15163:
15122:
15116:
15113:
15107:
15097:
15091:
15059:
15053:
15044:
15038:
15011:
15005:
14984:
14978:
14965:
14959:
14933:
14927:
14921:
14915:
14909:
14903:
14874:
14868:
14862:
14856:
14845:
14839:
14832:
14826:
14825:
14818:
14812:
14778:
14772:
14765:
14759:
14740:
14734:
14718:
14712:
14704:
14698:
14692:
14686:
14679:UKHL 67 (bias).
14672:
14666:
14658:
14652:
14632:
14626:
14606:
14600:
14546:unfair dismissal
14534:
14528:
14520:
14514:
14505:
14499:
14493:
14487:
14481:
14475:
14469:
14463:
14451:
14445:
14420:
14414:
14397:
14391:
14380:
14374:
14355:M Wollstonecraft
14352:
14346:
14333:
14327:
14313:
14307:
14292:
14286:
14277:
14271:
14261:
14255:
14252:
14246:
14228:
14222:
14219:
14213:
14210:
14204:
14199:
14193:
14190:Housing Act 1985
14186:
14180:
14174:
14168:
14162:
14156:
14150:
14144:
14129:
14123:
14117:
14111:
14105:
14099:
14093:
14087:
14081:
14075:
14069:
14063:
14057:
14051:
14045:
14039:
14028:
14022:
14011:
14005:
13992:
13986:
13976:
13970:
13964:
13958:
13939:
13933:
13924:
13918:
13900:
13894:
13891:Osmotherly Rules
13883:
13877:
13874:unfair dismissal
13850:
13841:
13832:
13826:
13816:
13810:
13793:
13787:
13779:
13773:
13760:(1756) Amb 302,
13757:Butler v Freeman
13752:
13746:
13738:
13732:
13729:
13723:
13715:
13709:
13702:
13696:
13688:
13682:
13672:
13666:
13650:
13644:
13627:
13621:
13614:
13608:
13582:
13576:
13567:
13561:
13550:
13544:
13541:
13535:
13528:
13522:
13514:
13508:
13498:
13489:
13488:
13482:
13480:
13467:
13461:
13460:
13458:
13456:
13442:
13436:
13433:
13427:
13422:
13416:
13406:
13400:
13376:
13370:
13364:
13358:
13345:
13339:
13329:
13323:
13308:
13302:
13291:
13285:
13281:
13275:
13261:
13255:
13249:
13243:
13238:
13232:
13225:
13219:
13213:
13207:
13197:
13191:
13184:
13178:
13173:
13167:
13161:
13155:
13152:
13146:
13139:
13133:
13122:
13116:
13111:
13105:
13093:
13087:
13078:
13072:
13063:
13057:
13056:
13016:
13010:
13009:
13008:
13006:
12993:
12987:
12977:
12971:
12961:
12955:
12952:
12946:
12943:
12937:
12936:
12929:
12920:
12899:
12893:
12882:
12873:
12864:
12858:
12853:
12847:
12831:
12825:
12819:
12813:
12806:
12800:
12794:
12788:
12782:
12776:
12773:
12767:
12757:
12751:
12748:
12742:
12739:
12733:
12730:
12724:
12721:
12715:
12699:
12693:
12692:ss 12-69 and 149
12687:
12681:
12670:
12664:
12650:
12644:
12629:
12623:
12617:
12611:
12605:
12599:
12577:
12571:
12567:Morgan v Simpson
12563:
12557:
12554:
12548:
12542:
12536:
12505:
12499:
12490:
12484:
12478:
12472:
12468:
12462:
12441:
12435:
12424:
12418:
12413:, following the
12407:
12401:
12385:Magna Carta 1215
12381:
12375:
12374:
12373:
12371:
12358:
12352:
12335:
12329:
12321:
12315:
12305:
12299:
12280:
12274:
12273:
12271:
12269:
12254:
12248:
12247:
12245:
12243:
12229:
12223:
12222:
12220:
12218:
12204:
12198:
12197:
12195:
12193:
12184:. Archived from
12174:
12168:
12167:
12159:
12153:
12145:
12139:
12098:
12092:
12079:
12073:
12067:
12061:
12054:
12048:
12041:
12035:
12020:
12014:
12006:
12000:
11984:
11978:
11968:
11962:
11948:
11942:
11930:
11924:
11916:
11910:
11902:
11896:
11888:
11882:
11878:Lethulier's Case
11874:
11868:
11829:
11823:
11816:
11810:
11803:
11797:
11761:
11755:
11740:
11734:
11717:
11711:
11703:
11697:
11693:Morgan v Simpson
11689:
11683:
11675:
11669:
11645:
11639:
11614:
11608:
11582:
11576:
11566:
11560:
11550:
11544:
11534:
11528:
11516:
11510:
11496:
11490:
11481:
11475:
11442:
11436:
11398:
11392:
11377:
11371:
11365:
11359:
11351:
11345:
11330:
11324:
11315:
11309:
11289:
11283:
11272:
11266:
11257:
11251:
11240:
11234:
11223:
11217:
11202:
11196:
11187:
11181:
11175:
11169:
11151:
11145:
11131:
11125:
11124:(1984) 7 EHRR 14
11117:
11111:
11101:
11092:
11086:
11080:
11049:
11043:
11005:
10996:
10995:, per Lord Hope
10985:
10979:
10970:
10964:
10951:
10945:
10926:
10920:
10902:
10896:
10890:
10884:
10874:
10868:
10860:
10854:
10848:
10839:
10831:
10825:
10815:
10806:
10799:
10793:
10785:
10779:
10768:EWHC KB J98. On
10760:
10754:
10749:See for example
10747:
10741:
10733:
10727:
10718:
10712:
10699:
10693:
10683:
10677:
10666:
10660:
10644:
10638:
10635:
10629:
10620:
10614:
10605:
10599:
10595:Dr Bonham's case
10591:
10585:
10577:
10571:
10565:
10559:
10552:
10546:
10535:
10529:
10528:
10526:
10524:
10504:
10498:
10491:
10485:
10451:
10450:
10446:
10433:
10427:
10407:
10401:
10390:
10384:
10334:
10328:
10321:
10315:
10309:
10303:
10298:
10292:
10277:
10271:
10261:
10255:
10243:Magna Carta 1215
10240:
10234:
10223:
10217:
10184:
10178:
10177:
10169:
10163:
10154:
10090:English land law
9942:
9935:House of Commons
9823:Strasbourg court
9763:Second World War
9692:Second World War
9684:Great Depression
9669:Northern Ireland
9626:further election
9568:Friedrich Engels
9414:. In 1772, when
9244:James VII and II
9175:Dr Bonham's case
9109:Virginia Company
8857:
8850:
8843:
8451:Human Rights Act
8172:
8129:Royal Assent Act
8052:Regency Act 1953
8025:Ireland Act 1949
7996:Regency Act 1943
7987:Regency Act 1937
7833:Welsh Church Act
7745:Irish Church Act
7577:
7576:
7571:
7562:
7540:
7539:
7285:Codification of
7275:Speakers' Corner
7220:Northern Ireland
7187:Welsh Government
7177:Welsh devolution
7143:planning consent
7079:Northern Ireland
7016:Housing Act 1985
6907:
6885:
6863:
6778:
6771:
6764:
6755:
6754:
6732:Local government
6578:The task of the
6549:House of Commons
6502:shares crashed,
6494:. Following the
6431:House of Commons
6378:Ministerial Code
6368:
6322:
6185:
6178:
6171:
6162:
6161:
6110:Legal Aid Agency
6006:Court of Session
5934:UK Supreme Court
5848:
5797:Magna Carta 1297
5783:
5776:
5769:
5760:
5759:
5674:hereditary peers
5643:Welsh Parliament
5587:Morgan v Simpson
5559:House of Commons
5547:House of Commons
5538:by the monarch.
5515:Second World War
5495:House of Commons
5450:
5406:
5395:
5363:
5268:
5261:
5254:
5245:
5244:
5158:simple plurality
5156:is elected by a
5150:House of Commons
5134:House of Commons
4866:
4852:
4808:
4779:
4768:
4757:
4657:(1772) 98 ER 499
4609:Magna Carta 1215
4595:
4588:
4581:
4572:
4571:
4553:Internationalism
4510:Morgan v Simpson
4417:
4389:Morgan v Simpson
4365:
4330:(1987) 10 EHRR 1
4313:
4299:
4272:
4256:
4249:
4242:
4233:
4232:
3938:
3890:
3876:
3829:(1984) 7 EHRR 14
3826:
3797:
3790:
3783:
3774:
3773:
3744:Sewel Convention
3740:fair competition
3567:and respect for
3499:Security Council
3413:Hunting Act 2004
3405:Hunting Act 2004
3380:House of Commons
3247:
3221:
3148:(1839) 9A&E1
3082:
3070:
3009:Magna Carta 1215
2992:
2985:
2978:
2969:
2968:
2939:in 2020 after a
2902:House of Commons
2886:Henry de Bracton
2816:
2809:
2802:
2774:
2773:
2765:
2761:
2760:
2750:Northern Ireland
2743:
2742:
2728:
2727:
2726:
2665:The Commonwealth
2294:
2283:Tristan da Cunha
2281:
2275:Ascension Island
2273:
2265:
2263:
2254:Pitcairn Islands
2238:Falkland Islands
2200:
2137:
1989:Northern Ireland
1791:Welsh devolution
1666:Michelle O'Neill
1641:Northern Ireland
1631:Cornwall Council
1447:Senedd elections
891:Deputy governors
856:Northern Ireland
818:Deputy President
798:
700:
690:House of Commons
670:
638:
531:Starmer ministry
512:
482:
411:
386:
340:
313:
290:
289:
205:Court of Session
201:Northern Ireland
189:House of Commons
145:Irish Free State
127:in 1706 and the
91:, and upholding
40:and chooses the
34:House of Commons
19300:
19299:
19295:
19294:
19293:
19291:
19290:
19289:
19255:
19254:
19253:
19241:
19229:
19219:
19217:
19209:
19207:
19202:
19189:
19182:
19175:
19154:
19067:
18968:
18881:
18790:
18769:
18674:
18630:Public holidays
18610:Life expectancy
18501:
18463:
18443:London Exchange
18439:Stock exchanges
18427:
18426:Pound sterling
18394:Bank of England
18363:
18354:Royal Air Force
18330:
18271:
18203:Law enforcement
18119:
18028:hydraulic frac.
17989:
17970:Lakes and lochs
17917:
17913:Former colonies
17852:
17848:Women's history
17823:Law enforcement
17789:
17735:First World War
17692:
17686:
17656:
17651:
17629:
17605:Anglo-Saxon law
17538:Related systems
17533:
17519:Civil procedure
17504:Competition law
17487:
17478:
17469:Retained EU law
17429:UK Constitution
17417:
17412:
17382:
17377:
17366:
17345:
17326:Anglo-Saxon law
17274:Related systems
17269:
17195:Parallel fields
17190:
17186:Retained EU law
17171:Competition law
17157:Civil liberties
17115:
17110:
17080:
17075:
17059:
17017:
17011:
16997:Northern Cyprus
16979:
16973:
16889:North Macedonia
16710:
16701:
16582:Wayback Machine
16565:, consoc.org.uk
16559:
16540:Pike, Luke Owen
16181:Wayback Machine
16135:
16130:
16129:
16116:
16115:
16111:
16101:
16097:
16087:
16085:
16074:
16070:
16062:
16058:
16051:
16035:
16031:
16007:
16003:
15993:
15991:
15974:Scarman, Leslie
15971:
15967:
15957:
15955:
15936:
15929:
15916:
15912:
15902:
15900:
15895:
15894:
15890:
15883:
15867:
15863:
15856:
15840:
15836:
15829:
15813:
15809:
15803:
15799:
15784:
15780:
15772:
15768:
15761:
15757:
15750:
15746:
15739:
15735:
15728:
15724:
15712:
15708:
15701:
15675:
15671:
15664:
15656:. p. 134.
15644:
15640:
15625:
15621:
15612:
15608:
15603:
15599:
15587:
15583:
15575:
15571:
15557:
15553:
15541:
15537:
15528:
15524:
15511:
15507:
15499:
15495:
15455:Charles Stewart
15449:
15445:
15435:
15431:
15426:
15422:
15412:
15408:
15384:
15380:
15363:
15359:
15346:
15344:
15336:
15335:
15331:
15322:
15318:
15301:
15297:
15283:
15279:
15270:
15266:
15258:
15254:
15223:
15219:
15207:
15203:
15192:
15188:
15179:
15175:
15170:
15166:
15123:
15119:
15114:
15110:
15098:
15094:
15060:
15056:
15045:
15041:
15012:
15008:
14985:
14981:
14966:
14962:
14934:
14930:
14922:
14918:
14910:
14906:
14875:
14871:
14863:
14859:
14846:
14842:
14833:
14829:
14820:
14819:
14815:
14793:Book I, ch I, 1
14779:
14775:
14766:
14762:
14741:
14737:
14719:
14715:
14705:
14701:
14693:
14689:
14676:Porter v Magill
14673:
14669:
14659:
14655:
14633:
14629:
14610:Ridge v Baldwin
14607:
14603:
14578:Sir Robin Cooke
14535:
14531:
14521:
14517:
14506:
14502:
14494:
14490:
14482:
14478:
14470:
14466:
14452:
14448:
14421:
14417:
14398:
14394:
14381:
14377:
14353:
14349:
14334:
14330:
14314:
14310:
14293:
14289:
14278:
14274:
14262:
14258:
14253:
14249:
14229:
14225:
14220:
14216:
14211:
14207:
14200:
14196:
14187:
14183:
14175:
14171:
14163:
14159:
14151:
14147:
14130:
14126:
14118:
14114:
14106:
14102:
14094:
14090:
14082:
14078:
14070:
14066:
14058:
14054:
14046:
14042:
14029:
14025:
14012:
14008:
14003:Wayback Machine
13993:
13989:
13977:
13973:
13965:
13961:
13940:
13936:
13925:
13921:
13901:
13897:
13884:
13880:
13851:
13844:
13833:
13829:
13821:s 5. Under the
13817:
13813:
13794:
13790:
13780:
13776:
13753:
13749:
13739:
13735:
13730:
13726:
13716:
13712:
13703:
13699:
13689:
13685:
13673:
13669:
13651:
13647:
13628:
13624:
13615:
13611:
13589:2 QB 864, 886.
13583:
13579:
13568:
13564:
13552:Subject to the
13551:
13547:
13542:
13538:
13529:
13525:
13515:
13511:
13499:
13492:
13478:
13476:
13469:
13468:
13464:
13454:
13452:
13444:
13443:
13439:
13434:
13430:
13423:
13419:
13407:
13403:
13377:
13373:
13365:
13361:
13346:
13342:
13330:
13326:
13309:
13305:
13292:
13288:
13282:
13278:
13262:
13258:
13250:
13246:
13239:
13235:
13226:
13222:
13214:
13210:
13198:
13194:
13185:
13181:
13174:
13170:
13162:
13158:
13153:
13149:
13140:
13136:
13123:
13119:
13112:
13108:
13094:
13090:
13079:
13075:
13064:
13060:
13017:
13013:
13004:
13002:
12995:
12994:
12990:
12978:
12974:
12962:
12958:
12953:
12949:
12944:
12940:
12931:
12930:
12923:
12918:Wayback Machine
12900:
12896:
12883:
12876:
12865:
12861:
12854:
12850:
12832:
12828:
12820:
12816:
12807:
12803:
12795:
12791:
12783:
12779:
12774:
12770:
12762:ss 1 and 5 and
12758:
12754:
12749:
12745:
12740:
12736:
12731:
12727:
12722:
12718:
12700:
12696:
12688:
12684:
12671:
12667:
12651:
12647:
12630:
12626:
12618:
12614:
12606:
12602:
12593:Wayback Machine
12578:
12574:
12564:
12560:
12555:
12551:
12543:
12539:
12506:
12502:
12491:
12487:
12479:
12475:
12469:
12465:
12442:
12438:
12425:
12421:
12415:People's Budget
12408:
12404:
12382:
12378:
12369:
12367:
12360:
12359:
12355:
12336:
12332:
12322:
12318:
12306:
12302:
12281:
12277:
12267:
12265:
12255:
12251:
12241:
12239:
12231:
12230:
12226:
12216:
12214:
12206:
12205:
12201:
12191:
12189:
12188:on 1 April 2019
12176:
12175:
12171:
12160:
12156:
12146:
12142:
12130:Wayback Machine
12104:(29 July 2018)
12099:
12095:
12080:
12076:
12068:
12064:
12055:
12051:
12042:
12038:
12021:
12017:
12013:(2008) C-402/05
12007:
12003:
11985:
11981:
11969:
11965:
11949:
11945:
11931:
11927:
11917:
11913:
11903:
11899:
11889:
11885:
11875:
11871:
11830:
11826:
11817:
11813:
11804:
11800:
11762:
11758:
11741:
11737:
11718:
11714:
11704:
11700:
11690:
11686:
11676:
11672:
11666:Wayback Machine
11646:
11642:
11615:
11611:
11583:
11579:
11567:
11563:
11551:
11547:
11535:
11531:
11519:Abraham Lincoln
11517:
11513:
11497:
11493:
11482:
11478:
11443:
11439:
11399:
11395:
11378:
11374:
11366:
11362:
11352:
11348:
11331:
11327:
11316:
11312:
11294:M v Home Office
11290:
11286:
11273:
11269:
11258:
11254:
11241:
11237:
11224:
11220:
11204:Originally the
11203:
11199:
11188:
11184:
11176:
11172:
11152:
11148:
11132:
11128:
11118:
11114:
11102:
11095:
11087:
11083:
11058:(3rd edn 1889)
11050:
11046:
11022:; and see also
11006:
10999:
10986:
10982:
10971:
10967:
10952:
10948:
10927:
10923:
10903:
10899:
10891:
10887:
10875:
10871:
10861:
10857:
10849:
10842:
10832:
10828:
10816:
10809:
10800:
10796:
10786:
10782:
10761:
10757:
10748:
10744:
10734:
10730:
10719:
10715:
10700:
10696:
10684:
10680:
10667:
10663:
10645:
10641:
10636:
10632:
10621:
10617:
10606:
10602:
10592:
10588:
10578:
10574:
10566:
10562:
10553:
10549:
10536:
10532:
10522:
10520:
10505:
10501:
10492:
10488:
10448:
10444:
10443:
10434:
10430:
10424:The Rule of Law
10408:
10404:
10398:The Rule of Law
10391:
10387:
10335:
10331:
10322:
10318:
10310:
10306:
10299:
10295:
10278:
10274:
10262:
10258:
10241:
10237:
10224:
10220:
10185:
10181:
10170:
10166:
10155:
10148:
10143:
10071:
10000:Lord Chancellor
9977:positive rights
9953:Justice Bradley
9939:
9928:1688 compromise
9908:
9898:
9857:
9851:
9645:First World War
9628:brought by the
9622:People's Budget
9461:Napoleonic Wars
9365:Tower of London
9357:Bank of England
9329:Spanish America
9229:Oliver Cromwell
9223:in 1649 by the
9190:Lord Chancellor
9077:Sir Thomas More
9073:Lord Chancellor
9024:Throughout the
8922:Norman Invasion
8861:
8832:
8831:
8830:
8168:
8149:Immigration Act
7775:Reform Act 1884
7661:Reform Act 1832
7581:Treaty of Union
7573:
7569:
7538:
7532:
7473:judicial review
7461:judicial review
7453:
7437:Main articles:
7435:
7267:
7255:Main articles:
7253:
7193:
7179:
7169:
7161:Main articles:
7159:
7055:Mayor of London
7051:London Assembly
7043:
7038:
7028:
7019:
7009:
6999:
6990:
6980:
6970:
6960:
6950:
6940:
6930:
6920:
6910:
6905:
6898:
6888:
6883:
6876:
6866:
6861:
6854:
6844:
6834:
6824:
6815:
6805:
6795:
6785:
6782:
6752:
6736:Main articles:
6734:
6696:is a statue of
6577:
6415:
6410:
6400:
6390:
6380:
6371:
6366:
6359:
6350:
6349:ss 10-11 and 17
6340:
6326:
6320:
6312:
6300:
6288:
6276:
6264:
6255:
6246:
6234:
6225:
6216:
6204:
6192:
6189:
6159:
6139:Main articles:
6137:
6102:Lord Chancellor
6082:Lord Chancellor
6002:Court of Appeal
5926:
5921:
5911:
5899:
5896:Courts Act 2003
5889:
5879:
5870:
5860:
5851:
5846:
5839:
5829:
5819:
5809:
5800:
5790:
5787:
5757:
5751:
5699:Lords Spiritual
5647:London Assembly
5475:
5469:
5464:
5454:
5448:
5440:
5430:
5420:
5408:
5404:
5397:
5393:
5386:
5376:
5366:
5361:
5354:
5340:
5326:
5314:
5304:
5285:
5275:
5272:
5242:
5226:judicial review
5118:
5109:
5097:
5065:
5049:
4991:from 1924, the
4841:. In 1608, Sir
4826:
4821:
4811:
4806:
4799:
4790:
4781:
4777:
4770:
4766:
4759:
4755:
4748:
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4716:
4702:
4684:
4670:
4658:
4646:
4634:
4624:
4612:
4602:
4599:
4569:
4557:Main articles:
4555:
4515:Court of Appeal
4472:, that upholds
4450:
4445:
4435:
4421:
4415:
4407:
4393:
4381:
4369:
4363:
4355:
4343:
4331:
4319:
4311:
4304:
4297:
4290:
4277:
4270:
4263:
4260:
4230:
4224:
4215:Lord Chancellor
4203:Lord Chancellor
4164:Lord Chancellor
4137:BAE Systems plc
4089:, advocated by
3997:Lord Chancellor
3974:applies equally
3957:
3952:
3942:
3936:
3928:
3924:M v Home Office
3916:
3906:
3894:
3888:
3880:
3874:
3866:
3854:
3842:
3830:
3824:
3816:
3804:
3801:
3771:
3765:
3755:to procure the
3518:civil liberties
3337:Lord Chancellor
3323:Catholic Church
3319:King Henry VIII
3292:
3287:
3277:
3267:
3257:
3256:
3251:
3245:
3237:
3225:
3219:
3211:
3199:
3185:
3173:
3161:
3149:
3137:
3136:
3134:Court judgments
3131:
3122:
3113:
3104:
3095:
3086:
3085:
3080:
3073:
3068:
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3051:
3041:
3022:
3012:
3002:
2996:
2966:
2954:Main articles:
2952:
2829:
2820:
2791:
2787:Other countries
2782:
2781:
2780:
2768:
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2754:
2737:
2724:
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2698:
2676:
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2259:
2258:
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2208:
2196:
2191:
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2166:British Islands
2162:
2161:
2152:
2151:
2142:
2141:
2133:
2116:
2109:
2099:
2098:
2079:Principal areas
2065:
2058:
2021:
2014:
1992:
1985:
1884:
1876:
1866:
1865:
1809:
1798:
1796:1997 referendum
1787:
1780:
1729:
1722:1997 referendum
1713:
1706:
1650:
1644:
1637:
1611:London Assembly
1606:Mayoral cabinet
1593:Mayor of London
1581:
1574:1998 referendum
1555:
1548:
1529:
1519:
1518:
1517:
1498:
1497:
1491:
1489:
1450:
1449:
1443:
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1397:
1396:
1390:
1388:
1349:
1348:
1342:
1340:
1291:
1290:
1284:
1282:
983:
982:
974:
934:
920:
919:
901:
871:
869:Bank of England
861:
860:
837:
783:
775:
770:
760:
759:
738:59th Parliament
734:
731:
722:
709:
685:
679:
655:
640:
633:
616:
606:
605:
587:
585:
573:
564:
552:
538:
526:
497:
492:King-in-Council
488:
466:
456:
455:
427:
380:
370:
369:
338:Treaty of Union
323:
252:judicial review
223:which runs the
173:its predecessor
125:Treaty of Union
17:
12:
11:
5:
19298:
19288:
19287:
19282:
19277:
19272:
19267:
19252:
19251:
19239:
19227:
19225:United Kingdom
19204:
19203:
19201:
19200:
19195:
19188:
19187:
19180:
19172:
19171:
19168:
19167:
19164:
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19152:
19147:
19142:
19137:
19132:
19127:
19126:
19125:
19115:
19110:
19109:
19108:
19106:First Minister
19103:
19098:
19088:
19083:
19077:
19075:
19069:
19068:
19066:
19065:
19060:
19055:
19050:
19045:
19040:
19035:
19034:
19033:
19023:
19018:
19017:
19016:
19014:First Minister
19011:
19006:
18996:
18991:
18990:
18989:
18978:
18976:
18970:
18969:
18967:
18966:
18961:
18956:
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18912:
18902:
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18889:
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18874:
18869:
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18859:
18854:
18849:
18848:
18847:
18837:
18832:
18827:
18822:
18821:
18820:
18815:
18804:
18802:
18792:
18791:
18775:
18774:
18771:
18770:
18768:
18767:
18762:
18757:
18752:
18747:
18742:
18737:
18732:
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18717:
18712:
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18700:
18695:
18690:
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18675:
18673:
18672:
18667:
18662:
18657:
18652:
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18617:
18612:
18607:
18602:
18597:
18592:
18587:
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18581:
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18575:
18565:
18560:
18555:
18550:
18545:
18540:
18535:
18530:
18525:
18519:
18513:
18507:
18506:
18503:
18502:
18500:
18499:
18497:Rail transport
18494:
18489:
18484:
18479:
18473:
18471:
18465:
18464:
18462:
18461:
18456:
18451:
18446:
18436:
18431:
18423:
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18413:
18408:
18403:
18398:
18397:
18396:
18385:
18379:
18373:
18372:
18369:
18368:
18365:
18364:
18362:
18361:
18356:
18351:
18346:
18340:
18338:
18332:
18331:
18329:
18328:
18327:
18326:
18319:Prime Minister
18316:
18315:
18314:
18304:
18299:
18294:
18293:
18292:
18281:
18279:
18273:
18272:
18270:
18269:
18267:Shadow Cabinet
18264:
18259:
18254:
18249:
18248:
18247:
18245:House of Lords
18242:
18232:
18227:
18226:
18225:
18220:
18210:
18205:
18200:
18195:
18190:
18189:
18188:
18178:
18173:
18172:
18171:
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18151:
18145:
18135:
18129:
18128:
18125:
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18120:
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18116:
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18100:
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18062:
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18055:
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17962:
17957:
17956:
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17925:
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17918:
17916:
17915:
17910:
17905:
17900:
17895:
17890:
17885:
17879:
17877:
17875:Administrative
17864:
17858:
17857:
17854:
17853:
17851:
17850:
17845:
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17808:
17803:
17797:
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17772:
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17757:
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17737:
17732:
17727:
17722:
17717:
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17709:
17700:
17694:
17693:
17691: articles
17689:United Kingdom
17685:
17684:
17677:
17670:
17662:
17653:
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17557:
17552:
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17526:
17521:
17516:
17514:Commercial law
17511:
17506:
17501:
17495:
17493:
17489:
17488:
17481:
17479:
17477:
17476:
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17343:
17338:
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17303:
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17296:European Union
17293:
17288:
17283:
17277:
17275:
17271:
17270:
17268:
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17258:
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17231:
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17183:
17181:Commercial law
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17166:insolvency law
17159:
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17134:
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17117:
17116:
17109:
17108:
17101:
17094:
17086:
17077:
17076:
17074:
17073:
17071:European Union
17067:
17065:
17064:Other entities
17061:
17060:
17058:
17057:
17052:
17047:
17042:
17037:
17032:
17027:
17021:
17019:
17018:other entities
17013:
17012:
17010:
17009:
17004:
16999:
16994:
16989:
16983:
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16974:
16972:
16971:
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16964:United Kingdom
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16951:
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16906:
16901:
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16871:
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16794:
16789:
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16779:
16777:Czech Republic
16774:
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16617:
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16607:
16602:
16597:
16585:
16572:
16566:
16558:
16557:External links
16555:
16554:
16553:
16536:
16527:J McEldowney,
16525:
16518:
16507:
16506:
16502:
16501:
16500:(3rd edn 2017)
16494:
16493:(3rd edn 2016)
16487:
16473:
16461:
16460:
16456:
16455:
16445:
16429:
16422:
16412:
16402:
16395:Gilbert Burnet
16382:
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16001:
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15910:
15897:"Independence"
15888:
15882:978-1317228820
15881:
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15854:
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15485:Lord Mansfield
15467:James Somerset
15443:
15429:
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15406:
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15357:
15329:
15316:
15295:
15277:
15264:
15252:
15226:Putney debates
15217:
15213:3 Cha. 1. c. 1
15201:
15186:
15182:Peacham's Case
15173:
15164:
15117:
15108:
15092:
15074:Semayne's Case
15054:
15039:
15035:Lady Jane Grey
15033:as she killed
15027:Somerset House
15019:Lord Protector
15013:On his behalf
15006:
14988:Inclosure Acts
14979:
14960:
14928:
14916:
14904:
14888:Passus 5, 3278
14869:
14857:
14840:
14827:
14824:. 26 May 2022.
14813:
14773:
14760:
14735:
14713:
14699:
14687:
14667:
14653:
14627:
14601:
14542:UK company law
14529:
14515:
14500:
14488:
14476:
14464:
14446:
14415:
14392:
14375:
14347:
14328:
14324:King Charles I
14308:
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14076:
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14052:
14040:
14023:
14006:
13987:
13971:
13959:
13941:See S Bailey,
13934:
13919:
13895:
13889:and 1916. The
13878:
13842:
13827:
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13788:
13774:
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13106:
13088:
13073:
13058:
13031:(2): 240β271.
13011:
13001:, 30 July 2014
12988:
12984:Upper Tribunal
12972:
12956:
12947:
12938:
12921:
12894:
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11979:
11972:Hounga v Allen
11963:
11943:
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11897:
11883:
11869:
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11798:
11779:Constellations
11756:
11735:
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11698:
11684:
11670:
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11609:
11577:
11561:
11559:(1957) 186β193
11545:
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11491:
11476:
11437:
11413:AC 1, 48, per
11393:
11372:
11360:
11346:
11336:(2014) 94. cf
11325:
11310:
11284:
11267:
11252:
11235:
11218:
11208:, and now the
11197:
11182:
11170:
11146:
11126:
11112:
11093:
11081:
11044:
10997:
10980:
10965:
10946:
10921:
10897:
10885:
10869:
10855:
10840:
10826:
10819:9 October 1948
10807:
10794:
10780:
10755:
10742:
10728:
10713:
10694:
10678:
10670:Leslie Stephen
10661:
10639:
10630:
10615:
10600:
10586:
10572:
10560:
10547:
10537:See generally
10530:
10499:
10486:
10428:
10402:
10385:
10351:Bill of Rights
10329:
10327:(2018) chs 1β6
10316:
10304:
10293:
10272:
10256:
10235:
10218:
10179:
10164:
10145:
10144:
10142:
10139:
10138:
10137:
10132:
10127:
10122:
10117:
10112:
10107:
10102:
10097:
10092:
10087:
10082:
10077:
10070:
10067:
9897:
9894:
9863:including the
9861:British Empire
9850:
9847:
9807:armed conflict
9767:decolonisation
9759:British Empire
9740:European Union
9704:British Empire
9702:. However the
9696:United Nations
9630:House of Lords
9610:House of Lords
9447:Jeremy Bentham
9416:Lord Mansfield
9381:Prime Minister
9377:Robert Walpole
9225:New Model Army
9217:King Charles I
9146:James VI and I
9105:London Company
9099:including the
8985:to invade the
8863:
8862:
8860:
8859:
8852:
8845:
8837:
8834:
8833:
8827:
8826:
8823:
8817:
8816:
8813:
8807:
8806:
8803:
8797:
8796:
8793:
8787:
8786:
8783:
8777:
8776:
8773:
8767:
8766:
8763:
8757:
8756:
8753:
8747:
8746:
8743:
8737:
8736:
8733:
8727:
8726:
8723:
8717:
8716:
8713:
8707:
8706:
8703:
8701:Wales Act 2017
8697:
8696:
8693:
8687:
8686:
8683:
8677:
8676:
8673:
8667:
8666:
8663:
8657:
8656:
8653:
8647:
8646:
8643:
8641:Wales Act 2014
8637:
8636:
8633:
8627:
8626:
8623:
8617:
8616:
8613:
8607:
8606:
8603:
8597:
8596:
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8577:
8576:
8573:
8567:
8566:
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8523:
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8516:
8513:
8507:
8506:
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8497:
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8493:
8487:
8486:
8483:
8477:
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8473:
8467:
8466:
8463:
8457:
8456:
8453:
8447:
8446:
8443:
8437:
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8417:
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8413:
8407:
8406:
8403:
8397:
8396:
8393:
8387:
8386:
8383:
8377:
8376:
8373:
8367:
8366:
8363:
8357:
8356:
8353:
8347:
8346:
8343:
8337:
8336:
8333:
8327:
8326:
8323:
8317:
8316:
8313:
8307:
8306:
8303:
8297:
8296:
8293:
8291:Wales Act 1978
8287:
8286:
8283:
8277:
8276:
8273:
8267:
8266:
8263:
8257:
8256:
8253:
8251:Referendum Act
8247:
8246:
8243:
8237:
8236:
8233:
8227:
8226:
8223:
8221:NI border poll
8217:
8216:
8213:
8207:
8206:
8203:
8197:
8196:
8193:
8187:
8186:
8183:
8177:
8176:
8173:
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8161:
8155:
8154:
8151:
8145:
8144:
8141:
8135:
8134:
8131:
8125:
8124:
8121:
8115:
8114:
8111:
8105:
8104:
8101:
8095:
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8077:
8076:
8073:
8067:
8066:
8063:
8057:
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8049:
8048:
8045:
8041:
8040:
8037:
8031:
8030:
8027:
8021:
8020:
8017:
8011:
8010:
8007:
8001:
8000:
7997:
7993:
7992:
7989:
7983:
7982:
7979:
7975:
7974:
7971:
7965:
7964:
7961:
7957:
7956:
7953:
7947:
7946:
7943:
7937:
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7933:
7927:
7926:
7923:
7919:
7918:
7915:
7909:
7908:
7905:
7899:
7898:
7895:
7889:
7888:
7885:
7879:
7878:
7875:
7869:
7868:
7865:
7859:
7858:
7855:
7849:
7848:
7845:
7839:
7838:
7835:
7829:
7828:
7825:
7819:
7818:
7815:
7809:
7808:
7805:
7801:
7800:
7797:
7795:Parliament Act
7791:
7790:
7787:
7781:
7780:
7777:
7771:
7770:
7767:
7761:
7760:
7757:
7751:
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7737:
7731:
7730:
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7720:
7717:
7711:
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7707:
7703:
7702:
7699:
7695:
7694:
7691:
7687:
7686:
7683:
7677:
7676:
7673:
7667:
7666:
7663:
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7656:
7653:
7647:
7646:
7643:
7637:
7636:
7633:
7627:
7626:
7623:
7617:
7616:
7613:
7611:Septennial Act
7607:
7606:
7603:
7597:
7596:
7593:
7587:
7586:
7583:
7575:
7574:
7568:
7567:
7564:
7563:
7555:
7554:
7548:United Kingdom
7534:Main article:
7531:
7528:
7434:
7431:
7400:directly. The
7369:order put the
7310:for everyone.
7252:
7249:
7158:
7155:
7110:business rates
7040:
7039:
7033:
7030:
7029:
7024:
7021:
7020:
7014:
7011:
7010:
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6985:
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6911:
6903:
6900:
6899:
6893:
6890:
6889:
6881:
6878:
6877:
6871:
6868:
6867:
6859:
6856:
6855:
6849:
6846:
6845:
6839:
6836:
6835:
6829:
6826:
6825:
6820:
6817:
6816:
6810:
6807:
6806:
6800:
6797:
6796:
6790:
6787:
6786:
6781:
6780:
6773:
6766:
6758:
6733:
6730:
6604:prime minister
6545:prime minister
6508:prime minister
6504:Robert Walpole
6465:prime minister
6423:prime minister
6412:
6411:
6405:
6402:
6401:
6395:
6392:
6391:
6385:
6382:
6381:
6376:
6373:
6372:
6364:
6361:
6360:
6355:
6352:
6351:
6345:
6342:
6341:
6331:
6328:
6327:
6317:
6314:
6313:
6305:
6302:
6301:
6296:Blackburn v AG
6293:
6290:
6289:
6281:
6278:
6277:
6269:
6266:
6265:
6260:
6257:
6256:
6251:
6248:
6247:
6239:
6236:
6235:
6230:
6227:
6226:
6221:
6218:
6217:
6209:
6206:
6205:
6197:
6194:
6193:
6188:
6187:
6180:
6173:
6165:
6136:
6133:
6127:who heads the
5950:House of Lords
5923:
5922:
5916:
5913:
5912:
5904:
5901:
5900:
5894:
5891:
5890:
5884:
5881:
5880:
5875:
5872:
5871:
5865:
5862:
5861:
5856:
5853:
5852:
5844:
5841:
5840:
5834:
5831:
5830:
5824:
5821:
5820:
5814:
5811:
5810:
5805:
5802:
5801:
5795:
5792:
5791:
5786:
5785:
5778:
5771:
5763:
5753:Main article:
5750:
5747:
5682:House of Lords
5670:prime minister
5666:House of Lords
5532:House of Lords
5499:House of Lords
5471:Main article:
5466:
5465:
5459:
5456:
5455:
5445:
5442:
5441:
5435:
5432:
5431:
5425:
5422:
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5409:
5402:
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5398:
5391:
5388:
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5381:
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5377:
5371:
5368:
5367:
5359:
5356:
5355:
5345:
5342:
5341:
5331:
5328:
5327:
5319:
5316:
5315:
5309:
5306:
5305:
5290:
5287:
5286:
5280:
5277:
5276:
5271:
5270:
5263:
5256:
5248:
5241:
5238:
5230:public service
5206:Foreign Office
5198:prime minister
5163:House of Lords
5130:prime minister
5117:
5114:
5108:
5105:
5096:
5093:
5089:
5088:
5085:
5082:
5079:
5076:
5064:
5061:
5048:
5045:
5041:European Union
5009:European Union
4974:British Empire
4962:United Nations
4942:British Empire
4899:Hounga v Allen
4893:House of Lords
4878:Lord Mansfield
4864:lex mercatoria
4859:Lord Mansfield
4849:lex mercatoria
4823:
4822:
4816:
4813:
4812:
4804:
4801:
4800:
4795:
4792:
4791:
4786:
4783:
4782:
4775:
4772:
4771:
4764:
4761:
4760:
4753:
4750:
4749:
4744:
4741:
4740:
4735:
4732:
4731:
4721:
4718:
4717:
4710:Hounga v Allen
4707:
4704:
4703:
4689:
4686:
4685:
4675:
4672:
4671:
4663:
4660:
4659:
4651:
4648:
4647:
4639:
4636:
4635:
4629:
4626:
4625:
4617:
4614:
4613:
4607:
4604:
4603:
4598:
4597:
4590:
4583:
4575:
4567:United Nations
4554:
4551:
4466:representative
4447:
4446:
4440:
4437:
4436:
4426:
4423:
4422:
4412:
4409:
4408:
4398:
4395:
4394:
4386:
4383:
4382:
4374:
4371:
4370:
4360:
4357:
4356:
4348:
4345:
4344:
4336:
4333:
4332:
4324:
4321:
4320:
4309:
4306:
4305:
4295:
4292:
4291:
4282:
4279:
4278:
4268:
4265:
4264:
4259:
4258:
4251:
4244:
4236:
4226:Main article:
4223:
4220:
4127:, claimed the
4038:Lord Camden CJ
3954:
3953:
3947:
3944:
3943:
3933:
3930:
3929:
3921:
3918:
3917:
3911:
3908:
3907:
3899:
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3895:
3885:
3882:
3881:
3871:
3868:
3867:
3859:
3856:
3855:
3847:
3844:
3843:
3835:
3832:
3831:
3821:
3818:
3817:
3809:
3806:
3805:
3800:
3799:
3792:
3785:
3777:
3767:Main article:
3764:
3761:
3717:European Union
3686:Welsh Assembly
3663:Bill of Rights
3631:House of Lords
3577:European Union
3541:European Union
3460:United Nations
3447:Clement Attlee
3435:United Nations
3388:House of Lords
3329:. Then in the
3289:
3288:
3282:
3279:
3278:
3272:
3269:
3268:
3262:
3259:
3258:
3252:
3242:
3239:
3238:
3230:
3227:
3226:
3216:
3213:
3212:
3204:
3201:
3200:
3190:
3187:
3186:
3178:
3175:
3174:
3166:
3163:
3162:
3154:
3151:
3150:
3142:
3139:
3138:
3132:
3127:
3124:
3123:
3118:
3115:
3114:
3109:
3106:
3105:
3100:
3097:
3096:
3091:
3088:
3087:
3078:
3075:
3074:
3066:
3063:
3062:
3056:
3053:
3052:
3046:
3043:
3042:
3027:
3024:
3023:
3017:
3014:
3013:
3007:
3004:
3003:
2995:
2994:
2987:
2980:
2972:
2951:
2948:
2937:European Union
2921:United Nations
2906:House of Lords
2828:
2825:
2822:
2821:
2819:
2818:
2811:
2804:
2796:
2793:
2792:
2790:
2789:
2783:
2779:
2778:
2766:
2752:
2747:
2734:
2733:
2732:
2719:
2718:
2715:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2697:
2696:
2695:
2694:
2693:
2692:
2675:
2674:
2673:
2672:
2660:
2659:
2658:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2635:European Union
2630:
2629:
2628:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2595:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2549:
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2529:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2499:
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2474:
2469:
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2457:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2425:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2403:
2402:
2390:
2389:
2378:
2377:
2370:Foreign policy
2367:
2361:
2356:
2355:
2352:
2351:
2348:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2327:
2320:
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2314:
2309:
2301:
2300:
2295:
2287:
2278:
2271:
2256:
2251:
2245:
2240:
2234:
2232:Cayman Islands
2229:
2223:
2217:
2212:
2206:
2201:
2193:
2192:
2187:
2186:
2183:
2182:
2179:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2160:
2159:
2153:
2150:
2149:
2143:
2140:
2139:
2131:
2126:
2119:
2118:
2117:
2110:
2105:
2104:
2101:
2100:
2097:
2096:
2091:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2059:
2057:
2056:
2051:
2049:Civil parishes
2046:
2041:
2036:
2027:
2015:
2013:
2012:
2007:
1998:
1986:
1984:
1983:
1978:
1971:Civil parishes
1968:
1967:
1966:
1964:London Borough
1961:
1956:
1941:
1931:
1930:
1929:
1927:Greater London
1924:
1919:
1909:
1899:
1890:
1878:
1877:
1874:Administration
1872:
1871:
1868:
1867:
1864:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1836:
1835:
1827:First Minister
1823:
1820:Wales Act 2017
1816:Wales Act 2014
1804:
1793:
1781:
1779:
1778:
1773:
1768:
1763:
1758:
1753:
1752:
1751:
1743:First Minister
1739:
1724:
1719:
1707:
1705:
1704:
1699:
1694:
1689:
1684:
1683:
1682:
1670:
1669:
1668:
1660:First Minister
1656:
1638:
1636:
1635:
1634:
1633:
1628:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1603:
1602:
1601:
1589:
1588:
1587:
1576:
1566:
1561:
1549:
1547:
1546:
1541:
1536:
1530:
1525:
1524:
1521:
1520:
1516:
1515:
1510:
1505:
1499:
1495:UK referendums
1493:
1488:
1487:
1482:
1477:
1472:
1467:
1462:
1457:
1451:
1445:
1440:
1439:
1434:
1429:
1424:
1419:
1414:
1409:
1404:
1398:
1392:
1387:
1386:
1381:
1376:
1371:
1366:
1361:
1356:
1350:
1344:
1339:
1338:
1333:
1328:
1323:
1318:
1313:
1308:
1303:
1298:
1292:
1286:
1281:
1280:
1275:
1270:
1265:
1260:
1255:
1250:
1245:
1240:
1235:
1230:
1225:
1220:
1215:
1210:
1205:
1200:
1195:
1190:
1185:
1180:
1175:
1170:
1165:
1160:
1155:
1150:
1145:
1140:
1135:
1130:
1128:1910 (JanβFeb)
1125:
1120:
1115:
1110:
1105:
1100:
1095:
1090:
1085:
1080:
1075:
1070:
1065:
1060:
1055:
1050:
1045:
1040:
1035:
1030:
1025:
1020:
1015:
1010:
1005:
1000:
995:
990:
988:1801 co-option
984:
976:
972:
971:
966:
961:
956:
951:
946:
935:
926:
925:
922:
921:
918:
917:
912:
907:
895:
894:
881:
880:
872:
867:
866:
863:
862:
859:
858:
853:
848:
843:
841:United Kingdom
836:
835:
825:The Lord Hodge
822:
821:
808:
807:
792:
791:
771:
766:
765:
762:
761:
758:
757:
756:
755:
745:
740:
733:
732:
714:
713:
694:
693:
684:
683:
664:
663:
660:House of Lords
649:
648:
626:
625:
617:
612:
611:
608:
607:
604:
603:
598:
593:
575:
574:
554:
553:
544:Prime Minister
528:
527:
506:
505:
476:
475:
467:
462:
461:
458:
457:
454:
453:
448:
443:
438:
433:
421:
420:
400:
399:
381:
376:
375:
372:
371:
368:
367:
362:
357:
352:
347:
335:
333:Bill of Rights
330:
324:
319:
318:
315:
314:
306:
305:
299:
298:
213:prime minister
193:House of Lords
169:European Union
165:United Nations
46:House of Lords
42:prime minister
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
19297:
19286:
19283:
19281:
19278:
19276:
19273:
19271:
19268:
19266:
19263:
19262:
19260:
19250:
19245:
19240:
19238:
19233:
19228:
19226:
19216:
19215:
19212:
19199:
19196:
19194:
19191:
19190:
19185:
19181:
19178:
19174:
19173:
19169:
19151:
19148:
19146:
19143:
19141:
19138:
19136:
19133:
19131:
19128:
19124:
19121:
19120:
19119:
19116:
19114:
19111:
19107:
19104:
19102:
19099:
19097:
19094:
19093:
19092:
19089:
19087:
19084:
19082:
19079:
19078:
19076:
19074:
19070:
19064:
19061:
19059:
19056:
19054:
19051:
19049:
19046:
19044:
19041:
19039:
19036:
19032:
19029:
19028:
19027:
19024:
19022:
19019:
19015:
19012:
19010:
19007:
19005:
19002:
19001:
19000:
18997:
18995:
18992:
18988:
18985:
18984:
18983:
18980:
18979:
18977:
18975:
18971:
18965:
18962:
18960:
18957:
18955:
18952:
18950:
18947:
18945:
18942:
18938:
18935:
18934:
18933:
18930:
18928:
18925:
18921:
18918:
18916:
18913:
18911:
18908:
18907:
18906:
18903:
18901:
18898:
18896:
18893:
18892:
18890:
18888:
18884:
18878:
18875:
18873:
18870:
18868:
18865:
18863:
18860:
18858:
18855:
18853:
18850:
18846:
18843:
18842:
18841:
18838:
18836:
18833:
18831:
18828:
18826:
18823:
18819:
18816:
18814:
18811:
18810:
18809:
18806:
18805:
18803:
18801:
18797:
18793:
18789:
18784:
18780:
18776:
18766:
18763:
18761:
18758:
18756:
18753:
18751:
18748:
18746:
18743:
18741:
18738:
18736:
18733:
18731:
18728:
18726:
18723:
18721:
18718:
18716:
18713:
18709:
18706:
18705:
18704:
18701:
18699:
18696:
18694:
18691:
18689:
18686:
18685:
18683:
18681:
18677:
18671:
18670:Welfare state
18668:
18666:
18663:
18661:
18658:
18656:
18653:
18651:
18648:
18646:
18643:
18641:
18638:
18636:
18633:
18631:
18628:
18626:
18623:
18621:
18618:
18616:
18615:Mental health
18613:
18611:
18608:
18606:
18603:
18601:
18598:
18596:
18593:
18591:
18588:
18586:
18583:
18579:
18576:
18574:
18571:
18570:
18569:
18566:
18564:
18561:
18559:
18558:Ethnic groups
18556:
18554:
18551:
18549:
18546:
18544:
18541:
18539:
18536:
18534:
18531:
18529:
18526:
18524:
18521:
18520:
18517:
18514:
18512:
18508:
18498:
18495:
18493:
18490:
18488:
18485:
18483:
18482:Bus transport
18480:
18478:
18477:Air transport
18475:
18474:
18472:
18470:
18466:
18460:
18457:
18455:
18452:
18450:
18447:
18444:
18440:
18437:
18435:
18432:
18430:
18424:
18422:
18421:Manufacturing
18419:
18417:
18414:
18412:
18409:
18407:
18404:
18402:
18399:
18395:
18392:
18391:
18390:
18387:
18386:
18383:
18380:
18378:
18374:
18360:
18357:
18355:
18352:
18350:
18347:
18345:
18342:
18341:
18339:
18337:
18333:
18325:
18322:
18321:
18320:
18317:
18313:
18310:
18309:
18308:
18305:
18303:
18300:
18298:
18297:Civil service
18295:
18291:
18288:
18287:
18286:
18283:
18282:
18280:
18278:
18274:
18268:
18265:
18263:
18260:
18258:
18255:
18253:
18250:
18246:
18243:
18241:
18238:
18237:
18236:
18233:
18231:
18228:
18224:
18223:republicanism
18221:
18219:
18216:
18215:
18214:
18211:
18209:
18206:
18204:
18201:
18199:
18196:
18194:
18191:
18187:
18184:
18183:
18182:
18179:
18177:
18174:
18170:
18167:
18166:
18165:
18162:
18160:
18157:
18155:
18152:
18150:
18147:
18146:
18143:
18139:
18136:
18134:
18130:
18114:
18111:
18109:
18106:
18105:
18103:
18099:
18096:
18094:
18091:
18090:
18088:
18086:
18083:
18079:
18076:
18074:
18071:
18069:
18066:
18065:
18063:
18059:
18056:
18054:
18051:
18049:
18046:
18044:
18043:North Sea oil
18041:
18039:
18036:
18034:
18031:
18029:
18026:
18024:
18021:
18019:
18016:
18014:
18011:
18010:
18009:
18006:
18004:
18001:
18000:
17998:
17996:
17992:
17986:
17983:
17981:
17978:
17976:
17973:
17971:
17968:
17966:
17963:
17961:
17958:
17954:
17951:
17950:
17949:
17946:
17942:
17941:Great Britain
17939:
17937:
17934:
17933:
17932:
17931:British Isles
17929:
17928:
17926:
17924:
17920:
17914:
17911:
17909:
17906:
17904:
17901:
17899:
17896:
17894:
17891:
17889:
17886:
17884:
17881:
17880:
17878:
17876:
17872:
17868:
17865:
17863:
17859:
17849:
17846:
17844:
17841:
17839:
17836:
17834:
17831:
17829:
17826:
17824:
17821:
17817:
17814:
17813:
17812:
17809:
17807:
17804:
17802:
17799:
17798:
17796:
17792:
17784:
17781:
17779:
17776:
17775:
17773:
17769:
17766:
17764:
17761:
17760:
17758:
17754:
17751:
17749:
17746:
17745:
17743:
17741:
17738:
17736:
17733:
17731:
17730:Edwardian era
17728:
17726:
17725:Victorian era
17723:
17721:
17718:
17716:
17713:
17712:
17710:
17708:
17704:
17701:
17699:
17695:
17690:
17683:
17678:
17676:
17671:
17669:
17664:
17663:
17660:
17648:
17647:
17643:
17641:
17640:
17636:
17635:
17632:
17626:
17623:
17621:
17618:
17616:
17613:
17611:
17608:
17606:
17603:
17601:
17600:United States
17598:
17596:
17593:
17591:
17588:
17586:
17583:
17581:
17578:
17576:
17573:
17571:
17568:
17566:
17563:
17561:
17558:
17556:
17553:
17551:
17548:
17546:
17543:
17542:
17540:
17536:
17530:
17527:
17525:
17522:
17520:
17517:
17515:
17512:
17510:
17507:
17505:
17502:
17500:
17497:
17496:
17494:
17490:
17485:
17475:
17472:
17470:
17467:
17465:
17462:
17460:
17457:
17455:
17452:
17450:
17447:
17445:
17442:
17440:
17437:
17435:
17432:
17430:
17427:
17426:
17424:
17422:Core subjects
17420:
17416:
17409:
17404:
17402:
17397:
17395:
17390:
17389:
17386:
17376:
17375:
17369:
17363:
17360:
17358:
17355:
17354:
17352:
17348:
17342:
17339:
17337:
17334:
17332:
17329:
17327:
17324:
17322:
17321:United States
17319:
17317:
17314:
17312:
17309:
17307:
17304:
17302:
17299:
17297:
17294:
17292:
17289:
17287:
17284:
17282:
17279:
17278:
17276:
17272:
17266:
17262:
17259:
17257:
17253:
17250:
17248:
17244:
17241:
17239:
17235:
17232:
17230:
17227:
17225:
17221:
17218:
17216:
17212:
17209:
17207:
17203:
17200:
17199:
17197:
17193:
17187:
17184:
17182:
17179:
17177:
17174:
17172:
17169:
17167:
17163:
17160:
17158:
17155:
17153:
17150:
17148:
17145:
17143:
17140:
17138:
17135:
17133:
17130:
17128:
17125:
17124:
17122:
17120:Common fields
17118:
17114:
17107:
17102:
17100:
17095:
17093:
17088:
17087:
17084:
17072:
17069:
17068:
17066:
17062:
17056:
17053:
17051:
17048:
17046:
17043:
17041:
17038:
17036:
17033:
17031:
17030:Faroe Islands
17028:
17026:
17023:
17022:
17020:
17014:
17008:
17005:
17003:
17002:South Ossetia
17000:
16998:
16995:
16993:
16990:
16988:
16985:
16984:
16982:
16976:
16970:
16967:
16965:
16962:
16960:
16957:
16955:
16952:
16950:
16947:
16945:
16942:
16940:
16937:
16935:
16932:
16930:
16927:
16925:
16922:
16920:
16917:
16915:
16912:
16910:
16907:
16905:
16902:
16900:
16897:
16895:
16892:
16890:
16887:
16885:
16882:
16880:
16877:
16875:
16872:
16870:
16867:
16865:
16862:
16860:
16857:
16855:
16852:
16850:
16849:Liechtenstein
16847:
16845:
16842:
16840:
16837:
16835:
16832:
16830:
16828:
16825:
16823:
16820:
16818:
16815:
16813:
16810:
16808:
16805:
16803:
16800:
16798:
16795:
16793:
16790:
16788:
16785:
16783:
16780:
16778:
16775:
16773:
16770:
16768:
16765:
16763:
16760:
16758:
16755:
16753:
16750:
16748:
16745:
16743:
16740:
16738:
16735:
16733:
16730:
16728:
16725:
16723:
16720:
16719:
16717:
16713:
16709:
16705:
16704:Constitutions
16698:
16693:
16691:
16686:
16684:
16679:
16678:
16675:
16668:
16664:
16660:
16656:
16653:
16651:
16648:
16646:
16643:
16641:
16638:
16636:
16633:
16631:
16628:
16626:
16623:
16621:
16618:
16616:
16613:
16611:
16608:
16606:
16603:
16601:
16598:
16596:at Wikisource
16595:
16590:
16586:
16583:
16579:
16576:
16573:
16570:
16567:
16564:
16561:
16560:
16549:
16547:
16541:
16537:
16534:
16530:
16526:
16523:
16519:
16516:
16512:
16509:
16508:
16504:
16503:
16499:
16495:
16492:
16488:
16485:
16481:
16477:
16474:
16471:
16467:
16463:
16462:
16458:
16457:
16453:
16449:
16446:
16443:
16442:
16437:
16433:
16430:
16427:
16423:
16420:
16416:
16413:
16410:
16406:
16403:
16400:
16396:
16392:
16391:
16386:
16383:
16380:
16376:
16375:
16370:
16367:
16364:
16360:
16359:
16354:
16351:
16348:
16344:
16340:
16337:
16335:
16331:
16327:
16326:
16321:
16318:
16315:
16311:
16307:
16304:
16301:
16297:
16296:
16291:
16288:
16285:
16284:
16279:
16276:
16273:
16269:
16265:
16262:
16259:
16255:
16252:
16249:
16248:
16243:
16240:
16239:
16235:
16234:
16230:
16227:
16224:
16221:
16218:
16216:
16212:
16211:O Kahn-Freund
16209:
16206:
16202:
16201:Lord Hoffmann
16199:
16197:
16193:
16190:
16188:
16184:
16182:
16178:
16175:
16171:
16168:
16166:
16162:
16158:
16156:
16152:
16149:
16146:
16142:
16141:
16137:
16136:
16124:. 7 May 2011.
16123:
16119:
16113:
16106:
16099:
16083:
16079:
16072:
16066:
16060:
16052:
16046:
16042:
16041:
16033:
16025:
16021:
16017:
16016:
16011:
16005:
15989:
15985:
15981:
15980:
15975:
15969:
15953:
15949:
15945:
15941:
15934:
15932:
15923:
15922:
15914:
15898:
15892:
15884:
15878:
15874:
15873:
15865:
15857:
15851:
15847:
15846:
15838:
15830:
15824:
15820:
15819:
15811:
15801:
15794:
15793:
15788:
15785:Predicted by
15782:
15775:
15770:
15764:
15759:
15753:
15748:
15742:
15737:
15731:
15726:
15720:
15717:
15716:
15710:
15702:
15696:
15692:
15688:
15683:
15682:
15673:
15665:
15659:
15655:
15651:
15650:
15642:
15635:
15634:
15633:Allen v Flood
15629:
15626:See also the
15623:
15616:
15610:
15601:
15594:
15590:
15585:
15578:
15573:
15567:
15563:
15562:
15555:
15548:
15544:
15539:
15532:
15526:
15519:
15516:and then the
15515:
15509:
15503:
15497:
15490:
15486:
15482:
15481:
15480:habeas corpus
15476:
15475:abolitionists
15472:
15468:
15464:
15463:Massachusetts
15460:
15456:
15453:
15447:
15440:
15439:
15433:
15424:
15417:
15416:
15410:
15403:
15402:
15397:
15393:
15390:EWHC J76, an
15389:
15388:
15382:
15376:
15372:
15371:
15366:
15361:
15354:
15343:
15339:
15333:
15326:
15320:
15314:
15310:
15309:
15304:
15299:
15293:
15290:
15286:
15281:
15274:
15268:
15261:
15256:
15249:
15245:
15244:
15239:
15235:
15231:
15227:
15221:
15214:
15210:
15205:
15198:
15197:
15190:
15183:
15177:
15168:
15161:
15160:
15155:
15154:
15149:
15145:
15141:
15140:
15135:
15134:
15129:
15128:
15127:Day v Savadge
15121:
15112:
15106:
15105:EWHC J23 (KB)
15103:
15102:
15096:
15089:
15085:
15084:Calvin's Case
15082:
15081:
15080:Calvin's Case
15076:
15075:
15070:
15066:
15065:
15064:Heydon's Case
15058:
15051:
15050:
15043:
15036:
15032:
15028:
15024:
15020:
15016:
15010:
15003:
15002:
14997:
14993:
14989:
14983:
14976:
14975:
14970:
14969:A Fitzherbert
14964:
14957:
14952:
14948:
14944:
14940:
14939:
14935:J Froissart,
14932:
14926:
14920:
14913:
14908:
14901:
14897:
14893:
14889:
14885:
14884:
14883:Piers Plowman
14879:
14873:
14866:
14861:
14854:
14850:
14844:
14837:
14831:
14823:
14817:
14810:
14806:
14802:
14798:
14794:
14790:
14786:
14782:
14777:
14770:
14764:
14757:
14753:
14749:
14745:
14739:
14732:
14728:
14727:
14722:
14717:
14711:
14708:
14703:
14696:
14691:
14684:
14683:
14678:
14677:
14671:
14664:
14663:
14657:
14650:
14649:
14644:
14643:
14638:
14637:
14631:
14624:
14623:
14618:
14617:
14612:
14611:
14605:
14598:
14595:
14591:
14587:
14583:
14579:
14575:
14574:
14569:
14565:
14561:
14560:
14555:
14551:
14550:UK labour law
14547:
14543:
14539:
14533:
14526:
14525:
14519:
14512:
14509:
14504:
14497:
14492:
14485:
14480:
14473:
14468:
14461:
14460:
14455:
14450:
14443:
14442:
14437:
14436:
14431:
14430:
14425:
14419:
14412:
14408:
14404:
14403:
14396:
14389:
14385:
14379:
14372:
14371:
14366:
14362:
14361:
14356:
14351:
14345:
14341:
14337:
14332:
14325:
14321:
14317:
14312:
14305:
14301:
14297:
14291:
14284:
14283:
14276:
14268:
14265:
14260:
14251:
14244:
14240:
14236:
14232:
14227:
14218:
14209:
14203:
14198:
14191:
14185:
14178:
14173:
14167:
14161:
14154:
14149:
14142:
14138:
14134:
14128:
14121:
14116:
14109:
14104:
14097:
14092:
14085:
14080:
14073:
14068:
14061:
14056:
14049:
14044:
14037:
14033:
14027:
14020:
14016:
14010:
14004:
14000:
13997:
13991:
13984:
13980:
13975:
13968:
13963:
13956:
13952:
13948:
13944:
13938:
13931:
13928:
13923:
13916:
13915:
13910:
13909:
13904:
13899:
13892:
13888:
13882:
13875:
13871:
13867:
13866:
13862:1 QB 116 and
13861:
13860:
13854:
13849:
13847:
13839:
13838:
13831:
13824:
13820:
13815:
13809:
13805:
13801:
13797:
13792:
13785:
13784:
13778:
13771:
13770:
13769:Scott v Scott
13765:
13764:
13759:
13758:
13751:
13744:
13743:
13737:
13728:
13721:
13720:
13714:
13707:
13701:
13694:
13693:
13687:
13680:
13679:Ponsonby Rule
13676:
13671:
13664:
13660:
13656:
13655:
13649:
13642:
13641:
13636:
13632:
13626:
13619:
13613:
13606:
13605:
13600:
13599:
13595:3 All ER 86.
13594:
13593:
13588:
13587:
13581:
13574:
13573:
13566:
13559:
13555:
13549:
13540:
13533:
13527:
13520:
13519:
13513:
13507:
13504:
13503:
13497:
13495:
13487:
13474:
13473:
13466:
13451:
13447:
13441:
13432:
13426:
13421:
13414:
13410:
13405:
13398:
13393:
13392:Regent Street
13389:
13385:
13381:
13375:
13368:
13363:
13356:
13352:
13349:
13344:
13336:
13335:
13328:
13321:
13317:
13313:
13307:
13300:
13296:
13290:
13280:
13273:
13269:
13265:
13260:
13254:
13248:
13242:
13237:
13230:
13224:
13217:
13212:
13205:
13201:
13196:
13189:
13183:
13177:
13172:
13165:
13160:
13151:
13144:
13138:
13131:
13127:
13121:
13115:
13110:
13103:
13102:Lord Hoffmann
13100:UKHL 33, per
13099:
13098:
13092:
13085:
13084:
13077:
13070:
13069:
13062:
13054:
13050:
13046:
13042:
13038:
13034:
13030:
13026:
13022:
13015:
13000:
12999:
12992:
12985:
12981:
12976:
12969:
12965:
12960:
12951:
12942:
12934:
12928:
12926:
12919:
12915:
12912:
12908:
12904:
12901:cf GDH Cole,
12898:
12892:
12891:New Statesman
12888:
12881:
12879:
12872:
12868:
12863:
12857:
12852:
12845:
12841:
12840:
12835:
12830:
12824:
12818:
12811:
12805:
12798:
12793:
12786:
12781:
12772:
12765:
12761:
12756:
12747:
12738:
12729:
12720:
12713:
12712:
12707:
12703:
12698:
12691:
12686:
12679:
12676:
12675:
12669:
12662:
12658:
12654:
12649:
12642:
12641:Baroness Hale
12638:
12635:
12634:
12628:
12621:
12616:
12609:
12604:
12598:
12594:
12590:
12587:
12584:
12583:
12576:
12569:
12568:
12562:
12553:
12546:
12541:
12534:
12530:
12529:
12524:
12523:
12518:
12517:
12512:
12511:
12504:
12498:
12494:
12489:
12482:
12477:
12467:
12460:
12456:
12452:
12451:
12446:
12440:
12433:
12428:
12423:
12416:
12412:
12406:
12400:
12396:
12395:
12390:
12386:
12380:
12366:
12365:
12357:
12350:
12346:
12342:
12339:
12334:
12328:
12325:
12320:
12313:
12309:
12304:
12297:
12293:
12288:
12284:
12279:
12264:
12260:
12253:
12238:
12234:
12228:
12213:
12212:law.gov.wales
12209:
12203:
12187:
12183:
12179:
12173:
12165:
12158:
12151:
12150:
12144:
12137:
12136:
12131:
12127:
12124:
12121:
12120:
12115:
12111:
12107:
12103:
12097:
12090:
12086:
12085:
12078:
12072:
12066:
12059:
12053:
12046:
12040:
12033:
12029:
12025:
12019:
12012:
12011:
12005:
11998:
11994:
11991:
11990:
11983:
11977:
11974:
11973:
11967:
11961:
11960:Lord Hoffmann
11957:
11954:
11953:
11947:
11940:
11936:
11935:
11929:
11922:
11921:
11915:
11908:
11907:
11901:
11894:
11893:
11887:
11880:
11879:
11873:
11866:
11862:
11858:
11857:
11852:
11851:
11846:
11842:
11841:
11836:
11835:
11828:
11821:
11815:
11808:
11802:
11795:
11794:
11789:
11786:
11782:
11780:
11774:
11770:
11768:
11760:
11753:
11752:
11748:UKHL 13, and
11747:
11746:
11739:
11732:
11731:
11727:, . See also
11726:
11723:
11722:
11716:
11709:
11708:
11702:
11695:
11694:
11688:
11681:
11680:
11679:Ashby v White
11674:
11667:
11663:
11660:
11658:
11651:
11650:
11644:
11638:
11634:
11630:
11627:
11623:
11619:
11613:
11606:
11605:
11600:
11596:
11591:
11587:
11581:
11574:
11570:
11565:
11558:
11554:
11553:F. L. Neumann
11549:
11543:
11541:
11533:
11526:
11525:
11520:
11515:
11509:
11506:
11502:
11501:
11495:
11489:
11485:
11480:
11473:
11472:
11467:
11463:
11462:
11457:
11453:
11452:
11447:
11441:
11433:
11432:
11427:
11426:
11420:
11416:
11412:
11411:
11406:
11402:
11397:
11390:
11386:
11382:
11376:
11369:
11364:
11358:
11355:
11350:
11343:
11339:
11335:
11329:
11322:
11321:
11317:Montesquieu,
11314:
11307:
11303:
11302:Kenneth Baker
11299:
11296:
11295:
11288:
11281:
11278:
11277:
11271:
11264:
11263:
11256:
11249:
11246:
11245:
11239:
11232:
11229:
11228:
11222:
11215:
11211:
11207:
11201:
11194:
11191:
11186:
11179:
11174:
11166:
11162:
11158:
11155:
11150:
11143:
11139:
11135:
11130:
11123:
11122:
11116:
11110:
11107:
11106:
11100:
11098:
11090:
11085:
11079:
11078:
11073:
11071:
11065:
11061:
11057:
11053:
11048:
11041:
11037:
11033:
11029:
11025:
11021:
11017:
11013:
11009:
11004:
11002:
10994:
10991:
10990:
10984:
10976:
10975:
10969:
10962:
10961:
10956:
10950:
10943:
10940:
10939:
10933:
10932:
10925:
10917:
10916:
10911:
10908:
10907:
10901:
10895:
10889:
10883:
10880:
10879:
10873:
10866:
10865:
10859:
10852:
10847:
10845:
10837:
10836:
10830:
10824:
10820:
10814:
10812:
10804:
10798:
10792:
10789:
10784:
10777:
10776:
10771:
10767:
10766:
10759:
10752:
10746:
10740:
10737:
10732:
10726:
10723:
10717:
10711:
10707:
10703:
10698:
10691:
10687:
10682:
10675:
10671:
10665:
10658:
10657:Lord Hoffmann
10654:
10651:
10650:
10643:
10634:
10627:
10624:
10619:
10612:
10609:
10604:
10597:
10596:
10590:
10583:
10582:
10576:
10569:
10564:
10557:
10551:
10544:
10540:
10539:A. W. Bradley
10534:
10519:
10515:
10509:
10503:
10496:
10490:
10483:
10479:
10475:
10471:
10467:
10463:
10459:
10455:
10441:
10437:
10432:
10425:
10421:
10417:
10414:
10413:
10406:
10399:
10395:
10389:
10382:
10381:
10376:
10372:
10368:
10364:
10360:
10356:
10352:
10348:
10344:
10340:
10339:
10333:
10326:
10320:
10313:
10308:
10302:
10297:
10290:
10286:
10282:
10276:
10269:
10265:
10260:
10253:
10252:disafforested
10249:
10244:
10239:
10232:
10229:
10228:
10222:
10215:
10212:
10211:
10206:
10205:
10200:
10197:
10196:
10191:
10190:
10183:
10175:
10168:
10162:
10158:
10153:
10151:
10146:
10136:
10133:
10131:
10128:
10126:
10125:Power Inquiry
10123:
10121:
10118:
10116:
10113:
10111:
10108:
10106:
10103:
10101:
10098:
10096:
10093:
10091:
10088:
10086:
10085:UK labour law
10083:
10081:
10078:
10076:
10073:
10072:
10066:
10064:
10059:
10055:
10052:subsequently
10051:
10050:Boris Johnson
10047:
10043:
10038:
10036:
10035:Ponsonby Rule
10031:
10027:
10023:
10019:
10017:
10013:
10009:
10005:
10001:
9997:
9992:
9990:
9986:
9982:
9978:
9974:
9970:
9966:
9962:
9957:
9954:
9949:
9943:
9936:
9931:
9929:
9925:
9921:
9917:
9913:
9907:
9903:
9893:
9891:
9887:
9882:
9878:
9874:
9870:
9866:
9865:United States
9862:
9856:
9846:
9844:
9840:
9836:
9832:
9828:
9824:
9820:
9816:
9812:
9808:
9804:
9800:
9796:
9792:
9788:
9784:
9776:
9772:
9768:
9764:
9760:
9755:
9751:
9749:
9745:
9741:
9737:
9733:
9729:
9725:
9721:
9720:the Holocaust
9717:
9713:
9709:
9705:
9701:
9697:
9693:
9689:
9685:
9681:
9676:
9674:
9670:
9666:
9662:
9658:
9654:
9650:
9646:
9641:
9639:
9635:
9631:
9627:
9623:
9619:
9618:Liberal Party
9615:
9611:
9606:
9604:
9600:
9596:
9592:
9587:
9585:
9581:
9577:
9573:
9569:
9565:
9561:
9560:
9555:
9551:
9547:
9546:United States
9543:
9539:
9531:
9527:
9523:
9518:
9514:
9512:
9508:
9507:
9502:
9497:
9493:
9489:
9485:
9481:
9477:
9473:
9468:
9466:
9462:
9458:
9457:
9452:
9448:
9443:
9440:In 1789, the
9438:
9436:
9432:
9428:
9423:
9422:
9417:
9413:
9409:
9405:
9401:
9400:
9395:
9391:
9390:
9384:
9382:
9378:
9374:
9370:
9366:
9362:
9358:
9354:
9350:
9349:national debt
9345:
9343:
9338:
9334:
9330:
9326:
9325:
9320:
9316:
9311:
9309:
9305:
9304:right to vote
9301:
9300:
9299:Ashby v White
9294:
9290:
9286:
9281:
9279:
9278:
9273:
9269:
9265:
9261:
9257:
9253:
9249:
9245:
9241:
9237:
9232:
9230:
9226:
9222:
9218:
9214:
9210:
9206:
9202:
9198:
9193:
9191:
9187:
9183:
9182:
9177:
9176:
9171:
9167:
9163:
9159:
9158:Chief Justice
9155:
9151:
9147:
9139:
9135:
9134:
9129:
9125:
9120:
9116:
9114:
9110:
9106:
9102:
9098:
9094:
9090:
9086:
9082:
9079:in 1535, and
9078:
9074:
9070:
9066:
9062:
9058:
9054:
9050:
9045:
9043:
9039:
9035:
9031:
9027:
9022:
9020:
9016:
9012:
9008:
9004:
8999:
8996:
8992:
8988:
8984:
8983:Third Crusade
8980:
8976:
8971:
8969:
8965:
8961:
8959:
8955:
8954:Domesday Book
8950:
8948:
8944:
8940:
8939:
8934:
8930:
8925:
8923:
8920:. Before the
8919:
8915:
8911:
8907:
8903:
8895:
8894:
8889:
8885:
8881:
8877:
8873:
8869:
8858:
8853:
8851:
8846:
8844:
8839:
8838:
8836:
8835:
8824:
8822:
8821:Elections Act
8819:
8818:
8814:
8812:
8809:
8808:
8804:
8802:
8799:
8798:
8794:
8792:
8789:
8788:
8784:
8782:
8779:
8778:
8774:
8772:
8769:
8768:
8764:
8762:
8759:
8758:
8754:
8752:
8749:
8748:
8744:
8742:
8739:
8738:
8734:
8732:
8729:
8728:
8724:
8722:
8719:
8718:
8714:
8712:
8709:
8708:
8704:
8702:
8699:
8698:
8694:
8692:
8689:
8688:
8684:
8682:
8679:
8678:
8674:
8672:
8669:
8668:
8664:
8662:
8659:
8658:
8654:
8652:
8649:
8648:
8644:
8642:
8639:
8638:
8634:
8632:
8629:
8628:
8624:
8622:
8619:
8618:
8614:
8612:
8609:
8608:
8604:
8602:
8599:
8598:
8594:
8592:
8589:
8588:
8584:
8582:
8579:
8578:
8574:
8572:
8569:
8568:
8564:
8562:
8559:
8558:
8554:
8552:
8549:
8548:
8544:
8542:
8539:
8538:
8534:
8532:
8531:Lisbon Treaty
8529:
8528:
8524:
8522:
8519:
8518:
8514:
8512:
8509:
8508:
8504:
8502:
8499:
8498:
8494:
8492:
8489:
8488:
8484:
8482:
8479:
8478:
8474:
8472:
8469:
8468:
8464:
8462:
8459:
8458:
8454:
8452:
8449:
8448:
8444:
8442:
8439:
8438:
8434:
8432:
8429:
8428:
8424:
8422:
8419:
8418:
8414:
8412:
8409:
8408:
8404:
8402:
8399:
8398:
8394:
8392:
8389:
8388:
8384:
8382:
8379:
8378:
8374:
8372:
8369:
8368:
8364:
8362:
8359:
8358:
8354:
8352:
8349:
8348:
8344:
8342:
8339:
8338:
8334:
8332:
8329:
8328:
8324:
8322:
8319:
8318:
8314:
8312:
8309:
8308:
8304:
8302:
8299:
8298:
8294:
8292:
8289:
8288:
8284:
8282:
8279:
8278:
8274:
8272:
8269:
8268:
8264:
8262:
8259:
8258:
8254:
8252:
8249:
8248:
8244:
8242:
8239:
8238:
8234:
8232:
8229:
8228:
8224:
8222:
8219:
8218:
8214:
8212:
8209:
8208:
8204:
8202:
8199:
8198:
8194:
8192:
8189:
8188:
8184:
8182:
8179:
8178:
8174:
8171:
8167:
8166:
8162:
8160:
8157:
8156:
8152:
8150:
8147:
8146:
8142:
8140:
8137:
8136:
8132:
8130:
8127:
8126:
8122:
8120:
8117:
8116:
8112:
8110:
8107:
8106:
8102:
8100:
8097:
8096:
8092:
8089:
8088:
8084:
8082:
8079:
8078:
8074:
8072:
8069:
8068:
8064:
8062:
8059:
8058:
8054:
8051:
8050:
8046:
8043:
8042:
8038:
8036:
8033:
8032:
8028:
8026:
8023:
8022:
8018:
8016:
8013:
8012:
8008:
8006:
8003:
8002:
7998:
7995:
7994:
7990:
7988:
7985:
7984:
7980:
7977:
7976:
7972:
7970:
7967:
7966:
7962:
7959:
7958:
7954:
7952:
7949:
7948:
7944:
7942:
7939:
7938:
7934:
7932:
7929:
7928:
7924:
7921:
7920:
7916:
7914:
7911:
7910:
7906:
7904:
7901:
7900:
7896:
7894:
7891:
7890:
7886:
7884:
7881:
7880:
7876:
7874:
7871:
7870:
7866:
7864:
7861:
7860:
7856:
7854:
7851:
7850:
7846:
7844:
7841:
7840:
7836:
7834:
7831:
7830:
7826:
7824:
7821:
7820:
7816:
7814:
7811:
7810:
7806:
7803:
7802:
7798:
7796:
7793:
7792:
7788:
7786:
7783:
7782:
7778:
7776:
7773:
7772:
7768:
7766:
7763:
7762:
7758:
7756:
7753:
7752:
7748:
7746:
7743:
7742:
7738:
7736:
7733:
7732:
7728:
7726:
7723:
7722:
7718:
7716:
7713:
7712:
7708:
7705:
7704:
7700:
7697:
7696:
7692:
7689:
7688:
7684:
7682:
7679:
7678:
7674:
7672:
7669:
7668:
7664:
7662:
7659:
7658:
7654:
7652:
7649:
7648:
7644:
7642:
7639:
7638:
7634:
7632:
7629:
7628:
7624:
7622:
7619:
7618:
7614:
7612:
7609:
7608:
7604:
7602:
7599:
7598:
7594:
7592:
7591:Acts of Union
7589:
7588:
7584:
7582:
7579:
7578:
7572:List per year
7566:
7565:
7561:
7557:
7556:
7553:
7549:
7545:
7542:
7541:
7537:
7527:
7525:
7521:
7517:
7513:
7509:
7508:
7503:
7502:
7496:
7494:
7488:
7486:
7482:
7478:
7474:
7466:
7462:
7457:
7452:
7448:
7444:
7440:
7430:
7428:
7424:
7420:
7416:
7412:
7408:
7403:
7399:
7395:
7390:
7388:
7384:
7380:
7376:
7372:
7368:
7364:
7363:The Holocaust
7360:
7355:
7353:
7349:
7345:
7341:
7337:
7333:
7329:
7324:
7320:
7316:
7311:
7309:
7305:
7304:free movement
7300:
7296:
7292:
7288:
7280:
7276:
7271:
7266:
7262:
7258:
7248:
7245:
7241:
7237:
7232:
7229:
7225:
7221:
7217:
7213:
7206:
7202:
7197:
7192:
7188:
7184:
7178:
7174:
7168:
7164:
7154:
7152:
7151:elected mayor
7146:
7144:
7139:
7134:
7132:
7128:
7124:
7120:
7114:
7111:
7107:
7102:
7100:
7096:
7095:eight regions
7090:
7088:
7084:
7080:
7076:
7072:
7064:
7060:
7056:
7052:
7047:
7037:
7031:
7027:
7022:
7017:
7012:
7007:
7002:
6998:
6993:
6988:
6983:
6978:
6973:
6968:
6963:
6958:
6953:
6948:
6943:
6938:
6933:
6928:
6923:
6918:
6913:
6908:
6901:
6896:
6891:
6886:
6879:
6874:
6869:
6864:
6857:
6852:
6847:
6842:
6837:
6832:
6827:
6823:
6818:
6813:
6808:
6803:
6798:
6793:
6788:
6779:
6774:
6772:
6767:
6765:
6760:
6759:
6756:
6751:
6747:
6743:
6739:
6729:
6727:
6722:
6721:civil service
6717:
6715:
6711:
6703:
6699:
6695:
6691:
6687:
6683:
6679:
6677:
6676:
6670:
6665:
6663:
6658:
6657:royal charter
6652:
6648:
6646:
6642:
6638:
6634:
6630:
6626:
6625:
6619:
6617:
6616:
6611:
6610:
6605:
6601:
6593:
6589:
6585:
6581:
6575:
6571:
6567:
6565:
6561:
6557:
6556:King's speech
6552:
6550:
6546:
6542:
6538:
6534:
6530:
6526:
6521:
6519:
6515:
6514:
6509:
6505:
6501:
6497:
6493:
6489:
6485:
6481:
6476:
6474:
6470:
6466:
6462:
6458:
6454:
6451:
6448:
6444:
6443:head of state
6441:. The formal
6440:
6432:
6428:
6424:
6419:
6409:
6403:
6398:
6393:
6388:
6383:
6379:
6374:
6369:
6362:
6358:
6353:
6348:
6343:
6339:
6336:
6335:
6329:
6324:
6323:
6315:
6310:
6309:
6303:
6298:
6297:
6291:
6286:
6285:
6279:
6274:
6273:
6267:
6263:
6258:
6254:
6249:
6245:
6242:
6237:
6233:
6228:
6224:
6219:
6214:
6213:
6207:
6203:EWHC J23 (KB)
6202:
6201:
6195:
6186:
6181:
6179:
6174:
6172:
6167:
6166:
6163:
6158:
6154:
6150:
6146:
6142:
6141:UK government
6132:
6130:
6126:
6122:
6117:
6116:
6111:
6107:
6103:
6098:
6093:
6091:
6085:
6083:
6079:
6078:
6073:
6065:
6060:
6056:
6054:
6050:
6046:
6042:
6038:
6033:
6032:obligations.
6031:
6027:
6023:
6019:
6015:
6011:
6007:
6003:
5999:
5995:
5991:
5987:
5983:
5979:
5975:
5971:
5966:
5964:
5958:
5954:
5951:
5947:
5939:
5935:
5930:
5920:
5914:
5909:
5908:
5902:
5897:
5892:
5887:
5882:
5878:
5873:
5869:ss 27A, 63-79
5868:
5863:
5859:
5854:
5849:
5842:
5837:
5832:
5827:
5822:
5817:
5812:
5808:
5803:
5798:
5793:
5784:
5779:
5777:
5772:
5770:
5765:
5764:
5761:
5756:
5746:
5744:
5740:
5736:
5731:
5728:
5723:
5719:
5714:
5712:
5706:
5704:
5700:
5696:
5692:
5688:
5683:
5675:
5671:
5667:
5662:
5658:
5656:
5652:
5648:
5644:
5640:
5636:
5632:
5628:
5624:
5620:
5616:
5612:
5607:
5604:
5603:
5596:
5593:
5589:
5588:
5582:
5581:
5580:Ashby v White
5575:
5572:
5568:
5564:
5560:
5552:
5548:
5543:
5539:
5537:
5533:
5529:
5524:
5519:
5516:
5512:
5508:
5504:
5500:
5496:
5492:
5488:
5484:
5480:
5474:
5463:
5457:
5452:
5451:
5443:
5438:
5433:
5428:
5423:
5419:
5416:
5411:
5407:
5400:
5396:
5389:
5384:
5379:
5374:
5369:
5364:
5357:
5353:
5350:
5349:
5343:
5339:
5336:
5335:
5329:
5324:
5323:
5322:Ashby v White
5317:
5312:
5307:
5303:
5300:
5296:
5293:
5288:
5283:
5278:
5269:
5264:
5262:
5257:
5255:
5250:
5249:
5246:
5237:
5235:
5231:
5227:
5223:
5219:
5218:head of state
5215:
5211:
5207:
5203:
5199:
5195:
5191:
5186:
5184:
5180:
5176:
5172:
5166:
5164:
5159:
5155:
5151:
5147:
5139:
5135:
5131:
5127:
5122:
5113:
5104:
5102:
5092:
5086:
5083:
5080:
5077:
5074:
5073:
5072:
5069:
5060:
5058:
5054:
5044:
5042:
5038:
5034:
5030:
5026:
5022:
5018:
5014:
5010:
5006:
5001:
4998:
4994:
4990:
4989:Ponsonby Rule
4986:
4982:
4977:
4975:
4971:
4967:
4963:
4959:
4955:
4951:
4947:
4943:
4934:
4930:
4928:
4924:
4920:
4916:
4911:
4909:
4905:
4904:Supreme Court
4901:
4900:
4894:
4890:
4885:
4883:
4879:
4875:
4874:
4868:
4865:
4860:
4856:
4851:
4850:
4844:
4840:
4836:
4831:
4820:
4814:
4809:
4802:
4798:
4793:
4789:
4784:
4780:
4773:
4769:
4762:
4758:
4751:
4747:
4742:
4738:
4733:
4729:
4726:
4725:
4719:
4715:
4712:
4711:
4705:
4700:
4699:
4694:
4693:
4687:
4683:
4680:
4679:
4673:
4669:EWCA Civ 2008
4668:
4667:
4661:
4656:
4655:
4649:
4644:
4643:
4637:
4632:
4627:
4622:
4621:
4615:
4610:
4605:
4596:
4591:
4589:
4584:
4582:
4577:
4576:
4573:
4568:
4564:
4560:
4550:
4548:
4544:
4540:
4536:
4532:
4531:Baroness Hale
4528:
4524:
4519:
4516:
4512:
4511:
4505:
4501:
4500:
4499:Ashby v White
4493:
4491:
4485:
4483:
4479:
4475:
4471:
4467:
4459:
4454:
4444:
4438:
4434:
4431:
4430:
4424:
4419:
4418:
4410:
4406:
4403:
4402:
4396:
4391:
4390:
4384:
4379:
4378:
4377:Ashby v White
4372:
4367:
4366:
4358:
4353:
4352:
4346:
4341:
4340:
4334:
4329:
4328:
4322:
4318:
4314:
4307:
4303:
4300:
4293:
4289:
4288:Prot 1, art 3
4286:Preamble and
4285:
4280:
4276:
4273:
4266:
4257:
4252:
4250:
4245:
4243:
4238:
4237:
4234:
4229:
4219:
4216:
4212:
4208:
4204:
4200:
4195:
4193:
4192:United States
4189:
4185:
4180:
4178:
4173:
4169:
4168:labour rights
4165:
4161:
4157:
4153:
4152:
4146:
4143:
4142:Baroness Hale
4138:
4134:
4130:
4126:
4122:
4118:
4117:
4108:
4104:
4100:
4096:
4092:
4088:
4083:
4079:
4077:
4071:
4070:, article 8.
4069:
4065:
4061:
4057:
4053:
4052:
4047:
4042:
4039:
4035:
4031:
4027:
4026:
4021:
4013:
4009:
4004:
4000:
3998:
3994:
3990:
3985:
3983:
3979:
3975:
3971:
3967:
3962:
3951:
3945:
3940:
3939:
3931:
3926:
3925:
3919:
3914:
3909:
3904:
3903:
3897:
3892:
3891:
3883:
3878:
3877:
3869:
3864:
3863:
3857:
3852:
3851:
3845:
3840:
3839:
3833:
3828:
3827:
3819:
3814:
3813:
3807:
3798:
3793:
3791:
3786:
3784:
3779:
3778:
3775:
3770:
3760:
3758:
3754:
3750:
3745:
3741:
3737:
3732:
3730:
3726:
3722:
3718:
3714:
3713:
3707:
3703:
3699:
3695:
3691:
3687:
3683:
3679:
3675:
3671:
3666:
3664:
3659:
3654:
3650:
3646:
3645:
3639:
3637:
3632:
3628:
3623:
3621:
3617:
3616:
3611:
3607:
3603:
3598:
3594:
3590:
3586:
3582:
3578:
3570:
3566:
3562:
3558:
3554:
3550:
3549:human dignity
3546:
3542:
3537:
3533:
3531:
3527:
3523:
3519:
3515:
3511:
3507:
3502:
3500:
3496:
3492:
3488:
3484:
3480:
3476:
3472:
3467:
3465:
3461:
3457:
3448:
3444:
3440:
3436:
3432:
3427:
3423:
3420:
3419:
3414:
3410:
3406:
3402:
3401:
3395:
3393:
3389:
3385:
3381:
3377:
3373:
3369:
3368:common people
3365:
3361:
3358:of 1688, the
3357:
3352:
3350:
3346:
3342:
3338:
3335:in 1615, the
3334:
3333:
3328:
3324:
3320:
3316:
3312:
3308:
3306:
3302:
3298:
3286:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3249:
3248:
3240:
3235:
3234:
3228:
3223:
3222:
3214:
3209:
3208:
3202:
3198:
3195:
3194:
3188:
3183:
3182:
3176:
3171:
3170:
3164:
3159:
3158:
3152:
3147:
3146:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3121:
3116:
3112:
3107:
3103:
3098:
3094:
3089:
3083:
3076:
3071:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3040:
3037:
3033:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2993:
2988:
2986:
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2979:
2974:
2973:
2970:
2965:
2961:
2957:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2938:
2934:
2930:
2926:
2922:
2918:
2913:
2911:
2907:
2903:
2899:
2895:
2891:
2887:
2882:
2880:
2876:
2872:
2868:
2864:
2860:
2856:
2848:
2844:
2840:
2839:
2833:
2817:
2812:
2810:
2805:
2803:
2798:
2797:
2795:
2794:
2788:
2785:
2784:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2764:
2759:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2735:
2731:
2721:
2720:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2699:
2691:
2688:
2687:
2686:
2683:
2682:
2681:
2678:
2677:
2671:
2670:member states
2668:
2667:
2666:
2663:
2662:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2642:
2640:
2636:
2633:
2632:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2602:
2601:
2598:
2597:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2587:United States
2585:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2466:
2463:
2462:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2427:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2401:
2398:
2397:
2396:
2393:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2381:
2380:
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2368:
2366:
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2362:
2359:
2354:
2353:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2322:
2318:
2317:Visa policies
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2304:
2299:
2296:
2293:
2288:
2284:
2279:
2276:
2272:
2269:
2262:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2224:
2222:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2199:
2195:
2194:
2190:
2185:
2184:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2163:
2158:
2155:
2154:
2148:
2145:
2144:
2136:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2121:
2120:
2115:
2112:
2111:
2108:
2103:
2102:
2095:
2092:
2089:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2066:
2064:
2063:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2039:Council areas
2037:
2035:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2022:
2020:
2019:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1993:
1991:
1990:
1982:
1979:
1976:
1972:
1969:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1951:
1949:
1945:
1942:
1939:
1935:
1932:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1914:
1913:
1910:
1907:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1885:
1883:
1882:
1875:
1870:
1869:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1834:
1833:Eluned Morgan
1831:
1830:
1829:
1828:
1824:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1808:
1805:
1802:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1788:
1786:
1785:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1759:
1757:
1754:
1750:
1747:
1746:
1745:
1744:
1740:
1737:
1733:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1715:
1714:
1712:
1711:
1703:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1693:
1690:
1688:
1685:
1681:
1678:
1677:
1676:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1664:
1663:
1662:
1661:
1657:
1654:
1649:
1646:
1645:
1643:
1642:
1632:
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1619:
1617:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1607:
1604:
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1597:
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1590:
1585:
1580:
1577:
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1572:
1571:
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1567:
1565:
1562:
1560:
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1556:
1554:
1553:
1545:
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1537:
1535:
1532:
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1528:
1523:
1522:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1506:
1504:
1501:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1486:
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1481:
1478:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1468:
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1244:
1241:
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1231:
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1226:
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1221:
1219:
1216:
1214:
1211:
1209:
1206:
1204:
1201:
1199:
1196:
1194:
1191:
1189:
1186:
1184:
1181:
1179:
1176:
1174:
1171:
1169:
1166:
1164:
1161:
1159:
1156:
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1144:
1141:
1139:
1136:
1134:
1131:
1129:
1126:
1124:
1121:
1119:
1116:
1114:
1111:
1109:
1106:
1104:
1101:
1099:
1096:
1094:
1091:
1089:
1086:
1084:
1081:
1079:
1076:
1074:
1071:
1069:
1066:
1064:
1061:
1059:
1056:
1054:
1051:
1049:
1046:
1044:
1041:
1039:
1036:
1034:
1031:
1029:
1026:
1024:
1021:
1019:
1016:
1014:
1011:
1009:
1006:
1004:
1001:
999:
996:
994:
991:
989:
986:
985:
981:
980:
975:
970:
967:
965:
962:
960:
957:
955:
952:
950:
947:
944:
940:
937:
936:
933:
929:
924:
923:
916:
913:
911:
908:
906:
903:
902:
900:
899:
893:
892:
888:
887:
886:
885:
884:Andrew Bailey
879:
878:
874:
873:
870:
865:
864:
857:
854:
852:
849:
847:
844:
842:
839:
838:
834:
833:
829:
828:
827:
826:
820:
819:
815:
814:
813:
812:
811:The Lord Reed
806:
805:
801:
800:
799:
797:
790:
789:
788:Supreme Court
785:
784:
782:
780:
774:
769:
764:
763:
754:
751:
750:
749:
746:
744:
741:
739:
736:
735:
729:
725:
721:
720:
716:
715:
712:
708:
707:
703:
702:
701:
699:
692:
691:
687:
686:
682:
678:
677:
673:
672:
671:
669:
662:
661:
657:
656:
654:
653:
647:
646:
642:
641:
639:
637:
631:
624:
623:
622:UK Parliament
619:
618:
615:
610:
609:
602:
599:
597:
594:
592:
589:
588:
586:
583:
579:
578:Angela Rayner
572:
571:
567:
566:
565:
562:
558:
550:
546:
545:
541:
540:
539:
536:
532:
524:
520:
519:
515:
514:
513:
511:
504:
503:
502:HM Government
499:
498:
496:
495:
493:
487:
483:
481:
474:
473:
472:Privy Council
469:
468:
465:
460:
459:
452:
449:
447:
444:
442:
439:
437:
434:
432:
429:
428:
426:
425:
419:
418:
417:Heir apparent
414:
413:
412:
410:
405:
404:
397:
393:
392:
388:
387:
385:
379:
374:
373:
366:
363:
361:
358:
356:
353:
351:
348:
344:
343:Acts of Union
339:
336:
334:
331:
329:
326:
325:
322:
317:
316:
312:
308:
307:
304:
301:
300:
296:
292:
291:
288:
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
253:
248:
246:
242:
237:
232:
230:
226:
222:
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
198:
194:
190:
184:
182:
178:
174:
170:
166:
162:
158:
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
134:
130:
126:
122:
118:
114:
110:
106:
102:
98:
94:
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
69:
67:
63:
59:
55:
47:
44:at will. The
43:
39:
35:
31:
27:
23:
19:
19048:Homelessness
18862:Homelessness
18645:Social class
18625:Prostitution
18568:Homelessness
18349:British Army
18181:Human rights
18169:By-elections
18149:Constitution
18148:
17720:Georgian era
17644:
17637:
17459:Property law
17444:Contract law
17439:Criminal law
17428:
17372:
17202:Scots delict
17131:
17007:Transnistria
16969:Vatican City
16963:
16666:
16662:
16658:
16545:
16520:D Jenkins, '
16505:Other papers
16497:
16490:
16479:
16469:
16464:AW Bradley,
16451:
16439:
16425:
16418:
16408:
16388:
16372:
16356:
16342:
16323:
16309:
16293:
16281:
16272:3rd edn 1889
16267:
16257:
16245:
16160:
16121:
16112:
16104:
16098:
16086:. Retrieved
16081:
16071:
16059:
16039:
16032:
16014:
16004:
15992:. Retrieved
15988:the original
15978:
15968:
15956:. Retrieved
15952:the original
15947:
15943:
15920:
15913:
15901:. Retrieved
15891:
15871:
15864:
15844:
15837:
15817:
15810:
15800:
15790:
15781:
15769:
15758:
15747:
15736:
15725:
15713:
15709:
15680:
15672:
15648:
15641:
15631:
15622:
15615:Lord Russell
15609:
15600:
15592:
15584:
15572:
15559:
15554:
15546:
15538:
15525:
15508:
15496:
15478:
15446:
15436:
15432:
15423:
15413:
15409:
15399:
15395:
15385:
15381:
15368:
15360:
15352:
15345:. Retrieved
15341:
15332:
15319:
15306:
15298:
15280:
15267:
15255:
15241:
15229:
15220:
15204:
15194:
15189:
15181:
15176:
15167:
15157:
15151:
15148:W Blackstone
15137:
15131:
15125:
15120:
15111:
15099:
15095:
15083:
15078:
15072:
15062:
15057:
15047:
15042:
15009:
14999:
14982:
14972:
14963:
14947:Adam and Eve
14936:
14931:
14919:
14907:
14899:
14881:
14872:
14860:
14848:
14843:
14835:
14834:DD McGarry,
14830:
14816:
14800:
14788:
14776:
14768:
14763:
14754:, while the
14746:unified the
14738:
14724:
14716:
14702:
14690:
14680:
14674:
14670:
14660:
14656:
14646:
14640:
14634:
14630:
14620:
14614:
14608:
14604:
14589:
14581:
14571:
14567:
14563:
14557:
14532:
14522:
14518:
14503:
14491:
14479:
14467:
14457:
14449:
14439:
14433:
14427:
14418:
14400:
14395:
14378:
14368:
14358:
14350:
14339:
14331:
14311:
14304:Oxford Union
14290:
14280:
14275:
14259:
14250:
14234:
14226:
14217:
14208:
14197:
14184:
14172:
14160:
14148:
14133:NHS Act 2006
14127:
14115:
14103:
14091:
14079:
14067:
14055:
14043:
14036:other duties
14026:
14013:See further
14009:
13990:
13974:
13962:
13954:
13946:
13942:
13937:
13922:
13912:
13906:
13898:
13881:
13863:
13857:
13835:
13830:
13814:
13791:
13781:
13777:
13767:
13761:
13755:
13750:
13740:
13736:
13727:
13717:
13713:
13700:
13690:
13686:
13670:
13662:
13652:
13648:
13638:
13625:
13612:
13602:
13596:
13590:
13584:
13580:
13570:
13565:
13548:
13539:
13531:
13526:
13516:
13512:
13500:
13484:
13477:, retrieved
13471:
13465:
13455:18 September
13453:. Retrieved
13450:yougov.co.uk
13449:
13440:
13431:
13420:
13412:
13404:
13388:Crown Estate
13374:
13362:
13343:
13332:
13327:
13315:
13306:
13289:
13279:
13268:royal assent
13259:
13247:
13236:
13223:
13211:
13195:
13182:
13171:
13159:
13150:
13142:
13137:
13124:See now the
13120:
13109:
13095:
13091:
13081:
13076:
13066:
13061:
13028:
13024:
13014:
13003:, retrieved
12997:
12991:
12975:
12959:
12950:
12941:
12906:
12902:
12897:
12862:
12851:
12837:
12829:
12817:
12804:
12792:
12780:
12771:
12755:
12746:
12737:
12728:
12719:
12709:
12708:. See also,
12697:
12685:
12672:
12668:
12648:
12631:
12627:
12615:
12603:
12580:
12575:
12565:
12561:
12552:
12540:
12532:
12531:UKSC 67 and
12526:
12520:
12514:
12508:
12503:
12488:
12476:
12471:widespread'.
12466:
12461:(2018) ch 8.
12458:
12448:
12439:
12422:
12405:
12392:
12379:
12368:, retrieved
12362:
12356:
12349:Earl Marshal
12333:
12319:
12303:
12278:
12266:. Retrieved
12262:
12252:
12240:. Retrieved
12236:
12227:
12215:. Retrieved
12211:
12202:
12190:. Retrieved
12186:the original
12181:
12172:
12157:
12147:
12143:
12134:
12117:
12113:
12101:
12096:
12082:
12077:
12065:
12052:
12039:
12018:
12008:
12004:
11987:
11986:See further
11982:
11970:
11966:
11950:
11946:
11938:
11932:
11928:
11918:
11914:
11904:
11900:
11890:
11886:
11876:
11872:
11854:
11848:
11838:
11832:
11827:
11819:
11814:
11801:
11791:
11778:
11766:
11759:
11749:
11743:
11738:
11728:
11719:
11715:
11705:
11701:
11691:
11687:
11677:
11673:
11656:
11647:
11643:
11612:
11602:
11598:
11589:
11580:
11572:
11564:
11556:
11548:
11539:
11532:
11522:
11514:
11498:
11494:
11479:
11471:The Republic
11469:
11459:
11449:
11440:
11429:
11423:
11408:
11401:Lord Bingham
11396:
11388:
11380:
11375:
11363:
11349:
11341:
11333:
11328:
11318:
11313:
11292:
11287:
11274:
11270:
11260:
11255:
11242:
11238:
11225:
11221:
11200:
11189:
11185:
11177:
11173:
11149:
11137:
11129:
11119:
11115:
11103:
11084:
11076:
11069:
11063:
11055:
11047:
11036:Lord Bingham
11027:
11011:
10987:
10983:
10972:
10968:
10958:
10949:
10936:
10929:
10924:
10913:
10904:
10900:
10888:
10876:
10872:
10862:
10858:
10850:
10833:
10829:
10797:
10783:
10773:
10763:
10758:
10745:
10731:
10716:
10697:
10689:
10681:
10673:
10664:
10647:
10642:
10633:
10618:
10603:
10593:
10589:
10579:
10575:
10563:
10555:
10550:
10542:
10533:
10521:. Retrieved
10518:The Guardian
10517:
10502:
10489:
10431:
10423:
10410:
10405:
10397:
10388:
10378:
10361:and the two
10336:
10332:
10324:
10319:
10307:
10296:
10275:
10259:
10238:
10225:
10221:
10208:
10202:
10193:
10187:
10182:
10173:
10167:
10039:
10024:launched a "
10022:Gordon Brown
10020:
10008:Lord Speaker
9993:
9958:
9944:
9932:
9924:Lord Scarman
9912:Eric Barendt
9909:
9858:
9780:
9716:the Americas
9677:
9653:Suffragettes
9642:
9607:
9588:
9570:. While the
9557:
9542:great famine
9535:
9506:R v Lovelass
9504:
9472:steam engine
9469:
9454:
9439:
9419:
9397:
9387:
9385:
9373:Lord King LC
9346:
9336:
9322:
9321:granted the
9312:
9297:
9282:
9275:
9235:
9233:
9194:
9179:
9173:
9166:King's Bench
9162:Common Pleas
9143:
9131:
9097:corporations
9046:
9023:
9000:
8972:
8962:
8951:
8936:
8926:
8899:
8891:
8461:Scotland Act
7543:
7505:
7499:
7497:
7489:
7483:, where the
7470:
7391:
7359:World War II
7356:
7312:
7287:human rights
7284:
7251:Human rights
7233:
7210:
7147:
7135:
7115:
7103:
7091:
7068:
6957:NHS Act 2006
6718:
6707:
6673:
6666:
6653:
6649:
6622:
6620:
6613:
6607:
6597:
6573:
6553:
6537:Crown Estate
6533:Crown Estate
6522:
6511:
6477:
6436:
6332:
6318:
6306:
6294:
6282:
6270:
6210:
6198:
6113:
6094:
6086:
6075:
6069:
6034:
6020:. Since the
5986:criminal law
5970:County Court
5967:
5959:
5955:
5943:
5905:
5888:ss 11 and 33
5850:arts 251-281
5732:
5715:
5707:
5679:
5608:
5600:
5597:
5585:
5578:
5576:
5571:Commonwealth
5556:
5536:royal assent
5520:
5476:
5446:
5346:
5332:
5320:
5187:
5175:royal assent
5167:
5143:
5116:Institutions
5110:
5098:
5090:
5070:
5066:
5050:
5002:
4978:
4939:
4912:
4897:
4886:
4871:
4870:In 1774, in
4869:
4855:Lord Holt CJ
4827:
4722:
4708:
4696:
4690:
4676:
4664:
4652:
4640:
4618:
4542:
4520:
4508:
4504:Lord Holt CJ
4497:
4494:
4486:
4482:World War II
4474:human rights
4463:
4427:
4413:
4399:
4387:
4375:
4361:
4349:
4337:
4325:
4196:
4181:
4149:
4147:
4114:
4112:
4099:human rights
4076:human rights
4072:
4049:
4043:
4034:Lord Halifax
4023:
4017:
3986:
3978:human rights
3958:
3934:
3922:
3900:
3886:
3872:
3860:
3848:
3836:
3822:
3810:
3733:
3710:
3684:created the
3676:created the
3667:
3653:High Speed 2
3642:
3640:
3624:
3613:
3574:
3569:human rights
3503:
3468:
3452:
3441:was held at
3418:obiter dicta
3416:
3398:
3396:
3376:trade unions
3353:
3330:
3309:
3293:
3253:
3243:
3231:
3217:
3205:
3191:
3179:
3172:3 All ER 484
3167:
3155:
3143:
3133:
2914:
2883:
2852:
2846:
2843:Claude Monet
2836:
2562:South Africa
2547:Saudi Arabia
2268:Saint Helena
2060:
2030:Subdivisions
2016:
2001:Subdivisions
1987:
1893:Subdivisions
1879:
1825:
1782:
1749:John Swinney
1741:
1708:
1672:
1658:
1639:
1626:Metro mayors
1591:
1550:
1494:
1490:
1446:
1442:
1393:
1389:
1345:
1341:
1287:
1283:
977:
973:
896:
889:
882:
875:
830:
823:
816:
809:
802:
793:
786:
776:
717:
704:
695:
688:
676:Lord Speaker
674:
665:
658:
650:
643:
627:
620:
576:
568:
557:Keir Starmer
555:
542:
529:
516:
507:
500:
489:
484:
477:
470:
431:Royal family
422:
415:
406:
401:
389:
321:Constitution
320:
285:trade unions
249:
233:
185:
135:, Wales and
131:Kingdoms of
70:
53:
51:
18:
19135:Health care
19043:Health care
18949:Health care
18857:Health care
18765:Anglosphere
18640:Social care
18595:Immigration
18538:Drug policy
18302:Departments
18230:Nationality
18003:Agriculture
17936:terminology
17903:City status
17774:Since 1979
17625:Hue and cry
17620:Bloody Code
17590:New Zealand
17499:Company law
17415:English law
17316:New Zealand
17137:English law
17045:Isle of Man
16980:recognition
16949:Switzerland
16884:Netherlands
16571:, ucl.ac.uk
16339:FW Maitland
16290:J Froissart
16258:Rule of Law
16010:Dicey, A.V.
15465:had bought
15441:EWHC KB J98
15347:14 November
14925:Book I, 173
14865:Magna Carta
14797:FW Maitland
14785:FW Maitland
14721:J Froissart
14590:Rule of Law
14365:O de Gouges
14316:Magna Carta
14032:DCLG duties
13996:IFS, BN 250
13911:UKSC 4 and
13908:Sugar v BBC
13766:EWHC 2746,
13654:Nissan v AG
13506:EWHC KB J22
13355:SI 2017/438
13338:Independent
12869:ss 1-3 and
12622:ss 319-333.
12533:Moohan v UK
12522:McHugh v UK
12347:" and the "
12087:UKSC 5 and
11892:Luke v Lyde
11856:R v Hampden
11834:Bate's case
11807:Magna Carta
11773:J. Habermas
11569:J. Habermas
11415:Lord Bridge
11385:A. V. Dicey
11138:Rule of Law
11109:EWHC KB J98
11052:A. V. Dicey
11028:Rule of Law
10686:A. V. Dicey
10568:Magna Carta
10523:20 December
10416:EWHC KB J98
10343:Magna Carta
9873:rule of law
9572:Crimean War
9554:revolutions
9528:during the
9453:called for
9437:from 1788.
9154:Edward Coke
9093:Anne Boleyn
9089:Elizabeth I
9087:at age 15,
9057:Anne Boleyn
9034:Black Death
9030:common land
9026:Middle Ages
8995:Magna Carta
8938:Curia Regis
8916:were fully
8884:Black Death
8119:Peerage Act
7512:prohibition
7308:common land
7299:Magna Carta
7121:enumerated
7106:Council Tax
7061:. The only
6804:1998 ss 1β6
6647:elections.
6584:Rishi Sunak
6453:Charles III
6447:His Majesty
6370:ss 3, 20-24
6145:UK monarchy
5982:Crown Court
5946:rule of law
5730:business."
5557:Today, the
5503:aristocracy
5234:rule of law
5107:Conventions
5095:Court cases
5051:Due to the
4948:. From the
4843:Edward Coke
4835:Magna Carta
4458:Magna Carta
4160:rule of law
4087:rule of law
4030:John Entick
4012:rule of law
3961:rule of law
3838:McCann v UK
3815:EWHC KB J98
3763:Rule of law
3753:Theresa May
3636:Lord Bridge
3565:rule of law
3349:Edward Coke
3311:Common land
3307:" to rule.
3297:Magna Carta
2890:Magna Carta
2879:rule of law
2532:New Zealand
2527:Netherlands
2417:Visa policy
2395:UK passport
2157:Isle of Man
2084:Communities
2034:Sheriffdoms
1852:(1999β2011)
1616:London Plan
932:referendums
773:Charles III
753:List of MPs
724:Rishi Sunak
652:Charles III
614:Legislature
591:Departments
486:Charles III
441:Prerogative
403:Charles III
391:The Monarch
355:Rule of law
328:Magna Carta
101:Magna Carta
85:rule of law
19259:Categories
19101:Government
19009:Government
19004:Parliament
18720:Literature
18600:Innovation
18533:Demography
18428:(currency)
18277:Government
18235:Parliament
18159:Devolution
18154:Corruption
18089:Materials
18023:geothermal
17707:Chronology
17610:Common law
17524:Family law
17509:Labour law
17331:Common law
17176:Labour law
16919:San Marino
16879:Montenegro
16859:Luxembourg
16839:Kazakhstan
16742:Azerbaijan
16498:Public Law
16415:FL Neumann
16405:FL Neumann
16358:On Liberty
16306:I Jennings
16151:V Bogdanor
16143:A Blick, '
16133:References
16022:. p.
16018:. London:
15994:31 January
15903:9 November
15689:. p.
15613:Letter to
15512:Using the
15303:John Locke
14974:Surueyenge
14878:W Langland
14847:T Purser,
14597:ss 171-177
14582:Public Law
14511:ss 2 and 5
14474:arts 5-11.
14402:jus cogens
14235:Public Law
14139:ss 46-47.
14135:ss 74-82.
14017:ss 65-68.
13695:AC 75, 101
13601:2 AC 513,
13409:I Jennings
13264:Queen Anne
12608:PPERA 2000
12387:, see the
12383:Following
12028:common law
11820:Institutes
11595:D. Feldman
11586:R. Dworkin
11446:Thucydides
11419:Lord Woolf
11134:T. Bingham
11024:T. Bingham
10472:, and the
10420:T. Bingham
10394:T. Bingham
9965:Tony Blair
9948:common law
9900:See also:
9819:Convention
9355:dominated
9272:John Locke
9248:Parliament
9240:Charles II
9209:ship money
9128:John Locke
9055:and marry
9049:Henry VIII
9007:Robin Hood
8968:common law
8931:, in 1070
8882:after the
8880:repression
8878:following
7516:injunction
7501:certiorari
7465:High Court
7402:Convention
7398:Convention
7383:Strasbourg
7365:, the new
7334:after the
7330:, and the
7313:After the
7236:convention
6669:Henry VIII
6662:family law
6633:Article 50
6592:Parliament
6461:since 1708
6457:hereditary
6299:1 WLR 1037
6104:heads the
6077:sub judice
6037:common law
5994:labour law
5974:High Court
5828:arts 92-96
5489:, and the
5479:Parliament
5385:ss 319-333
5240:Parliament
5188:Under the
5179:convention
5146:Parliament
5053:uncodified
5037:referendum
4919:illegality
4880:held that
4121:arms trade
4064:Megarry VC
4028:a writer,
3692:created a
3658:party whip
3610:Commission
3608:, and the
3579:after the
3526:Strasbourg
3514:common law
3495:World Bank
3475:UN Charter
3354:After the
2941:referendum
2931:, and the
2827:Principles
2249:Montserrat
1840:Government
1756:Government
1599:Sadiq Khan
1527:Devolution
1218:1974 (Oct)
1213:1974 (Feb)
1133:1910 (Dec)
905:Currencies
743:Opposition
436:Succession
281:fair trial
171:, joining
105:Parliament
26:Parliament
19130:Education
19086:Geography
19038:Education
18994:Geography
18944:Education
18915:Executive
18900:Geography
18852:Education
18825:Geography
18605:Languages
18543:Education
18469:Transport
18307:Ministers
18193:Judiciary
18164:Elections
18104:Wildlife
18013:biodiesel
17995:Resources
17985:Volcanoes
17975:Mountains
17960:Coastline
17862:Geography
17816:1814β1919
17778:political
17763:political
17715:Formation
17595:Singapore
17580:Hong Kong
17565:Australia
17464:Trust law
17301:Hong Kong
17286:Australia
17152:Welsh law
17147:Scots law
17035:Gibraltar
16854:Lithuania
16665:UKSC 24,
16661:UKHL 32,
16459:Textbooks
16242:W Bagehot
16203:, (2013)
16192:F Kessler
15984:Charter88
15958:6 October
15787:JM Keynes
15687:Routledge
15589:T Malthus
15543:J Bentham
15452:98 ER 499
15398:reversed
15243:Leviathan
15088:77 ER 377
15069:76 ER 637
15017:ruled as
14896:John Stow
14781:F Pollock
14559:GCHQ case
14336:J Bentham
14179:ss 59-106
14155:ss 45-73A
14122:ss 25-31A
14086:ss 3A-458
14062:ss 65-223
14021:regs 8-31
13486:subjects.
13312:W Bagehot
13266:withheld
13206:(SI 2192)
13128:s 33 and
13045:0008-1973
12986:division.
12844:Tony Benn
12296:Australia
12285:s 4. The
12268:5 January
12242:5 January
12217:5 January
12192:5 January
12182:www.bl.uk
11997:Lord Kerr
11952:R v Lyons
11785:Basic Law
11754:UKSC 41,
11456:Aristotle
11435:charade."
11338:W Bagehot
11008:T Bingham
10955:Aristotle
10706:Part XIII
10452:of men),
10285:Part XIII
10210:R v Lyons
9835:austerity
9694:with the
9655:that the
9564:Karl Marx
9522:Chartists
9488:Corn Laws
9484:poor laws
9435:Australia
9418:ruled in
9386:In 1765,
9262:, with a
9221:Whitehall
9197:Charles I
9164:and then
9085:Edward VI
9015:Henry III
8991:King John
8987:Holy Land
8872:John Ball
7552:countries
7421:, and to
7352:Chartists
7131:companies
7059:City Hall
7008:ss 59β106
6989:ss 45β73A
6949:ss 25β31A
6919:ss 3Aβ458
6897:ss 65β223
6843:ss 52AβZY
6698:Charles I
6686:Whitehall
6675:GCHQ case
6484:Charles I
6135:Executive
6045:contracts
6012:" to the
5749:Judiciary
5627:Australia
5375:ss 71-115
5138:judiciary
4678:R v Lyons
4284:ECHR 1950
4228:Democracy
4222:Democracy
4172:Lord Reed
4103:democracy
3557:democracy
3372:Chartists
3364:sovereign
3341:judiciary
2867:Civil War
2567:Palestine
2552:Singapore
2465:Hong Kong
2430:Australia
2330:UK-OT JMC
2243:Gibraltar
2010:Districts
1944:Districts
1861:Welsh law
1776:Scots law
1687:Executive
928:Elections
910:Banknotes
804:President
768:Judiciary
596:Ministers
464:Executive
378:The Crown
227:, or the
203:, or the
89:democracy
19249:Politics
19193:Category
19145:Religion
19091:Politics
19058:Religion
18999:Politics
18987:timeline
18974:Scotland
18959:Religion
18910:Assembly
18905:Politics
18872:Religion
18830:Politics
18818:timeline
18735:Religion
18715:Identity
18578:Scotland
18523:Cannabis
18449:Taxation
18336:Military
18218:monarchs
18213:Monarchy
18133:Politics
18093:forestry
18073:Scottish
18064:Fishing
17923:Physical
17843:Taxation
17838:Military
17828:Maritime
17801:Economic
17794:By topic
17759:Postwar
17753:military
17748:civilian
17740:Interwar
17639:Category
17555:Scotland
17474:Case law
17449:Tort law
17350:See also
17055:Svalbard
17040:Guernsey
16987:Abkhazia
16934:Slovenia
16929:Slovakia
16904:Portugal
16762:Bulgaria
16578:Archived
16542:(1907).
16517:' (2007)
16511:C Gearty
16476:H Kelsen
16466:KD Ewing
16347:CUP 1919
16278:H Arendt
16264:AV Dicey
16177:Archived
16170:KD Ewing
16138:Articles
16122:BBC News
16012:(1915).
15529:See the
15238:T Hobbes
15133:R v Love
14750:and the
14409:and the
14386:and the
14074:ss 13-39
13999:Archived
13949:(2012).
13859:Dunn v R
13380:BBC News
13301:in 1776.
13270:for the
13251:See the
13229:Guardian
13218:ss 70-79
13216:CRA 2005
13200:CRA 2005
13071:UKHL 41.
12914:Archived
12808:See the
12589:Archived
12417:of 1909.
12126:Archived
11818:Coke, 1
11662:Archived
11488:Preamble
11486:(1950),
11357:ss 108β9
11168:others."
10960:Politics
10720:See the
10493:See the
10373:and the
10287:and the
10279:See the
10266:and the
10069:See also
10054:repealed
10044:and the
10012:Law Lord
9801:and the
9777:of 1991.
9538:Chartism
9291:and the
9236:de facto
9107:and the
8979:the Pope
8973:In 1190
8964:Henry II
8906:Scotland
7550:and its
7524:contract
7507:mandamus
7481:contract
7350:and the
7336:American
7293:and the
7212:Scotland
7205:Holyrood
7075:Scotland
7057:work at
6969:ss 46β47
6959:ss 74β82
6909:ss 13β39
6066:, London
5818:s 25(11)
5716:Several
5569:and the
5453:2 QB 257
5338:ECHR 191
5284:arts 1-4
5212:and the
5202:Treasury
5181:, since
5101:case law
4983:and the
4810:ss 20-23
4213:and the
4095:legality
4020:legality
3941:2 AC 513
3927:1 AC 377
3704:and the
3668:Fourth,
3561:equality
3411:and the
3250:UKSC 24
3021:arts 1β4
2892:and the
2873:and the
2855:codified
2763:Scotland
2592:Zimbabwe
2582:Portugal
2572:Pakistan
2517:Malaysia
2435:Barbados
2204:Anguilla
2129:Alderney
2124:Guernsey
2018:Scotland
2005:Counties
1812:2006 Act
1736:2016 Act
1732:2012 Act
1710:Scotland
1692:Assembly
1653:2006 Act
1584:2007 Act
877:Governor
851:Scotland
601:Agencies
295:a series
267:against
179:and the
137:Scotland
119:and the
19211:Portals
19177:Outline
19150:Symbols
19140:Culture
19123:tourism
19118:Economy
19081:History
19063:Symbols
19053:Culture
19031:tourism
19026:Economy
18982:History
18964:Symbols
18954:Culture
18937:tourism
18932:Economy
18895:History
18877:Symbols
18867:Culture
18845:tourism
18840:Economy
18808:History
18800:England
18750:Theatre
18745:Symbols
18703:Cuisine
18680:Culture
18650:Suicide
18620:Poverty
18585:Housing
18573:England
18511:Society
18487:Driving
18459:Tourism
18377:Economy
18285:Cabinet
18085:Hunting
18068:English
17965:Geology
17948:Climate
17698:History
17545:UK-wide
17454:Privacy
17311:Ireland
17162:Company
16959:Ukraine
16909:Romania
16869:Moldova
16827:Ireland
16822:Iceland
16817:Hungary
16807:Germany
16802:Georgia
16792:Finland
16787:Estonia
16782:Denmark
16767:Croatia
16752:Belgium
16747:Belarus
16737:Austria
16732:Armenia
16727:Andorra
16722:Albania
16669:UKSC 3.
16584:, bl.uk
16369:JS Mill
16353:JS Mill
16320:J Locke
16088:30 July
16043:. ISR.
15564:(1792)
15471:England
15450:(1772)
15373:(1776)
15365:A Smith
15325:Holt CJ
15311:(1689)
15232:(1938)
15144:Holt CJ
15067:(1584)
15046:James,
14886:(1370)
14803:(1909)
14791:(1899)
14731:251β252
14710:s 31(1)
14486:s 31(3)
14342:(1789)
14285:UKSC 43
14110:ss 6-13
14098:ss 1-13
13772:AC 417.
13631:Rockall
13479:15 June
13284:courts.
13241:UKSC 51
13188:H Laski
13132:s 11(3)
13053:4505935
13005:15 June
12678:UKSC 40
12639:, per
12637:UKHL 15
12453:(1861)
12445:JS Mill
12370:15 June
12047:(1969).
11993:UKSC 16
11976:UKSC 47
11956:UKHL 44
11725:UKHL 15
11655:14(12)
11620:(1948)
11280:UKSC 51
11248:UKHL 60
11231:UKHL 60
11193:ECHR 10
11163:and is
11032:private
11020:4500873
10993:UKHL 56
10867:UKSC 3.
10853:UKHL 7.
10823:EU ROPE
10778:UKHL 2.
10770:art. 11
10725:ss. 1β8
10704:(1919)
10653:UKHL 33
10506:In the
10447:⁄
10283:(1919)
10246:secure
10214:UKHL 44
10199:UKSC 51
9708:in Asia
9671:in the
9589:In the
9524:met on
9404:slavery
9337:asiento
9274:in his
9227:led by
9160:of the
8943:monarch
8914:Ireland
8902:England
7530:History
7411:privacy
7407:liberty
7087:England
6939:ss 6β13
6929:ss 1β13
6853:ss 1β15
6710:cabinet
6694:Big Ben
6690:cabinet
6635:of the
6586:of the
6482:led to
6287:UKSC 48
5980:or the
5972:or the
5910:UKHL 41
5799:ch XXIX
5735:Riksdag
5491:monarch
5352:UKSC 40
5047:Sources
4891:." The
4882:slavery
4728:UKSC 16
4714:UKSC 47
4698:Kadi II
4682:UKHL 44
4611:, ch 41
4525:or the
4433:UKHL 15
4420:UKHL 15
4368:UKPC 23
4354:UKSC 51
3905:UKSC 51
3879:UKHL 60
3865:UKHL 71
3853:UKHL 56
3553:freedom
3374:to the
3210:UKHL 56
3197:UKHL 33
3084:s 2(1)
3072:s 38(1)
3001:sources
2944:in 2016
2745:England
2639:history
2600:Ireland
2487:Germany
2477:Denmark
2440:Belgium
2374:history
2210:Bermuda
2069:History
2025:History
1996:History
1897:Regions
1888:History
1881:England
1552:England
1038:1832β33
706:Speaker
518:Cabinet
279:, to a
273:torture
265:liberty
236:monarch
217:cabinet
133:England
19198:Portal
19096:Senedd
18813:social
18698:Cinema
18693:Anthem
18635:Racism
18590:Hunger
18563:Health
18416:Income
18401:Budget
18098:mining
18038:marine
18008:Energy
17980:Rivers
17953:change
17806:Empire
17783:social
17768:social
17646:Portal
17615:Equity
17575:Canada
17336:Equity
17291:Canada
17229:Trusts
17050:Jersey
16992:Kosovo
16954:Turkey
16944:Sweden
16924:Serbia
16914:Russia
16899:Poland
16894:Norway
16874:Monaco
16844:Latvia
16812:Greece
16797:France
16772:Cyprus
16708:Europe
16548:
16472:(2018)
16448:S Webb
16444:(1890)
16436:B Webb
16432:S Webb
16421:(1957)
16411:(1944)
16390:Utopia
16385:T More
16286:(1963)
16260:(2010)
16250:(1867)
16229:S Webb
16223:S Webb
16165:online
16047:
15879:
15852:
15825:
15795:(1919)
15719:UKHL 1
15697:
15660:
15549:(1796)
15533:, etc.
15459:Boston
15052:(1598)
15001:Utopia
14996:T More
14956:beaten
14951:velvet
14943:250β52
14902:(1592)
14697:ss 3-6
14527:QB 815
14373:(1791)
14344:art II
14296:Cogers
14143:s 1-6A
13951:S Webb
13917:UKHL 9
13786:AC 374
13722:AC 584
13637:. See
13521:UKSC 5
13382:. See
13357:art 2.
13351:ss 1-6
13086:AC 765
13051:
13043:
12887:T Benn
12787:ss 1-2
12547:ss 1-5
12391:, the
12341:ss 1-2
12106:HC 363
11867:art 4.
11777:15(4)
11765:71(7)
11696:QB 151
11629:art 25
11538:29(1)
11298:UKHL 5
11180:Ch 344
11142:public
11068:81(5)
11018:
10942:UKSC 5
10910:UKSC 5
10882:UKSC 5
10791:art. 2
10772:, see
10426:(2008)
10400:(2008)
10369:, the
10365:. The
10357:, the
10349:, the
10345:, the
10231:UKSC 3
9961:Labour
9825:. The
9781:Under
9726:, the
9712:Africa
9688:Hitler
9331:. The
9186:equity
9156:, the
9047:Under
8918:formed
7449:, and
7263:, and
7189:, and
7083:London
6979:s 1β6A
6875:ss 1β5
6748:, and
6535:. The
6389:ss 1-5
6338:UKSC 3
6325:UKSC 5
6311:AC 374
6155:, and
6053:trusts
6041:equity
6018:EU law
5697:, and
5641:, the
5487:courts
5483:church
5429:ss 1-2
5313:s 1(3)
5295:ss 1-2
5208:, the
5204:, the
5013:EU law
4923:monist
4692:Kadi I
4565:, and
4392:QB 151
4302:art 25
3893:QB 458
3736:Brexit
3688:, the
3680:, the
3622:said.
3597:EU law
3563:, the
3493:, the
3390:. The
3382:. The
3236:UKSC 5
3224:UKSC 3
3184:UKHL 7
3160:AC 765
3060:ss 3β6
3032:ss 1β2
2962:, and
2927:, the
2923:, the
2919:, the
2869:, the
2865:, the
2847:parler
2645:Brexit
2577:Poland
2542:Russia
2537:Norway
2497:Israel
2482:France
2472:Cyprus
2455:Canada
2450:Brunei
2445:Belize
1845:Senedd
275:, and
139:, the
115:, the
83:, the
62:codify
19184:Index
19073:Wales
18740:Sport
18730:Music
18725:Media
18665:Waste
18528:Crime
18492:Roads
18389:Banks
18113:flora
18108:fauna
18078:Welsh
18053:solar
17908:Towns
17585:India
17560:Wales
17306:India
17261:Scots
17252:Scots
17243:Scots
17234:Scots
17220:Scots
17211:Scots
17025:Γ
land
16939:Spain
16864:Malta
16834:Italy
16236:Books
15566:ch IX
15457:from
15396:Keech
15313:ch IX
15146:. cf
15124:e.g.
14994:. cf
14809:Witan
14267:Sch 5
14188:e.g.
14164:e.g.
13754:e.g.
13049:JSTOR
12364:1999)
12056:e.g.
11805:e.g.
11742:e.g.
11637:art 4
11584:e.g.
11466:Plato
11306:Zaire
11291:e.g.
11157:art 8
11016:JSTOR
10919:228."
10497:Sch 4
10141:Notes
9402:that
9319:Spain
9283:With
8958:taxes
8910:Wales
7216:Wales
7071:Wales
6425:, at
6275:AC 75
6244:art 4
6049:torts
5961:1966
5838:art 6
5152:each
4633:art 4
4317:art 4
3011:cl 12
2776:Wales
2557:Spain
2522:Malta
2512:Kenya
2507:Japan
2502:Italy
2492:India
2460:China
2062:Wales
1784:Wales
915:Coins
18708:Wine
18324:list
18312:list
18290:list
18186:LGBT
18058:wind
18018:coal
17263:and
17254:and
17245:and
17236:and
17222:and
17213:and
17204:and
17164:and
16484:1952
16434:and
16399:1901
16379:1861
16363:1859
16330:1689
16314:1940
16300:1895
16090:2016
16045:ISBN
15996:2010
15960:2007
15905:2014
15877:ISBN
15850:ISBN
15823:ISBN
15695:ISBN
15658:ISBN
15636:AC 1
15630:and
15349:2020
15287:and
15248:1651
15193:See
14990:and
14986:See
14876:See
14783:and
14742:The
14472:ECHR
14454:ECHR
14279:See
14241:and
14034:and
14030:See
13834:See
13620:s 16
13569:See
13556:and
13481:2024
13457:2019
13331:The
13320:1867
13297:and
13080:See
13065:See
13041:ISSN
13007:2024
12836:and
12799:s 24
12661:c 89
12507:See
12455:ch 5
12443:See
12372:2024
12310:and
12270:2023
12244:2023
12219:2023
12194:2023
12108:and
12032:2007
12026:and
11831:See
11788:Β§ 25
11769:1071
11659:2111
11616:See
11444:See
11370:s 3.
11259:See
11014:67,
10928:cf.
10892:See
10739:s. 1
10525:2019
10418:and
10409:See
10392:See
10186:See
10159:and
9959:The
9904:and
9879:and
9722:and
9714:and
9678:The
9474:the
9429:and
9353:Whig
9122:The
8952:The
8912:and
8825:2022
8815:2022
8805:2020
8795:2020
8785:2020
8775:2020
8765:2019
8755:2019
8745:2019
8735:2018
8725:2017
8715:2017
8705:2017
8695:2016
8685:2016
8675:2015
8665:2015
8655:2015
8645:2014
8635:2014
8625:2014
8615:2013
8605:2012
8595:2011
8585:2011
8575:2011
8565:2011
8555:2011
8545:2010
8535:2009
8525:2009
8515:2006
8505:2005
8495:2000
8485:2000
8475:1999
8465:1998
8455:1998
8445:1998
8435:1998
8425:1998
8415:1997
8405:1997
8395:1997
8385:1994
8375:1994
8365:1993
8355:1985
8345:1985
8335:1983
8325:1981
8315:1979
8305:1979
8295:1978
8285:1978
8275:1978
8265:1975
8255:1975
8245:1975
8235:1973
8225:1973
8215:1973
8205:1973
8195:1972
8185:1972
8175:1972
8163:1972
8153:1971
8143:1968
8133:1967
8123:1963
8113:1962
8103:1958
8093:1957
8085:1954
8075:1953
8065:1953
8055:1953
8047:1949
8039:1949
8029:1949
8019:1948
8009:1948
7999:1943
7991:1937
7981:1936
7973:1931
7963:1929
7955:1928
7945:1927
7935:1926
7925:1925
7917:1922
7907:1922
7897:1921
7887:1921
7877:1920
7867:1919
7857:1918
7847:1917
7837:1914
7827:1914
7817:1914
7807:1914
7799:1911
7789:1889
7779:1884
7769:1876
7759:1876
7749:1869
7739:1868
7729:1868
7719:1867
7709:1844
7701:1843
7693:1833
7685:1832
7675:1832
7665:1832
7655:1801
7645:1800
7635:1782
7625:1746
7615:1716
7605:1707
7595:1707
7585:1706
7520:tort
7477:tort
7417:and
7361:and
7338:and
7317:the
7218:and
7199:The
7175:and
7165:and
7136:The
7081:and
7053:and
7049:The
7034:see
6887:s 15
6541:rent
6455:, a
6450:King
6421:The
6406:see
6039:and
5992:for
5984:for
5917:see
5898:s 11
5743:1660
5664:The
5645:and
5545:The
5460:see
5439:s 24
5297:and
5183:1708
4902:the
4817:see
4513:the
4468:and
4441:see
4342:AC 1
4197:The
4105:and
4006:The
3959:The
3948:see
3485:and
3469:The
3283:see
3276:s 18
3034:and
2898:1928
2702:NATO
2135:Sark
2088:list
1975:list
1948:list
1938:list
1906:list
1513:2016
1508:2011
1503:1975
1485:Next
1480:2021
1475:2016
1470:2011
1465:2007
1460:2003
1455:1999
1437:Next
1432:2022
1427:2017
1422:2016
1417:2011
1412:2007
1407:2003
1402:1998
1384:Next
1379:2021
1374:2016
1369:2011
1364:2007
1359:2003
1354:1999
1336:2019
1331:2014
1326:2009
1321:2004
1316:1999
1311:1994
1306:1989
1301:1984
1296:1979
1278:2024
1273:2019
1268:2017
1263:2015
1258:2010
1253:2005
1248:2001
1243:1997
1238:1992
1233:1987
1228:1983
1223:1979
1208:1970
1203:1966
1198:1964
1193:1959
1188:1955
1183:1951
1178:1950
1173:1945
1168:1935
1163:1931
1158:1929
1153:1924
1148:1923
1143:1922
1138:1918
1123:1906
1118:1900
1113:1895
1108:1892
1103:1886
1098:1885
1093:1880
1088:1874
1083:1868
1078:1865
1073:1859
1068:1857
1063:1852
1058:1847
1053:1841
1048:1837
1043:1835
1033:1831
1028:1830
1023:1826
1018:1820
1013:1818
1008:1812
1003:1807
998:1806
993:1802
930:and
645:King
549:list
523:list
396:list
234:The
71:The
52:The
32:the
19237:Law
19113:Law
19021:Law
18927:Law
18835:Law
18688:Art
18198:Law
16706:of
16513:, '
15948:137
14548:in
14540:in
13560:s 1
13310:cf
13166:s 3
13033:doi
12579:cf
12495:or
12483:s 4
12327:s 1
12069:cf
11958:,
11853:or
11837:or
11822:182
11781:444
11282:, β
11233:, β
11072:739
10953:cf
10668:cf
10646:cf
10626:s 1
10611:s 1
10254:").
9724:war
9482:of
9383:".
9219:on
9130:'s
9019:God
8893:sic
7522:or
7479:or
7381:in
7277:of
7273:At
7234:By
7203:at
6445:is
6051:or
5418:s 1
5302:s 1
3970:law
3915:s 1
3595:".
3524:in
3516:on
3266:s 2
3050:s 1
3039:s 1
2841:by
2707:G20
748:MPs
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16438:,
16417:,
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