635:
816:, Austria, was created to build the verification framework, including establishment and provisional operation of the network of monitoring stations, the creation of an international data centre (IDC), and development of the on-site Inspection capability. The CTBTO is responsible for collecting information from the IMS and distribute the analyzed and raw data to member states to judge whether or not a nuclear explosion occurred through the IDC. Parameters such as determining the location where a nuclear explosion or test took place is one of the things that the IDC can accomplish. If a member state chooses to assert that another state had violated the CTBT, they can request an on-site inspection to take place to verify.
572:
detonations were more challenging to detect than above-ground tests. On the Soviet side, conversely, the on-site compliance inspections demanded by the US and UK were seen as amounting to espionage. Disagreement over verification would lead to the Anglo-American and Soviet negotiators abandoning a comprehensive test ban (i.e., a ban on all tests, including those underground) in favor of a partial ban, which would be finalized on 25 July 1963. The PTBT, joined by 123 states following the original three parties, banned detonations for military and civilian purposes underwater, in the atmosphere, and outer space.
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atmospheric pressure caused by a possible nuclear explosion, with 41 stations certified as of August 2019. One of the biggest concerns with infrasound measurements is noise due to exposure from wind, which can affect the sensor's ability to measure if an event occurred. Together, these technologies are used to monitor the ground, water, and atmosphere for any sign of a nuclear explosion.
3833:
561:. Of primary concern throughout the negotiations, which would stretch—with some interruptions—to July 1963, was the system of verifying compliance with the test ban and detecting illicit tests. On the Western side, there were concerns that the Soviet Union would be able to circumvent any test ban and secretly leap ahead in the
750:
The treaty will enter into force 180 days after the 44 states listed in Annex 2 of the treaty have ratified it. These "Annex 2 states" are states that participated in the CTBT's negotiations between 1994 and 1996 and possessed nuclear power reactors or research reactors at that time. As of 2023, nine
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Three countries have tested nuclear weapons since the CTBT opened for signature in 1996. India and
Pakistan both carried out two sets of tests in 1998. North Korea carried out six announced tests, one each in 2006, 2009, 2013, two in 2016 and one in 2017. All six North Korean tests were picked up by
642:
In
October 1977, the US, UK, and Soviet Union returned to negotiations over a test ban. These three nuclear powers made notable progress in the late 1970s, agreeing to terms on a ban on all testing, including a temporary prohibition on PNEs, but continued disagreements over the compliance mechanisms
651:
announced a unilateral testing moratorium, and in
December 1986, Reagan reaffirmed US commitment to pursue the long-term goal of a comprehensive test ban. In November 1987, negotiations on a test ban restarted, followed by a joint US-Soviet program to research underground-test detection in December
537:
test of 1 March 1954, in particular, attracted significant attention as the detonation resulted in fallout that spread over inhabited areas and sickened a group of
Japanese fishermen. Between 1945 and 1963, the US conducted 215 atmospheric tests, the Soviet Union conducted 219, the UK conducted 21,
579:
was not halted entirely (though it may have been slowed) and nuclear testing continued at a rapid clip. Compared to the 499 tests from 1945 to the signing of the PTBT, 436 tests were conducted over the ten years following the PTBT. Furthermore, US and Soviet underground testing continued "venting"
571:
shot of 19 September 1957, which was the first contained underground test of a nuclear weapon. Though the US held a significant advantage in underground testing capabilities, there was worry that the Soviet Union would be able to covertly conduct underground tests during a test ban, as underground
819:
The monitoring network consists of 337 facilities located all over the globe. As of May 2012, more than 260 facilities have been certified. The monitoring stations register data that is transmitted to the international data centre in Vienna for processing and analysis. The data are sent to states
787:
triads to monitor for underwater explosions. Hydroacoustic stations can use seismometers to measure T-waves from possible underwater explosions instead of hydrophones. The best measurement of hydroacoustic waves has been found to be at a depth of 1000 m. Infrasound monitoring relies on changes in
800:
gas. Different isotopes of xenon include Xe, Xe, Xe, and Xe. All four monitoring methods make up the
International Monitoring System (IMS). Statistical theories and methods are integral to CTBT monitoring providing confidence in verification analysis. Once the Treaty enters into force, on-site
659:
stated that since the United States had not ratified the CTBT, consideration could be given to withdrawing Russia's ratification of the treaty. Later in the month, a law revoking ratification of the CTBT was passed by the
Russian parliament. On 2 November, Putin officially signed into law the
595:(NPT) of 1968, which directly referenced the PTBT. Under the NPT, non-nuclear weapon states were prohibited from possessing, manufacturing, and acquiring nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices. All signatories, including nuclear weapon states, were committed to the goal of total
795:
as a product of a nuclear explosion. Radioactive particles emit radiation that can be measured by any of the 80 stations located throughout the world. They are created from nuclear explosions that can collect onto the dust that is moved from the explosion. If a nuclear explosion took place
672:
in 1991. Parties to the PTBT held an amendment conference that year to discuss a proposal to convert the Treaty into an instrument banning all nuclear-weapon tests. With strong support from the UN General
Assembly, negotiations for a comprehensive test-ban treaty began in 1993.
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the
International Monitoring System set up by the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization Preparatory Commission. A North Korean test is believed to have taken place in January 2016, evidenced by an "artificial earthquake" measured as a magnitude 5.1 by the
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have declined to sign the NPT on the grounds that such a treaty is fundamentally discriminatory as it places limitations on states that do not have nuclear weapons while making no efforts to curb weapons development by declared nuclear weapons states.
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measurements. Seismic monitoring is performed with a system of 50 primary stations located throughout the world, with 120 auxiliary stations in signatory states. Hydroacoustic monitoring is performed with a system of 11 stations that consist of
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before the United
Nations Atomic Energy Commission, which called for an international system of controls on the production of atomic energy. The plan, which would serve as the basis for U.S. nuclear policy into the 1950s, was rejected by the
2468:
2093:
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588:, into the ground. From 1964 through 1996, the year of the CTBT's adoption, an estimated 1,377 underground nuclear tests were conducted. The final non-underground (atmospheric or underwater) test was conducted by China in 1980.
1909:
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701:, where it was submitted as a draft resolution. On 10 September 1996, the Comprehensive Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT) was adopted by a large majority, exceeding two-thirds of the General Assembly's Membership.
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Each State Party undertakes, furthermore, to refrain from causing, encouraging, or in any way participating in the carrying out of any nuclear weapon test explosion or any other nuclear explosion.
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or NPIHP is a global network of individuals and institutions engaged in the study of international nuclear history through archival documents, oral history interviews and other empirical sources.
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Annex 2 states have not ratified the treaty: China, Egypt, Iran, Israel and the United States have signed but not ratified the Treaty; India, North Korea and
Pakistan have not signed it; while
2500:
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627:(PNEs) at these other locations with yields above 150 kilotons, as well as group explosions with total yields over 1,500 kilotons. To verify compliance, the PNET requires that states rely on
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The PTBT had mixed results. On the one hand, enactment of the treaty was followed by a substantial drop in the atmospheric concentration of radioactive particles. On the other hand,
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525:(PTBT) on 5 August 1963, 499 nuclear tests were conducted. Much of the impetus for the PTBT, the precursor to the CTBT, was rising public concern surrounding the size and resulting
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underground, noble gas monitoring can be used to verify whether or not a possible nuclear explosion took place. Noble gas monitoring relies on measuring increases in radioactive
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3500:
1021:
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radioactive gas into the atmosphere. Additionally, though underground testing was generally safer than above-ground testing, underground tests continued to risk the leaking of
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2007:
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619:(TTBT), ratified by the US and Soviet Union, which banned underground tests with yields above 150 kilotons. In April 1976, the two states reached agreement on the
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833:. The first successful North Korean hydrogen bomb test supposedly took place in September 2017. It was estimated to have an explosive yield of 120 kilotons.
420:(states that need to take further action for the treaty to enter into force: China, Egypt, India, Iran, Israel, North Korea, Pakistan, Russia, United States)
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557:. Negotiations on a comprehensive test ban, primarily involving the US, UK, and the Soviet Union, began in 1955 following a proposal by Soviet leader
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2426:
1477:. Report on the Health Consequences to the American Population from Nuclear Weapons Tests Conducted by the United States and Other Nations (Report).
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test explosion or any other nuclear explosion, and to prohibit and prevent any such nuclear explosion at any place under its jurisdiction or control.
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on 10 September 1996. It opened for signature in New York on 24 September 1996, when it was signed by 71 states, including five of the eight then
685:, in which negotiations were being held, did not succeed in reaching consensus on the adoption of the text. Under the direction of Prime Minister
623:(PNET), which concerns nuclear detonations outside the weapons sites discussed in the TTBT. As in the TTBT, the US and Soviet Union agreed to bar
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4278:
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2356:"Preparatory Commission for the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization (CTBTO Preparatory Commission) | Treaties & Regimes | NTI"
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Given the political situation prevailing in the subsequent decades, little progress was made in nuclear disarmament until the end of the
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631:, share information on explosions, and grant on-site access to counterparties. The TTBT and PNET entered into force on 11 December 1990.
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2004:
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General John M. Shalikashvili, Special Advisor to the President and the Secretary of State for the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty
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1423:"The Limited Test Ban Treaty – 50 Years Later: New Documents Throw Light on Accord Banning Atmospheric Nuclear Testing"
999:
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2964:
1022:"Treaty Banning Nuclear Tests in the Atmosphere, in Outer Space and Under Water (Partial Test Ban Treaty) (PTBT)"
736:
694:
681:
Extensive efforts were made over the next three years to draft the Treaty text and its two annexes. However, the
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began in 1945, with a call from Canada and the United Kingdom for a conference on the subject. In June 1946,
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755:
signed and ratified the treaty but subsequently withdrew its ratification prior to its entry into force.
624:
3801:
2459:"Highlight 2007: The CTBT Verification Regime Put to the Test – The Event in the DPRK on 9 October 2006"
2024:
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issued the first appeal for a "standstill agreement" on testing, which was soon echoed by the British
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5000:
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3592:
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3246:
2988:
2771:
2208:"A Global Network of Hydroacoustic Stations for Monitoring the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty"
1539:
1026:
995:
682:
616:
2826:
2341:
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4447:
4032:
3126:
1765:
2181:
4407:
3190:
3146:
1739:
522:
2523:
1963:
1355:
4494:
3956:
3677:
2708:
2126:"STATE DEPARTMENT TELEGRAM 012545 TO INTSUM COLLECTIVE, "INTSUM: INDIA: NUCLEAR TEST UNLIKELY""
830:
518:
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791:
Radionuclide monitoring takes the form of either monitoring for radioactive particulates or
4711:
4675:
4670:
4622:
4353:
3602:
2976:
470:
4443:
International Decade for a Culture of Peace and Non-Violence for the Children of the World
2865:
2125:
1932:"Resolution adopted by the general assembly:50/245. Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty"
8:
4412:
3121:
3012:
2914:
2881:
Introductory note by Thomas Graham, Jr., procedural history note and audiovisual material
2062:
862:
767:
596:
466:
3228:
1931:
46:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
4544:
3111:
2860:
2701:
2672:
2579:
1329:
1301:"Treaty Banning Nuclear Weapon Tests in the Atmosphere, in Outer Space and Under Water"
566:
474:
2920:
2260:"The Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty: Effectively Verifiable | Arms Control Association"
477:, for both civilian and military purposes, in all environments. It was adopted by the
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4038:
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3237:
3116:
2805:
2781:
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2631:
2610:
2606:
A Global History of the Nuclear Arms Race: Weapons, Strategy, and Politics – Volume 1
2589:
1823:"Russia simulates nuclear strike after lawmakers revoke test ban treaty ratification"
1300:
1134:. Preparatory Commission for the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization.
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648:
562:
558:
554:
482:
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2155:
690:
546:
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3151:
2833:
2799:
2776:
2751:
2730:
2676:
2671:
Strode, Rebecca (1990). "Soviet Policy Toward a Nuclear Test Ban: 1958–1963". In
2625:
2604:
2583:
2496:
Preparatory Commission for the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization
2464:
Preparatory Commission for the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization
2030:
Preparatory Commission for the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization
2011:
1686:"India, China and the Non Proliferation Treaty (NPT) - World Nuclear Association"
1578:
Preparatory Commission for the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization
526:
502:
134:
4735:
2977:
Treaty for the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in Latin America and the Caribbean
2094:"The Russian Federation's support for the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty"
2058:"Supercomputers offer tools for nuclear testing – and solving nuclear mysteries"
1534:
1269:"Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty & Partial Test Ban Treaty Membership"
3213:
3136:
2915:
The Woodrow Wilson Center's Nuclear Proliferation International History Project
2726:
1936:
1904:
1325:
1268:
1085:
714:
656:
498:
494:
382:
2901:
1608:
1505:
1474:
529:
from underwater and atmospheric nuclear tests, particularly tests of powerful
4754:
2902:
Lecture Series of the United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law
2893:
2880:
1422:
698:
644:
386:
195:
2399:"Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty: Background and Current Developments"
1875:"From the Archives: Australia plays leading role in nuclear test-ban treaty"
991:
4740:
4617:
4477:
3478:
2398:
775:
766:
and other technologies are used to monitor for compliance with the Treaty:
581:
534:
511:
354:
2907:
Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty: Background and Current Developments
2234:"Building Up the Regime for Verifying the CTBT | Arms Control Association"
4706:
4520:
Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners (the Mandela Rules)
2082:
In this news article, the number of states ratifying was reported as 154.
853:
Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization Preparatory Commission
686:
506:
370:
358:
322:
318:
2870:
4607:
3672:
784:
771:
763:
238:
2871:
Christopher Paine, Senior Researcher with NRDC's Nuclear Program, 1999
2491:"Press Release June 2009: Experts Sure About Nature of the DPRK Event"
3079:
3061:
2381:
Technical Issues Related to the Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty
801:
inspections will be conducted where concerns about compliance arise.
792:
585:
294:
230:
226:
75:
3597:
3585:
3030:
1249:
779:
669:
615:
In 1974, a step towards a comprehensive test ban was made with the
604:
350:
330:
266:
250:
2652:
Political Innovation in America: The Politics of Policy Initiation
747:
the CTBT and another nine states have signed but not ratified it.
4515:
Standard Minimum Rules for the Administration of Juvenile Justice
3182:
3024:
2861:
Daryl Kimball and Christine Kucia, Arms Control Association, 2002
2384:
390:
378:
342:
286:
282:
274:
242:
234:
222:
2856:
International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War, 1991
2804:. Berkeley and Los Angeles, CA: University of California Press.
2678:
The Other Side of the Table: The Soviet Approach to Arms Control
1848:"Putin revokes Russia's ratification of nuclear test ban treaty"
5656:
Treaties adopted by United Nations General Assembly resolutions
3662:
3580:
3550:
3515:
813:
752:
608:
539:
374:
366:
346:
338:
326:
314:
302:
278:
254:
246:
2888:
2627:
Unarmed Forces: The Transnational Movement to End the Cold War
2427:"US nuclear security administrator dagostino visits the CTBTO"
3560:
2876:
Obama or McCain Can Finish Journey to Nuclear Test Ban Treaty
797:
778:
monitoring. The first three forms of monitoring are known as
647:'s inauguration as president in 1981. In 1985, Soviet leader
600:
550:
394:
362:
310:
306:
290:
270:
262:
258:
1503:
1225:
1177:
1100:
731:
List of parties to the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty
2681:. New York and London: Council on Foreign Relations Press.
1547:. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. pp. 555–556.
334:
298:
1189:
485:, as eight specific nations have not ratified the treaty.
2838:
1900:"Comprehensive nuclear-test-ban treaty: draft resolution"
1237:
545:
In 1954, following the Castle Bravo test, Prime Minister
812:(CTBTO), an international organization headquartered in
2950:
2889:
United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law
2845:
The Test Ban Test: U.S. Rejection has Scuttled the CTBT
2323:
from the original on 19 October 2010 – via CTBTO.
2285:"Radionuclide monitoring: CTBTO Preparatory Commission"
1155:
1153:
444:
2753:
Arsenals of Folly: The Making of the Nuclear Arms Race
1201:
992:"The Making of the Limited Test Ban Treaty, 1958–1963"
908:
438:
Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian, and Spanish
5651:
Treaties establishing intergovernmental organizations
1165:
4473:
Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons
4423:
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
1873:
Attwood, Alan; Middleton, Karen (9 September 2019).
1449:"General Overview of the Effects of Nuclear Testing"
1213:
1150:
1112:
1046:
990:
Burr, William; Montford, Hector L. (3 August 2003).
2777:
A Thousand Days: John F. Kennedy in the White House
2130:
Nuclear Proliferation International History Project
1058:
884:
4811:Treaties of the Afghan Transitional Administration
4530:Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons
2971:Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons
2700:
2649:
2550:"North Korea claims successful hydrogen bomb test"
1792:"In Remotest Nevada, a Joint U.S. and Soviet Test"
896:
848:Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization
5546:Treaties of the Republic of the Sudan (1985–2011)
4666:United Nations Prize in the Field of Human Rights
2603:Burns, Richard Dean; Siracusa, Joseph M. (2013).
2524:"North Korea announces it conducted nuclear test"
1541:Armaments, Disarmament and International Security
713:Each State Party undertakes not to carry out any
5021:Treaties of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
4752:
2383:. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
2055:
1872:
1661:"Nuclear India and the Non-Proliferation Treaty"
1536:Stockholm International Peace Research Institute
961:"Limited or Partial Test Ban Treaty (LTBT/PTBT)"
4640:World Federation of United Nations Associations
4135:Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples
3043:Southeast Asian Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone Treaty
1360:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
63:1996 treaty banning all nuclear weapons testing
5316:Treaties of the Federated States of Micronesia
3013:South Pacific Nuclear Weapons Free Zone Treaty
2707:. New York, NY: Simon & Schuster. p.
2309:Ringbom, Anders; Miley, Harry (25 July 2009).
565:. These fears were amplified following the US
514:as a US ploy to cement its nuclear dominance.
5666:Treaties extended to the Netherlands Antilles
3198:
2936:
2602:
1964:"Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty CTBTO"
1305:United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs
1183:
1106:
953:
823:
591:The PTBT has been seen as a step towards the
5541:Treaties of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
4535:Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons
3086:Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons
2308:
1635:"Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty and India"
989:
873:Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons
843:List of weapons of mass destruction treaties
69:Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT)
2770:
2623:
2257:
2003:United Nations Treaty Collection (2009). "
1766:"Peaceful Nuclear Explosions Treaty (PNET)"
1603:
1601:
1599:
1318:
1255:
1243:
1231:
4628:Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action
4540:UN Advisory Committee of Local Authorities
3205:
3191:
2943:
2929:
1609:"Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty Chronology"
1528:
1504:Daryl Kimball and Wade Boese (June 2009).
1479:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
1274:. Nuclear Threat Initiative. 8 June 2015.
810:Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty Organization
660:withdrawal of ratification of the treaty.
493:The movement for international control of
3037:United States – Russia mutual detargeting
2732:Dark Sun: The Making of the Hydrogen Bomb
2451:
1789:
1758:
743:. As of March 2024, 178 states have
4966:Treaties of the Central African Republic
4057:Conference on International Organization
3019:Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty
2656:. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
2630:. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
1711:"NPT (Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty)"
1596:
983:
920:
858:National technical means of verification
633:
629:national technical means of verification
3972:Office international d'hygiène publique
3107:Timeline of nuclear weapons development
3056:African Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone Treaty
2794:
2578:
2521:
2415:from the original on 23 September 2006.
2396:
2156:"CTBT: International Monitoring System"
1999:
1997:
1566:
1416:
1414:
1356:"The Technical Details: The Bomb Spike"
1261:
1219:
1207:
1195:
643:led to an end to negotiations ahead of
521:of 16 July 1945 and the signing of the
429:Secretary-General of the United Nations
14:
5251:Treaties of the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya
4753:
3767:Spokesperson for the Secretary-General
3074:Central Asian Nuclear Weapon Free Zone
2749:
2735:. New York, NY: Simon & Schuster.
2725:
2695:
2670:
2644:
2588:. New York, NY: Simon & Schuster.
2037:from the original on 25 September 2011
2025:"Status of Signature and Ratification"
2017:
1924:
1746:from the original on 20 September 2016
1281:from the original on 16 September 2016
1171:
1159:
1118:
1064:
1052:
914:
902:
890:
693:, Australia then sent the text to the
164:Sovereign states not listed in Annex 2
4986:Treaties of the Republic of the Congo
4761:Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty
4681:UN television film series (1964–1966)
4433:International Narcotics Control Board
4364:Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty
4152:Declaration on the Rights of Peasants
4123:Convention on the Rights of the Child
4101:Universal Declaration of Human Rights
3186:
3068:Strategic Offensive Reductions Treaty
3049:Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty
2924:
2898:Nuclear Weapons and International Law
2885:Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty
2841: — official news and information
2801:Kennedy, Khrushchev, and the Test Ban
2556:from the original on 3 September 2017
2483:
2005:Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty
1820:
1611:. Federation of American Scientists.
1384:
1293:
1124:
926:
459:Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty
5606:Treaties of the United Arab Emirates
4505:United Nations Postal Administration
4140:Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues
3859:Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs
2850:US conducts subcritical nuclear test
2439:from the original on 25 January 2012
2379:National Academy of Sciences. 2002.
2258:Hafemeister, David (1 August 2019).
2231:
2205:
2179:
2056:David E. Hoffman (1 November 2011),
1994:
1982:from the original on 2 December 2011
1944:from the original on 21 October 2012
1790:Blakeslee, Sandra (18 August 1988).
1584:from the original on 17 January 2012
1485:from the original on 4 December 2013
1420:
1411:
1070:
26:
3908:Permanent representatives to the UN
3797:Political and Peacebuilding Affairs
2951:Nuclear weapons limitation treaties
2703:President Kennedy: Profile of Power
2530:from the original on 7 January 2016
2136:from the original on 19 August 2014
1802:from the original on 22 August 2016
1615:from the original on 13 August 2016
1516:from the original on 5 January 2013
1399:from the original on 27 August 2016
1336:from the original on 20 August 2016
1002:from the original on 19 August 2016
941:from the original on 27 August 2016
655:In October 2023, Russian president
638:Reagan and Gorbachev, December 1987
24:
5036:Treaties of the Dominican Republic
4911:Treaties of Bosnia and Herzegovina
4717:Withdrawal from the United Nations
3903:Security Council Permanent members
3212:
3007:Peaceful Nuclear Explosions Treaty
2780:. New York, NY: Houghton Mifflin.
2397:Nikitin, Mary (1 September 2016).
2182:"Seismology and CTBT Verification"
1908:. 6 September 1996. Archived from
1658:
1554:from the original on 6 August 2016
1506:"Limited Test Ban Treaty Turns 40"
1455:from the original on 5 August 2016
1366:from the original on 8 August 2016
1014:
621:Peaceful Nuclear Explosions Treaty
481:on 10 September 1996, but has not
25:
5677:
5531:Treaties of Saint Kitts and Nevis
5491:Treaties of Serbia and Montenegro
4702:United Nations in popular culture
4386:Expulsion from the United Nations
4331:General Assembly President (2016)
2820:
2585:Eisenhower: Soldier and President
2071:from the original on 3 April 2015
1821:Irwin, Lauren (25 October 2023).
1770:United States Department of State
1429:from the original on 30 July 2016
1138:from the original on 28 July 2016
1082:Natural Resources Defense Council
1034:from the original on 26 July 2016
971:from the original on 29 July 2016
5301:Treaties of the Marshall Islands
4734:
3166:
3165:
2522:McKirdy, Euan (6 January 2016).
2471:from the original on 28 May 2012
1574:"Nuclear testing world overview"
1451:. CTBTO Preparatory Commission.
593:Nuclear Non-proliferation Treaty
74:
31:
5576:Treaties of Trinidad and Tobago
4836:Treaties of Antigua and Barbuda
4801:Treaties not entered into force
4290:International Court of Justice
3839:Sport for Development and Peace
2995:Strategic Arms Limitation Talks
2965:Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty
2609:. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO.
2542:
2515:
2503:from the original on 2 May 2013
2419:
2390:
2373:
2348:
2302:
2277:
2251:
2225:
2199:
2173:
2148:
2118:
2086:
2049:
1956:
1892:
1866:
1840:
1814:
1783:
1728:
1703:
1678:
1652:
1627:
1497:
1467:
1441:
1421:Burr, William (2 August 2013).
1378:
1348:
737:United Nations General Assembly
695:United Nations General Assembly
663:
479:United Nations General Assembly
213:180 days after ratification by
156:
148:
140:
126:
118:
110:
5611:Treaties of the United Kingdom
5016:Treaties of the Czech Republic
3967:Permanent Court of Arbitration
3962:International Peace Conference
3329:International Court of Justice
3171:Category:Arms control treaties
2910:Congressional Research Service
2406:Congressional Research Service
2385:https://doi.org/10.17226/10471
1475:"Fallout from Nuclear Weapons"
735:The Treaty was adopted by the
704:
13:
1:
5091:Treaties of Georgia (country)
4786:Foreign relations of Pakistan
4500:Sustainable Development Goals
4027:Declaration by United Nations
3952:International Telegraph Union
2983:Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty
2772:Schlesinger, Arthur Meier Jr.
2624:Evangelista, Matthew (1999).
2360:The Nuclear Threat Initiative
2232:TĂłth, Tibor (1 August 2019).
1425:. National Security Archive.
1132:"1 March 1954 – Castle Bravo"
878:
820:that have signed the Treaty.
758:
98: Signed but not ratified
18:Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty
5416:Treaties of Papua New Guinea
4991:Treaties of the Cook Islands
4791:106th United States Congress
4428:International Criminal Court
3864:UN organizations by location
2839:CTBTO Preparatory Commission
2432:CTBTO Preparatory Commission
2099:CTBTO Preparatory Commission
2014:". Retrieved 23 August 2009.
1972:CTBTO Preparatory Commission
1736:"The Flawed Test Ban Treaty"
1481:. May 2005. pp. 20–21.
7:
5431:Treaties of the Philippines
5391:Treaties of North Macedonia
5361:Treaties of the Netherlands
4562:Security Council veto power
3869:Sexual Violence in Conflict
3792:Economic and Social Affairs
3363:Economic and Social Council
836:
676:
625:peaceful nuclear explosions
501:, an emissary of President
10:
5682:
5661:Treaties extended to Aruba
4796:Treaties concluded in 1996
4781:Foreign relations of India
4771:Non-proliferation treaties
4613:UN Memorial Cemetery Korea
4438:International Day of Peace
3920:General Assembly Observers
3243:General Assembly President
3102:History of nuclear weapons
3001:Seabed Arms Control Treaty
2852:ABC News, 24 February 2006
2571:
2552:. CNBC. 3 September 2017.
965:Atomic Heritage Foundation
824:Subsequent nuclear testing
728:
488:
5256:Treaties of Liechtenstein
5126:Treaties of Guinea-Bissau
4730:
4653:
4344:
4266:
4169:
4157:World Heritage Convention
4066:
4045:Dumbarton Oaks Conference
4007:
3944:
3935:
3881:
3755:General Assembly Building
3728:
3611:
3383:
3282:
3264:
3255:
3220:
3160:
3094:
2989:Threshold Test Ban Treaty
2956:
2894:Lecture by Masahiko Asada
2756:. New York, NY: Vintage.
2311:"Radionuclide Monitoring"
1879:The Sydney Morning Herald
1184:Burns & Siracusa 2013
1107:Burns & Siracusa 2013
1078:"Archive of Nuclear Data"
1027:Nuclear Threat Initiative
996:National Security Archive
724:
683:Conference on Disarmament
617:Threshold Test Ban Treaty
473:explosions and any other
442:
434:
424:
413:
403:
209:
201:
191:
173:
90: Signed and ratified
73:
40:This article needs to be
5591:Treaties of Turkmenistan
5521:Treaties of South Africa
5501:Treaties of Sierra Leone
5286:Treaties of the Maldives
5141:Treaties of the Holy See
4936:Treaties of Burkina Faso
4463:Military Staff Committee
3802:Dag Hammarskjöld Library
3305:Deputy Secretary-General
3234:Deputy Secretary-General
3127:Nuclear weapons delivery
2750:Rhodes, Richard (2008).
2160:U.S. Department of State
1510:Arms Control Association
1258:, pp. 905–906, 910.
217:all 44 Annex 2 countries
5561:Treaties of Switzerland
5536:Treaties of Saint Lucia
5451:Treaties of South Korea
5366:Treaties of New Zealand
5181:Treaties of Ivory Coast
5046:Treaties of El Salvador
4866:Treaties of the Bahamas
4806:Nuclear weapons testing
4634:Woodrow Wilson Memorial
4596:UN International School
4591:UN Federal Credit Union
4572:Security Council reform
4408:Four Nations Initiative
4336:Security Council (2016)
4179:Security Council vetoes
3310:Under-Secretary-General
3147:Nuclear weapons testing
2832:6 November 2016 at the
2827:Full text of the treaty
1740:The Heritage Foundation
1665:The Heritage Foundation
523:Partial Test Ban Treaty
5626:Treaties of Uzbekistan
5566:Treaties of Tajikistan
5496:Treaties of Seychelles
5481:Treaties of San Marino
5341:Treaties of Mozambique
5331:Treaties of Montenegro
5306:Treaties of Mauritania
5271:Treaties of Madagascar
5266:Treaties of Luxembourg
5221:Treaties of Kyrgyzstan
5201:Treaties of Kazakhstan
4996:Treaties of Costa Rica
4961:Treaties of Cape Verde
4876:Treaties of Bangladesh
4861:Treaties of Azerbaijan
4776:Nuclear weapons policy
4584:Security Council mural
4550:Millennium Declaration
4495:SDG Publishers Compact
3957:Universal Postal Union
2336:Cite journal requires
2102:. 2008. Archived from
831:U.S. Geological Survey
806:Preparatory Commission
741:nuclear-capable states
639:
533:(hydrogen bombs). The
179:; 27 years ago
177:24 September 1996
5636:Treaties of Venezuela
5506:Treaties of Singapore
5371:Treaties of Nicaragua
5261:Treaties of Lithuania
5161:Treaties of Indonesia
5116:Treaties of Guatemala
4851:Treaties of Australia
4841:Treaties of Argentina
4766:Arms control treaties
4722:Women in peacekeeping
4381:Drug control treaties
3142:Nuclear proliferation
3132:Nuclear weapon design
2435:. 15 September 2009.
1940:. 17 September 1996.
1690:www.world-nuclear.org
1387:"The Test Ban Treaty"
929:"The Test Ban Treaty"
729:Further information:
689:and Foreign Minister
637:
577:nuclear proliferation
531:thermonuclear weapons
5616:Treaties of Tanzania
5551:Treaties of Suriname
5516:Treaties of Slovenia
5511:Treaties of Slovakia
5441:Treaties of Portugal
5421:Treaties of Paraguay
5326:Treaties of Mongolia
5281:Treaties of Malaysia
5211:Treaties of Kiribati
5146:Treaties of Honduras
5066:Treaties of Ethiopia
5061:Treaties of Eswatini
5031:Treaties of Djibouti
4981:Treaties of Colombia
4951:Treaties of Cameroon
4946:Treaties of Cambodia
4931:Treaties of Bulgaria
4916:Treaties of Botswana
4881:Treaties of Barbados
4676:United Nations Radio
4671:United Nations Medal
4623:University for Peace
4354:Bretton Woods system
4089:governed territories
3834:Developing Countries
3745:Secretariat Building
3614:Specialized agencies
2106:on 27 September 2011
2010:3 April 2015 at the
1912:on 26 September 2011
1392:. IAEA. p. 18.
1326:"Radiocarbon Dating"
934:. IAEA. p. 18.
519:Trinity nuclear test
471:nuclear weapons test
5641:Treaties of Vietnam
5631:Treaties of Vanuatu
5621:Treaties of Uruguay
5601:Treaties of Ukraine
5581:Treaties of Tunisia
5486:Treaties of Senegal
5461:Treaties of Romania
5456:Treaties of Moldova
5381:Treaties of Nigeria
5351:Treaties of Namibia
5346:Treaties of Myanmar
5336:Treaties of Morocco
5246:Treaties of Liberia
5241:Treaties of Lesotho
5236:Treaties of Lebanon
5186:Treaties of Jamaica
5171:Treaties of Ireland
5156:Treaties of Iceland
5151:Treaties of Hungary
5111:Treaties of Grenada
5096:Treaties of Germany
5076:Treaties of Finland
5056:Treaties of Estonia
5051:Treaties of Eritrea
5041:Treaties of Ecuador
5026:Treaties of Denmark
5006:Treaties of Croatia
4941:Treaties of Burundi
4906:Treaties of Bolivia
4891:Treaties of Belgium
4886:Treaties of Belarus
4871:Treaties of Bahrain
4856:Treaties of Austria
4846:Treaties of Armenia
4826:Treaties of Andorra
4821:Treaties of Algeria
4816:Treaties of Albania
4448:International Years
4413:Genocide Convention
3849:Outer Space Affairs
3844:Disarmament Affairs
3809:Safety and Security
3750:Conference Building
3730:Secretariat offices
3375:Trusteeship Council
3122:Nuclear disarmament
2673:Mandelbaum, Michael
2580:Ambrose, Stephen E.
2063:The Washington Post
1198:, pp. 457–458.
1030:. 26 October 2011.
863:Nuclear disarmament
768:forensic seismology
597:nuclear disarmament
467:multilateral treaty
106: Non-signatory
70:
5646:Treaties of Zambia
5596:Treaties of Uganda
5586:Treaties of Turkey
5556:Treaties of Sweden
5471:Treaties of Rwanda
5466:Treaties of Russia
5436:Treaties of Poland
5411:Treaties of Panama
5396:Treaties of Norway
5321:Treaties of Monaco
5311:Treaties of Mexico
5276:Treaties of Malawi
5231:Treaties of Latvia
5216:Treaties of Kuwait
5196:Treaties of Jordan
5131:Treaties of Guyana
5121:Treaties of Guinea
5106:Treaties of Greece
5081:Treaties of France
5011:Treaties of Cyprus
4956:Treaties of Canada
4926:Treaties of Brunei
4921:Treaties of Brazil
4896:Treaties of Belize
4831:Treaties of Angola
4468:Official languages
4015:London Declaration
3824:Internal Oversight
3814:Palestinian Rights
3386:Funds, programmes,
3112:Nuclear deterrence
2206:Lawrence, Martin.
1796:The New York Times
1330:Utrecht University
1088:on 10 October 2007
770:, hydroacoustics,
640:
483:entered into force
475:nuclear explosions
68:
5526:Treaties of Spain
5476:Treaties of Samoa
5446:Treaties of Qatar
5406:Treaties of Palau
5376:Treaties of Niger
5356:Treaties of Nauru
5296:Treaties of Malta
5206:Treaties of Kenya
5191:Treaties of Japan
5176:Treaties of Italy
5136:Treaties of Haiti
5101:Treaties of Ghana
5086:Treaties of Gabon
4976:Treaties of Chile
4901:Treaties of Benin
4748:
4747:
4579:UN Art Collection
4555:Millennium Summit
4510:UN Block By Block
4490:Ralph Bunche Park
4458:UN laissez-passer
4418:UN Global Compact
4375:Delivering as One
4274:Secretary-General
4165:
4164:
4145:Indigenous Caucus
4039:Tehran Conference
4033:Moscow Conference
4008:Preparatory years
3977:League of Nations
3877:
3876:
3777:Palace of Nations
3479:UNEP/GRID-Arendal
3295:Secretary-General
3238:Amina J. Mohammed
3225:Secretary-General
3180:
3179:
3117:Nuclear arms race
2796:Seaborg, Glenn T.
2646:Polsby, Nelson W.
2186:ldeo.columbia.edu
1854:. 2 November 2023
1742:. 27 March 1984.
1639:IndiaTomorrow.net
1234:, pp. 85–86.
917:, pp. 57–58.
868:Nuclear-free zone
649:Mikhail Gorbachev
563:nuclear arms race
559:Nikita Khrushchev
455:
454:
137:listed in Annex 2
61:
60:
16:(Redirected from
5673:
5571:Treaties of Togo
5426:Treaties of Peru
5401:Treaties of Oman
5386:Treaties of Niue
5291:Treaties of Mali
5226:Treaties of Laos
5166:Treaties of Iraq
5071:Treaties of Fiji
5001:Treaties of Cuba
4971:Treaties of Chad
4741:World portal
4739:
4738:
4645:Biopiracy treaty
4231:Nagorno-Karabakh
4201:Security Council
4184:General Assembly
4111:Human Rights Day
4051:Yalta Conference
4021:Atlantic Charter
3942:
3941:
3898:Founding members
3819:Peace Operations
3703:World Bank Group
3397:Culture of Peace
3388:and other bodies
3341:Security Council
3317:General Assembly
3283:Principal organs
3262:
3261:
3229:AntĂłnio Guterres
3207:
3200:
3193:
3184:
3183:
3169:
3168:
2945:
2938:
2931:
2922:
2921:
2815:
2791:
2767:
2746:
2722:
2706:
2692:
2667:
2655:
2641:
2620:
2599:
2566:
2565:
2563:
2561:
2546:
2540:
2539:
2537:
2535:
2519:
2513:
2512:
2510:
2508:
2487:
2481:
2480:
2478:
2476:
2455:
2449:
2448:
2446:
2444:
2423:
2417:
2416:
2414:
2403:
2394:
2388:
2377:
2371:
2370:
2368:
2366:
2352:
2346:
2345:
2339:
2334:
2332:
2324:
2322:
2315:
2306:
2300:
2299:
2297:
2295:
2281:
2275:
2274:
2272:
2270:
2255:
2249:
2248:
2246:
2244:
2229:
2223:
2222:
2220:
2218:
2203:
2197:
2196:
2194:
2192:
2180:Richards, Paul.
2177:
2171:
2170:
2168:
2166:
2152:
2146:
2145:
2143:
2141:
2122:
2116:
2115:
2113:
2111:
2090:
2084:
2079:
2078:
2076:
2053:
2047:
2046:
2044:
2042:
2021:
2015:
2001:
1992:
1991:
1989:
1987:
1981:
1968:
1960:
1954:
1953:
1951:
1949:
1928:
1922:
1921:
1919:
1917:
1896:
1890:
1889:
1887:
1885:
1870:
1864:
1863:
1861:
1859:
1844:
1838:
1837:
1835:
1833:
1818:
1812:
1811:
1809:
1807:
1787:
1781:
1780:
1778:
1776:
1762:
1756:
1755:
1753:
1751:
1732:
1726:
1725:
1723:
1721:
1707:
1701:
1700:
1698:
1696:
1682:
1676:
1675:
1673:
1671:
1656:
1650:
1649:
1647:
1645:
1631:
1625:
1624:
1622:
1620:
1605:
1594:
1593:
1591:
1589:
1570:
1564:
1563:
1561:
1559:
1553:
1546:
1532:
1526:
1525:
1523:
1521:
1501:
1495:
1494:
1492:
1490:
1471:
1465:
1464:
1462:
1460:
1445:
1439:
1438:
1436:
1434:
1418:
1409:
1408:
1406:
1404:
1398:
1391:
1385:Delcoigne, G.C.
1382:
1376:
1375:
1373:
1371:
1352:
1346:
1345:
1343:
1341:
1322:
1316:
1315:
1313:
1311:
1297:
1291:
1290:
1288:
1286:
1280:
1273:
1265:
1259:
1256:Schlesinger 2002
1253:
1247:
1244:Evangelista 1999
1241:
1235:
1232:Evangelista 1999
1229:
1223:
1217:
1211:
1205:
1199:
1193:
1187:
1181:
1175:
1169:
1163:
1157:
1148:
1147:
1145:
1143:
1128:
1122:
1116:
1110:
1104:
1098:
1097:
1095:
1093:
1084:. Archived from
1074:
1068:
1062:
1056:
1050:
1044:
1043:
1041:
1039:
1018:
1012:
1011:
1009:
1007:
987:
981:
980:
978:
976:
957:
951:
950:
948:
946:
940:
933:
927:Delcoigne, G.C.
924:
918:
912:
906:
900:
894:
888:
691:Alexander Downer
547:Jawaharlal Nehru
451:
448:
446:
187:
185:
180:
168:
163:
158:
155:
150:
147:
142:
135:Sovereign states
133:
128:
125:
120:
117:
112:
105:
104:
97:
96:
89:
88:
78:
71:
67:
56:
53:
47:
35:
34:
27:
21:
5681:
5680:
5676:
5675:
5674:
5672:
5671:
5670:
4751:
4750:
4749:
4744:
4733:
4726:
4649:
4340:
4262:
4161:
4062:
4003:
3945:Preceding years
3931:
3884:
3873:
3732:and departments
3731:
3724:
3616:
3607:
3390:
3387:
3379:
3278:
3251:
3216:
3211:
3181:
3176:
3156:
3152:Nuclear warfare
3090:
2952:
2949:
2834:Wayback Machine
2823:
2818:
2812:
2788:
2764:
2743:
2727:Rhodes, Richard
2719:
2697:Reeves, Richard
2689:
2664:
2638:
2617:
2596:
2574:
2569:
2559:
2557:
2548:
2547:
2543:
2533:
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2516:
2506:
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2326:
2325:
2320:
2313:
2307:
2303:
2293:
2291:
2283:
2282:
2278:
2268:
2266:
2264:armscontrol.org
2256:
2252:
2242:
2240:
2238:armscontrol.org
2230:
2226:
2216:
2214:
2204:
2200:
2190:
2188:
2178:
2174:
2164:
2162:
2154:
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2149:
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2124:
2123:
2119:
2109:
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2092:
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2074:
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2054:
2050:
2040:
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2023:
2022:
2018:
2012:Wayback Machine
2002:
1995:
1985:
1983:
1979:
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1962:
1961:
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1947:
1945:
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1925:
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1659:Spring, Baker.
1657:
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1254:
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1242:
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1214:
1210:, pp. 8–9.
1206:
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881:
839:
826:
761:
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727:
707:
679:
666:
527:nuclear fallout
505:, proposed the
503:Harry S. Truman
495:nuclear weapons
491:
443:
399:
219:
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4287:
4286:
4281:
4270:
4268:
4264:
4263:
4261:
4260:
4259:
4258:
4253:
4251:Western Sahara
4248:
4243:
4238:
4233:
4228:
4223:
4218:
4213:
4208:
4198:
4197:
4196:
4191:
4181:
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4036:
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4024:
4018:
4011:
4009:
4005:
4004:
4002:
4001:
4000:
3999:
3994:
3989:
3984:
3974:
3969:
3964:
3959:
3954:
3948:
3946:
3939:
3933:
3932:
3930:
3929:
3928:
3927:
3925:European Union
3917:
3916:
3915:
3905:
3900:
3895:
3889:
3887:
3879:
3878:
3875:
3874:
3872:
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3816:
3811:
3806:
3805:
3804:
3794:
3789:
3784:
3779:
3774:
3769:
3764:
3762:Envoy on Youth
3759:
3758:
3757:
3752:
3747:
3736:
3734:
3726:
3725:
3723:
3722:
3721:
3720:
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3612:
3609:
3608:
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3600:
3595:
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3404:
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3326:
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3324:
3314:
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3312:
3307:
3302:
3286:
3284:
3280:
3279:
3277:
3276:
3270:
3268:
3259:
3253:
3252:
3250:
3249:
3247:Dennis Francis
3240:
3231:
3221:
3218:
3217:
3214:United Nations
3210:
3209:
3202:
3195:
3187:
3178:
3177:
3175:
3174:
3161:
3158:
3157:
3155:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3137:Nuclear ethics
3134:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3098:
3096:
3092:
3091:
3089:
3088:
3082:
3076:
3070:
3064:
3058:
3052:
3051:(not in force)
3045:
3039:
3033:
3027:
3021:
3015:
3009:
3003:
2997:
2991:
2985:
2979:
2973:
2967:
2960:
2958:
2954:
2953:
2948:
2947:
2940:
2933:
2925:
2919:
2918:
2912:
2904:
2891:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2847:
2842:
2836:
2822:
2821:External links
2819:
2817:
2816:
2811:978-0520049611
2810:
2792:
2787:978-0618219278
2786:
2768:
2763:978-0375713941
2762:
2747:
2742:978-0684824147
2741:
2723:
2718:978-0671892890
2717:
2693:
2688:978-0876090718
2687:
2668:
2663:978-0300034288
2662:
2642:
2637:978-0801487842
2636:
2621:
2616:978-1440800955
2615:
2600:
2595:978-0671747589
2594:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2567:
2541:
2514:
2482:
2450:
2418:
2389:
2372:
2347:
2338:|journal=
2301:
2276:
2250:
2224:
2198:
2172:
2147:
2117:
2085:
2048:
2016:
1993:
1955:
1937:United Nations
1923:
1905:United Nations
1891:
1865:
1839:
1813:
1782:
1757:
1727:
1702:
1677:
1651:
1626:
1595:
1565:
1527:
1496:
1466:
1440:
1410:
1377:
1347:
1317:
1292:
1260:
1248:
1236:
1224:
1212:
1200:
1188:
1186:, p. 305.
1176:
1174:, p. 121.
1164:
1149:
1123:
1111:
1109:, p. 247.
1099:
1069:
1057:
1055:, p. 542.
1045:
1013:
982:
952:
919:
907:
895:
882:
880:
877:
876:
875:
870:
865:
860:
855:
850:
845:
838:
835:
825:
822:
760:
757:
726:
723:
722:
721:
718:
715:nuclear weapon
706:
703:
678:
675:
665:
662:
657:Vladimir Putin
499:Bernard Baruch
490:
487:
453:
452:
440:
439:
436:
432:
431:
426:
422:
421:
415:
411:
410:
405:
401:
400:
398:
397:
383:United Kingdom
216:
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92:
84:
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62:
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58:
39:
37:
30:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5678:
5667:
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5647:
5644:
5642:
5639:
5637:
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5119:
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5019:
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5009:
5007:
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4992:
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4802:
4799:
4797:
4794:
4792:
4789:
4787:
4784:
4782:
4779:
4777:
4774:
4772:
4769:
4767:
4764:
4762:
4759:
4758:
4756:
4743:
4742:
4737:
4729:
4723:
4720:
4718:
4715:
4713:
4710:
4708:
4705:
4703:
4700:
4698:
4696:
4692:
4690:
4688:
4684:
4682:
4679:
4677:
4674:
4672:
4669:
4667:
4664:
4662:
4659:
4658:
4656:
4652:
4646:
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4641:
4638:
4636:
4635:
4631:
4629:
4626:
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4621:
4619:
4616:
4614:
4611:
4609:
4606:
4602:
4599:
4598:
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4594:
4592:
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4585:
4582:
4581:
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4577:
4573:
4570:
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4568:
4565:
4563:
4560:
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4552:
4551:
4548:
4546:
4543:
4541:
4538:
4536:
4533:
4531:
4528:
4526:
4525:Treaty Series
4523:
4521:
4518:
4516:
4513:
4511:
4508:
4506:
4503:
4501:
4498:
4496:
4493:
4491:
4488:
4484:
4481:
4480:
4479:
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4459:
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4434:
4431:
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4426:
4424:
4421:
4419:
4416:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4406:
4402:
4399:
4398:
4397:
4394:
4392:
4389:
4387:
4384:
4382:
4379:
4377:
4376:
4372:
4370:
4367:
4365:
4362:
4360:
4357:
4355:
4352:
4351:
4349:
4347:
4343:
4337:
4334:
4332:
4329:
4325:
4322:
4320:
4317:
4315:
4312:
4310:
4307:
4305:
4302:
4300:
4297:
4295:
4292:
4291:
4289:
4285:
4282:
4280:
4277:
4276:
4275:
4272:
4271:
4269:
4265:
4257:
4254:
4252:
4249:
4247:
4244:
4242:
4239:
4237:
4234:
4232:
4229:
4227:
4224:
4222:
4219:
4217:
4214:
4212:
4209:
4207:
4204:
4203:
4202:
4199:
4195:
4192:
4190:
4187:
4186:
4185:
4182:
4180:
4177:
4176:
4174:
4172:
4168:
4158:
4155:
4153:
4150:
4146:
4143:
4141:
4138:
4137:
4136:
4133:
4129:
4126:
4125:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4112:
4109:
4107:
4104:
4103:
4102:
4099:
4095:
4092:
4090:
4087:
4085:
4082:
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4055:
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4049:
4046:
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4040:
4037:
4034:
4031:
4028:
4025:
4022:
4019:
4016:
4013:
4012:
4010:
4006:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3980:
3979:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3970:
3968:
3965:
3963:
3960:
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3955:
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3911:
3910:
3909:
3906:
3904:
3901:
3899:
3896:
3894:
3891:
3890:
3888:
3886:
3885:and observers
3880:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3850:
3847:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3837:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3829:Legal Affairs
3827:
3825:
3822:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3812:
3810:
3807:
3803:
3800:
3799:
3798:
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3780:
3778:
3775:
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3610:
3604:
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3463:
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3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
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3415:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
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3394:
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3376:
3373:
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3332:
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3330:
3327:
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3320:
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3308:
3306:
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3258:
3254:
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3239:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3226:
3223:
3222:
3219:
3215:
3208:
3203:
3201:
3196:
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3189:
3188:
3185:
3173:
3172:
3163:
3162:
3159:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3099:
3097:
3093:
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3077:
3075:
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3069:
3065:
3063:
3059:
3057:
3053:
3050:
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3044:
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3034:
3032:
3028:
3026:
3022:
3020:
3016:
3014:
3010:
3008:
3004:
3002:
2998:
2996:
2992:
2990:
2986:
2984:
2980:
2978:
2974:
2972:
2968:
2966:
2962:
2961:
2959:
2955:
2946:
2941:
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2932:
2927:
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2923:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2899:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2886:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2831:
2828:
2825:
2824:
2813:
2807:
2803:
2802:
2797:
2793:
2789:
2783:
2779:
2778:
2773:
2769:
2765:
2759:
2755:
2754:
2748:
2744:
2738:
2734:
2733:
2728:
2724:
2720:
2714:
2710:
2705:
2704:
2698:
2694:
2690:
2684:
2680:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2665:
2659:
2654:
2653:
2647:
2643:
2639:
2633:
2629:
2628:
2622:
2618:
2612:
2608:
2607:
2601:
2597:
2591:
2587:
2586:
2581:
2577:
2576:
2555:
2551:
2545:
2529:
2525:
2518:
2502:
2498:
2497:
2492:
2486:
2470:
2466:
2465:
2460:
2454:
2438:
2434:
2433:
2428:
2422:
2411:
2407:
2400:
2393:
2386:
2382:
2376:
2361:
2357:
2351:
2343:
2330:
2319:
2312:
2305:
2290:
2286:
2280:
2265:
2261:
2254:
2239:
2235:
2228:
2213:
2212:acoustics.org
2209:
2202:
2187:
2183:
2176:
2161:
2157:
2151:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2121:
2105:
2101:
2100:
2095:
2089:
2083:
2070:
2066:
2064:
2059:
2052:
2036:
2032:
2031:
2026:
2020:
2013:
2009:
2006:
2000:
1998:
1978:
1974:
1973:
1965:
1959:
1943:
1939:
1938:
1933:
1927:
1911:
1907:
1906:
1901:
1895:
1880:
1876:
1869:
1853:
1849:
1843:
1828:
1824:
1817:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1786:
1771:
1767:
1761:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1731:
1716:
1712:
1706:
1691:
1687:
1681:
1666:
1662:
1655:
1640:
1636:
1630:
1614:
1610:
1604:
1602:
1600:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1569:
1550:
1543:
1542:
1537:
1531:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1500:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1470:
1454:
1450:
1444:
1428:
1424:
1417:
1415:
1395:
1388:
1381:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1351:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1321:
1306:
1302:
1296:
1277:
1270:
1264:
1257:
1252:
1246:, p. 79.
1245:
1240:
1233:
1228:
1221:
1216:
1209:
1204:
1197:
1192:
1185:
1180:
1173:
1168:
1162:, p. 72.
1161:
1156:
1154:
1137:
1133:
1127:
1121:, p. 58.
1120:
1115:
1108:
1103:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1073:
1067:, p. 31.
1066:
1061:
1054:
1049:
1033:
1029:
1028:
1023:
1017:
1001:
997:
993:
986:
970:
966:
962:
956:
937:
930:
923:
916:
911:
904:
899:
893:, p. 56.
892:
887:
883:
874:
871:
869:
866:
864:
861:
859:
856:
854:
851:
849:
846:
844:
841:
840:
834:
832:
821:
817:
815:
811:
807:
802:
799:
794:
789:
786:
781:
777:
773:
769:
765:
756:
754:
748:
746:
742:
738:
732:
719:
716:
712:
711:
710:
709:(Article I):
702:
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
674:
671:
661:
658:
653:
650:
646:
645:Ronald Reagan
636:
632:
630:
626:
622:
618:
613:
610:
606:
602:
598:
594:
589:
587:
583:
582:radionuclides
578:
573:
570:
569:
564:
560:
556:
552:
548:
543:
542:conducted 4.
541:
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
515:
513:
508:
504:
500:
496:
486:
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
450:
441:
437:
433:
430:
427:
423:
419:
416:
412:
409:
406:
402:
396:
392:
388:
387:United States
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
221:
220:
212:
208:
204:
200:
197:
196:New York City
194:
190:
176:
172:
162:
154:
146:
139:
136:
132:
124:
116:
109:
83:
82:
77:
72:
66:
55:
52:November 2023
43:
38:
29:
28:
19:
4732:
4694:
4686:
4632:
4478:Peacekeeping
4453:Interpreters
4373:
4363:
4074:Peacekeeping
3992:organization
3893:Full members
3854:Partnerships
3740:Headquarters
3462:peacekeeping
3164:
3048:
2897:
2884:
2800:
2775:
2752:
2731:
2702:
2677:
2651:
2626:
2605:
2584:
2558:. Retrieved
2544:
2532:. Retrieved
2517:
2505:. Retrieved
2494:
2485:
2473:. Retrieved
2462:
2453:
2441:. Retrieved
2430:
2421:
2405:
2392:
2380:
2375:
2363:. Retrieved
2359:
2350:
2329:cite journal
2304:
2292:. Retrieved
2288:
2279:
2267:. Retrieved
2263:
2253:
2241:. Retrieved
2237:
2227:
2215:. Retrieved
2211:
2201:
2189:. Retrieved
2185:
2175:
2163:. Retrieved
2159:
2150:
2138:. Retrieved
2129:
2120:
2108:. Retrieved
2104:the original
2097:
2088:
2081:
2073:, retrieved
2061:
2051:
2041:20 September
2039:. Retrieved
2028:
2019:
1984:. Retrieved
1970:
1958:
1946:. Retrieved
1935:
1926:
1914:. Retrieved
1910:the original
1903:
1894:
1882:. Retrieved
1878:
1868:
1856:. Retrieved
1851:
1842:
1830:. Retrieved
1826:
1816:
1804:. Retrieved
1795:
1785:
1773:. Retrieved
1760:
1748:. Retrieved
1730:
1718:. Retrieved
1714:
1705:
1693:. Retrieved
1689:
1680:
1668:. Retrieved
1664:
1654:
1642:. Retrieved
1638:
1629:
1617:. Retrieved
1586:. Retrieved
1577:
1568:
1556:. Retrieved
1540:
1530:
1518:. Retrieved
1509:
1499:
1487:. Retrieved
1469:
1457:. Retrieved
1443:
1431:. Retrieved
1401:. Retrieved
1380:
1368:. Retrieved
1350:
1338:. Retrieved
1320:
1308:. Retrieved
1295:
1283:. Retrieved
1263:
1251:
1239:
1227:
1222:, p. 9.
1220:Seaborg 1981
1215:
1208:Seaborg 1981
1203:
1196:Ambrose 1991
1191:
1179:
1167:
1140:. Retrieved
1126:
1114:
1102:
1090:. Retrieved
1086:the original
1072:
1060:
1048:
1036:. Retrieved
1025:
1016:
1004:. Retrieved
985:
973:. Retrieved
955:
943:. Retrieved
922:
910:
905:, p. 7.
898:
886:
827:
818:
803:
790:
776:radionuclide
762:
749:
734:
708:
680:
667:
664:Negotiations
654:
641:
614:
590:
584:, including
574:
567:
555:Labour Party
544:
535:Castle Bravo
517:Between the
516:
512:Soviet Union
492:
462:
458:
456:
355:South Africa
205:Not in force
65:
49:
41:
4707:UNICEF club
4401:Honour Flag
4236:North Korea
4171:Resolutions
4118:Enlargement
3290:Secretariat
2560:3 September
2075:30 November
1715:INSIGHTSIAS
1489:9 September
1172:Reeves 1993
1160:Rhodes 2008
1119:Polsby 1984
1065:Strode 1990
1053:Rhodes 2005
915:Polsby 1984
903:Strode 1990
891:Polsby 1984
793:noble gases
764:Geophysical
705:Obligations
687:John Howard
599:. However,
507:Baruch Plan
404:Signatories
371:Switzerland
359:South Korea
323:North Korea
319:Netherlands
4755:Categories
4695:Ex Tempore
4687:UN Special
4608:UN Mandate
4067:Activities
3673:UN Tourism
3496:UN-HABITAT
3474:OzonAction
3299:selections
2443:4 December
2365:18 October
2294:17 October
2269:17 October
2243:17 October
2217:16 October
2191:16 October
2165:16 October
2110:4 December
2065:; National
1986:4 December
1948:3 December
1916:3 December
1858:2 November
1832:26 October
1720:23 January
1695:23 January
1670:23 January
1644:23 January
879:References
785:hydrophone
772:infrasound
759:Monitoring
425:Depositary
239:Bangladesh
184:1996-09-24
4567:UN reform
4369:Criticism
4267:Elections
4241:Palestine
4128:committee
3536:UN-Oceans
3484:UNEP-WCMC
3368:President
3356:President
3346:Elections
3322:President
3257:UN System
3080:New START
3062:START III
2534:15 August
2316:: 23–28.
2289:ctbto.org
2140:15 August
1806:11 August
1775:14 August
1750:12 August
1558:15 August
1459:12 August
1433:12 August
1403:11 August
1370:12 August
1310:11 August
1285:11 August
945:11 August
780:wave-form
586:plutonium
435:Languages
414:Ratifiers
295:Indonesia
231:Australia
227:Argentina
210:Condition
202:Effective
4712:Model UN
4697:magazine
4689:magazine
4618:UN Sacco
4106:drafting
4084:timeline
4079:missions
3982:archives
3598:UN Women
3586:UNU-CRIS
3437:UNCITRAL
3274:Preamble
3031:START II
2957:Treaties
2830:Archived
2798:(1981).
2774:(2002).
2729:(2005).
2699:(1993).
2648:(1984).
2582:(1991).
2554:Archived
2528:Archived
2501:Archived
2499:. 2012.
2469:Archived
2467:. 2012.
2437:Archived
2410:Archived
2318:Archived
2134:Archived
2069:archived
2035:Archived
2033:. 2011.
2008:Archived
1977:Archived
1942:Archived
1827:The Hill
1800:Archived
1744:Archived
1619:7 August
1613:Archived
1582:Archived
1580:. 2012.
1549:Archived
1538:(2007).
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1000:Archived
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969:Archived
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670:Cold War
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331:Pakistan
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2675:(ed.).
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1852:Reuters
1340:31 July
1142:31 July
1038:31 July
568:Rainier
489:History
469:to ban
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391:Vietnam
379:Ukraine
343:Romania
287:Hungary
283:Germany
275:Finland
243:Belgium
235:Austria
223:Algeria
182: (
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4545:UN Day
4483:Canada
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4221:Israel
4206:Cyprus
4059:(1945)
4053:(1945)
4047:(1944)
4041:(1943)
4035:(1943)
4029:(1942)
4023:(1941)
4017:(1941)
3787:Vienna
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3663:UNESCO
3581:UNU-OP
3556:UNRISD
3551:UNOSAT
3531:UNITAR
3526:UNIDIR
3521:UNICRI
3516:UNICEF
3432:UNCTAD
3422:UNAIDS
2993:1970s
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814:Vienna
774:, and
753:Russia
725:Status
652:1987.
609:Israel
607:, and
540:France
447:.ctbto
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347:Russia
339:Poland
327:Norway
315:Mexico
303:Israel
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255:Canada
247:Brazil
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4601:Hanoi
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4246:Syria
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3668:UNIDO
3571:UNSSC
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3561:UNRWA
3546:UNOPS
3541:UNODC
3511:UNHRC
3506:UNHCR
3501:OHCHR
3491:UNFPA
3457:UNDPO
3447:UNDGC
3442:UNCDF
3084:2017
3078:2010
3072:2009
3066:2002
3060:1997
3054:1996
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3041:1995
3035:1994
3029:1993
3023:1991
3017:1987
3011:1985
3005:1976
2999:1971
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2981:1972
2975:1969
2969:1968
2963:1963
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551:India
395:Zaire
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291:India
271:Egypt
263:China
259:Chile
4396:Flag
4324:2011
4319:2014
4314:2017
4309:2020
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4299:2022
4294:2023
4284:2016
4279:2021
4216:Iraq
4211:Iran
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3683:WFEO
3633:IFAD
3628:ICAO
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2167:2019
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