Eastern Bloc - Knowledge

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other uses by central planners were slated to meet domestic demands. Authorities created state companies to arrange travel and accommodation. In the 1970s, investments were made to attempt to attract western travelers, though momentum for this waned in the 1980s when no long-term plan arose to procure improvements in the tourist environment, such as an assurance of freedom of movement, free and efficient money exchange and the provision of higher quality products with which these tourists were familiar. However, Western tourists were generally free to move about in Hungary, Poland and Yugoslavia and go where they wished. It was more difficult or even impossible to go as an individual tourist to East Germany, Czechoslovakia, Romania, Bulgaria and Albania. It was generally possible in all cases for relatives from the west to visit and stay with family in the Eastern Bloc countries, except for Albania. In these cases, permission had to be sought, precise times, length of stay, location and movements had to be known in advance.

7828: 2487:. While the institutional design of the communist systems were based on the rejection of rule of law, the legal infrastructure was not immune to change reflecting decaying ideology and the substitution of autonomous law. Initially, communist parties were small in all countries except Czechoslovakia, such that there existed an acute shortage of politically "trustworthy" persons for administration, police, and other professions. Thus, "politically unreliable" non-communists initially had to fill such roles. Those not obedient to communist authorities were ousted, while Moscow cadres started a large-scale party programs to train personnel who would meet political requirements. Former members of the middle-class were officially discriminated against, though the state's need for their skills and certain opportunities to re-invent themselves as good Communist citizens did allow many to nonetheless achieve success. 4535: 7540: 1328: 1342: 4666:

industrial production". The main initiator of these reforms was Premier A. Kosygin. Kosygin's reforms on agriculture gave considerable autonomy to the collective farms, giving them the right to the contents of private farming. During this period, there was the large-scale land reclamation program, the construction of irrigation channels, and other measures. In the period 1966–1970, the gross national product grew by over 35%. Industrial output increased by 48% and agriculture by 17%. In the eighth Five-Year Plan, the national income grew at an average rate of 7.8%. In the ninth Five-Year Plan (1971–1975), the national income grew at an annual rate of 5.7%. In the tenth Five-Year Plan (1976–1981), the national income grew at an annual rate of 4.3%.

1263: 1902: 4222:, for many years after World War II, even the best informed foreigners did not effectively know about the operations of the Soviet economy. Stalin had sealed off outside access to the Soviet Union since 1935 (and until his death), effectively permitting no foreign travel inside the Soviet Union such that outsiders did not know of the political processes that had taken place therein. During this period, and even for 25 years after Stalin's death, the few diplomats and foreign correspondents permitted inside the Soviet Union were usually restricted to within a few kilometres of Moscow, their phones were tapped, their residences were restricted to foreigner-only locations and they were constantly followed by Soviet authorities. 8019: 4707: 7967: 2956: 4785: 1247: 4064: 4822: 2832:, and which were now, increasingly, cut off from their traditional markets and suppliers in Western Europe. The Comecon's role became ambiguous because Stalin preferred more direct links with other party chiefs than the Comecon's indirect sophistication; it played no significant role in the 1950s in economic planning. Initially, the Comecon served as cover for the Soviet taking of materials and equipment from the rest of the Eastern Bloc, but the balance changed when the Soviets became net subsidizers of the rest of the Bloc by the 1970s via an exchange of low cost raw materials in return for shoddily manufactured finished goods. 1527: 1464: 1542: 1388: 1588: 1617: 4896: 1480: 1183: 6943: 1449: 1295: 1159: 4887: 1279: 1420: 4204: 8604: 4678:

construction of network analysers were developed by S. Gershgorin in 1927 and the concept of the electrodynamic analog computer was proposed by N. Minorsky in 1936. In the 1940s, the development of AC electronic antiaircraft directors and the first vacuum-tube integrators was begun by L. Gutenmakher. In the 1960s, important developments in modern computer equipment were the BESM-6 system built under the direction of S. A. Lebedev, the MIR series of small digital computers, and the Minsk series of digital computers developed by G.Lopato and V. Przhyalkovsky.

1674: 8349: 6462: 2768: 1832:, followed by the liquidation of state administrations and replacement by Soviet cadres. Elections for parliament and other offices were held with single candidates listed and the official results fabricated, purporting pro-Soviet candidates' approval by 92.8 percent of the voters in Estonia, 97.6 percent in Latvia, and 99.2 percent in Lithuania. The fraudulently installed "people's assemblies" immediately declared each of the three corresponding countries to be "Soviet Socialist Republics" and requested their "admission into 4850: 6447: 1693: 2055:'s social and financial power by expropriation of landed and industrial property was accorded absolute priority. These measures were publicly billed as "reforms" rather than socioeconomic transformations. Except for initially in Czechoslovakia, activities by political parties had to adhere to "Bloc politics", with parties eventually having to accept membership in an "antifascist bloc" obliging them to act only by mutual "consensus". The bloc system permitted the Soviet Union to exercise domestic control indirectly. 4698: 2491:

which the population in certain countries were kept under secret surveillance may not have been rational. Following a totalitarian initial phase, a post-totalitarian period followed the death of Stalin in which the primary method of Communist rule shifted from mass terror to selective repression, along with ideological and sociopolitical strategies of legitimation and the securing of loyalty. Juries were replaced by a tribunal of professional judges and two lay assessors that were dependable party actors.

2103: 4859: 1213: 2048:". As a young communist was told in East Germany, "it's got to look democratic, but we must have everything in our control". Stalin felt that socioeconomic transformation was indispensable to establish Soviet control, reflecting the Marxist–Leninist view that material bases, the distribution of the means of production, shaped social and political relations. The Soviet Union also co-opted the Eastern European countries into its sphere of influence by making reference to some cultural commonalities. 4776: 8646: 1310: 25751: 8632: 8029: 1228: 1435: 2085: 33: 8660: 1643: 4136: 22039: 2296:

conflict was started. Soviet cadres in communist party and state positions in the Bloc were instructed to foster intra-leadership conflict and to transmit information against each other. This accompanied a continuous stream of accusations of "nationalistic deviations", "insufficient appreciation of the USSR's role", links with Tito and "espionage for Yugoslavia". This resulted in the persecution of many major party cadres, including those in East Germany.

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market economy. The change to a multi-party democracy was approved by 85% of Poles and East Germans, 82% of Czechs, 74% of Slovaks, 72% of Hungarians, 70% of Lithuanians, 54% of Bulgarians, 51% of Ukrainians and 43% of Russians. The transition to a market economy was approved by 85% of Poles, 83% of East Germans, 76% of Czechs, 71% of Slovaks, 70% of Hungarians, 69% of Lithuanians, 55% of Bulgarians, 47% of Ukrainians, and 38% of Russians.

1513: 1630: 1358: 7625: 2353: 4748: 1404: 7567:. The invasion comported with the Brezhnev Doctrine, a policy of compelling Eastern Bloc states to subordinate national interests to those of the Bloc as a whole and the exercise of a Soviet right to intervene if an Eastern Bloc country appeared to shift towards capitalism. The invasion was followed by a wave of emigration, including an estimated 70,000 Czechoslovaks initially fleeing, with the total eventually reaching 300,000. 16442: 3032:, where the population was approximately half of what it should have been compared with similar countries such as Denmark, Finland and Norway over the years 1939–1990. Poor housing was one factor leading to severely declining birth rates throughout the Eastern Bloc. However, birth rates were still higher than in Western European countries. A reliance upon abortion, in part because periodic shortages of birth control pills and 4646: 1658: 5016:

in 1950 but 14.4 in 1970. However, the system was resistant to change and did not easily adapt to new conditions. For political reasons, old factories were rarely closed, even when new technologies became available. As a result, after the 1970s, growth rates within the bloc experienced relative decline. Meanwhile, West Germany, Austria, France and other Western European nations experienced increased economic growth in the

2099:, a comprehensive program of American assistance to all European countries wanting to participate, including the Soviet Union and those of Eastern Europe. The Soviets rejected the Plan and took a hard-line position against the United States and non-communist European nations. However, Czechoslovakia was eager to accept the US aid; the Polish government had a similar attitude, and this was of great concern to the Soviets. 1198: 1560: 25739: 8618: 7431:, Soviet tanks entered Budapest. Protester attacks at the Parliament forced the dissolution of the government. A ceasefire was arranged on 28 October, and by 30 October most Soviet troops had withdrawn from Budapest to garrisons in the Hungarian countryside. Fighting had virtually ceased between 28 October and 4 November, while many Hungarians believed that Soviet military units were indeed withdrawing from Hungary. 2852:

policy principle that continued presence in East Central Europe was a foundation of its defense against the West. Through its institutional structures, the Pact also compensated in part for the absence of Joseph Stalin's personal leadership since his death in 1953. The Pact consolidated the other Bloc members' armies in which Soviet officers and security agents served under a unified Soviet command structure.

4813: 7337:, the Berlin sector border. The East German government then raised "norms" – the amount each worker was required to produce – by 10%. Already disaffected East Germans, who could see the relative economic successes of West Germany within Berlin, became enraged. Angry building workers initiated street protests, and were soon joined by others in a march to the Berlin trade union headquarters. 7279:, a prior emphasis on monolithic high-rise housing lessened somewhat in the 1970s and 1980s. In the Soviet Union, housing was perhaps the primary social problem. While Soviet housing construction rates were high, quality was poor and demolition rates were high, in part because of an inefficient building industry and lack of both quality and quantity of construction materials. 4383:, there was little existing proletariat in many eastern European countries, such that to create one, heavy industry needed to be built. Each system shared the distinctive themes of state-oriented economies, including poorly defined property rights, a lack of market clearing prices and overblown or distorted productive capacities in relation to analogous market economies. 2606: 3373: 4331:, which determined countries' investment allocations and the products that would be traded within Eastern Bloc. Although Comecon was initiated in 1949, its role became ambiguous because Stalin preferred more direct links with other party chiefs than the indirect sophistication of the council. It played no significant role in the 1950s in economic planning. 6965:

to the towns and more wartime devastation and were worsened by Stalin's pre-war refusals to invest properly in housing. Because such investment was generally not enough to sustain the existing population, apartments had to be subdivided into increasingly smaller units, resulting in several families sharing an apartment previously meant for one family.

11227:, President of the Revolutionary War Soviet: "We are surrounded by the greens (we pack it to them), we will move only about 10–20 versty and we will choke by hand the bourgeoisie, the clergy and the landowners. There will be an award of 100,000 rubles for each one hanged." He was speaking about the future actions in the countries neighboring Russia. 4588:) with a rapid collectivization through massive state farms and agricultural producers' cooperatives (APCs). Instead, collectivization proceeded more slowly and in stages from 1948 to 1960 in Bulgaria, Romania, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, and East Germany, and from 1955 to 1964 in Albania. Collectivization in the Baltic republics of the 3025:, the population grew to 92.7 million in 1926. In 1939, the population increased by 17 percent to 108 million. Despite more than 20 million deaths suffered throughout World War II, Russia's population grew to 117.2 million in 1959. The Soviet census of 1989 showed Russia's population at 147 million people. 4253:, "societal organisations" such as trade unions and associations representing various social, professional and other groups, were erected with only one organisation for each category, with competition excluded. Those organisations were managed by Stalinist cadres, though during the initial period, they allowed for some diversity. 4577:, which offered good soils and a warm climate during the growing season. Rural collectivization proceeded differently in non-Soviet Eastern Bloc countries than it did in the Soviet Union in the 1920s and 1930s. Because of the need to conceal the assumption of control and the realities of an initial lack of control, no Soviet 11048: 4674:

amounted to one-fourth of the total number of scientific personnel in the world. In 1980, as compared with 1940, the number of invention proposals submitted was more than 5 million. In 1980, there were 10 all-Union research institutes, 85 specialised central agencies, and 93 regional information centres.

2319:, when it appeared that Traicho Kostov, who was not a Moscow cadre, was next in line for leadership, in June 1949, Stalin ordered Kostov's arrest, followed soon thereafter by a death sentence and execution. A number of other high ranking Bulgarian officials were also jailed. Stalin and Hungarian leader 2250:(SED) was rejected in favor of the Social Democratic Party, which had gained two and a half times more votes than the SED. The United States, Britain, France, Canada, Australia, New Zealand and several other countries began a massive "Berlin airlift", supplying West Berlin with food and other supplies. 14803:

In the mortality belt of the European former Soviet Union, an aggressive health policy intervention might have prevented tens of thousands of excess deaths, or at least generated a different perception of Western intentions. Instead, Western self-congratulatory triumphalism, the political priority to

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and conducted protests in support of the demands on 22 October. Protests of support swelled to 200,000 by 6 pm the following day, The demands included free secret ballot elections, independent tribunals, inquiries into Stalin and Rákosi Hungarian activities and that "the statue of Stalin, symbol

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After Stalin's death in 1953, forms of an economic "New Course" brought a revival of private house construction. Private construction peaked in 1957–1960 in many Eastern Bloc countries and then declined simultaneously along with a steep increase in state and co-operative housing. By 1960, the rate of

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The prewar norm became one Soviet family per room, with the toilets and kitchen shared. The amount of living space in urban areas fell from 5.7 square metres per person in 1926 to 4.5 square metres in 1940. In the rest of the Eastern Bloc during this time period, the average number of people per room

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During the years 1957–1965, housing policy underwent several institutional changes with industrialisation and urbanisation had not been matched by an increase in housing after World War II. Housing shortages in the Soviet Union were worse than in the rest of the Eastern Bloc due to a larger migration

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There was significant progress made in the economy in countries such as the Soviet Union. In 1980, the Soviet Union took first place in Europe and second worldwide in terms of industrial and agricultural production, respectively. In 1960, the USSR's industrial output was only 55% that of America, but

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and the German occupations in Eastern Europe, much of the region had been subjected to enormous destruction of industry, infrastructure and loss of civilian life. In Poland alone the policy of plunder and exploitation inflicted enormous material losses to Polish industry (62% of which was destroyed),

2377:, capitalist parliamentary democracy (dubbed "bourgeois democracy" in Soviet parlance) and the rule of law subduing discretional intervention by the state. The resulting states aspired to total control of a political center backed by an extensive and active repressive apparatus, and a central role of 1988:

When warned of potential domination by a Stalin dictatorship over part of Europe, Roosevelt responded with a statement summarizing his rationale for relations with Stalin: "I just have a hunch that Stalin is not that kind of a man. ... I think that if I give him everything I possibly can and ask

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In 2019, a Pew Research Survey on European public opinion asked citizens of Russia, Ukraine, Lithuania, Bulgaria, Poland, Czechia, Slovakia, Hungary and the former East Germany two questions: whether they approved of the change to a multi-party democracy, and whether they approved of the change to a

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which saw Poland, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, the Baltic States, Romania and Bulgaria admitted to the European Union. This led to significant improvements in living standards, quality of life, human health and economic performance in the post-Communist Central European states, relative to

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However, that gap does not measure the quality of design of goods or service such that the actual per capita rate may be as low as 14 to 20 per cent. Average gross monthly wages in East Germany were around 30% of those in West Germany, though after accounting for taxation the figures approached 60%.

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From the end of World War II to the mid-1970s, the economy of the Eastern Bloc steadily increased at the same rate as the economy in Western Europe, with the non-reformist Stalinist nations of the Eastern Bloc having a stronger economy than the reformist-Stalinist states. While most western European

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Cities became massive building sites, resulting in the reconstruction of some war-torn buildings but also the construction of drab, dilapidated, system-built apartment blocks. Urban living standards plummeted because resources were tied up in huge long-term building projects, while industrialization

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Because of the lack of market signals in such economies, they experienced mis-development by central planners resulting in those countries following a path of extensive (large mobilisation of inefficiently used capital, labor, energy and raw material inputs) rather than intensive (efficient resource

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policy" of physically transporting and relocating east European industrial assets to the Soviet Union. Eastern Bloc states were required to provide coal, industrial equipment, technology, rolling stock and other resources to reconstruct the Soviet Union. Between 1945 and 1953, the Soviets received a

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The worsening shortages of the 1970s and 1980s occurred during an increase in the quantity of dwelling stock relative to population from 1970 to 1986. Even for new dwellings, average dwelling size was only 61.3 square metres (660 sq ft) in the Eastern Bloc compared with 113.5 square metres

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With virtually non-existent conventional emigration, more than 75% of those emigrating from Eastern Bloc countries between 1950 and 1990 did so under bilateral agreements for "ethnic migration". About 10% were refugee migrants under the Geneva Convention of 1951. Most Soviets allowed to leave during

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With the closing of the Inner German border officially in 1952, the Berlin city sector borders remained considerably more accessible than the rest of the border because of their administration by all four occupying powers. Accordingly, it effectively comprised a "loophole" through which Eastern Bloc

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The control of the media was exercised directly by the communist party itself, and by state censorship, which was also controlled by the party. Media served as an important form of control over information and society. The dissemination and portrayal of knowledge were considered by authorities to be

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However, the vestiges of democratic institutions were never entirely destroyed, resulting in the façade of Western style institutions such as parliaments, which effectively just rubber-stamped decisions made by rulers, and constitutions, to which adherence by authorities was limited or non-existent.

13012:(quoting the "Committee on the Problems of the Consequences of the Catastrophe at the Chernobyl NPP: 15 Years after Chernobyl Disaster", Minsk, 2001, p. 5/6 ff., and the "Chernobyl Interinform Agency, Kiev und", and "Chernobyl Committee: MailTable of official data on the reactor accident") 8318:

Poverty skyrocketed after the fall of the USSR; by the end of the 1990s, the number of people living below the international poverty line went from 3% in 1987–88 to 20%, or around 88 million people. Only 4% of the region lived on $ 4 a day or less before the USSR dissolved, but by 1994, this number

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dictated to the Daily Mirror for the Paneuropa Picnic: "Habsburg distributed leaflets far into Poland, on which the East German holidaymakers were invited to a picnic. When they came to the picnic, they were given gifts, food and Deutsche Mark, and then they were persuaded to come to the West". The

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While no official spoke to them at that location, by 2:00 pm, the East German government agreed to withdraw the "norm" increases. However, the crisis had already escalated such that the demands were now political, including free elections, disbanding the army and resignation of the government.

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In a survey by the Sociological Research Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences in 1986, 75% of those surveyed said that they were better off than the previous ten years. Over 95% of Soviet adults considered themselves "fairly well off". 55% of those surveyed felt that medical services improved,

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Growth rates in the Eastern Bloc were initially high in the 1950s and 1960s. During this first period, progress was rapid by European standards and per capita growth within the Eastern Bloc increased by 2.4 times the European average. Eastern Europe accounted for 12.3 percent of European production

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from outside the Eastern Bloc was neglected, while tourism from other Stalinist countries grew within the Eastern Bloc. Tourism drew investment, relying upon tourism and recreation opportunities existing before World War II. By 1945, most hotels were run-down, while many which escaped conversion to

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This emphasis on heavy industry diverted investment from the more practical production of chemicals and plastics. In addition, the plans' emphasis on quantity rather than quality made Eastern Bloc products less competitive in the world market. High costs passed through the product chain boosted the

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The rising standard of living under socialism led to a steady decrease in the workday and an increase in leisure. In 1974, the average workweek for Soviet industrial workers was 40 hours. Paid vacations in 1968 reached a minimum of 15 workdays. In the mid-1970s the number of free days per year-days

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The Soviet Union made major progress in developing the country's consumer goods sector. In 1970, the USSR produced 679 million pairs of leather footwear, compared to 534 million for the United States. Czechoslovakia, which had the world's highest per-capita production of shoes, exported a

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Stalinist regimes in the Eastern Bloc saw even marginal groups of opposition intellectuals as a potential threat because of the bases underlying Stalinist power therein. The suppression of dissent and opposition was a central prerequisite for the security of Stalinist power within the Eastern Bloc,

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Parliaments were still elected, but their meetings occurred only a few days per year, only to legitimize politburo decisions, and so little attention was paid to them that some of those serving were actually dead, and officials would openly state that they would seat members who had lost elections.

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in the Eastern Bloc, subsequent development varied across countries. In satellite states, after peace treaties were initially concluded, opposition was essentially liquidated, fundamental steps towards socialism were enforced, and Kremlin leaders sought to strengthen control therein. Right from the

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The parties at Yalta further agreed that the countries of liberated Europe and former Axis satellites would be allowed to "create democratic institutions of their own choice", pursuant to "the right of all peoples to choose the form of government under which they will live". The parties also agreed

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published an analysis of the former Soviet countries twenty years after the fall of the USSR. They found that "GDP fell as much as 50 percent in the 1990s in some republics... as capital flight, industrial collapse, hyperinflation and tax avoidance took their toll", but that there was a rebound in

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The employment of socialist ideology in housing policy declined in the 1980s, which accompanied a shift in authorities looking at the need of residents to an examination of potential residents' ability to pay. Yugoslavia was unique in that it continuously mixed private and state sources of housing

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In social terms, the 18 years (1964–1982) of Brezhnev's leadership saw real incomes grow more than 1.5 times. More than 1.6 billion square metres of living space were commissioned and provided to over 160 million people. At the same time, the average rent for families did not exceed 3% of the

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Once installed, the economic system was difficult to change given the importance of politically reliable management and the prestige value placed on large enterprises. Performance declined during the 1970s and 1980s due to inefficiency when industrial input costs, such as energy prices, increased.

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was the most advanced industrial nation of the Eastern Bloc. Until the building of the Berlin Wall in 1961, East Germany was considered a weak state, hemorrhaging skilled labor to the West such that it was referred to as "the disappearing satellite". Only after the wall sealed in skilled labor was

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The world's first nuclear power plant was commissioned on 27 June 1954 in Obninsk. Soviet scientists made a major contribution to the development of computer technology. The first major achievements in the field were associated with the building of analog computers. In the USSR, principles for the

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In 1980, the number of scientific personnel in the USSR was 1.4 million. The number of engineers employed in the national economy was 4.7 million. Between 1960 and 1980, the number of scientific personnel increased by a factor of 4. In 1975, the number of scientific personnel in the USSR

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Major errors and waste occurred in the resource allocation and distribution systems. Because of the party-run monolithic state organs, these systems provided no effective mechanisms or incentives to control costs, profligacy, inefficiency and waste. Heavy industry was given priority because of its

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Communist regimes in the Eastern Bloc viewed marginal groups of opposition intellectuals as a potential threat because of the bases underlying Communist power therein. The suppression of dissidence and opposition was considered a central prerequisite to retain power, though the enormous expense at

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into an instrument to monitor and control the internal affairs of other Eastern Bloc parties. He also briefly considered converting the Cominform into an instrument for sentencing high-ranking deviators, but dropped the idea as impractical. Instead, a move to weaken communist party leaders through

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The Soviets mounted a public relations campaign against the western policy change and communists attempted to disrupt the elections of 1948 preceding large losses therein, while 300,000 Berliners demonstrated and urged the international airlift to continue. In May 1949, Stalin lifted the blockade,

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Adding to mobility constraints from the inadequate transport systems were bureaucratic mobility restrictions. While outside of Albania, domestic travel eventually became largely regulation-free, stringent controls on the issue of passports, visas and foreign currency made foreign travel difficult

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Unlike Soviet collectivization, neither massive destruction of livestock nor errors causing distorted output or distribution occurred in the other Eastern Bloc countries. More widespread use of transitional forms occurred, with differential compensation payments for peasants that contributed more

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According to the official propaganda in the Soviet Union, there was unprecedented affordability of housing, health care, and education. Apartment rent on average amounted to only 1 percent of the family budget, a figure which reached 4 percent when municipal services are factored in. Tram tickets

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Initially, Comecon served as cover for the Soviet taking of materials and equipment from the rest of the Eastern Bloc, but the balance changed when the Soviets became net subsidisers of the rest of the Bloc by the 1970s via an exchange of low cost raw materials in return for shoddily manufactured

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and those with the right class or political background. Eastern Bloc societies were dominated by the ruling communist party, dubbed "partyocracy" by Pavel Machonin. Former members of the middle-class were officially discriminated against, though the need for their skills allowed them to re-invent

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During the socialist period, Yugoslavia was marked by a system of socialist self-management, which place greater importance not he development of market-type relations in the economy than any of the other socialist countries of Europe. This strategy was a significant factor in achieving a higher

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components and organisations to assemble them on site, both of which planners assumed would employ large numbers of unskilled workers-with powerful political contacts. The lack of participation of eventual customers, the residents, constituted one factor in escalating construction costs and poor

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The fact that Poland nevertheless managed to carry out large-scale centrally planned industrialisation with no more difficulty than its collectivised Eastern Bloc neighbours further called into question the need for collectivisation in such planned economies. Only Poland's "western territories",

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In addition to eradicating the perceived inefficiencies associated with small-scale farming on discontiguous land holdings, collectivization also purported to achieve the political goal of removing the rural basis for resistance to Stalinist regimes. A further justification given was the need to

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units in Hungary. For 35 years, the Pact perpetuated the Stalinist concept of Soviet national security based on imperial expansion and control over satellite regimes in Eastern Europe. This Soviet formalization of their security relationships in the Eastern Bloc reflected Moscow's basic security

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The police deterred and contained opposition to party directives. The political police served as the core of the system, with their names becoming synonymous with raw power and the threat of violent retribution should an individual become active against the State. Several state police and secret

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poll showed that 72% of Hungarians, 62% of both Ukrainians and Bulgarians, 48% of both Lithuanians and Slovaks, 45% of Russians, 39% of Czechs, and 35% of Poles felt that their lives were worse off after 1989, when free markets were made dominant. A follow-up poll by Pew Research Center in 2011

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had an average 20-year wait time for housing while Warsaw had between a 26- and 50-year wait time. In the Soviet Union, widespread illegal subletting occurred at exorbitant rates. Toward the end of the Eastern Bloc allegations of misallocations and illegal distribution of housing were raised in

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was caused by an irresponsible safety test on a reactor design that is normally safe, some operators lacking an even basic understanding of the reactor's processes and authoritarian Soviet bureaucracy, valuing party loyalty over competence, that kept promoting incompetent personnel and choosing

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The press in the communist period was an organ of the state, completely reliant on and subservient to the communist party. Before the late 1980s, Eastern Bloc radio and television organizations were state-owned, while print media was usually owned by political organizations, mostly by the local

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had eroded because of increased central planning, economic autarky, the use of coal over oil, investment concentration in a few selected technology-intensive areas and labor market regulation. As a result, a large productivity gap of nearly 50% per worker existed between East and West Germany.

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Catering to western visitors required creating an environment of an entirely different standard than that used for the domestic populace, which required concentration of travel spots including the building of relatively high-quality infrastructure in travel complexes, which could not easily be

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However, the Central European states of the former Eastern Bloc–Poland, Hungary, the Czech Republic and Slovakia–showed healthy increases in life expectancy from the 1990s onward, compared to nearly thirty years of stagnation under Communism. Bulgaria and Romania followed this trend after the

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These are official housing figures and may be low. For example, in the Soviet Union the figure of 26,662,400 in 1986 almost certainly underestimates shortages for the reason that it does not count shortages from large Soviet rural-urban migration; another calculation estimates shortages to be

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With the change of the Soviet leadership in 1964, there were significant changes made to economic policy. The Government on 30 September 1965 issued a decree "On improving the management of industry" and the 4 October 1965 resolution "On improving and strengthening the economic incentives for

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that resulted was not responsive to consumer needs and caused a neglect in the service sector, unprecedented rapid urbanization, acute urban overcrowding, chronic shortages, and massive recruitment of women into mostly menial and/or low-paid occupations. The consequent strains resulted in the

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In addition, media in the Eastern Bloc were organs of the state, completely reliant on and subservient to the government of the USSR with radio and television organisations being state-owned, while print media was usually owned by political organisations, mostly by the local party. While over

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in most Eastern Bloc countries were generally far from adequate. For all countries for which data existed, 60% of dwellings had a density of greater than one person per room between 1966 and 1975. The average in western countries for which data was available approximated 0.5 persons per room.

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and regular pregnancy tests were mandated for women of child-bearing age, with severe penalties for anyone who was found to have terminated a pregnancy. Despite such restrictions, birth rates continued to lag, in part because of unskilled induced abortions. The populations of the Eastern Bloc

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tradition, a smaller selective party of between three and fourteen percent of the country's population who had accepted total obedience. Those who secured membership in this selective group received considerable rewards, such as access to special lower priced shops with a greater selection of

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Crucial departments such as those responsible for personnel, general police, secret police and youth were strictly Communist run. Moscow cadres distinguished "progressive forces" from "reactionary elements" and rendered both powerless. Such procedures were repeated until Communists had gained

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Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia while the Soviet Union peaked in 1960 and 1970. While between 1975 and 1986, the proportion of investment devoted to housing actually rose in most of the Eastern Bloc, general economic conditions resulted in total investment amounts falling or becoming stagnant.

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During the last fifteen years of this period (1960–1975), an emphasis was made for a supply side solution, which assumed that industrialised building methods and high rise housing would be cheaper and quicker than traditional brick-built, low-rise housing. Such methods required manufacturing

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promote industrial development by facilitating the state's procurement of agricultural products and transferring "surplus labor" from rural to urban areas. In short, agriculture was reorganized in order to proletarianize the peasantry and control production at prices determined by the state.

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view that material bases, the distribution of the means of production, shaped social and political relations. Moscow trained cadres were put into crucial power positions to fulfill orders regarding sociopolitical transformation. Elimination of the bourgeoisie's social and financial power by

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in 1970–1980, space standards in newly built dwellings rose before the dissolution of the Eastern Bloc. Housing size varied considerably across time, especially after the oil crisis in the Eastern Bloc; for instance, 1990-era West German homes had an average floor space of 83 square metres

7013:

In most countries, completions (new dwellings constructed) rose to a high point between 1975 and 1980 and then fell as a result presumably of worsening international economic conditions. This occurred in Bulgaria, Hungary, East Germany, Poland, Romania (with an earlier peak in 1960 also),

4488:

flourished throughout the Bloc because of rising unmet state consumer needs. Black and gray markets for foodstuffs, goods, and cash arose. Goods included household goods, medical supplies, clothes, furniture, cosmetics and toiletries in chronically short supply through official outlets.

4335:

finished goods. While resources such as oil, timber and uranium initially made gaining access to other Eastern Bloc economies attractive, the Soviets soon had to export Soviet raw materials to those countries to maintain cohesion therein. Following resistance to Comecon plans to extract

2967:

After the creation of the Eastern Bloc, emigration out of the newly occupied countries, except under limited circumstances, was effectively halted in the early 1950s, with the Soviet approach to controlling national movement emulated by most of the rest of the Eastern Bloc. However, in

1120:

Even though Yugoslavia was a socialist country, it was not a member of the Comecon or the Warsaw Pact. Parting with the USSR in 1948, Yugoslavia did not belong to the East, but it also did not belong to the West because of its socialist system and its status as a founding member of the

16495:"Eastern Bloc" examines the specificities and differences of living in totalitarian and post totalitarian countries. The project is divided into chapters, each dedicated to one of the Eastern European countries—Slovak Republic, Poland, ex-GDR, Hungary, Czech Republic and ex-Yugoslavia. 8314:

and Mitchell A. Orenstein have referred to this as the "mortality belt of the European former Soviet Union" and assert that it could have been avoided with the implementation of "an aggressive health policy intervention" which could have "prevented tens of thousands of excess deaths."

2437:, and the like), special schools, holiday facilities, homes, high-quality domestic and/or foreign-made furniture, works of art, pensions, permission to travel abroad, and official cars with distinct license plates so that police and others could identify these members from a distance. 4612:

were more industrialized than the Soviet Union, they were in a position to furnish most of the equipment and fertilizer inputs needed to ease the transition to collectivized agriculture. Instead of liquidating large farmers or barring them from joining APCs as Stalin had done through

4620:

Collectivisation often met with strong rural resistance, including peasants frequently destroying property rather than surrendering it to the collectives. Strong peasant links with the land through private ownership were broken and many young people left for careers in industry. In

4976:. Further rural problems arose from piped water construction being given precedence over building sewerage systems, leaving many houses with only inbound piped water delivery and not enough sewage tank trucks to carry away sewage. The resulting drinking water became so polluted in 2201:

division of Europe. Thereafter, Stalin sought stronger control over other Eastern Bloc countries, abandoning the prior appearance of democratic institutions. When it appeared that, in spite of heavy pressure, non-communist parties might receive in excess of 40% of the vote in the

2036:" of Central Europe. In addition to reparations, Stalin pushed for "war booty", which would permit the Soviet Union to directly seize property from conquered nations without quantitative or qualitative limitation. A clause was added permitting this to occur with some limitations. 4390:

Factories were sometimes inefficiently located, incurring high transport costs, while poor plant-organisation sometimes resulted in production hold ups and knock-on effects in other industries dependent on monopoly suppliers of intermediates. For example, each country, including

14596:

Azarova, Aytalina; Irdam, Darja; Gugushvili, Alexi; Fazekas, Mihaly; Scheiring, Gábor; Horvat, Pia; Stefler, Denes; Kolesnikova, Irina; Popov, Vladimir; Szelenyi, Ivan; Stuckler, David; Marmot, Michael; Murphy, Michael; McKee, Martin; Bobak, Martin; King, Lawrence (1 May 2017).

3793:(1,222 sq ft) in ten western countries for which comparable data was available. Space standards varied considerably, with the average new dwelling in the Soviet Union in 1986 being only 68% the size of its equivalent in Hungary. Apart from exceptional cases, such as 4557:

regimes in the Eastern Bloc and elsewhere attempted to establish an ordered socialist system in rural agriculture. It required the forced consolidation of small-scale peasant farms and larger holdings belonging to the landed classes for the purpose of creating larger modern

4237:

system. This system was largely imposed on other Eastern Bloc countries after World War II. While propaganda of proletarian improvements accompanied systemic changes, terror and intimidation of the consequent ruthless Stalinism obfuscated feelings of any purported benefits.

5791:

also calculates growth rates, using a different methodology, but only reports the figures starting in 1971 (for Slovakia and the constituent republics of the USSR data availability begins later). Thus, according to the United Nations growth rates in Europe were as follows:

4629:, fierce resistance from peasants, many of whom had resisted the Axis, led to the abandonment of wholesale rural collectivisation in the early 1950s. In part because of the problems created by collectivisation, agriculture was largely de-collectivised in Poland in 1957. 4158:

was the unique symbiosis of the state with society and the economy, resulting in politics and economics losing their distinctive features as autonomous and distinguishable spheres. Initially, Stalin directed systems that rejected Western institutional characteristics of

8309:

An estimated seven million premature deaths took place in the former USSR after it collapsed, with around four million in Russia alone. Russia experienced the largest drop in life expectancy during peacetime in recorded history after the fall of the USSR. The scholars

7001:

housebuilding per head had picked up in all countries in the Eastern Bloc. Between 1950 and 1975, worsening shortages were generally caused by a fall in the proportion of all investment made housing. However, during that period the total number of dwellings increased.

4492:

Many farmers concealed actual output from purchasing agencies to sell it illicitly to urban consumers. Hard foreign currencies were highly sought after, while highly valued Western items functioned as a medium of exchange or bribery in Stalinist countries, such as in

11071: 10040: 7297:

suffered from fast urbanisation, uncoordinated development and poor organisation resulting from a lack of hierarchical structure and clear accountability, low building productivity, the monopoly position of building enterprises and irrational credit policies.

7010:

quality work. This led to higher demolition rates and higher costs to repair poorly constructed dwellings. In addition, because of poor quality work, a black market arose for building services and materials that could not be procured from state monopolies.

2001:, Stalin demanded a Soviet sphere of political influence in Central Europe. Stalin eventually was convinced by Churchill and Roosevelt not to dismember Germany. Stalin stated that the Soviet Union would keep the territory of eastern Poland they had already 4094:(private banks) and most of them by the early 1980s were forced to notify the creditors of their insolvency. This information was however kept secret from the citizens and propaganda promoted the view that the countries were on the best way to socialism. 8345:

the 2000s, and by 2010 "some economies were five times as big as they were in 1991." Life expectancy has grown since 1991 in some of the countries, but fallen in others; likewise, some held free and fair elections, while others remained authoritarian.

8370:

the late Communist and early post-Communist periods. Certain former Eastern Bloc countries have even become wealthier than certain Western European ones in the decades since 1989. In 2006, the Czech Republic was reported to have become wealthier than

8421:

assert that "subsequent polls and qualitative research across Russia and eastern Europe confirm the persistence of these sentiments as popular discontent with the failed promises of free-market prosperity has grown, especially among older people".

4669:

The Soviet Union made noteworthy scientific and technological progress. Unlike countries with more market-oriented economies, scientific and technological potential in the USSR was used in accordance with a plan on the scale of society as a whole.

4339:'s mineral resources and heavily utilise its agricultural production, Romania began to take a more independent stance in 1964. While it did not repudiate Comecon, it took no significant role in its operation, especially after the rise to power of 3036:

made these systems unreliable, also depressed the birth rate and forced a shift to pro-natalist policies by the late 1960s, including severe checks on abortion and propagandist exhortations like the 'heroine mother' distinction bestowed on those

9400:, p. 897: "In the Eastern Bloc, only Yugoslavia, alongside efforts to eradicate or at least degrade previously existing nationalisms, made the gallant attempt to both foster a new nationalism and a new identify, that of being a Yugoslav." 6908:

Moreover, the purchasing power of wages differed greatly, with only about half of East German households owning either a car or a color television set as late as 1990, both of which had been standard possessions in West German households. The

2711:

served as the central agency for collection and distribution of internal and international news for all Soviet newspapers, radio and television stations. It was frequently infiltrated by Soviet intelligence and security agencies, such as the

2939:

issued general rules for travel that foreclosed virtually all departures, making legal emigration impossible. Border controls thereafter strengthened such that, by 1928, even illegal departure was effectively impossible. This later included

7434: 4190:

15 million Eastern Bloc residents migrated westward from 1945 to 1949, emigration was effectively halted in the early 1950s, with the Soviet approach to controlling national movement emulated by most of the rest of the Eastern Bloc.

7997:, distributed thousands of brochures inviting them to a picnic near the border at Sopron. It was the largest escape movement from East Germany since the Berlin Wall was built in 1961. After the picnic, which was based on an idea by 7369:

members, were employed. Bloodshed could not be entirely avoided, with the official death toll standing at 21, while the actual casualty toll may have been much higher. Thereafter, 20,000 arrests took place along with 40 executions.

4407:'value' of production on which wage increases were based, but made exports less competitive. Planners rarely closed old factories even when new capacities opened elsewhere. For example, the Polish steel industry retained a plant in 9842: 8334:

Crime, alcohol use, drug use and suicides all skyrocketed after the fall of the Eastern Bloc. The GDP fell as much as 50% in some republics during the 1990s. By 2000, Russia's GDP was between 30 and 50% of its pre-collapse output.

7466:

and Miklós Gimes, after secret trials in June 1958. Their bodies were placed in unmarked graves in the Municipal Cemetery outside Budapest. By January 1957, the new Soviet-installed government had suppressed all public opposition.

4054:

Poor housing was one of the four major factors (others being poor living conditions, increased female employment and abortion as an encouraged means of birth control) which led to declining birth rates throughout the Eastern Bloc.

1836:'s Soviet Union". This formally resulted in the Soviet Union's annexation of Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia in August 1940. The international community condemned this annexation of the three Baltic countries and deemed it illegal. 4315:

The trading pattern of the Eastern Bloc countries was severely modified. Before World War II, no greater than 1%–2% of those countries' trade was with the Soviet Union. By 1953, the share of such trade had jumped to 37%. In 1947,

2976:

between occupied zones, hundreds of thousands fled to West Germany, with figures totaling 197,000 in 1950, 165,000 in 1951, 182,000 in 1952 and 331,000 in 1953. One reason for the sharp 1953 increase was fear of potential further

2327:, who was thereafter executed. The preservation of the Soviet bloc relied on maintaining a sense of ideological unity that would entrench Moscow's influence in Eastern Europe as well as the power of the local Communist elites. 8009:

to an opening of the border, tens of thousands of media-informed East Germans set off for Hungary. Hungary was then no longer prepared to keep its borders completely closed or to commit its border troops to use force of arms.

7360:

stormed some important buildings. Within hours, Soviet tanks arrived, but they did not immediately fire upon all workers. Rather, a gradual pressure was applied. Approximately 16 Soviet divisions with 20,000 soldiers from the

6897:

East Germany able to ascend to the top economic spot in the Eastern Bloc. Thereafter, its citizens enjoyed a higher quality of life and fewer shortages in the supply of goods than those in the Soviet Union, Poland or Romania.

4522:, purges, and intimidation. By 1960, massive urbanisation occurred in Poland (48% urban) and Bulgaria (38%), which increased employment for peasants, but also caused illiteracy to skyrocket when children left school for work. 1094:'s defiance of complete Soviet control was noteworthy enough that Cuba was sometimes excluded as a satellite state altogether, as it sometimes intervened in other Third World countries even when the Soviet Union opposed this. 7858:

in 1985 signaled the trend towards greater liberalization. Gorbachev rejected the Brezhnev Doctrine, which held that Moscow would intervene if socialism were threatened in any state. He announced what was jokingly called the

10272: 7457:

Thousands of Hungarians were arrested, imprisoned and deported to the Soviet Union, many without evidence. Approximately 200,000 Hungarians fled Hungary, some 26,000 Hungarians were put on trial by the new Soviet-installed

4425:

By the mid-1970s, budget deficits rose considerably and domestic prices widely diverged from the world prices, while production prices averaged 2% higher than consumer prices. Many premium goods could be bought either in a

20702: 23923: 14896:"If, in 1987–1988, 2 percent of the Russian people lived in poverty (i.e., survived on less than $ 4 a day), by 1993–1995 the number reached 50 percent: in just seven years half the Russian population became destitute. 9353:

The Eastern bloc was composed of socialist states, who were members of the Warsaw Pact and The Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (COMECON), led by the USSR. ... In works examining the Western bloc countries'

8040:

and the relaxing of border restrictions in Czechoslovakia, tens of thousands of Eastern Berliners flooded checkpoints along the Berlin Wall and crossed into West Berlin. Parts of the wall was torn down, leading to the

1993:

in 1943, Churchill stated that Britain was vitally interested in restoring Poland as a politically independent country. Britain did not press the matter for fear that it would become a source of inter-allied friction.

7404:, with a mandate to negotiate trade concessions and troop reductions with the Soviet government. After a few tense days of negotiations, on 19 October, the Soviets finally gave in to Gomułka's reformist requests. 2793:

of many Eastern Bloc nations, religion was actively suppressed. Since some of these states tied their ethnic heritage to their national churches, both the peoples and their churches were targeted by the Soviets.

3416:

programme, which consisted of the demolition and reconstruction of existing hamlets, villages, towns, and cities, in whole or in part, in order to make place to standardised apartment blocks across the country

9420:

The other Eastern bloc states – except Romania's fellow mavericks Albania and Yugoslavia – reacted to the breakthrough between Bonn and Bucharest by coordinating their own stances towards the Federal Republic.

12039: 5039:(GDP) levels of the United States during the late 1970s and early 1980s, the Eastern Bloc countries did not, with per capita GDPs trailing significantly behind their comparable western European counterparts. 12099: 12069: 3342:

Eastern Bloc societies operated under anti-meritocratic principles with strong egalitarian elements. For example, Czechoslovakia favoured less qualified individuals, as well as providing privileges for the

9567:

The processes of change in the Eastern Bloc affected Yugoslavia as well, although this country, having been outside the bloc since 1948, had evolved specific political, economic and federal systems of its

7447: 1980:

preferred a Central European Danube Confederation to counter these countries against Germany and Russia. Churchill's Soviet policy regarding Central Europe differed vastly from that of American President

17057: 10055: 4281:

in which the Soviets possessed the controlling interest. Using that control vehicle, several enterprises were required to sell products at below world prices to the Soviets, such as uranium mines in

2483:

In addition to emigration restrictions, civil society, defined as a domain of political action outside the party's state control, was not allowed to firmly take root, with the possible exception of

25277: 4685:

maintenance. The road network suffered from inadequate load capacity, poor surfacing and deficient roadside servicing. While roads were resurfaced, few new roads were built and there were very few

4266:

net transfer of resources from the rest of the Eastern Bloc under this policy of roughly $ 14 billion, an amount comparable to the net transfer from the United States to western Europe in the

1972:

occurred that, in part, addressed the potential Soviet annexation and control of countries in Central Europe. There were various Allied plans for state order in Central Europe for post-war. While

22117: 7293:) were spartan, with six-story walk-ups being the most frequent design. Housing was allocated by workplace trade unions and built by voluntary labor organised into brigades within the workplace. 4132:(the leading people). The Soviets promoted the reverence of Russian actions and characteristics, and the construction of Soviet structural hierarchies in the other countries of the Eastern Bloc. 594: 7493:

took place in 1968. The event was spurred by several events, including economic reforms that addressed an early 1960s economic downturn. The event began on 5 January 1968, when reformist Slovak

3021:

Eastern Bloc countries such as the Soviet Union had high rates of population growth. In 1917, the population of Russia in its present borders was 91 million. Despite the destruction in the

25272: 16432: 6926:

Before the Eastern Bloc's dissolution, some major sectors of industry were operating at such a loss that they exported products to the West at prices below the real value of the raw materials.

3001:

this time period were ethnic Jews permitted to emigrate to Israel after a series of embarrassing defections in 1970 caused the Soviets to open very limited ethnic emigrations. The fall of the

2334:

was a particular focus after the Second World War. Until the break between Tito and Stalin, the Western powers and the Eastern bloc faced each other uncompromisingly. The neutral buffer state

1774:

that contained a secret protocol that divided Romania, Poland, Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia and Finland into German and Soviet spheres of influence. Eastern Poland, Latvia, Estonia, Finland and

8015:

leadership of the GDR in East Berlin did not dare to completely block the borders of their own country and the USSR did not respond at all. Thus the bracket of the Eastern Bloc was broken.

23726: 8574: 4466:

in Romania. Much of what was produced for the local population never reached its intended user, while many perishable products became unfit for consumption before reaching their consumers.

2993:, totaled approximately 20% of the entire East German population. In August 1961, East Germany erected a barbed-wire barrier that would eventually be expanded through construction into the 1371: 292: 10915:

Karlo Ruzicic-Kessler "Togliatti, Tito and the Shadow of Moscow 1944/45-1948: Post-War Territorial Disputes and the Communist World", In: Journal of European Integration History, (2/2014).

4270:. "Reparations" included the dismantling of railways in Poland and Romanian reparations to the Soviets between 1944 and 1948 valued at $ 1.8 billion concurrent with the domination of 2242:

In the former German capital Berlin, surrounded by Soviet-occupied Germany, Stalin instituted the Berlin Blockade on 24 June 1948, preventing food, materials and supplies from arriving in

2209:

In that same month, annihilation of the opposition in Bulgaria began on the basis of continuing instructions by Soviet cadres. At a late September 1947 meeting of all communist parties in

4086:

Technological backwardness resulted in dependency on imports from Western countries and this, in turn, in demand for Western currency. Eastern Bloc countries were heavily borrowing from

21494: 2025:

to help those countries form interim governments "pledged to the earliest possible establishment through free elections" and "facilitate where necessary the holding of such elections".

1105:(1924–1991), which are no longer communist states. Sometimes they are more generally referred to as "the countries of Eastern Europe under communism", excluding Mongolia, but including 19158: 7989:

and the Eastern Bloc had disintegrated. Extensive advertising for the planned picnic was made by posters and flyers among the GDR holidaymakers in Hungary. The Austrian branch of the

4379:

Since that model involved the prodigal exploitation of natural and other resources, it has been described as a kind of "slash and burn" modality. While the Soviet system strove for a

15244: 7824:

During the mid-to-late 1980s, the weakened Soviet Union gradually stopped interfering in the internal affairs of Eastern Bloc nations and numerous independence movements took place.

1989:

for nothing from him in return, noblesse oblige, he won't try to annex anything and will work with me for a world of democracy and peace". While meeting with Stalin and Roosevelt in

6892:

estimates of GDP used for 1990 figures underestimate Eastern Bloc GDP because of undervalued local currencies, per capita incomes were undoubtedly lower than in their counterparts.

16430: 14117: 10156:

Furthermore, the Latvian results are known to be fabrications, having been accidentally released to the press in London and published a day ahead of schedule. Visvaldis, Mangulis,

2194:

was rewarded for the Polish rejection of the Plan with a huge 5-year trade agreement, including $ 450 million in credit, 200,000 tons of grain, heavy machinery and factories.

20981: 2197:

In July 1947, Stalin ordered these countries to pull out of the Paris Conference on the European Recovery Programme, which has been described as "the moment of truth" in the post-

2009:, and wanted a pro-Soviet Polish government in power in what would remain of Poland. After resistance by Churchill and Roosevelt, Stalin promised a re-organization of the current 1797:, the Soviets liquidated the Polish state, and a German-Soviet meeting addressed the future structure of the "Polish region". Soviet authorities immediately started a campaign of 25083: 24950: 17050: 16541:, RAD Background Report/29: (Hungary) 20 October 1981, A CHRONOLOGY OF THE HUNGARIAN REVOLUTION, 23–4 October November 1956, compiled by RAD/Hungarian Section-Published accounts 7578:" began. Husák reversed Dubček's reforms, purged the party of liberal members, dismissed opponents from public office, reinstated the power of the police authorities, sought to 1728:, who viewed the Soviet Union as a "socialist island", stated that the Soviet Union must see that "the present capitalist encirclement is replaced by a socialist encirclement". 2859:'s assumption of leadership one year later pushed Romania even further in the direction of separateness. Albania, which had become increasingly isolated under Stalinist leader 2484: 7882:(economic restructuring). The Soviet Union was struggling economically after the long war in Afghanistan and did not have the resources to control Central and Eastern Europe. 4637:

that were annexed from Germany, were substantially collectivised, largely in order to settle large numbers of Poles on good farmland which had been taken from German farmers.

5042:

The following table displays a set of estimated growth rates of GDP from 1951 onward, for the countries of the Eastern Bloc as well as those of Western Europe as reported by

20493: 13126: 2642: 25078: 25073: 25068: 23333: 20665: 4121:

agriculture, infrastructure and cultural landmarks, the cost of which has been estimated as approximately €525 billion or $ 640 billion in 2004 exchange values.

2006: 15214: 14150:

Ello (ed.), Paul (April 1968). Control Committee of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia, "Action Plan of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia (Prague, April 1968)" in

9868:

Sowietyzacja oswiaty w Malopolsce Wschodniej pod radziecka okupacja 1939–1941 (Sovietization of Education in Eastern Lesser Poland During the Soviet Occupation 1939–1941)

23760: 23308: 20833: 20798: 20794: 17524: 14169: 10074: 4229:

lines. Before World War II, the Soviet Union used draconian procedures to ensure compliance with directives to invest all assets in state planned manners, including the

2855:

Beginning in 1964, Romania took a more independent course. While it did not repudiate either Comecon or the Warsaw Pact, it ceased to play a significant role in either.

2213:, Eastern Bloc communist parties were blamed for permitting even minor influence by non-communists in their respective countries during the run up to the Marshall Plan. 17043: 8385:

stated that the analyses done of post-communist countries in the 1990s were "premature" and "that early and rapid reformers by far outperformed gradual reformers" on

22007: 21354: 15179: 14471:

Thomas Roser: DDR-Massenflucht: Ein Picknick hebt die Welt aus den Angeln (German – Mass exodus of the GDR: A picnic clears the world) in: Die Presse 16 August 2018.

12031: 10276: 2828:

in accordance with Stalin's desire to enforce Soviet domination of the lesser states of Central Europe and to mollify some states that had expressed interest in the

357: 12091: 12061: 7827: 7416:

of Stalinist tyranny and political oppression, be removed as quickly as possible." By 9:30 pm the statue was toppled and jubilant crowds celebrated by placing

5003:

replicated elsewhere. Because of a desire to preserve ideological discipline and the fear of the presence of wealthier foreigners engaging in differing lifestyles,

3392:

apartment blocks such that the building of such architecture on the edge of large cities continued until the dissolution of the Eastern Bloc. Buildings such as the

21595: 21553: 20996: 20732: 20671: 16431: 4938:

cars. Soviet-built aircraft exhibited deficient technology, with high fuel consumption and heavy maintenance demands. Telecommunications networks were overloaded.

584: 8397:, and developed better institutions. The institute also stated that the process of privatization in Russia was "deeply flawed" due to Russia's reforms being "far 4957:

and other items became notorious polluters, while some hydro-electric systems performed inefficiently because of dry seasons and silt accumulation in reservoirs.

24465: 23272: 16527: 13915:, producer: CBS (1956) – Fonds 306, Audiovisual Materials Relating to the 1956 Hungarian Revolution, OSA Archivum, Budapest, Hungary ID number: HU OSA 306-0-1:40 4953:

problems arose through urban traffic congestion, which was aggravated by pollution generated by poorly maintained vehicles. Large thermal power stations burning

3437:

Problems were aggravated by poor quality finishes on new dwellings often causing occupants to undergo a certain amount of finishing work and additional repairs.

23288: 21734: 10025: 589: 408: 14920: 10052: 9332:

Eastern Bloc. The name applied to the former communist states of eastern Europe, including Yugoslavia and Albania, as well as the countries of the Warsaw Pact

24156: 21997: 19344: 16884: 16665: 8357:

introduction of more serious economic reforms in the late 1990s. By the turn of the century, most of their economies had strong growth rates, boosted by the

6930:

steel costs doubled those of western Europe. In 1985, a quarter of Hungary's state budget was spent on supporting inefficient enterprises. Tight planning in

1868: 1753: 664: 15017: 9943: 8108: 24345: 21181: 18775: 15161: 7271:, housing problems were caused by slow rates of construction, poor home quality (which was even more pronounced in villages) and a large black market. In 25715: 15919: 2784: 1713: 462: 393: 22207: 14203: 24502: 23458: 22777: 22012: 21992: 21466: 18823: 15284: 14072: 7582:

the economy and re-instated the disallowance of political commentary in mainstream media and by persons not considered to have "full political trust".

4988:

cheapness over safety. The consequent release of fallout resulted in the evacuation and resettlement of over 336,000 people leaving a massive desolate

3364:

Housing construction policy suffered from considerable organisational problems. Moreover, completed houses possessed noticeably poor quality finishes.

2095:

In June 1947, after the Soviets had refused to negotiate a potential lightening of restrictions on German development, the United States announced the

22002: 21086: 15121: 14804:

irreversibly destroy the communist system, and the desire to integrate East European economies into the capitalist world at any cost took precedence.

7615: 1802: 1794: 1745: 1532: 24470: 7501:" of liberalizations, which included increasing freedom of the press, freedom of speech and freedom of movement, along with an economic emphasis on 6919:

which sold premium goods. In 1989, 11% of the East German labor force remained in agriculture, 47% was in the secondary sector and 42% in services.

4946:, with each country effectively restricting bureaucrats to viewing issues from a domestic perspective shaped by that country's specific propaganda. 4395:, built steel mills regardless of whether they lacked the requisite resource of energy and mineral ores. A massive metallurgical plant was built in 23619: 23209: 20478: 20005: 18755: 16538: 15306: 11603:"Г.А.Зюганов. Система вымирания. Лидер КПРФ анализирует безрадостные итоги правления Путина. Демографическая проблема отражает все недуги общества" 9156: 8904: 2592: 1961:

in 1944, followed by a Soviet annexation of roughly the same eastern Finnish territories as those of the prior interim peace treaty as part of the

15063: 8177:

than the more traditionalist Cuba and Laos. The exception is North Korea, where all references to Marxism–Leninism in its nationalist ideology of

8068:, the authorities, which had allowed travel to the West, abolished provisions guaranteeing the ruling Communist Party its leading role. President 7392:

replacing Hungarian Stalinist dictator Mátyás Rákosi. Responding to popular demand, in October 1956, the Polish government appointed the recently

3360:. Construction efforts suffered after a severe cutback in state resources available for housing starting in 1975. Cities became filled with large 2628:

vital to communism's survival by stifling alternative concepts and critiques. Several state Communist Party newspapers were published, including:

2284:

in June 1948 and a brief failed Soviet putsch in Belgrade. The split created two separate communist forces in Europe. A vehement campaign against

25645: 22017: 21574: 18322: 17517: 8413:

showed that 45% of Lithuanians, 42% of Russians, and 34% of Ukrainians approved of the change to a market economy. Writing in 2018, the scholars

7681: 7611: 7408: 2922: 1052: 648: 9500:

Tito played his cards right and – unlike other Eastern Bloc countries – Yugoslavia enjoyed a fairly open relationship with the rest of the world

25293: 24128: 23739: 23359: 20564: 18073: 17882: 12779:

Aleksandr Andreevich Guber. USSR: Intensified Economy and Progress in Science and Technology. Novosti Press Agency Publishing House, 1985. p.14

5007:

segregated travelers. Because of the worry of the subversive effect of the tourist industry, travel was restricted to 6,000 visitors per year.

4534: 2338:, founded in 1947 with the United Nations, was split up and dissolved in 1954 and 1975, also because of the détente between the West and Tito. 1517: 996: 808: 13894: 13537:(Paper presented on 4 October 1997 at the workshop "European Archival Evidence. Stalin and the Cold War in Europe", Budapest, 1956 Institute). 8331:

policies resulted in unemployment rising to double digits and half the Russian population falling into destitution by the early to mid 1990s.

4980:

that over 700 villages had to be supplied by tanks, bottles and plastic bags. Nuclear power projects were prone to long commissioning delays.

2315:, who had previously made pro-Yugoslav statements, was deposed as party secretary-general in early September 1948 and subsequently jailed. In 25562: 21987: 21051: 20912: 11748:

Tchouikina, Sofia (2009). "Collective Memory and Reconversion of Elite: Former Nobles in Soviet Society after 1917". In Packard, Noel (ed.).

10631: 6961:

46% believed public transportation had improved and 48% said that the standard of services provided public service establishments had risen.

1856: 15236: 7285:

housing suffered from a lack of quality and a lack of skilled labor, with a shortage of materials, plot and permits. In staunchly Stalinist

2927:

In 1917, Russia restricted emigration by instituting passport controls and forbidding the exit of belligerent nationals. In 1922, after the

25432: 25392: 25064: 22075: 21477: 20757: 20753: 20554: 11896: 9822: 8114:

Even before the Eastern Bloc's last years, all of the countries in the Warsaw Pact did not always act as a unified bloc. For instance, the

7412: 2288:

was immediately started in the Eastern Bloc, describing agents of both the West and Tito in all places as engaging in subversive activity.

2044:

At first, the Soviets concealed their role in other Eastern Bloc politics, with the transformation appearing as a modification of Western "

1701: 1319: 130: 25238: 15109: 13586: 11457: 2051:

Moscow-trained cadres were put into crucial power positions to fulfill orders regarding sociopolitical transformation. Elimination of the

25008: 25003: 24998: 24993: 23716: 23488: 21109: 20712: 20528: 19415: 17780: 17611: 14113: 4372:

use) development to attempt to achieve quick growth. The Eastern Bloc countries were required to follow the Soviet model overemphasising

1485: 1079:

officially regarded the country as part of the Socialist Bloc and established a close economic, military alliance with the Soviet Union.

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Nevertheless, the Eastern Bloc countries, including Albania, Bulgaria, and Yugoslavia, argued that UNSCOB had been constituted illegally

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was only valid for transactions inside East Germany, could not be legally exported or imported and could not be used in the East German

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nominally expanded the Eastern Bloc, but the war proved unwinnable and too costly for the Soviets, challenged in Eastern Europe by the

7644: 7294: 7231: 6990: 4626: 3006: 8119: 4617:, those farmers were utilised in the non-Soviet Eastern Bloc collectivizations, sometimes even being named farm chairman or managers. 4399:

despite the fact that its ores had to be imported from the Soviet Union and transported 320 kilometres (200 mi) from the port at

2013:

on a broader democratic basis in Poland. He stated that the new government's primary task would be to prepare elections. However, the

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organization was legalized and allowed to participate in parliamentary elections. It captured 99% of available parliamentary seats.

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thereafter moved to crush the revolution. On 4 November, a large Soviet force invaded Budapest and other regions of the country. The

6901: 3855: 3466: 2717: 2300: 2273: 1164: 1110: 944: 175: 12926: 25428: 24365: 24036: 23533: 23257: 23006: 22952: 21764: 21421: 21061: 20727: 20559: 18592: 17767: 16756: 16660: 12391: 11953: 10037: 8688: 7275:, social engineering policy and concern about the use of agricultural land forced high densities and high-rise housing designs. In 4076: 4031: 3642: 3308: 2446: 2178: 1962: 1852: 1679: 1106: 1032: 901: 298: 14462:

Otmar Lahodynsky "Eiserner Vorhang: Picknick an der Grenze" (Iron curtain: picnic at the border – German), in Profil 13 June 2019.

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forced millions of former peasants to live in hut camps or grim apartment blocks close to massive polluting industrial complexes.

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These measures were publicly billed as reforms rather than socioeconomic transformations. Throughout the Eastern Bloc, except for

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The new government that came to power during the revolution formally disbanded ÁVH, declared its intention to withdraw from the

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to be a member of the Eastern Bloc. Others consider Yugoslavia not to be a member after it broke with Soviet policy in the 1948

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The only surviving communist states are China, Vietnam, Cuba, and Laos. Their state-socialist experience was more in line with

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called for ceasefire on 10 November. Over 2,500 Hungarians and 722 Soviet troops were killed and thousands more were wounded.

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Soviet dominance further tied other Eastern Bloc economies to Moscow via the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA) or

25649: 25024: 24238: 24005: 23784: 23262: 20483: 18418: 18105: 18083: 17558: 17233: 16939: 16826: 16395: 16361: 16351: 16324: 16302: 16282: 16262: 16244: 16226: 16176: 16156: 16138: 16119: 16099: 16081: 16063: 16041: 16023: 16005: 15987: 15969: 15951: 15909: 15891: 15873: 15855: 15837: 15819: 15801: 15783: 15765: 15747: 15729: 15707: 15689: 15667: 15645: 15627: 15605: 15587: 15569: 15551: 15529: 15509: 15487: 15443: 15425: 15406: 15386: 15368: 15346: 14889: 14599:"The effect of rapid privatisation on mortality in mono-industrial towns in post-Soviet Russia: a retrospective cohort study" 14387: 14285: 12987: 12955: 12609: 12588: 11759: 11698: 11245: 11192: 10230: 10113: 9879: 9798: 9770: 9734: 9605: 9521: 9493: 9441: 9379: 9325: 9229: 9029: 8961: 8832: 8698: 7334: 4103: 2524: 2466: 2203: 19506: 14301: 9386:

Within the Eastern Bloc, Poland, Yugoslavia and Hungary tended to be reformist and deviated most from the rigid Soviet model

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Throughout the Eastern Bloc, both in the USSR and the rest of the Bloc, Russia was given prominence and referred to as the

2708: 1906: 526: 343: 227: 120: 85: 3802:(890 sq ft), compared to an average dwelling size in the GDR of 67 square metres (720 sq ft) in 1967. 1793:

two weeks after the German invasion of western Poland, followed by co-ordination with German forces in Poland. During the

1031:(1946), as well as the Marxist–Leninist states straddling the Second and Third Worlds before the end of the Cold War: the 25815: 25625: 25576: 25552: 25527: 25407: 25387: 24385: 24325: 24300: 23991: 23804: 23779: 23237: 23122: 22942: 21529: 21273: 21191: 21056: 20875: 20523: 18930: 18063: 17362: 17229: 14967: 13003: 10891: 8543: 8240: 7524:. On 3 August, representatives from the Soviet Union, East Germany, Poland, Hungary, Bulgaria, and Czechoslovakia met in 4009: 3620: 3280: 2941: 2914: 1705: 1347: 145: 125: 20964: 18172: 18100: 16687: 16574: 7636: 7520:

and others grew concerned about Dubček's reforms, which they feared might weaken the Eastern Bloc's position during the

628: 25820: 25517: 25507: 25362: 25357: 25342: 25313: 25213: 24121: 24042: 23843: 23482: 23252: 21676: 21349: 21314: 21256: 20612: 19965: 19060: 18038: 17923: 17877: 17872: 17818: 17606: 17415: 16919: 16675: 16375: 15465: 14796: 10537: 10404: 9560: 7886: 5788: 4475: 4427: 4167:(dubbed "bourgeois democracy" in Soviet parlance) and the rule of law subduing discretional intervention by the state. 2928: 2508: 2186:

In one of the clearest signs of Soviet control over the region up to that point, the Czechoslovakian foreign minister,

2018: 2014: 1593: 1393: 1048: 1024: 801: 546: 417: 252: 170: 100: 95: 80: 13937: 13864: 13823: 13782: 13741: 13700: 13659: 13615: 8072:

appointed the first largely non-Communist government in Czechoslovakia since 1948 and resigned in what was called the

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Producer goods were favoured over consumer goods, causing consumer goods to be lacking in quantity and quality in the

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The near-total emphasis on large apartment blocks was a common feature of Eastern Bloc cities in the 1970s and 1980s.

2032:

after Germany's unconditional surrender, Stalin repeated previous promises to Churchill that he would refrain from a "

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Poland's Holocaust: Ethnic Strife, Collaboration with Occupying Forces and Genocide in the Second Republic, 1918-1947

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By 17 June, strikes were recorded in 317 locations involving approximately 400,000 workers. When strikers set ruling

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communist party. Youth newspapers and magazines were owned by youth organizations affiliated with communist parties.

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1950 Soviet stamp, depicting the flags and peoples of communist states at the time, including those of Eastern Europe

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Historical Injustice and Democratic Transition in Eastern Asia and Northern Europe: Ghosts at the Table of Democracy

7333:

in the first half-year of 1953. Large numbers of East Germans traveled west through the only "loophole" left in the

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of their Eastern Bloc leaders, yet both have officially eliminated mentions of communism from their constitutions.

8046: 7560: 7342: 7312: 7276: 7077: 6970: 6931: 4930:. However, the wait list for the distribution of Trabants was ten years in 1987 and up to fifteen years for Soviet 4396: 3877: 3798: 3488: 3112: 2884: 2772: 2450: 2316: 2247: 1969: 1888: 1825: 1821: 1188: 1102: 940: 570: 338: 191: 105: 19078: 18940: 18624: 9909: 9786: 6923:

Though growth lagged behind the West, it did occur. Consumer goods started to become more available by the 1960s.

4186:

though the degree of opposition and dissident suppression varied by country and time throughout the Eastern Bloc.

2360:

governments in bright red and countries the USSR considered at one point to be "moving toward socialism" in orange

25795: 25790: 25442: 25412: 25397: 25268: 24492: 24295: 24270: 23894: 23688: 23195: 22235: 21739: 21226: 21221: 21201: 21149: 20865: 20120: 19501: 19430: 19330: 19208: 18980: 18970: 18557: 17944: 17667: 17286: 16997: 16880: 16731: 16670: 9933: 8127: 8061: 7960: 7948: 7821:(restructuring) to reform the Eastern Bloc and end the Cold War, which brought forth unrest throughout the bloc. 7801: 7749: 7595: 7556: 7509: 7486: 7401: 7286: 7272: 7209: 7099: 7055: 6978: 6974: 6927: 5004: 4977: 4605: 4570: 4494: 4455: 4439: 4392: 4380: 4336: 4294: 4282: 4250: 3943: 3899: 3554: 3510: 3405: 3397: 3356:

A housing shortage existed throughout the Eastern Bloc. In Europe it was primarily due to the devastation during

3252: 3168: 3140: 3084: 3045: 3038: 1817: 1749: 1218: 928: 765: 472: 426: 212: 150: 135: 18895: 18782: 18770: 15776:

The Prague Spring 1968: A National Security Archive Document Reader (National Security Archive Cold War Readers)

13993:"Report by Soviet Deputy Interior Minister M. N. Holodkov to Interior Minister N. P. Dudorov (15 November 1956)" 2190:, was summoned to Moscow and berated by Stalin for considering joining the Marshall Plan. Polish Prime minister 25457: 25308: 25298: 25223: 25174: 25169: 24965: 24955: 24320: 23828: 23770: 23510: 22128: 21784: 21688: 21329: 21196: 19551: 19320: 18900: 18802: 18535: 17979: 17974: 17703: 16741: 15158: 14912: 14427:(The Berlin Wall began to crumble in Burgenland – German), in Wiener Zeitung 16 August 1999; Otmar Lahodynsky: 11606: 7956: 7930: 7575: 7548: 7268: 7256: 7143: 6982: 4622: 4447: 4430:

or only in special stores using foreign currency generally inaccessible to most Eastern Bloc citizens, such as

4290: 3965: 3576: 3224: 2890: 2596: 2308: 1913: 1717: 1409: 1268: 1252: 1087: 1044: 1020: 952: 932: 690: 247: 232: 181: 17: 19220: 18950: 18461: 18233: 17035: 13582:

Internet Modern History Sourcebook: Resolution by students of the Building Industry Technological University:

10310: 9833:, 2005, Polska.pl, the result of which was to become a legitimization of Soviet annexation of eastern Poland. 4174:

of private property. The Soviet-style "replica regimes" that arose in the Bloc not only reproduced the Soviet

2955: 25830: 25825: 25437: 25328: 25228: 24181: 24151: 24114: 23902: 23730: 23527: 22857: 21309: 21206: 20498: 19513: 19466: 19230: 19153: 18885: 17749: 17002: 16751: 16512: 16502: 14196:"Document #81: Transcript of Leonid Brezhnev's Telephone Conversation with Alexander Dubček, August 13, 1968" 14195: 13519: 8123: 8080: 7603: 7599: 7165: 6986: 6465:

GDP per capita of the Eastern Bloc in relations with the GDP per capita of the United States during 1900–2010

4501:

cigarettes served as an unofficial extensively used currency to buy goods and services. Some service workers

4144: 4080: 3987: 3598: 2454: 2068: 1425: 1300: 1040: 936: 794: 780: 514: 268: 186: 64: 23916: 18945: 18654: 18577: 18248: 15274: 14103:

British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) reports on Nagy reburial with full honors. Retrieved 13 October 2006.

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Stalin felt that socioeconomic transformation was indispensable to establish Soviet control, reflecting the

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Mark Kramer, "The Soviet Union and the 1956 Crises in Hungary and Poland: Reassessments and New Findings",

10048: 9938: 9514:

The post-socialist city: urban form and space transformations in Central and Eastern Europe after socialism

7722: 7686: 7672: 7648: 7533: 7379: 4706: 2945: 2647: 1947: 1884: 1621: 775: 730: 685: 494: 489: 484: 13858:"Chapter II. F (Political Developments) II. G (Mr. Nagy clarifies his position), paragraphs 67–70 (p. 23)" 9977: 7547:

On the night of 20–21 August 1968, Eastern Bloc armies from five Warsaw Pact countries (the Soviet Union,

1901: 25542: 25323: 25179: 24989: 24686: 24637: 24280: 23884: 23834: 23599: 23369: 23328: 23293: 23242: 23144: 22061: 21411: 21066: 20838: 20813: 20789: 20697: 20638: 20503: 19975: 19970: 19687: 19365: 19093: 18838: 18797: 18741: 18644: 18525: 18483: 18388: 17913: 17867: 17726: 17591: 16972: 16746: 16344:

The Fall: A Comparative Study of the End of Communism in Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary and Poland

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Fuchs-Schündeln, Nicola, and Matthias Schündeln. "The long-term effects of communism in Eastern Europe".

14881: 8088: 7776: 1920: 1790: 1767: 1737: 1551: 1284: 924: 262: 23436: 11454:

Bayerisches Staatsministerium für Arbeit und Sozialordnung, Familie und Frauen, Statistik Spätaussiedler

4784: 1946:). Thereafter, the Soviet Union began to push German forces westward through a series of battles on the 25660: 25587: 25582: 25532: 25472: 25333: 25039: 24525: 24027: 23999: 23948: 23875: 23502: 23075: 22697: 22024: 21754: 21744: 21709: 21246: 20902: 20340: 19561: 19546: 19536: 19390: 18990: 18478: 18281: 18048: 17711: 17092: 16605: 16367: 15717: 15619: 15543: 14875: 14560: 8587: 8166: 7864: 7552: 2552: 1939: 1938:. From the time of this invasion to 1944, the areas annexed by the Soviet Union were part of Germany's 1779: 1634: 1064: 912: 846: 745: 556: 273: 15902:

Dissent and Opposition in Communist Eastern Europe: Origins of Civil Society and Democratic Transition

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Political Power in the U.S.S.R., 1917–1947: The Theory and Structure of Government in the Soviet State

1097:

Post-1991 usage of the term "Eastern Bloc" may be more limited in referring to the states forming the

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Historia Polski 1918–1945: Tom 1 Czesław Brzoza, Andrzej Sowa, page 697, Wydawnictwo Literackie, 2006

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The Eastern Bloc possesses substantial agricultural resources, especially in southern areas, such as

4225:

The Soviets also modeled economies in the rest of Eastern Bloc outside the Soviet Union along Soviet

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Many states were accused by the Western Bloc of being in the Eastern Bloc when they were part of the

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The United States, the Soviet Union and the Geopolitical Implications of the Origins of the Cold War

7424:

was called, Hungarian soldiers sided with the crowd over the ÁVH and shots were fired on the crowd.

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unlimited power and only politicians who were unconditionally supportive of Soviet policy remained.

1985:, with the former believing Soviet leader Stalin to be a "devil"-like tyrant leading a vile system. 1086:. The most limited definition of the Eastern Bloc would only include the Warsaw Pact states and the 25502: 24975: 24595: 24426: 24248: 23908: 23890: 23093: 23018: 22914: 22817: 22193: 21749: 21585: 21501: 21438: 21231: 21114: 21071: 21031: 20195: 19762: 19025: 18915: 18669: 18213: 17334: 17282: 14992: 13898: 12581:

The "children of Perestroika" come of age: young people of Moscow talk about life in the new Russia

9718: 8730: 8042: 7909:. Unlike previous Soviet leaders in 1953, 1956 and 1968, Gorbachev refused to use force to end the 7772: 7393: 7366: 4581:-style liquidation of rich peasants could be carried out in the non-Soviet Eastern Bloc countries. 3426: 2232: 19935: 16363:

Architecture in Global Socialism: Eastern Europe, West Africa, and the Middle East in the Cold War

10641: 7985:

on 19 August 1989 then set in motion a chain reaction, at the end of which there was no longer an

7536:

and declared an implacable struggle against "bourgeois" ideology and all "anti-socialist" forces.

4821: 4403:. A Warsaw tractor factory in 1980 had a 52-page list of unused rusting, then useless, equipment. 3028:

The Soviet economical and political system produced further consequences such as, for example, in

25537: 25497: 25487: 25482: 25144: 24940: 24420: 24203: 24077: 23679: 23638: 23116: 23070: 23025: 22863: 22577: 21959: 21563: 21452: 21319: 21186: 19425: 19370: 19355: 19295: 19103: 19083: 18843: 18520: 18125: 16967: 16893: 16697: 15659: 15279: 14780: 13548:"Notes from the Minutes of the CPSU CC Presidium Meeting with Satellite Leaders, 24 October 1956" 11208: 10064: 9976:

Soviet authorities regarded service for the pre-war Polish state as a "crime against revolution"

9552: 9546: 9415: 9355: 9130: 8878: 8683: 8517: 8494: 7906: 7780: 7498: 7026:

The initial year that shortages were effectively measured and shortages in 1986 were as follows:

740: 18328: 16846: 14152:

Dubcek's Blueprint for Freedom: His original documents leading to the invasion of Czechoslovakia

11888: 9817: 9485: 9479: 7937:

were violently repressed by the communist government there, which maintained its grip on power.

2989:

citizens could still move west. The 3.5 million East Germans that had left by 1961, called

467: 24766: 24676: 23976: 23405: 23374: 23218: 22657: 22042: 21951: 21046: 20932: 20631: 20215: 19719: 19113: 18787: 18263: 18023: 18018: 17811: 17342: 16934: 16335:

Stalin, the Pact with Nazi Germany, and the Origins of Postwar Soviet Diplomatic Historiography

14065:"The handing down of experiences in families of the politically condemned in Communist Hungary" 13583: 11452: 10125: 8678: 7660: 7543:

Czechoslovak protestors carrying their national flag past a burning Soviet tank in Prague, 1968

5048: 5036: 5025: 4412: 4368:

off, holidays and vacations was 128–130, almost double the figure from the previous ten years.

4310: 2948:("place of residence") permits, and internal freedom of movement restrictions often called the 2747:

Western countries invested heavily in powerful transmitters which enabled services such as the

599: 499: 24711: 22617: 20425: 17324: 16836: 15030: 14913:"End of the USSR: visualising how the former Soviet countries are doing, 20 years on | Russia" 9317: 9311: 8064:, following protests of an estimated half-million Czechs and Slovaks demanding freedoms and a 7018:

finance, stressed self-managed building co-operatives along with central government controls.

4918:

Vehicle ownership increased in the 1970s and 1980s with the production of inexpensive cars in

4689:

roads, urban ring roads or bypasses. Private car ownership remained low by Western standards.

479: 25775: 25557: 25154: 25089: 24821: 24360: 24350: 23420: 22875: 22869: 21938: 21483: 21472: 21406: 20986: 20707: 20450: 19734: 19729: 19496: 19385: 19340: 19300: 19235: 19179: 19098: 18880: 18694: 18572: 18490: 18398: 18363: 18273: 18218: 18115: 17956: 17502: 17017: 16929: 16888: 16702: 16598: 16563:"1961 JFK speech clarifying limits of American protection during the 1961 Berlin Wall crisis" 16479: 16447: 16111:

The Economy of East Central Europe 1815-1989: Stages of Transformation in a Peripheral Region

15479: 10000: 9899: 8985: 8973: 7792: 7721:

became increasingly independent of Soviet influence afterwards, most notably during the 1975

7640: 6942: 4574: 4111: 4083:. The Eastern Bloc also depended upon the Soviet Union for significant amounts of materials. 4068: 2610: 2584: 2347: 2277: 2263: 1982: 1916: 1130: 992: 897: 770: 755: 633: 388: 369: 24736: 22053: 17448: 17241: 15018:

Average Life Expectancy in Post-Communist Countries—Progress Varies 25 Years after Communism

14278:

Gorbachev, Reform, and the Brezhnev Doctrine: Soviet Policy Toward Eastern Europe, 1985–1990

14093: 13148: 6957:

family income. There was unprecedented affordability of housing, health care and education.

4895: 4562:" owned, in theory, by the workers therein. In reality, such farms were owned by the state. 2320: 2191: 25242: 25149: 25114: 24881: 24563: 24253: 24137: 23578: 22713: 22625: 22180: 21890: 21818: 21759: 21670: 21625: 21302: 20803: 20784: 19990: 19757: 19612: 19566: 19481: 19476: 19275: 19174: 19123: 19118: 19010: 18965: 18920: 18858: 18689: 18664: 18614: 18542: 18456: 18306: 17908: 17887: 17458: 17400: 17161: 16865: 16462: 16211: 8435: 8378: 8299: 8259: 7914: 7902: 7706: 7702: 7689:, which the Soviet Union suppressed, and the Sino–Soviet split. The Sino–Soviet split gave 7619: 7529: 6451: 5043: 4554: 4242: 3033: 2906: 2759:(RFE) to be heard in the Eastern Bloc, despite attempts by authorities to jam the airways. 2378: 2357: 2170: 1935: 1880: 1122: 1083: 1072: 1016: 893: 870: 700: 695: 675: 441: 24841: 22374: 17352: 16566: 15031:

Convergence or Divergence? Life Expectancy Patterns in Post-communist Countries, 1959–2010

14480:

Andreas Rödder, Deutschland einig Vaterland – Die Geschichte der Wiedervereinigung (2009).

11257: 10906:

Christian Jennings "Flashpoint Trieste: The First Battle of the Cold War", (2017), pp 244.

8096: 7505:, the possibility of a multiparty government and limiting the power of the secret police. 4340: 4203: 3409: 2856: 2373:

beginning, Stalin directed systems that rejected Western institutional characteristics of

2246:. The blockade was caused, in part, by early local elections of October 1946 in which the 8: 25665: 25199: 25184: 25159: 24891: 24610: 24589: 24437: 24355: 24223: 24193: 23379: 23354: 21898: 21882: 21866: 21635: 21590: 21558: 21344: 20937: 20927: 20858: 20435: 20350: 20345: 20245: 20108: 19905: 19789: 19704: 19592: 19445: 19440: 19420: 19405: 19315: 19310: 19215: 19148: 19138: 19050: 19045: 19035: 18935: 18875: 18848: 18674: 18659: 18629: 18607: 18393: 18383: 18110: 18033: 18003: 17987: 17568: 17319: 16982: 16961: 16955: 15501: 15360: 14788: 14431:(Pan-European picnic: the dress rehearsal for the fall of the Berlin Wall – German), in: 13123:"Total Economy Database, November 2016. Output, Labor, and Labor Productivity, 1950–2016" 12930: 10428:

The Major International Treaties of the Twentieth Century: A History and Guide with Texts

10124:

34,250 Latvians, 75,000 Lithuanians and almost 60,000 Estonians were deported or killed.

9866:

Soviet authorities attempted to erase Polish history and culture, Trela-Mazur, Elzbieta,

8673: 8651: 8556: 8409: 8130:

withdrew from the Pact, and the Eastern Bloc altogether, in response to the invasion. In

8100: 8092: 7982: 7941: 7910: 7898: 7851: 7761: 7591: 4950: 4278: 3433: 3010: 2973: 2542: 2045: 1844: 1028: 735: 24851: 24701: 24263: 22502: 22300: 19290: 19203: 17438: 17256: 17166: 13992: 13547: 12387: 11949: 7952: 7513: 7494: 7459: 4886: 2210: 536: 25805: 25194: 25139: 25014: 24901: 24776: 24578: 24530: 23745: 23105: 22947: 22785: 22769: 22761: 22745: 22665: 22649: 22470: 22446: 22326: 22228: 22212: 22187: 21922: 21850: 21842: 21801: 21774: 21769: 21506: 21459: 21251: 21144: 21036: 20895: 20589: 20385: 20370: 20295: 20275: 20270: 20255: 20102: 19850: 19602: 19486: 19240: 19143: 19128: 19040: 19030: 19005: 19000: 18765: 18719: 18634: 18619: 18562: 18378: 18301: 18177: 18068: 18058: 17443: 16992: 16875: 16313: 15678: 15355:

Black, Cyril E.; English, Robert D.; Helmreich, Jonathan E.; McAdams, James A. (2000),

15266: 14856: 14848: 14695: 14662: 14633: 14598: 12971: 12129: 11723: 9582: 9530: 9202: 9194: 9150: 8941: 8933: 8898: 8414: 8298:"had catastrophic effects on former Soviet Bloc countries", and that the imposition of 8236: 8186: 8045:

on 3 October 1990; around this time, most of the remains of the wall was torn down. In

7607: 4989: 4984: 2670: 2029: 1896: 1867:

from Romania, the Soviets entered these areas, Romania caved to Soviet demands and the

1806: 1076: 725: 431: 378: 24751: 22526: 22252: 20285: 20114: 17478: 17314: 17294: 14752: 14719: 14615: 12417: 10273:

religious persecution during the Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina

9533:

and a lower level of under-urbanization compared to other members of the Eastern Bloc.

7925:

ideals throughout the Soviet Union. In 1991, Conservative communist elites launched a

7917:

rule in Eastern Europe. The fall of the Berlin Wall and end of the Warsaw Pact spread

4352:

were 20 kopecks, and a loaf of bread was 15 kopecks. The average monthly salary of an

1829: 25800: 25129: 25034: 24846: 24801: 24721: 24696: 24647: 24540: 24476: 24395: 24340: 24258: 24213: 24198: 23939: 23247: 23175: 23099: 23055: 23050: 22937: 22833: 22681: 22438: 22390: 22382: 22310: 22284: 21969: 21600: 21401: 21324: 21041: 20885: 20808: 20779: 20602: 20455: 20400: 20375: 20330: 20260: 20235: 20200: 20190: 20159: 20046: 19930: 19900: 19637: 19627: 19541: 19435: 19280: 18995: 18792: 18649: 18602: 18500: 18451: 18425: 18403: 18243: 18223: 18167: 18155: 17969: 17804: 17468: 17405: 17385: 17261: 17171: 16977: 16391: 16371: 16347: 16320: 16298: 16278: 16258: 16240: 16222: 16172: 16152: 16134: 16115: 16095: 16077: 16059: 16052: 16037: 16019: 16001: 15983: 15965: 15947: 15927:

The Berlin Wall and the urban space and experience of East and West Berlin, 1961–1989

15905: 15887: 15869: 15851: 15833: 15815: 15797: 15779: 15761: 15743: 15725: 15703: 15685: 15663: 15641: 15623: 15601: 15583: 15565: 15547: 15525: 15519: 15505: 15483: 15461: 15439: 15421: 15402: 15382: 15364: 15342: 15046: 14885: 14860: 14840: 14792: 14757: 14739: 14700: 14682: 14638: 14620: 14564: 14379: 14281: 12983: 12976: 12951: 12605: 12584: 11755: 11694: 11241: 11224: 11212: 11188: 10887: 10781: 10670: 10533: 10431: 10400: 10226: 10177: 10161: 10109: 10008: 9989: 9917: 9875: 9851: 9794: 9766: 9730: 9690: 9601: 9556: 9517: 9489: 9437: 9375: 9321: 9290: 9255: 9225: 9206: 9136: 9109: 9088: 9067: 9046: 9025: 8945: 8884: 8852: 8828: 8812: 8797: 8782: 8762: 8580: 8394: 8209: 8073: 8069: 8006: 7998: 7994: 7990: 7970: 7855: 7832: 7806: 7784: 7768: 7676: 7656: 7629: 7571: 7462:

government, and of those, 13,000 were imprisoned. Imre Nagy was executed, along with

6461: 5021: 5017: 4514: 4387:

importance for the military-industrial establishment and for the engineering sector.

3022: 2756: 2685: 2665: 2655: 2401: 2107: 1990: 1977: 1976:

tried to get as many states under Soviet control as possible, British Prime Minister

1909: 896:

that were mainly in Africa, Asia, and Latin America but notably also included former

653: 579: 436: 24911: 24671: 24535: 23410: 21216: 20579: 20250: 16544: 15498:

Encyclopedia of Eastern Europe: From the Congress of Vienna to the Fall of Communism

14942: 12798: 11693:

Andreev, E.M., et al., Naselenie Sovetskogo Soiuza, 1922–1991. Moscow, Nauka, 1993.

2985:

in late 1952 and early 1953. 226,000 had fled in just the first six months of 1953.

25755: 25743: 25700: 25689: 25104: 25099: 24921: 24906: 24761: 24756: 24741: 24568: 24513: 24176: 24171: 24161: 23303: 23044: 22909: 22887: 22881: 22486: 22430: 22318: 22268: 21914: 21906: 21724: 21682: 21656: 21545: 21416: 21396: 21369: 21129: 20890: 20365: 20290: 20220: 20205: 20185: 20132: 19915: 19910: 19890: 19840: 19830: 19657: 19622: 19607: 19556: 19285: 19225: 19065: 18724: 18704: 18413: 18355: 18349: 18316: 18296: 18286: 18135: 17936: 17928: 17785: 17463: 17428: 17347: 17176: 17156: 17128: 16655: 16549: 16508: 16498: 16255:

Transition Economies: Political Economy in Russia, Eastern Europe, and Central Asia

14832: 14784: 14747: 14731: 14690: 14674: 14628: 14610: 14165: 14041: 11063: 9834: 9664: 9186: 8925: 8637: 8623: 8505: 8476: 8348: 8201: 8174: 8162: 8150: 7860: 7796: 7726: 7710: 7463: 7385: 7346: 6911: 4686: 4681:

Author Turnock claims that transport in the Eastern Bloc was characterised by poor

4634: 4559: 4546: 4502: 4498: 4419: 4411:

despite the opening of modern integrated units on the periphery while the last old

4230: 2864: 2767: 2741: 2324: 1998: 1958: 1954: 1927: 1892: 1761: 446: 22510: 17181: 16219:

Natural Enemies: The United States and the Soviet Union in the Cold War, 1917–1991

11049:"Discrimination, opportunity, and middle-class success in early Communist Hungary" 7929:, which hastened the end of Marxist–Leninist rule in Eastern Europe. However, the 6446: 4484:

were created that were often supplied by goods stolen from the public sector. The

3376:

Prominent examples of urban design included Marszałkowska Housing Estate (MDM) in

27:

Former group of communist states aligned with the Soviet Union during the Cold War

25725: 25705: 25044: 24786: 24746: 24731: 24726: 24497: 24390: 24315: 23323: 22982: 22825: 22801: 22561: 22553: 22454: 22260: 21858: 21650: 21568: 21364: 21293: 21124: 20969: 20959: 20748: 20584: 20440: 20430: 20415: 20395: 20380: 20355: 20300: 20065: 20033: 19925: 19885: 19647: 19642: 19582: 19523: 19255: 19133: 18960: 18925: 18833: 18828: 18552: 18446: 18120: 18053: 18043: 18008: 17964: 17951: 17903: 17423: 17390: 17380: 17209: 17123: 17067: 16870: 16831: 16692: 16556: 16315:

Broadcasting Freedom: The Cold War Triumph of Radio Free Europe and Radio Liberty

16166: 16109: 15396: 15165: 14877:

The Capital Order: How Economists Invented Austerity and Paved the Way to Fascism

14305: 14100: 13912: 13590: 13169: 12136: 11461: 11266: 10636: 10078: 10059: 10044: 9913: 9846: 9826: 9673: 9249: 9017: 8846: 8703: 8665: 8445: 8311: 8266: 8252: 8212: 8170: 7737: 7579: 7517: 7417: 7350: 4942:

inside the Eastern Bloc. Countries were inured to isolation and initial post-war

4849: 4757: 4485: 4226: 4175: 4155: 2949: 2680: 2675: 2405: 2269: 2236: 2222: 842: 638: 541: 24836: 18547: 15080: 14821:"Human Costs of Post-communist Transition: Public Policies and Private Response" 14554: 14002:. George Washington University: The National Security Archive. 4 November 2002. 13557:. George Washington University: The National Security Archive. 4 November 2002. 9891: 9175:"The Soviet Union and the Syrian Ba'th regime: From hesitation to Rapprochement" 8914:"The Soviet Union and the Syrian Ba'th regime: From hesitation to Rapprochement" 4246:

expropriation of landed and industrial property was accorded absolute priority.

1692: 25720: 25675: 25630: 24876: 24861: 24856: 24816: 24781: 24691: 24681: 24243: 23318: 23088: 23000: 22729: 22689: 22673: 22601: 22201: 21982: 21974: 21779: 21704: 21620: 21580: 21139: 21134: 21076: 20410: 20335: 20325: 20320: 20180: 19920: 19709: 19632: 19360: 19265: 19015: 18955: 18587: 18505: 18408: 18368: 18338: 18238: 18193: 17370: 17246: 17214: 17204: 17138: 17065: 17012: 17007: 16195: 15184: 14718:

Men, Tamara; Brennan, Paul; Boffetta, Paolo; Zaridze, David (25 October 2003).

12602:

Reluctant Socialists, Rural Entrepreneurs: Class, Culture, and the Polish State

12141: 10029: 8382: 8248: 8142: 8135: 8065: 8054: 8022: 8011: 7668: 7502: 7322: 6652: 6455: 5937: 5233: 4927: 4697: 4682: 4650: 4614: 4589: 4578: 4373: 4160: 2990: 2898: 2821: 2721: 2422: 2374: 908: 750: 561: 24630: 22406: 22342: 17473: 17453: 17266: 16292: 14911:

Rice-Oxley, Mark; Sedghi, Ami; Ridley, Jenny; Magill, Sasha (17 August 2011).

14836: 14678: 13931:"Chapter IV. E (Logistical deployment of new Soviet troops), para 181 (p. 56)" 13584:

Sixteen Political, Economic, and Ideological Points, Budapest, 22 October 1956

13007: 11067: 10172:. Latvian National Foundation. Stockholm. 1949. Feldbrugge, Ferdinand et al., 9466:

80 Yugoslavia is perhaps the most international of the Eastern Bloc countries.

9358:

with the Eastern bloc, Yugoslavia was not considered part of the Eastern bloc.

9190: 8929: 4858: 2102: 1820:

had occurred in mid-June 1940, when Soviet NKVD troops raided border posts in

25769: 25164: 24871: 24791: 24661: 24605: 24481: 24400: 24228: 24013: 23753: 23036: 23030: 22904: 22899: 22334: 21874: 21834: 21630: 21523: 21518: 21374: 21297: 21263: 21026: 21021: 20907: 20654: 20574: 20420: 20315: 20280: 20265: 20225: 19767: 19597: 19335: 19245: 19108: 19088: 18975: 18736: 18714: 18679: 18258: 18253: 18208: 18130: 18090: 17839: 17533: 17395: 17375: 17309: 17199: 17133: 17022: 16856: 16578: 14943:"Great Depression | Definition, History, Dates, Causes, Effects, & Facts" 14844: 14743: 14735: 14686: 14624: 13149:"UN Statistics Division, December 2016. Growth Rate of GDP and its breakdown" 11237: 10392: 9985: 8693: 8609: 8568: 8402: 8320: 8295: 8291: 8256: 8244: 8050: 7844: 7745: 7734: 7694: 7528:

and signed the Bratislava Declaration, which affirmed unshakable fidelity to

7490: 7476: 7428: 7318: 7006: 4550: 4408: 4321: 4317: 4267: 4219: 4212: 4179: 4087: 3422: 3029: 2982: 2978: 2932: 2829: 2790: 2737: 2733: 2495:

police organizations enforced communist party rule, including the following:

2369: 2206:, repressions were instituted to liquidate any independent political forces. 2132: 2096: 2079: 2033: 1973: 1943: 1923: 1864: 1798: 1725: 1367: 858: 760: 623: 551: 504: 288: 16450:

was created from a revision of this article dated 10 November 2012

16385: 16272: 15792:

Nekrich, Aleksandr Moiseevich; Ulam, Adam Bruno; Freeze, Gregory L. (1997),

15029:

Gerr, Christopher J., Yulia Raskina & Daria Tsyplakova (28 October 2017)

14253:, University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill and London, pp. 34–35 10026:

230,000 to 450,000 Poles were taken as prisoner, some of which were executed

4935: 2659: 25695: 25572: 25338: 25283: 24896: 24811: 24716: 24642: 24275: 24166: 23985: 23702: 23555: 23111: 23012: 22994: 22705: 22494: 22292: 21930: 21826: 21645: 21386: 21171: 21081: 20360: 20310: 20240: 20230: 20084: 20072: 20059: 19865: 19692: 19193: 18441: 18291: 18150: 18140: 17846: 17685: 17578: 17553: 17433: 17299: 16736: 16633: 15866:

We were the people: voices from East Germany's revolutionary autumn of 1989

15083:. OUPblog, Oxford University Press, 23 April 2013. Retrieved 12 March 2021. 15020:. Peterson Institute for International Economics. Retrieved 4 January 2021. 14761: 14704: 14642: 13930: 13857: 13816: 13775: 13734: 13693: 13652: 13608: 9106:

The strategy of campaigning: lessons from Ronald Reagan & Boris Yeltsin

8530: 8340: 8287: 8263: 8194: 8146: 8037: 7986: 7978: 7944:, sometimes called the "Autumn of Nations", swept across the Eastern Bloc. 7718: 7330: 7282: 7187: 7121: 6994: 6946: 6893: 4919: 4724: 4720: 4654: 4609: 4593: 4539: 4481: 4435: 4286: 4182:

and Soviet-style secret polices to suppress real and potential opposition.

4117: 3921: 3794: 3532: 3385: 3357: 3344: 3196: 3002: 2969: 2952:, greatly restricted mobility within even small areas of the Soviet Union. 2936: 2902: 2844: 2817: 2729: 2637: 2615: 2504: 2198: 2157: 2141: 2124: 1810: 1771: 1721: 1440: 1315: 1233: 1114: 1012: 1008: 920: 881: 877: 862: 217: 16585: 12450:

Planning of manpower in the Soviet Union. Progress Publishers. 1975. p.101

11749: 9434:

The United Nations and the maintenance of international peace and security

8352:

Life expectancy of some Eastern Bloc countries, compared to Western Europe

8028: 4868: 3005:

was accompanied by a massive rise in European East-West migration. Famous

25680: 25423: 25318: 25119: 25109: 25029: 24826: 24806: 24771: 24706: 24519: 24405: 24087: 23966: 23867: 23466: 23389: 23187: 23158: 23065: 23060: 22737: 22721: 22593: 21663: 21489: 21176: 20405: 20010: 19980: 19835: 19825: 19724: 19587: 19380: 18869: 18699: 18684: 18495: 18343: 18311: 18198: 18013: 17918: 17857: 17563: 17100: 16785: 15722:

East Central Europe after the Warsaw Pact: Security Dilemmas in the 1990s

15270: 15125:'This is the golden age': Eastern Europe's extraordinary 30-year revival" 14374:

E. Szafarz, "The Legal Framework for Political Cooperation in Europe" in

8418: 8084: 7918: 7885:

The start of the disintegration of the Eastern Bloc can be attributed to

7878: 7836: 7817: 7788: 7753: 7730: 7690: 7443: 7326: 6470: 4973: 4909: 4831: 4798: 4775: 4716: 4597: 4519: 4208: 4091: 2994: 2960: 2894: 2860: 2836: 2811: 2725: 2690: 2304: 2243: 2187: 2166: 2149: 2120: 2052: 1648: 1547: 1169: 1098: 972: 968: 889: 885: 680: 670: 320: 279: 257: 24623: 22462: 15616:

Driving the Soviets Up the Wall: Soviet-East German Relations, 1953–1961

15141: 15093: 14852: 14820: 14376:

The Changing Political Structure of Europe: Aspects of International Law

11727: 11712:"The Social Structure of Soviet-Type Societies, Its Collapse and Legacy" 11711: 10289: 9819:

Wybory" do Zgromadzen Ludowych Zachodniej Ukrainy i Zachodniej Bialorusi

9043:

European integration and the Cold War: Ostpolitik-Westpolitik, 1965–1973

8659: 7470: 5052:. In some cases data availability does not go all the way back to 1951. 3401: 2695: 25611: 25601: 25094: 24926: 24886: 24666: 24600: 24507: 23612: 23364: 22366: 22350: 21640: 21288: 20974: 20853: 20164: 19875: 19845: 19799: 19714: 19682: 19674: 19617: 19305: 19020: 18709: 18597: 18203: 17757: 17219: 17105: 14444:

Ludwig Greven "Und dann ging das Tor auf", in Die Zeit, 19 August 2014.

11236:

Christ Is Calling You : A Course in Catacomb Pastorship by Father

9906: 9248:

Janzen, Jörg; Taraschewski, Thomas (2009). Shahshahānī, Suhaylā (ed.).

9198: 9174: 8937: 8913: 8845:

Janzen, Jörg; Taraschewski, Thomas (2009). Shahshahānī, Suhaylā (ed.).

8232: 8205: 8198: 8190: 8182: 8049:, the day after the mass crossings through the Berlin Wall, the leader 7922: 7757: 7652: 7525: 6949: 6889: 5033: 4905: 4835: 4415:

furnace installed in the 19th century was not closed down immediately.

3389: 2548: 2434: 2418: 2307:

immediately changed course from favoring Yugoslavia to opposing it. In

2227: 2084: 1840: 1775: 1757: 1504: 1304:(1947–1989, limited participation in Warsaw Pact activities after 1964) 1126: 1068: 874: 643: 521: 32: 22569: 18818: 15996:

Smith, David James; Pabriks, Artis; Purs, Aldis; Lane, Thomas (2002),

15920:"East Berlin: The Search for a National Building Style and Heimat-GDR" 14720:"Russian mortality trends for 1991-2001: analysis by cause and region" 11754:. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing. pp. 63–99. 9982:

A World Apart: Imprisonment in a Soviet Labor Camp During World War II

9926: 9763:

Sowietyzacja Kresów Wschodnich II Rzeczypospolitej po 17 wrzesnia 1939

9085:

Globalization of Unequal National Economies: Players and Controversies

6934:'s industry meant continuing shortages in other parts of its economy. 4962: 3393: 3361: 2408:

was the most powerful figure in each regime. The party over which the

2384: 1787:

Soviet Union had invaded the portions of eastern Poland assigned to it

25685: 25670: 24831: 24584: 24551: 24546: 24431: 24380: 24072: 22957: 22932: 22633: 22478: 22398: 22276: 21268: 21159: 21016: 20954: 20460: 20305: 20154: 20127: 19940: 19895: 19804: 19772: 19752: 19744: 19073: 18863: 17251: 16775: 16638: 16149:

The Prague Spring and its Aftermath: Czechoslovak Politics, 1968–1970

15457: 15237:"Confidence in Democracy and Capitalism Wanes in Former Soviet Union" 14453:

Miklós Németh in Interview, Austrian TV – ORF "Report", 25 June 2019.

12788:

Yearbook the USSR. Novosti Press Agency Publishing House, 1982. p.174

12441:. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 1970. p.85 9726: 9580:

Binder, David (1982), "Many from Eastern Bloc Seek Yugoslav Asylum",

9270:

Until 1990, despite being a formally independent state, Mongolia had

8867:

Until 1990, despite being a formally independent state, Mongolia had

8722: 8328: 8104: 8032:

Changes in national boundaries after the collapse of the Eastern Bloc

7733:

gave the Eastern Bloc renewed confidence after it had been frayed by

7389: 6916: 6593: 6474: 4872: 4738: 4585: 4463: 4431: 4164: 4152: 4140: 3408:. Wishing to reinforce the role of the state in the 1970s and 1980s, 2910: 2803: 2478: 2409: 2365: 2292: 2281: 1782:. Lithuania was added in a second secret protocol in September 1939. 1608: 1141: 531: 333: 15454:

Popular Protest in East Germany, 1945–1989: Judgements on the Street

11602: 10015:

and subsequently started arresting large numbers of Polish citizens.

9874:. (eds.), Wyzsza Szkola Pedagogiczna im. Jana Kochanowskiego, 1997, 9784: 9124: 9122: 8452:

Since 1993, the following countries have remained communist states:

8173:

to varying degrees. China and Vietnam are usually described as more

7624: 7427:

By 2 am on 24 October, under orders of Soviet defense minister

4958: 4584:

Nor could they risk mass starvation or agricultural sabotage (e.g.,

4233:

of agriculture and utilising a sizeable labor army collected in the

4135: 25640: 25606: 25049: 24951:

The History of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (Bolsheviks)

24916: 24447: 24442: 24106: 23569: 22963:

Ukrainian Television Ch.1/Ukrainian Television Ch.2 (Ukrainian SSR)

22422: 22173: 21211: 20922: 20039: 19880: 19777: 19652: 19471: 19375: 18515: 18373: 17827: 17639: 15398:

East European Fault Lines: Dissent, Opposition, And Social Activism

15307:"European Public Opinion Three Decades After the Fall of Communism" 14251:

The Rise and Fall of the Brezhnev Doctrine in Soviet Foreign Policy

9349:

East-West Trade and Japanese-Yugoslav Relations during the Cold War

9129:

Gasztold-Seń, Trentin, Adamec, Przemysław, Przemysław, Jan (2014).

8877:

Gasztold-Seń, Trentin, Adamec, Przemysław, Przemysław, Jan (2014).

8440: 8371: 8270: 8224: 8154: 8131: 7872: 7811: 7775:. In response, China moved towards the United States following the 7714: 7521: 7357: 6672: 4966: 4794: 4761: 4353: 2848: 2536: 2474: 2413: 2111: 2089: 1860: 1007:

The term Eastern Bloc was often used interchangeably with the term

984: 866: 705: 403: 22609: 19159:

Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union

15178:

Havrylyshyn, Oleh; Meng, Xiaofan; Tupy, Marian L. (12 July 2016).

14777:

Taking Stock of Shock: Social Consequences of the 1989 Revolutions

14094:"On This Day 16 June 1989: Hungary reburies fallen hero Imre Nagy" 13525: 9598:

Syria and Saudi Arabia: Collaboration and Conflicts in the Oil Era

4747: 4645: 2352: 1731: 1149: 25477: 25418: 24796: 24616: 24067: 24019: 23850: 23425: 23415: 22962: 22753: 22518: 22414: 22220: 20947: 20772: 20767: 19985: 19870: 19860: 19809: 19350: 18095: 16821: 16780: 12950:. VAAP. First American edition published by Basic Books in 1991. 9765:(in Polish), Bydgoszcz: Wyzsza Szkola Pedagogiczna, p. 441, 9119: 8228: 8220: 8216: 7894: 7890: 6900:

While official statistics painted a relatively rosy picture, the

6577: 4995: 4992:

containing extensive still-standing abandoned urban development.

4954: 4943: 4923: 4459: 4328: 4324:

and forbade all Eastern Bloc countries from participating in it.

4306: 4271: 4262: 2825: 2807: 2700: 2331: 2285: 1848: 1363: 956: 916: 383: 327: 284: 36:

The political situation in Europe during the Cold War after 1948.

20623: 16545:

Chronology Of Events Leading To The 1968 Czechoslovakia Invasion

16486: 15794:

Pariahs, Partners, Predators: German–Soviet Relations, 1922–1941

10778:

Confronting the German Question: Germans on the East-West Divide

10426:

Potsdam Ashley, John, Soames Grenville and Bernard Wasserstein,

9723:

Katyn and the Soviet Massacre Of 1940: Truth, Justice And Memory

6450:

Per capita GDP in the Eastern Bloc from 1950 to 2003 (1990 base

4505:

illegally providing services directly to customers for payment.

4261:

At the same time, at the war's end, the Soviet Union adopted a "

3388:

authorities viewed large cost advantages in the construction of

2021:

did not meet democratic standards and were largely manipulated.

24486: 24460: 22809: 22641: 22585: 22166: 20053: 19855: 19794: 18729: 16590: 15962:

The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich: A History of Nazi Germany

15476:

Closed Borders: The Contemporary Assault on Freedom of Movement

15047:

Post-Communist Health Transitions in Central and Eastern Europe

13274:

Update USSR, Volumes 53. April 1986. N.W.R. Publications. p. 11

13004:"Geographical location and extent of radioactive contamination" 11219:/ 9789986757412 / 9986-757-41-X pg 23 "As early as August 1920 9412:

After the Expulsion: West Germany and Eastern Europe, 1945–1990

9254:. Iuaes-series. Vol. 4. Münster: LIT Verlag. p. 190. 9064:

After the expulsion: West Germany and Eastern Europe, 1945–1990

9022:

Conflicting Missions: Havana, Washington, and Africa, 1959–1976

8851:. Iuaes-series. Vol. 4. Münster: LIT Verlag. p. 190. 8482: 7664: 7451: 7420:

in Stalin's boots, which was all that remained the statue. The

6771: 6557: 4985:

catastrophe at the Chernobyl nuclear plant in the Ukrainian SSR

4723:(right), manufactured between 1966 and 1989; they were made in 4400: 4364:

significant portion of its shoe production to other countries.

3377: 2605: 2430: 2017:(known as the "Three Times Yes" referendum) and the subsequent 1833: 1090:

as former satellite states most dominated by the Soviet Union.

854: 25738: 17532: 16092:

The East European economy in context: communism and transition

15758:

From Roosevelt to Truman: Potsdam, Hiroshima, and the Cold War

13609:"Chapter II. A (Meetings and demonstrations), para 54 (p. 19)" 13006:. Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation. Archived from 11211:

by Afonsas Eidintas Genocide and Research Center of Lithuania

8617: 7421: 4972:

Several villages were evacuated because of copper smelting at

4812: 25253: 24453: 23630: 22244: 22083: 21166: 20538: 20494:

American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation

20000: 19783: 17862: 17693: 17586: 17548: 16518: 15064:

Political conditions and life expectancy in Europe, 1900-2008

14595: 11220: 11207:

President of Lithuania: Prisoner of the Gulag a Biography of

9128: 8876: 8726: 8178: 8158: 7934: 4451: 4443: 4357: 4234: 3806:

Housing characteristics in new dwellings of the Eastern Bloc

2918: 2871:

in 1961, withdrew from the Warsaw Pact in 1968 following the

2500: 2462: 2426: 2323:

met in Moscow to orchestrate a show trial of Rákosi opponent

2174: 2153: 1720:

and the Declaration of the Creation of the USSR, forming the

1663: 1454: 980: 976: 196: 23334:

Five-year plans for the national economy of the Soviet Union

20666:

General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union

16550:

Solidarity, Freedom and Economical Crisis in Poland, 1980–81

15354: 14910: 14429:

Paneuropäisches Picknick: Die Generalprobe für den Mauerfall

12414:"Ирония нашей судьбы : Социум : Еженедельник 2000" 12342: 12330: 12311: 12287: 10168:, Chapter=VIII. September 1939 to June 1941; Švābe, Arvīds. 7876:(openness) in the Soviet Union, and emphasized the need for 7867:

to determine their own internal affairs during this period.

7771:, the Soviet Union reserved the right to intervene in other 4719:

Limousine (left), manufactured between 1964 and 1989; and a

3044:

In October 1966, artificial birth control was proscribed in

2720:. TASS had affiliates in 14 Soviet republics, including the 25303: 25288: 25263: 24208: 24097:

An asterisk indicates a party no longer espousing communism

24094:

Italics indicates a current ruling party or communist state

23796: 23761:

African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde

23722: 23671: 23517: 23150: 23138: 23082: 22927: 22851: 22545: 20078: 19960: 17852: 17796: 17775: 17601: 16016:

Impunity and human rights in international law and practice

13735:"Chapter II. C (The First Shots), paragraphs 56–57 (p. 20)" 10311:"Churchill and the Germans" in Der Spiegel, 13 August 2010. 9936:[Soviet occupation of Polish territories 1939–41]. 9274:

been an integral part of the Soviet-dominated Eastern Bloc.

8871:

been an integral part of the Soviet-dominated Eastern Bloc.

8181:

were gradually eliminated. This was previously the case in

8002: 7840: 7635:

Soviet control of the Eastern Bloc was first tested by the

7261: 4931: 2840: 2776: 2713: 2566: 2128: 1934:

In June 1941, Germany broke the Molotov-Ribbentrop pact by

1859:. After a June 1940 Soviet Ultimatum demanding Bessarabia, 1813:

and redistributed private and state-owned Polish property.

1565: 1490: 1203: 1091: 1056: 988: 960: 948: 911:, the term Eastern Bloc generally referred to the USSR and 850: 242: 207: 70: 14993:"What Explains the Post-Soviet Russian Economic Collapse?" 9310:

Hirsch, Donald; Kett, Joseph F.; Trefil, James S. (2002),

7843:

and its other Western allies, in a meeting with President

4069:

85% of buildings in Warsaw were destroyed by German troops

2847:

and partly because the Soviets needed an excuse to retain

2254:

permitting the resumption of Western shipments to Berlin.

2062: 1855:

was established by merging the ceded territories with the

20533: 20513: 20508: 17675: 17621: 15357:

Rebirth: A Political History of Europe since World War II

15207:"End of Communism Cheered but Now with More Reservations" 14717: 11185:

Worldmark Encyclopedia of Cultures and Daily Life: Europe

10277:

Soviet deportations from Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina

8839:... the countries of Eastern Europe under communism ... . 8324: 7570:

In April 1969, Dubček was replaced as first secretary by

7508:

Initial reaction within the Eastern Bloc was mixed, with

4480:

As a result of the deficiencies of the official economy,

2752: 2748: 2520: 2514: 2280:

occurred, followed by Yugoslavia being expelled from the

1011:. This broadest usage of the term would include not only 841:, was the collective term for an unofficial coalition of 20703:

Russian Revolution, Russian Civil War, Polish–Soviet War

20672:

Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union

15562:

A History of the World from the 20th to the 21st Century

15094:

Changing life expectancy in Romania after the transition

8374:, something also reported to be true of Poland in 2019. 7955:

as General Secretary of the Communist Party in 1988. In

7863:" after the singer's "My Way" to allow the countries of 7835:, who sought to end the Cold War between the Soviet-led 4079:, Eastern Bloc economies experienced mis-development by 2878: 2652:(1953–1990), Polish-language newspaper in Lithuanian SSR 16489:

September–December 1991, in the last months of the USSR

15980:

Housing policies in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union

9135:. University of St Andrews, Centre for Syrian Studies. 9132:

Syria During the Cold War: The East European Connection

8883:. University of St Andrews, Centre for Syrian Studies. 8880:

Syria During the Cold War: The East European Connection

8165:

leadership as during the Cold War, though it was not a

8103:

in his support outside Communist Party headquarters in

7973:, who played a leading role in opening the Iron Curtain 6484: 3372: 1874: 987:, the countries aligned with the Soviet Union included 25646:

Crimes against humanity under Marxist–Leninist regimes

21735:

List of awards and honours bestowed upon Joseph Stalin

15656:

The dream that failed: reflections on the Soviet Union

14302:"Den, kdy tanky zlikvidovaly české sny Pražského jara" 14062: 11259:

Appendix B: The Council for Mutual Economic Assistance

10024:

During the initial Soviet invasion of Poland, between

6473:

per capita in certain selected countries, measured in

1959:

signed another peace treaty ceding to the Soviet Union

23467:

Current and former ruling parties of communist states

16575:"Berlin 1983: Berlin and the Wall in the early 1980s" 16200:

Iron Curtain: the Crushing of Eastern Europe, 1944–56

16054:

Stalin in Power: The Revolution from Above, 1928–1941

15081:"Trends in European Life Expectancy: a Salutary View" 14000:

The 1956 Hungarian Revolution, A History in Documents

13555:

The 1956 Hungarian Revolution, A History in Documents

11741: 11464:, Bundesgebiet Bayern, Dezember 2007, p.3 (in German) 7471:

Prague Spring and the 1968 invasion of Czechoslovakia

7030:

Housing shortages in the Eastern Bloc and Yugoslavia

4277:

In addition, the Soviets re-organised enterprises as

2572: 1754:

Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina

1491:

Provisional Military Government of Socialist Ethiopia

1019:, but also short-lived Soviet satellites such as the 665:

De-satellization of the Socialist Republic of Romania

23924:

Movement for the Liberation of São Tomé and Príncipe

21182:

Case of Trotskyist Anti-Soviet Military Organization

15995: 15944:

Stalin's Wars: From World War to Cold War, 1939–1953

15929:(PhD). City University of New York. pp. 123–157 13978:

Péter Gosztonyi, "Az 1956-os forradalom számokban",

13642: 13640: 12439:

The world hides, skins, leather and footwear economy

10193: 8599: 8429: 4376:

at the expense of light industry and other sectors.

4218:

In the USSR, because of strict Soviet secrecy under

4198: 2412:

held sway was not a mass party but, conforming with

2039: 1778:

in northern Romania were recognized as parts of the

23289:

Collectivization in the People's Republic of Poland

16294:

The Dictators: Hitler's Germany and Stalin's Russia

16168:

The Economies of Eastern Europe in a Time of Change

15177: 14425:

Die Berliner Mauer begann im Burgenland zu bröckeln

11703: 11256:Germany (East), Library of Congress Country Study, 11042: 11040: 10884:

The Role of Ideology in the Origins of the Cold War

9459: 9391: 8748:Albania was a member of the Eastern Bloc until the 4908:, manufactured between 1980 and 2008 (left); and a 4871:, manufactured between 1976 and 1990 (left); and a 4834:, manufactured between 1981 and 1995 (left); and a 4797:, manufactured between 1973 and 2000 (left) and an 2785:

Treatment of Christians in Communist Bloc countries

2440: 2231:German civilians watching Western supply planes at 869:(1947–1991). These states followed the ideology of 21467:Declaration of the Rights of the Peoples of Russia 16312: 16051: 15677: 15395:Bugajski, Janusz; Pollack, Maxine (13 June 1989). 15379:Regulation of Migration: International Experiences 13694:"Chapter II. C (The First Shots), para 56 (p. 20)" 13653:"Chapter II. C (The First Shots), para 55 (p. 20)" 12975: 10791: 9785:Myron Weiner, Sharon Stanton Russell, ed. (2001), 9544: 9247: 8844: 7345:party buildings aflame and tore the flag from the 4760:, manufactured between 1971 and 1994 (left) and a 4178:, but also adopted the brutal methods employed by 2299:The first country to experience this approach was 1843:, subsequent to which the parties entered into an 17602:People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs (NKVD) 15791: 15675: 15436:Eastern Europe in the twentieth century and after 15142:Czech republic leapfrogs Portugal in wealth terms 14775:Ghodsee, Kristen; Orenstein, Mitchell A. (2021). 14163: 13681: 13637: 13241: 13207: 10363: 10361: 10359: 10357: 9748: 9478:Ryan, James; Mastrini, Hana; Baker, Mark (2009), 9477: 8138:ended in 1989 and monarchy was restored in 1993. 3441:Housing quality in the Eastern Bloc by the 1980s 3013:, who denounced Stalin after her 1967 defection. 2392:in Europe with their representative flags (1950s) 1746:Territories of Poland annexed by the Soviet Union 25767: 23620:African Party for the Independence of Cape Verde 20479:List of Eastern Bloc agents in the United States 16586:The Lost Border: Photographs of the Iron Curtain 16252: 15998:The Baltic States: Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania 15596:Hardt, John Pearce; Kaufman, Richard F. (1995), 15336: 15110:The Effects of Communism on Romania's Population 14774: 13730:Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary 1956 13521:Stalin and Rákosi, Stalin and Hungary, 1949–1953 12927:"NEI Source Book: Fourth Edition (NEISB_3.3.A1)" 12755: 12474: 12272: 11810: 11037: 10243: 10241: 9462:The Quarterly journal of the Library of Congress 9309: 9168: 9166: 8809:International Politics in Europe: The New Agenda 8306:" had little to do with future economic growth. 7697:more independence from both and facilitated the 7446:and pledged to re-establish free elections. The 5798:GDP growth rates in percent for the given years 5058:GDP growth rates in percent for the given years 4529: 3285:22,300 square kilometres (8,600 sq mi) 1847:granting the Soviet Union the eastern region of 1209: 1168:(1946–1991, ceased participating in Comecon and 21575:On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences 18916:North Yemen-South Yemen Border conflict of 1972 18323:On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences 17612:People's Commissariat for State Security (NKGB) 15899: 15394: 15180:"25 Years of Reforms in Ex-Communist Countries" 15159:Poland became richer than Portugal in 2019: IMF 14512: 14510: 14170:"The Soviet-led Intervention in Czechoslovakia" 13517: 13501: 13499: 13497: 13495: 13493: 13491: 13489: 13487: 13485: 13472: 13470: 13468: 13466: 13237: 13235: 13233: 13203: 13201: 12996: 12751: 12749: 12747: 12745: 12743: 12741: 12692: 12688: 12686: 12677: 12673: 12671: 12626: 12622: 12620: 12618: 12491: 12489: 12487: 12485: 12483: 12470: 12468: 12466: 12464: 12462: 12460: 12458: 12456: 12268: 12266: 12241: 12239: 12237: 12235: 12153: 12151: 11806: 11804: 11802: 11800: 11798: 11796: 11794: 11792: 11790: 11358: 11356: 11354: 11352: 11350: 11276: 11274: 11119: 11117: 11115: 11106: 11094: 10995: 10993: 10187: 9644: 9642: 9369: 9236:The countries of Eastern Europe under communism 8036:On 9 November 1989, following mass protests in 7682:On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences 7612:Soviet OMON assaults on Lithuanian border posts 7373: 3229:312.7 square kilometres (120.7 sq mi) 2923:Border Troops of the German Democratic Republic 1732:Expansion of the Soviet Union from 1939 to 1940 1150:Comecon (1949–1991) and Warsaw Pact (1955–1991) 23518:People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola 15830:Post-communism and the Media in Eastern Europe 15339:A History of Eastern Europe: Crisis and Change 15311:Pew Research Center's Global Attitudes Project 15241:Pew Research Center's Global Attitudes Project 15211:Pew Research Center's Global Attitudes Project 14968:"13 mind-blowing facts about Russia's economy" 14332: 13415: 13413: 13349: 13347: 13345: 13332: 13330: 13328: 13315: 13313: 13311: 13309: 13296: 13294: 13292: 13290: 13288: 13286: 13284: 13282: 13280: 13220: 13218: 13216: 12388:"Советская экономика в эпоху Леонида Брежнева" 11942: 11920: 11918: 11916: 11914: 11859: 11857: 11855: 11853: 11626: 11624: 11508: 11506: 11090: 11088: 11086: 11084: 10667:A History of Eastern Europe: Crisis and Change 10440: 10418: 10416: 10354: 9351:, Acta Slavica Iaponica, p. 120 and 121, 8294:policies of liberalization, deregulation, and 8053:was ousted by his Politburo and replaced with 7616:Removal of Hungary's border fence with Austria 7356:A major emergency was declared and the Soviet 3429:, in the place of the former historic center. 3425:of Bucharest in the 1980s, which contains the 3313:255.8 square kilometres (98.8 sq mi) 3257:237.5 square kilometres (91.7 sq mi) 3201:108.3 square kilometres (41.8 sq mi) 3145:127.9 square kilometres (49.4 sq mi) 3117:110.9 square kilometres (42.8 sq mi) 2216: 25563:Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine 24157:Aggravation of class struggle under socialism 24122: 23452: 23203: 22069: 21150:Demolition of Cathedral of Christ the Saviour 21052:Aggravation of class struggle under socialism 20913:Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Alliance 20639: 17812: 17518: 17051: 16606: 16031: 15740:To Save a City: The Berlin Airlift, 1948–1949 15700:The UNHCR and World Politics: A Perilous Path 15598:East-Central European Economies in Transition 14114:"Photius.com, (info from CIA world Factbook)" 13453: 13451: 13449: 13447: 13434: 13432: 13430: 13428: 13364: 13362: 13258: 13256: 13254: 13252: 13250: 13224: 13188: 13186: 13094: 13039: 13037: 13035: 13022: 13020: 13018: 12909: 12907: 12894: 12892: 12879: 12877: 12864: 12862: 12860: 12858: 12845: 12843: 12841: 12839: 12826: 12824: 12822: 12820: 12728: 12726: 12724: 12711: 12709: 12707: 12705: 12703: 12701: 12532: 12530: 12528: 12526: 12524: 12522: 12520: 12518: 12516: 12359: 12357: 12355: 12353: 12351: 12222: 12220: 12207: 12205: 11840: 11838: 11836: 11823: 11821: 11819: 11751:Sociology of Memory: Papers from the Spectrum 11653: 11651: 11561: 11559: 11557: 11308: 11306: 11304: 11291: 11289: 11240:Published by Saint Hermans Press April 1997 10238: 10160:, 1983, Princeton Junction: Cognition Books, 10053:The Katyn Controversy: Stalin's Killing Field 9958: 9850:, Princeton University Press, 2003, page 396 9699: 9287:Encyclopaedic dictionary of political science 9222:Encyclopaedic Dictionary of Political Science 9163: 8825:Encyclopaedic Dictionary of Political Science 7497:came to power. In April, Dubček launched an " 7306: 4542:agricultural production between 1981 and 1986 3173:93.0 square kilometres (35.9 sq mi) 3089:28.7 square kilometres (11.1 sq mi) 2593:Propaganda in the People's Republic of Poland 2366:institutional design of communism implemented 1795:Occupation of East Poland by the Soviet Union 1696:Eastern Bloc Area Border changes 1938 to 1948 1384: 1176:in 1968 from the WP and in 1987 from Comecon) 802: 20555:Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War 18106:Incapacitation of the Allied Control Council 16013: 15809: 15715: 15676:Lipschitz, Leslie; McDonald, Donogh (1990), 15595: 15265: 15097:Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 14663:"Life expectancy of Russian men falls to 58" 14534: 14522: 14507: 14495: 14483: 14405: 14393: 14368: 14356: 14344: 14021: 13482: 13463: 13230: 13198: 13109: 13082: 13049: 12767: 12738: 12683: 12668: 12644: 12632: 12615: 12480: 12453: 12293: 12263: 12232: 12172: 12148: 12018: 11991: 11787: 11663: 11436: 11434: 11380: 11347: 11341: 11329: 11325: 11323: 11321: 11271: 11112: 11027: 11025: 11023: 11014: 10990: 10978: 10960: 10929: 10886:. Saarbrucken: Scholar's Press. p. 55. 10853: 10851: 10849: 10847: 10845: 10843: 10830: 10828: 10826: 10824: 10822: 10820: 10818: 10688: 10686: 10684: 10682: 10661: 10659: 10391: 10205: 9754: 9639: 9436:, Manchester University Press, p. 183, 9155:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 8903:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 8401:rapid" than those of Central Europe and the 7413:Demands of Hungarian Revolutionaries of 1956 5032:economies essentially began to approach the 4961:was covered by smog 135 days per year while 4912:, manufactured between 1971 and 2008 (right) 4875:, manufactured between 1974 and 1996 (right) 4838:, manufactured between 1969 and 2004 (right) 4801:, manufactured between 1978 and 1991 (right) 4764:, manufactured between 1970 and 1988 (right) 2417:high-quality domestic and/or foreign goods ( 2268:After disagreements between Yugoslav leader 1670: 1584: 1053:People's Revolutionary Government of Grenada 21110:1906 Bolshevik raid on the Tsarevich Giorgi 19416:1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre 16528:Gallery of events from Poznań 1956 protests 16074:The Two Germanies Since 1945: East and West 14063:Molnár, Adrienne; Kõrösi Zsuzsanna (1996). 13926:Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary 13853:Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary 13812:Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary 13771:Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary 13689:Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary 13648:Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary 13604:Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary 13410: 13398: 13386: 13374: 13342: 13325: 13306: 13277: 13213: 13105: 13103: 13078: 13076: 12563: 12561: 12559: 12557: 12326: 12324: 12322: 12320: 12283: 12281: 11987: 11985: 11983: 11968: 11930: 11911: 11869: 11850: 11621: 11503: 11479: 11467: 11409: 11407: 11151: 11149: 11147: 11134: 11132: 11081: 11010: 11008: 10966: 10566: 10564: 10551: 10549: 10511: 10509: 10507: 10505: 10480: 10478: 10476: 10474: 10472: 10470: 10457: 10455: 10413: 10399:. Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft. p. 1475. 10344: 10342: 10327: 10315: 10220: 10140: 10138: 10106:Lithuania 1940 : revolution from above 10088: 10086: 9903:Wspomnienia wojenne; 22 IX 1939 – 5 IV 1945 9666:Text of the Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact 9374:, Cambridge University Press, p. 150, 9305: 9303: 7725:. In 1975, the communist victory in former 7407:The revolution began after students of the 3844:113.5 square metres (1,222 sq ft) 2944:, which when combined with individual city 2824:, Hungary, Poland, and Romania founded the 2779:, was demolished in the 1930s under Stalin. 2709:Telegraph Agency of the Soviet Union (TASS) 1523: 24961:Economic Problems of Socialism in the USSR 24129: 24115: 23459: 23445: 23360:Wage reform in the Soviet Union, 1956–1962 23253:Economy of the People's Republic of Poland 23217: 23210: 23196: 22076: 22062: 21536:Economic Problems of Socialism in the USSR 20646: 20632: 20519:United States involvement in regime change 18074:1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine 17819: 17805: 17525: 17511: 17058: 17044: 16613: 16599: 16310: 15881: 15827: 14154:. William Kimber & Co. 1968, pp 32, 54 14132: 14087: 14027: 13540: 13444: 13425: 13359: 13247: 13183: 13061: 13032: 13015: 12904: 12889: 12874: 12855: 12836: 12817: 12761: 12721: 12698: 12656: 12513: 12501: 12382: 12380: 12378: 12376: 12374: 12372: 12348: 12251: 12217: 12202: 12190: 12168: 12166: 12002: 12000: 11833: 11816: 11775: 11747: 11675: 11648: 11636: 11554: 11542: 11301: 11286: 11170: 11166: 11164: 11155: 11138: 11100: 10956: 10954: 10952: 10950: 10925: 10923: 10921: 10199: 9964: 9778: 9760: 9742: 9600:. New York, USA: I.B. Tauris. p. 31. 9545:Hawkesworth, M. E.; Paynter, John (1992), 7384:After Stalin's death in 1953, a period of 4346: 4139:A line for distribution of cooking oil in 2981:with the increasingly paranoid actions of 2272:and the Soviet Union regarding Greece and 2073: 1476: 1259: 1179: 809: 795: 25523:Communist Party of the Russian Federation 23385:Economic System of Socialism (GDR, 1970s) 23355:New Economic Policy (Soviet Union, 1920s) 22085:National media in the former Eastern Bloc 21120:National delimitation in the Soviet Union 21092:Backwardness brings on beatings by others 17758:Department of State Security (Securitate) 17607:Main Directorate of State Security (GUGB) 16383: 16341: 16194: 16034:Nation, State, and the Economy in History 15863: 15755: 15559: 14751: 14694: 14632: 14614: 14320: 14263: 14069:IX. International Oral History Conference 11583: 11530: 11518: 11431: 11335: 11318: 11020: 10935: 10881: 10863: 10840: 10815: 10710: 10698: 10679: 10656: 10600: 10527: 10333: 10321: 10253: 10216: 10214: 9934:"okupacja sowiecka ziem polskich 1939–41" 9660: 9658: 9372:Nation, state, and the economy in history 9342: 9340: 9219: 9213: 8822: 6483:Nominal GDP per Capita, according to the 4727:and exported throughout the Eastern Bloc. 4518:widespread used of coercion, repression, 2088:Political situation in Europe during the 2028:At the beginning of the July–August 1945 1955:World War II on the Soviet-Finnish border 1839:In 1939, the Soviet Union unsuccessfully 1291: 1243: 1155: 880:. The Eastern Bloc was often called the " 25656:Criticism of Marxist–Leninist party rule 24366:General Secretary of the Communist Party 23489:People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan 21062:Great Construction Projects of Communism 17640:Directorate of State Security (Sigurimi) 17597:Joint State Political Directorate (OGPU) 16757:Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia 16458:, and does not reflect subsequent edits. 16441: 16253:Myant, Martin; Drahokoupil, Jan (2010), 16234: 16146: 16032:Teichova, Alice; Matis, Herbert (2003), 15977: 15773: 15697: 15613: 15577: 15433: 15337:Bideleux, Robert; Jeffries, Ian (2007), 14540: 14528: 14516: 14501: 14489: 14411: 14399: 14362: 14350: 14326: 14236: 14224: 14138: 13576: 13505: 13476: 13457: 13438: 13419: 13404: 13392: 13380: 13368: 13353: 13336: 13319: 13300: 13192: 13100: 13073: 12970: 12943: 12650: 12638: 12554: 12542: 12495: 12336: 12317: 12305: 12299: 12278: 12157: 11980: 11974: 11924: 11875: 11863: 11827: 11781: 11709: 11669: 11630: 11512: 11485: 11473: 11419: 11404: 11392: 11386: 11362: 11280: 11144: 11129: 11123: 11005: 10999: 10984: 10972: 10758: 10734: 10588: 10576: 10561: 10546: 10502: 10496: 10467: 10452: 10373: 10339: 10135: 10083: 9679: 9627: 9595: 9511: 9370:Teichova, Alice; Herbert, Matis (2003), 9300: 8689:Military occupations by the Soviet Union 8439: 8347: 8027: 8017: 7965: 7826: 7659:in 1953, the Korean War ceased with the 7651:(1949) and Chinese participation in the 7623: 7538: 7516:expressing support, while Soviet leader 7485:A period of political liberalization in 7433: 6941: 6460: 6445: 5962:Czechoslovak Socialist Republic/Slovakia 5264:Czechoslovak Socialist Republic/Slovakia 4644: 4533: 4202: 4134: 4062: 4042:72.5 square metres (780 sq ft) 4039:70.9 square metres (763 sq ft) 4036:59.2 square metres (637 sq ft) 4020:56.8 square metres (611 sq ft) 4017:52.3 square metres (563 sq ft) 4014:46.8 square metres (504 sq ft) 3998:57.5 square metres (619 sq ft) 3995:57.0 square metres (614 sq ft) 3992:44.9 square metres (483 sq ft) 3976:71.0 square metres (764 sq ft) 3973:64.0 square metres (689 sq ft) 3970:54.3 square metres (584 sq ft) 3954:83.0 square metres (893 sq ft) 3951:67.0 square metres (721 sq ft) 3948:61.5 square metres (662 sq ft) 3932:61.2 square metres (659 sq ft) 3929:62.7 square metres (675 sq ft) 3926:55.0 square metres (592 sq ft) 3910:81.8 square metres (880 sq ft) 3907:73.8 square metres (794 sq ft) 3904:67.2 square metres (723 sq ft) 3888:66.9 square metres (720 sq ft) 3885:59.0 square metres (635 sq ft) 3882:63.7 square metres (686 sq ft) 3843: 3421:). Under this ideology, Ceaușescu built 3371: 2954: 2766: 2604: 2447:Political repression in the Soviet Union 2383: 2351: 2226: 2101: 2083: 1963:Karelo-Finnish Soviet Socialist Republic 1900: 1853:Karelo-Finnish Soviet Socialist Republic 1691: 1400: 1275: 1140: 1061:People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia 31: 25548:Kampuchean People's Revolutionary Party 23600:Kampuchean People's Revolutionary Party 23375:New Economic Mechanism (Hungary, 1960s) 21478:Alleged 19 August 1939 speech 18645:Transition to the New Order (Indonesia) 16535:Videos of the 1956 Hungarian Revolution 16332: 16107: 16089: 15941: 15900:Pollack, Detlef; Wielgohs, Jan (2004), 15845: 15653: 15635: 14818: 14275: 13918: 13262: 13067: 13055: 13043: 13026: 12913: 12898: 12883: 12868: 12849: 12830: 12732: 12536: 12507: 12369: 12257: 12245: 12226: 12211: 12196: 12163: 11997: 11844: 11681: 11657: 11589: 11577: 11548: 11491: 11368: 11312: 11295: 11250: 11161: 10947: 10918: 10532:. New York: Anthem Press. p. 119. 10446: 10367: 10247: 9812:The Soviets organized staged elections, 9717: 9711: 9705: 9548:Encyclopedia of government and politics 9313:The New Dictionary of Cultural Literacy 9268:from the original on 5 September 2015. 9013: 9011: 9009: 8865:from the original on 5 September 2015. 8157:occupation of the former Eastern Bloc. 7903:East Germany reunited with West Germany 7889:, the opening of a border gate between 7887:June 1989 Polish parliamentary election 7645:People's Federal Republic of Yugoslavia 6937: 6469:The following table lists the level of 4170:The Soviets mandated expropriation and 3666:Housing quality in Hungary (1949–1990) 3348:themselves as good communist citizens. 2471:Suppressed research in the Soviet Union 2459:Population transfer in the Soviet Union 2063:Early events prompting stricter control 1654: 1460: 1416: 1378: 14: 25768: 25626:All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) 24946:Dialectical and Historical Materialism 24558:Socialism with Chinese characteristics 23835:Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party 22143:Mass media in Communist Czechoslovakia 22094:Eastern Bloc information dissemination 21513:Dialectical and Historical Materialism 20489:Russian espionage in the United States 18761:Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia 17776:Department of National Security (OZNA) 16861:Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia 16359: 16216: 16128: 16071: 16049: 15959: 15848:The Rise and Fall of the Soviet Empire 15737: 15580:Eastern Europe, Central Europe, Europe 15560:Grenville, John Ashley Soames (2005), 15537: 15517: 15495: 15376: 15287:from the original on 25 September 2018 14906: 14904: 14873: 14814: 14812: 14660: 14656: 14654: 14652: 14338: 14248: 14202:. The Prague Spring Foundation. 1998. 14188: 13170:"Un statistics Division December 2016" 12715: 12662: 12363: 12184: 12102:from the original on 23 September 2018 12092:"Agreements concluded with Paris Club" 12072:from the original on 23 September 2018 12062:"Agreements concluded with Paris Club" 12042:from the original on 23 September 2018 12032:"Agreements concluded with Paris Club" 11956:from the original on 23 September 2015 11642: 11565: 11031: 10941: 10869: 10857: 10834: 10809: 10797: 10764: 10752: 10740: 10728: 10716: 10704: 10692: 10618: 10606: 10594: 10582: 10570: 10555: 10515: 10484: 10461: 10379: 10348: 10259: 10211: 10158:Latvia in the Wars of the 20th century 10144: 10092: 9787:"Stalinist Forced Relocation Policies" 9655: 9633: 9579: 9409: 9346: 9337: 9241: 9108:, University of Michigan Press, 2007, 8391:United Nations Human Development Index 8111:after a brief trial three days later. 7717:by the United States but Cuban leader 7481:Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia 6706:People's Socialist Republic of Albania 6477:, for the years 1970, 1989, and 2015: 5821:People's Socialist Republic of Albania 5087:People's Socialist Republic of Albania 4108:Eastern Bloc information dissemination 2873:Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia 2691:Kauno diena (annexed former Lithuania) 2633:Central newspapers of the Soviet Union 2589:Mass media in Communist Czechoslovakia 2400:The first or General Secretary of the 1350:(1919–1991, UN member state from 1945) 1336:(1919–1991, UN member state from 1945) 25025:Industrialization in the Soviet Union 24110: 23940:Seychelles People's Progressive Front 23534:People's Revolutionary Party of Benin 23440: 23191: 22933:Belarus Television (Byelorussian SSR) 22057: 20627: 20484:Soviet espionage in the United States 18640:Indonesian mass killings of 1965–1966 18419:Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution 18084:1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight 17800: 17781:Directorate for State Security (UDBA) 17559:Telephone tapping in the Eastern Bloc 17506: 17039: 16827:1949 East German State Railway strike 16799:World Federation of Democratic Youth 16594: 16290: 16270: 16164: 15778:, Central European University Press, 15638:Soviet Defectors: The KGB Wanted List 15473: 14009:from the original on 8 September 2006 13969:, Vol. 33, No. 2, April 1998, p. 210. 13564:from the original on 8 September 2006 12567: 12548: 11536: 11524: 11440: 11425: 11413: 11398: 11182: 9996:and "counter-revolutionary activity", 9464:, vol. 37, Library of Congress, 9431: 9316:, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, p. 9172: 8962:De-satellization of Communist Romania 8911: 8699:Telephone tapping in the Eastern Bloc 8535:Sathalanalat Paxathipatai Paxaxon Lao 7321:, a dramatic increase of emigration ( 4104:Eastern Bloc emigration and defection 3041:women who bore ten or more children. 2879:Emigration restrictions and defectors 2775:, once the most dominant landmark in 2467:Telephone tapping in the Eastern Bloc 2291:Stalin ordered the conversion of the 1970:conferences regarding Post-War Europe 1687: 1033:People's Democratic Republic of Yemen 25568:Sandinista National Liberation Front 25020:Collectivization in the Soviet Union 24136: 23959:Somali Revolutionary Socialist Party 23370:Kosygin reform (Soviet Union, 1960s) 23299:Collectivization in the Soviet Union 22953:Lietuvos Televizija (Lithuanian SSR) 21596:22nd Congress of the Communist Party 21554:20th Congress of the Communist Party 20997:19th Congress of the Communist Party 20834:18th Congress of the Communist Party 20799:17th Congress of the Communist Party 20560:Soviet Union–United States relations 18911:1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China 17735:Ministry of Public Security (UB/MBP) 16698:Soviet response to the Marshall Plan 16493:Photographic project "Eastern Bloc" 15917: 15451: 15415: 14923:from the original on 28 January 2021 14552: 14206:from the original on 17 January 2008 14120:from the original on 16 January 2009 12006: 11936: 11899:from the original on 29 January 2005 11497: 11374: 11046: 10397:Elections in Europe: A Data Handbook 10108:, Amsterdam, New York, Rodopi, 2007 10098: 9793:, Berghahn Books, pp. 308–315, 9397: 9006: 8779:The Division of the World, 1941–1955 8126:, which refused to take part in it. 7781:reformed and liberalized its economy 7335:Eastern Bloc emigration restrictions 4300: 4128:(the most prominent nation) and the 4097: 2997:, effectively closing the loophole. 2257: 2114:(between 30 April and 24 June 1975) 1875:Eastern Front and Allied conferences 1851:(10% of Finnish territory), and the 1552:Soviet Civil Administration in Korea 888:" referred to the Western Bloc and " 344:World Federation of Democratic Youth 25577:Militarized Communist Party of Peru 25528:Communist Party of the Soviet Union 24326:Socialist state of the whole people 23992:Communist Party of the Soviet Union 23820:Vanguard of the Malagasy Revolution 23238:Economy of Communist Czechoslovakia 22915:Leningrad Television (Russian SFSR) 21530:Marxism and Problems of Linguistics 20754:Anti-religious campaign (1921–1928) 20524:Soviet involvement in regime change 17694:Ministry for State Security (Stasi) 17363:Communist Party of the Soviet Union 15680:German unification: economic issues 14901: 14809: 14649: 14172:. Soviethistory.org. Archived from 10665:Bideleux, Robert and Ian Jeffries, 8241:Communist Party of the Soviet Union 7981:between Austria and Hungary at the 7805:. In the late 1980s, Soviet leader 4256: 3337: 2915:Passport system in the Soviet Union 2681:Rahva Hääl (annexed former Estonia) 1818:occupations of the Baltic countries 1766:In 1939, the USSR entered into the 1637:(1969–1991; severed alignment 1978) 24: 25716:State ideology of the Soviet Union 25518:Communist Party of the Philippines 25508:Communist Party of India (Marxist) 24043:League of Communists of Yugoslavia 24006:Tuvan People's Revolutionary Party 23785:Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party 21677:Comparison of Nazism and Stalinism 21496:The History of the Communist Party 21315:Soviet offensive plans controversy 21280:Ideological repression in science 20824:1937 Islamic rebellion in Xinjiang 20565:Soviet Union–United States summits 18039:1947 Polish parliamentary election 17924:Guerrilla war in the Baltic states 17622:Committee for State Security (KGB) 17416:League of Communists of Yugoslavia 17234:Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party 16920:Sovietization of the Baltic states 16428: 16187: 15742:, Texas A&M University Press, 15540:Contexts of International Politics 15418:Europe Since 1945: An Encyclopedia 14789:10.1093/oso/9780197549230.001.0001 14280:, Praeger Publishers, p. 10, 14028:Cseresnyés, Ferenc (Summer 1999), 13943:from the original on 20 March 2009 13870:from the original on 20 March 2009 13829:from the original on 20 March 2009 13788:from the original on 20 March 2009 13747:from the original on 20 March 2009 13706:from the original on 20 March 2009 13665:from the original on 20 March 2009 13621:from the original on 20 March 2009 13518:János M. Rainer (4 October 1997), 12929:. 8 September 2010. Archived from 12130:Poles Vote to Seek War Reparations 10385: 9946:from the original on 24 March 2019 8561:Cộng hòa xã hội chủ nghĩa Việt Nam 8286:Writing in 2016, German historian 7854:, the reform-minded Soviet leader 7787:in comparison with the capitalist 5789:United Nations Statistics Division 5024:("thirty glorious years") and the 4640: 4600:took place between 1947 and 1952. 4476:Second economy of the Soviet Union 4193: 4126:naiboleye vydayushchayasya natsiya 3449:Adequate sanitation % (year) 3367: 3009:included Joseph Stalin's daughter 2929:Treaty on the Creation of the USSR 2573:Media and information restrictions 2019:1947 Polish parliamentary election 991:from 1961 and for limited periods 418:Guerrilla war in the Baltic states 25: 25842: 24574:Scientific Outlook on Development 24189:Commanding heights of the economy 23695:Communist Party of Czechoslovakia 23390:Perestroika (Soviet Union, 1980s) 21715:Generalissimo of the Soviet Union 21446:Marxism and the National Question 20653: 19326:Lord's Resistance Army insurgency 19261:United States invasion of Grenada 18531:Guinea-Bissau War of Independence 18472:Expulsion of Soviets from Albania 17786:Counterintelligence Service (KOS) 17658:Committee for State Security (DS) 17592:State Political Directorate (GPU) 17149:Communist Party of Czechoslovakia 16791:World Federation of Trade Unions 16523:Kistler-Ritso Estonian Foundation 16487:Candid photos of the Eastern Bloc 16405: 16131:Stalin and the Cold War in Europe 15108:Chavez, Lesly Allyn (June 2014). 14577:from the original on 2 April 2019 14299: 12805:from the original on 25 July 2013 12394:from the original on 2 April 2015 11609:from the original on 2 April 2015 10640:. 9 February 1948. Archived from 10422:11 February 1945 Potsdam Report, 10130:Stalin: The Court of the Red Tsar 9066:, Oxford University Press, 2003, 8430:List of existing communist states 8359:enlargement of the European Union 7363:Group of Soviet Forces in Germany 4633:those eastwardly adjacent to the 4199:Transformations billed as reforms 2839:was formed partly in response to 2579:Eastern Bloc media and propaganda 2356:Countries which once had overtly 2040:Concealed transformation dynamics 1238:Soviet occupation zone of Germany 1136: 1125:. However, some sources consider 25786:1991 disestablishments in Europe 25749: 25737: 25553:Lao People's Revolutionary Party 24971:Fundamentals of Marxism–Leninism 24346:Civilian control of the military 24301:People's democratic dictatorship 23805:Lao People's Revolutionary Party 23780:Hungarian Working People's Party 23709:Socialist Unity Party of Germany 23380:New Economic System (GDR, 1960s) 23026:Public Radio of the Armenian SSR 22038: 22037: 21355:Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina 20819:Soviet–Japanese border conflicts 19401:United States invasion of Panama 19251:1982 Ethiopian–Somali Border War 18891:1971 Turkish military memorandum 18854:Communist insurgency in Thailand 18824:Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty 18756:Communist insurgency in Malaysia 18583:Assassination of John F. Kennedy 18511:Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation 18029:Restatement of Policy on Germany 17717:Ministry of Internal Affairs III 17712:State Protection Authority (ÁVH) 17617:Ministry of State Security (MGB) 17587:Extraordinary Commission (Cheka) 17230:Hungarian Working People's Party 17192:Socialist Unity Party of Germany 17008:January 1991 events in Lithuania 16666:Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina 16620: 16519:Museum of occupations of Estonia 16499:RFE/RL East German Subject Files 16440: 16319:, University Press of Kentucky, 16208:Journal of Economic Perspectives 15812:The history of the Baltic States 15299: 15259: 15247:from the original on 20 May 2018 15229: 15217:from the original on 19 May 2018 15199: 15171: 15151: 15134: 15115: 15102: 15086: 15073: 15056: 15051:Economics Research International 15045:Safaei, Jalil (31 August 2011). 15039: 15023: 15010: 14985: 14960: 14935: 14867: 14768: 14711: 14661:Ciment, James (21 August 1999). 14589: 14546: 14474: 14465: 14456: 14447: 14438: 14417: 14293: 14276:Chafetz, Glenn (30 April 1993), 14269: 14257: 14242: 14230: 14218: 14157: 14144: 14106: 14075:from the original on 7 June 2007 14071:. Gotegorg. pp. 1169–1166. 14056: 13985: 13972: 13959: 13886: 13845: 13804: 13763: 13722: 13596: 13511: 13268: 13162: 13141: 13129:from the original on 17 May 2017 13115: 13088: 12964: 12937: 12919: 12791: 12782: 12773: 12594: 12573: 12444: 12432: 12406: 12178: 12123: 12114: 12084: 12054: 12024: 12012: 11881: 11687: 11595: 11571: 11446: 11230: 11201: 11176: 9890:Soviet authorities withdrew the 9791:Demography and National Security 9650:German-Soviet Nonaggression Pact 9624:Oxford Univ. Press, 1948. p. 106 9224:, Sarup & Sons, p. 65, 8827:, Sarup & Sons, p. 65, 8716: 8658: 8644: 8630: 8616: 8602: 8544:Lao People's Revolutionary Party 8327:-backed rapid privatization and 8153:towards the West instead of the 7870:Gorbachev initiated a policy of 7628:The Cold War in 1980 before the 7317:Three months after the death of 7313:Uprising of 1953 in East Germany 6651:Czechoslovak Socialist Republic/ 5936:Czechoslovak Socialist Republic/ 5232:Czechoslovak Socialist Republic/ 4894: 4885: 4857: 4848: 4820: 4811: 4783: 4774: 4746: 4737: 4705: 4696: 4469: 2885:Emigration from the Eastern Bloc 2797: 2666:Neues Deutschland (East Germany) 2451:Human rights in the Soviet Union 2441:Political and civil restrictions 2248:Socialist Unity Party of Germany 1889:List of World War II conferences 1869:Soviets occupied the territories 1841:attempted an invasion of Finland 1672: 1656: 1641: 1628: 1615: 1601: 1586: 1572: 1558: 1540: 1525: 1511: 1497: 1478: 1462: 1447: 1433: 1418: 1402: 1386: 1356: 1340: 1326: 1308: 1293: 1277: 1261: 1245: 1226: 1211: 1196: 1181: 1157: 904:, which was located in Europe. 339:World Federation of Trade Unions 52: 24296:Dictatorship of the proletariat 24271:Theory of the productive forces 21740:Statue of Joseph Stalin, Berlin 20876:Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact 20866:Occupation of the Baltic states 20121:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty 19502:Dissolution of the Soviet Union 19431:Fall of the inner German border 19331:1988 Black Sea bumping incident 18981:Strategic Arms Limitation Talks 18971:Spanish transition to democracy 18931:1972–1975 Bangladesh insurgency 18558:Communist insurgency in Sarawak 18064:Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948 17945:Occupation of the Baltic states 16732:Czechoslovak Socialist Republic 16476:"Photographs of Russia in 1967" 16387:Estonia: Return to Independence 15684:, International Monetary Fund, 15614:Harrison, Hope Millard (2003), 14378:, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. 14304:. Britské Listy. Archived from 13967:Journal of Contemporary History 13817:"Chapter II.F, para 65 (p. 22)" 13776:"Chapter II.C, para 58 (p. 20)" 11889:"Központi Statisztikai Hivatal" 10909: 10900: 10875: 10803: 10770: 10746: 10722: 10624: 10612: 10521: 10490: 10395:; Stöver, Philip, eds. (2010). 10304: 10282: 10265: 10225:, Manchester University Press, 10150: 10118: 10018: 9970: 9884: 9860: 9806: 9749:Nekrich, Ulam & Freeze 1997 9614: 9589: 9573: 9538: 9505: 9484:, John Wiley and Sons, p. 9471: 9453: 9425: 9403: 9363: 9279: 8978: 8966: 8954: 8794:Encyclopedia of World Geography 8319:skyrocketed to 32%. In Russia, 8255:before 1991). Azerbaijan is an 8116:1968 invasion of Czechoslovakia 7927:1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt 7783:while the Eastern Bloc saw the 7596:Dissolution of the Soviet Union 7255:59,917,900. By the late 1980s, 5010: 4662:this increased to 80% in 1980. 4508: 4381:dictatorship of the proletariat 4151:The defining characteristic of 3461:More than 1 person/room % 2204:August 1947 Hungarian elections 2015:1946 Polish people's referendum 1750:Occupation of the Baltic states 1049:People's Republic of Mozambique 1025:People's Republic of Azerbaijan 25248:People's Republic of Kampuchea 24966:A Critique of Soviet Economics 24321:State of socialist orientation 22948:Rigas Televīzija (Latvian SSR) 18901:Four Power Agreement on Berlin 18536:Mozambican War of Independence 17975:Indonesian National Revolution 16297:, W. W. Norton & Company, 16151:, Cambridge University Press, 16058:, W. W. Norton & Company, 16036:, Cambridge University Press, 15814:, Greenwood Publishing Group, 15760:, Cambridge University Press, 15329: 15016:Hauck, Owen (2 February 2016) 12982:. W. W. Norton & Company. 10221:Kennedy-Pip, Caroline (1995), 9098: 9077: 9056: 9035: 8768: 8755: 8742: 8235:until 1992. All presidents of 8169:. The five states all adopted 7931:1989 Tiananmen Square protests 7679:'s 1956 anti-Stalinist speech 7585: 7365:using tanks, as well as 8,000 2891:List of Eastern Bloc defectors 2597:Propaganda in the Soviet Union 1718:Treaty of Creation of the USSR 1318:(1922–1991; previously as the 1113:which had both split with the 1037:People's Republic of the Congo 1021:Second East Turkestan Republic 1002: 13: 1: 25781:1945 establishments in Europe 24182:Soviet-type economic planning 24152:Administrative-command system 23955:Supreme Revolutionary Council 23248:Goulash (Hungarian) Communism 22858:Bulgarian National Television 21581:Gomulka thaw (Polish October) 21392:1946–1947 Soviet famine 20965:1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état 20499:CIA and the Cultural Cold War 19514:Dissolution of Czechoslovakia 19467:Min Ping Yu No. 5540 incident 19189:1984 Summer Olympics boycotts 19154:Seven Days to the River Rhine 18886:Corrective Revolution (Egypt) 18173:March 1949 Syrian coup d'état 18101:1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état 17013:January 1991 events in Latvia 17003:Dissolution of Czechoslovakia 16752:Socialist Republic of Romania 16727:People's Republic of Bulgaria 16719:People's Republic of Albania 16688:1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état 16513:Blinken Open Society Archives 16503:Blinken Open Society Archives 15796:, Columbia University Press, 15756:Miscamble, Wilson D. (2007), 15578:Graubard, Stephen R. (1991), 14616:10.1016/S2468-2667(17)30072-5 14040:(154): 86–101, archived from 13242:Lipschitz & McDonald 1990 13208:Lipschitz & McDonald 1990 12416:. 2000.net.ua. Archived from 10430:, Taylor & Francis, 2001 8994: 7951:following the replacement of 7637:1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état 7604:January 1991 events in Latvia 7600:Dissolution of Czechoslovakia 7005:organisations to produce the 6811:Socialist Republic of Romania 6688:People's Republic of Bulgaria 5913:Socialist Republic of Romania 5844:People's Republic of Bulgaria 5203:Socialist Republic of Romania 5116:People's Republic of Bulgaria 4530:Agricultural collectivization 3362:system-built apartment blocks 3016: 2671:Rabotnichesko Delo (Bulgaria) 2455:Elections in the Soviet Union 2181:, and other neutral countries 2144:: Countries aligned with the 2123:: Countries aligned with the 2069:Formation of the Eastern Bloc 951:, the Eastern Bloc comprised 781:Dissolution of Czechoslovakia 25513:Communist Party of Kampuchea 25135:Hungarian Revolution of 1956 25060:Chinese Communist Revolution 24371:Highest organ of state power 24234:Proletarian internationalism 23895:Polish United Workers' Party 23585:Communist Party of Kampuchea 22943:First Channel (Georgian SSR) 21730:1956 Georgian demonstrations 19492:Fall of communism in Albania 19462:Mongolian Revolution of 1990 19411:Polish Round Table Agreement 18751:1968 Polish political crisis 18568:Eritrean War of Independence 18334:Hungarian Revolution of 1956 18229:East German uprising of 1953 18161:Chinese Communist Revolution 17826: 17287:Polish United Workers' Party 16998:Collapse of the Soviet Union 16988:Fall of communism in Albania 16133:, Rowman & Littlefield, 16072:Turner, Henry Ashby (1987), 16014:Roht-Arriaza, Naomi (1995), 15904:, Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., 15882:Piotrowski, Tadeusz (2007), 14724:BMJ: British Medical Journal 14667:BMJ: British Medical Journal 14556:Europe since 1989: A History 13982:(Budapest), 3 November 1990. 13593:. Retrieved 22 October 2006. 12756:Bideleux & Jeffries 2007 12475:Bideleux & Jeffries 2007 12273:Bideleux & Jeffries 2007 11811:Bideleux & Jeffries 2007 9870:, ed. Wlodzimierz Bonusiak, 9460:Library of Congress (1980), 8999: 8796:, Marshall Cavendish, 2001, 8729:are administered under the " 8281: 8001:to test the reaction of the 7750:People's Republic of Albania 7723:Cuban intervention in Angola 7687:Hungarian Revolution of 1956 7673:East German uprising of 1953 7649:Chinese Communist Revolution 7534:proletarian internationalism 7402:Polish United Workers' Party 7380:Hungarian Revolution of 1956 7374:Hungarian Revolution of 1956 7264:Central Committee meetings. 7021: 4207:Reconstruction of a typical 4058: 3840: 1885:Eastern Front (World War II) 913:Central and Eastern European 776:Fall of communism in Albania 731:Polish Round Table Agreement 686:Cuban intervention in Angola 7: 25543:Indochinese Communist Party 25180:Maoist insurgency in Turkey 25175:New People's Army rebellion 24956:Britain's Road to Socialism 24281:Wars of national liberation 23329:Collectivization in Romania 23309:Collectivization in Ukraine 23294:Collectivization in Hungary 23243:Economy of the Soviet Union 21745:Stalin Monument in Budapest 21412:Night of the Murdered Poets 21330:Allegations of antisemitism 21067:Engineers of the human soul 20814:Soviet invasion of Xinjiang 20790:Sino-Soviet conflict (1929) 19366:Korean Air Lines Flight 007 19094:Korean Air Lines Flight 902 18839:Corrective Movement (Syria) 18803:New People's Army rebellion 18798:Sino-Soviet border conflict 18526:Angolan War of Independence 18389:Second Taiwan Strait Crisis 18269:1954 Guatemalan coup d'état 17914:Jamaican political conflict 16973:End of communism in Hungary 16742:Hungarian People's Republic 16018:, Oxford University Press, 15960:Shirer, William L. (1990), 15738:Miller, Roger Gene (2000), 15702:, Oxford University Press, 15636:Krasnov, Vladislav (1985), 15521:The Cold War: A New History 15518:Gaddis, John Lewis (2005), 15496:Frucht, Richard C. (2003), 15112:. Retrieved 4 January 2021] 15099:. Retrieved 4 January 2021. 15092:C Dolea, E Nolte, M McKee. 15068:Social Science and Medicine 15036:. Retrieved 4 January 2021. 14972:markets.businessinsider.com 14882:University of Chicago Press 14227:, pp. 36 & 172–181 14030:"The '56 Exodus to Austria" 12693:Bugajski & Pollack 1989 12678:Bugajski & Pollack 1989 12627:Bugajski & Pollack 1989 11107:Pollack & Wielgohs 2004 11095:Pollack & Wielgohs 2004 10882:Lewkowicz, Nicolas (2020). 10776:Fritsch-Bournazel, Renata, 10528:Lewkowicz, Nicolas (2018). 10271:The occupation accompanied 8595: 7993:, which was then headed by 7777:Sino-Soviet border conflict 6888:While it can be argued the 6829:Hungarian People's Republic 5867:Hungarian People's Republic 5145:Hungarian People's Republic 4553:in the late 1920s by which 3049:countries were as follows: 2762: 2676:Rudé právo (Czechoslovakia) 2643:Czerwony Sztandar (Vilnius) 2341: 2217:Berlin blockade and airlift 1968:From 1943 to 1945, several 1921:Premier of the Soviet Union 1088:Mongolian People's Republic 1045:People's Republic of Angola 861:that were aligned with the 164:Allied and satellite states 10: 25847: 25816:European political history 25661:Marxist schools of thought 25588:Portuguese Communist Party 25533:Communist Party of Vietnam 24526:Kaysone Phomvihane Thought 24028:Communist Party of Vietnam 23731:Workers' Party of Ethiopia 23562:African Independence Party 23503:Party of Labour of Albania 23314:Land Reforms (Afghanistan) 23076:Radio Berlin International 22698:Neue Berliner Illustrierte 21785:Stalin Bloc – For the USSR 21755:Joseph Stalin Museum, Gori 20903:Soviet atomic bomb project 19562:Sino-Indian border dispute 19391:First Nagorno-Karabakh War 19321:1987–1989 JVP insurrection 19079:1976 Argentine coup d'état 18991:Turkish invasion of Cyprus 18941:1973 Uruguayan coup d'état 18625:1964 Brazilian coup d'état 18593:Cyprus crisis of 1963–1964 18282:First Taiwan Strait Crisis 18049:Asian Relations Conference 17093:Party of Labour of Albania 16737:German Democratic Republic 16539:RADIO FREE EUROPE Research 16368:Princeton University Press 16342:Saxonberg, Steven (2001), 16333:Roberts, Geoffrey (2002), 16217:Grogin, Robert C. (2001), 16050:Tucker, Robert C. (1992), 15942:Roberts, Geoffrey (2006), 15774:Navrátil, Jaromír (2006), 15620:Princeton University Press 15544:Cambridge University Press 15502:Taylor & Francis Group 15053:. Retrieved 4 January 2021 15034:Social Indicators Research 14561:Princeton University Press 12944:Medvedev, Grigori (1989). 11605:. Kprf.ru. 13 April 2008. 10174:Encyclopedia of Soviet Law 9894:without exchanging rubles, 9289:, Sarup & Sons, 2003, 9173:Ginat, Rami (April 2000). 8912:Ginat, Rami (April 2000). 8588:Communist Party of Vietnam 8433: 7947:Major reforms occurred in 7865:Central and Eastern Europe 7839:and the United States-led 7742:invasion of Czechoslovakia 7643:over the direction of the 7589: 7474: 7400:as First Secretary of the 7377: 7310: 7307:1953 East Germany uprising 7301: 7230: 7208: 7186: 7164: 7142: 7120: 7098: 7076: 7054: 6993:(1961) and 0.9 in 1961 in 4549:is a process pioneered by 4538:Graphic showing change in 4486:second, "parallel economy" 4473: 4304: 4101: 4030: 4008: 3986: 3964: 3942: 3920: 3898: 3876: 3854: 3770: 3750: 3730: 3710: 3690: 3641: 3619: 3597: 3575: 3553: 3531: 3509: 3487: 3465: 3351: 3307: 3279: 3251: 3223: 3195: 3167: 3139: 3111: 3083: 3076:Annual growth (1950–1985) 2972:, taking advantage of the 2942:internal passport controls 2888: 2882: 2801: 2782: 2773:Alexander Nevsky Cathedral 2582: 2576: 2444: 2345: 2261: 2220: 2156:, and allies), led by the 2077: 2066: 2003:taken via invasion in 1939 1878: 1803:newly Soviet-annexed areas 1780:Soviet sphere of influence 1735: 1550:(1948–1990, previously as 1489:(1987–1991, previously as 1366:(1976–1989, previously as 1236:(1949–1989; previously as 1065:Somali Democratic Republic 1041:People's Republic of Benin 847:Central and Eastern Europe 25821:History of Eastern Europe 25733: 25619: 25595: 25538:Communist Party of Malaya 25493:Communist Party of Brazil 25466: 25207: 25190:Internal conflict in Peru 24983: 24934: 24655: 24466:Kimilsungism–Kimjongilism 24414: 24376:Leading role of the party 24333: 24311:National-democratic state 24306:People's democratic state 24289: 24144: 24063:List of communist parties 24058: 24035: 24012: 23998: 23984: 23973:National Liberation Front 23965: 23947: 23932: 23915: 23901: 23883: 23865: 23842: 23827: 23812: 23794: 23769: 23752: 23738: 23715: 23701: 23687: 23669: 23655:Congolese Party of Labour 23646: 23628: 23611: 23591: 23577: 23568: 23554: 23548:Bulgarian Communist Party 23540: 23526: 23509: 23495: 23481: 23472: 23398: 23347: 23339:Systematization (Romania) 23304:Battle for trade (Poland) 23281: 23273:Economy of SFR Yugoslavia 23225: 23165:Soviet Information Bureau 23131: 23117:Program 1 Polskiego Radia 22975: 22958:Canalul 1 (Moldavian SSR) 22844: 22537: 22359:Haqiqat-e Inquilab-e Saur 22151: 22108:Media of the Soviet Union 22100: 22091: 22033: 21950: 21811: 21793: 21765:Places named after Stalin 21750:Stalin Monument in Prague 21697: 21609: 21544: 21430: 21274:Repressions in Azerbaijan 21100: 21009: 20992:1950 legislative election 20918:1946 legislative election 20829:1937 legislative election 20741: 20690: 20681: 20661: 20598: 20547: 20469: 20446:William Appleman Williams 20391:Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr. 20173: 20145: 20094: 20026: 20019: 19953: 19818: 19743: 19673: 19666: 19575: 19522: 19454: 19167: 18906:Bangladesh Liberation War 18896:1971 Sudanese coup d'état 18811: 18783:1969 Sudanese coup d'état 18771:1968 Peruvian coup d'état 18434: 18209:Arab Cold War (1952–1979) 18186: 17896: 17834: 17766: 17748: 17725: 17702: 17684: 17666: 17648: 17630: 17577: 17544: 17414: 17361: 17333: 17281: 17228: 17190: 17147: 17116:Bulgarian Communist Party 17114: 17091: 17082: 17078: 16948: 16925:Information dissemination 16902: 16852:1956 Hungarian Revolution 16842:1953 East German uprising 16810: 16768: 16711: 16648: 16628: 16311:Puddington, Arch (2003), 16147:Williams, Kieran (1997), 16076:, Yale University Press, 15946:, Yale University Press, 15868:, Duke University Press, 15846:Pearson, Raymond (1998), 15416:Cook, Bernard A. (2001), 14874:Mattei, Clara E. (2022). 14837:10.1080/00346760902968421 14679:10.1136/bmj.319.7208.468a 13892:Video: Revolt in Hungary 13225:Teichova & Matis 2003 13095:Teichova & Matis 2003 12947:The Truth About Chernobyl 11716:Czech Sociological Review 11068:10.1017/S0018246X05004486 11047:Mark, James (June 2005). 10780:, Berg Publishers, 1990, 10043:28 September 2015 at the 9978:Gustaw Herling-Grudziński 9845:27 September 2015 at the 9825:23 September 2009 at the 9689:, RoutledgeCurzon, 2002, 9676:, executed 23 August 1939 9648:Encyclopædia Britannica, 9596:Sunayama, Sonoko (2007). 9516:, Springer, p. 362, 9191:10.1080/00263200008701312 8930:10.1080/00263200008701312 8487:Zhōnghuá Rénmín Gònghéguó 8276: 8161:is still led by the same 7831:Soviet General Secretary 7729:following the end of the 7452:last pocket of resistance 7388:followed, with reformist 4513:The extensive production 3815: 3812: 2601:Soviet Information Bureau 2336:Free Territory of Trieste 1997:In February 1945, at the 1936:invading the Soviet Union 1742:Soviet invasion of Poland 1372:Republic of South Vietnam 1172:activities in 1961, then 701:1984 Los Angeles Olympics 25503:Communist Party of India 25473:Albanian Party of Labour 24596:Bill of Rights socialism 24249:Socialism in one country 24219:Marxist–Leninist atheism 23909:Romanian Communist Party 23324:Three Year Plan (Poland) 23019:Radio Peace and Progress 22923:Armenia 1 (Armenian SSR) 21586:Soviet Nonconformist Art 21502:1936 Soviet Constitution 21155:Soviet famine of 1932–33 21115:1907 Tiflis bank robbery 21087:Transformation of nature 21072:1936 Soviet Constitution 21032:Socialism in One Country 20871:German–Soviet Axis talks 19221:1980 Turkish coup d'état 19056:Cambodian–Vietnamese War 19026:1978 Somali coup attempt 18986:Second Iraqi–Kurdish War 18951:1973 Chilean coup d'état 18776:Revolutionary Government 18670:South African Border War 18462:1960 Turkish coup d'état 18379:Iraqi 14 July Revolution 18234:1953 Iranian coup d'état 18214:1952 Egyptian revolution 17335:Romanian Communist Party 16910:Emigration and defection 16747:Polish People's Republic 16384:Taagepera, Rein (1993), 16235:Maddison, Angus (2006), 16129:Wettig, Gerhard (2008), 15864:Philipsen, Dirk (1993), 15828:O'Neil, Patrick (1997), 15810:O'Connor, Kevin (2003), 15654:Laqueur, Walter (1994), 15434:Crampton, R. J. (1997), 15420:, Taylor & Francis, 14825:Review of Social Economy 14819:Izyumov, Alexei (2010). 14736:10.1136/bmj.327.7421.964 14603:The Lancet Public Health 14249:Ouimet, Matthew (2003), 13110:Hardt & Kaufman 1995 13083:Hardt & Kaufman 1995 12604:, Westview Press, 1991, 12019:Hardt & Kaufman 1995 11992:Hardt & Kaufman 1995 11710:Machonin, Pavel (1993). 11342:Michta & Mastny 1992 11330:Michta & Mastny 1992 11015:Hardt & Kaufman 1995 10961:Hardt & Kaufman 1995 10930:Hardt & Kaufman 1995 10007:, 1995, page 540, Test, 10005:Bez ostatniego rozdzialu 9761:Adam Sudol, ed. (1998), 9672:14 November 2014 at the 9512:Stanilov, Kiril (2007), 9220:Satyendra, Kush (2003), 9074:, page 125-126 & 183 8823:Satyendra, Kush (2003), 8731:One country, two systems 8709: 8043:reunification of Germany 7901:in August 1989. In 1990 7756:, briefly aligning with 7367:Kasernierte Volkspolizei 7349:, SED General Secretary 6738:Polish People's Republic 5890:Polish People's Republic 5174:Polish People's Republic 4965:was covered by a fog of 3432:Even by the late 1980s, 3427:Palace of the Parliament 3053:Eastern Bloc population 2388:Communist countries and 2233:Berlin Tempelhof Airport 2131:and allies), led by the 522:Czechoslovakia 1976–1990 25811:Country classifications 25711:State ideology of China 25583:Workers' Party of Korea 25498:Communist Party of Cuba 25488:Chinese Communist Party 25145:Portuguese Colonial War 24941:Foundations of Leninism 24493:Marxism–Leninism–Maoism 24204:Dialectical materialism 23876:Workers' Party of Korea 23680:Communist Party of Cuba 23639:Chinese Communist Party 23365:New Course (GDR, 1950s) 23348:Pre-dissolution reforms 23233:Economy of East Germany 21710:Iosif Stalin locomotive 21453:Foundations of Leninism 21439:Anarchism or Socialism? 21320:Hitler Youth Conspiracy 21187:NKVD prisoner massacres 20839:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact 20728:Death and state funeral 19426:Fall of the Berlin Wall 19371:People Power Revolution 19356:Central American crisis 19296:1986 Black Sea incident 18946:1973 Afghan coup d'état 18844:Western Sahara conflict 18655:1966 Syrian coup d'état 18578:1963 Syrian coup d'état 18521:Portuguese Colonial War 18484:First Iraqi–Kurdish War 18249:1954 Syrian coup d'état 18126:Annexation of Hyderabad 18069:1947–1949 Palestine war 16968:Fall of the Berlin Wall 16894:1981 protests in Kosovo 16832:Rebellion of Cazin 1950 16360:Stanek, Łukasz (2020), 16108:Turnock, David (2006). 16090:Turnock, David (1997), 15978:Sillince, John (1990), 15660:Oxford University Press 15164:28 January 2021 at the 14947:Encyclopedia Britannica 14781:Oxford University Press 14034:The Hungarian Quarterly 12978:The Legacy of Chernobyl 11209:Aleksandras Stulginskis 10370:, p. 241 & 244 10065:Studies in Intelligence 10038:Google Books, p. 20-24. 9416:Oxford University Press 9410:Ahonen, Pertti (2003), 9347:Glisic, Jelena (1976), 8684:Eurasian Economic Union 8518:Communist Party of Cuba 8495:Chinese Communist Party 7907:fall of the Berlin Wall 7705:and the failure of the 4347:Heavy industry emphasis 4320:had also denounced the 3455:Central heating % 2074:Marshall Plan rejection 1791:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact 1768:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact 1738:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact 1055:from 1979 to 1983, the 873:, in opposition to the 865:and existed during the 766:End of the Soviet Union 741:Fall of the Berlin Wall 301: (until 1948) 276: (until 1977) 265: (until 1989) 199: (until 1961) 178: (until 1961) 25796:Cold War organizations 25791:20th century in Europe 25433:Bosnia and Herzegovina 24767:Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej 24677:Khorloogiin Choibalsan 23977:Yemeni Socialist Party 23406:Eastern Bloc economies 23219:Eastern Bloc economies 22285:Sotsialistik Qazaqstan 21918:(second father-in-law) 21172:Murder of Sergey Kirov 21047:Stalinist architecture 20933:Turkish Straits crisis 19720:Neoclassical economics 19231:Gulf of Sidra incident 18788:1969 Libyan revolution 18479:Iraqi–Kurdish conflict 18264:1954 Geneva Conference 18024:Turkish straits crisis 18019:Corfu Channel incident 17343:Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej 17066:Leaders of the ruling 16436: 16412:Listen to this article 16210:34.2 (2020): 172–191. 15964:, Simon and Schuster, 15698:Loescher, Gil (2001), 15377:Böcker, Anita (1998), 14553:Ther, Philipp (2016). 14116:. Photius Coutsoukis. 11183:Hobby, Jeneen (2009). 11056:The Historical Journal 10126:Simon Sebag Montefiore 10071:Stalin's Killing Field 9905:, 2001, ed, page 364, 9840:Revolution from Abroad 9179:Middle Eastern Studies 8918:Middle Eastern Studies 8679:Eastern European Group 8449: 8353: 8167:Marxist–Leninist state 8033: 8025: 7974: 7847: 7661:1954 Geneva Conference 7632: 7565:invaded Czechoslovakia 7544: 7439: 7041:Initial year shortage 6953: 6466: 6458: 5049:Total Economy Database 5037:gross domestic product 5026:post-World War II boom 5020:("economic miracle"), 4658: 4653:home computer made in 4604:land to APCs. Because 4543: 4413:Siemens-Martin process 4311:History of the Comecon 4215: 4148: 4077:lack of market signals 4072: 3381: 3007:Eastern Bloc defectors 2964: 2780: 2620: 2393: 2361: 2239: 2183: 2092: 1931: 1907:British Prime Minister 1697: 1146: 1071:in 1977. Although not 455:Protests and uprisings 37: 25676:Post-Marxism–Leninism 25558:Nepal Communist Party 25155:Nicaraguan Revolution 25125:Albanian–Soviet split 24822:Mengistu Haile Mariam 24361:Democratic centralism 24351:Collective leadership 23917:São Tomé and Príncipe 23891:Polish Workers' Party 22928:AzTV (Azerbaijan SSR) 22919:Republican stations: 22208:Republican newspapers 21939:William Wesley Peters 21484:Falsifiers of History 21407:Rootless cosmopolitan 20713:Rule as Soviet leader 20570:Russia–NATO relations 20451:Jonathan Reed Winkler 19735:Democratic capitalism 19730:Supply-side economics 19698:American conservatism 19497:Breakup of Yugoslavia 19386:Bougainville conflict 19301:South Yemen civil war 19236:Martial law in Poland 19099:Nicaraguan Revolution 19074:Dirty War (Argentina) 18881:1971 JVP insurrection 18695:Years of Lead (Italy) 18573:North Yemen civil war 18491:Berlin Crisis of 1961 18467:Albanian–Soviet split 18399:1959 Tibetan uprising 18364:Syrian Crisis of 1957 18219:Iraqi Intifada (1952) 18079:1948 Arab–Israeli War 17740:Security Service (SB) 17283:Polish Workers' Party 17018:Breakup of Yugoslavia 16581:on 28 September 2007. 16509:RFE Czechoslovak Unit 16435: 16291:Overy, R. J. (2004), 15538:Goertz, Gary (1995), 15480:Yale University Press 15452:Dale, Gareth (2005), 15401:. Avalon Publishing. 15275:"Anti-anti-communism" 14200:The Prague Spring '68 14099:25 April 2009 at the 12583:, M.E. Sharpe, 1994, 11460:19 March 2009 at the 10290:"Armistice Agreement" 10058:24 March 2010 at the 9912:27 March 2009 at the 9900:Karolina Lanckoronska 9816:Bartlomiej Kozlowski 9551:, Routledge, p. 9432:White, N. D. (1990), 9087:, M.E. Sharpe, 2002, 8750:Albanian–Soviet split 8443: 8351: 8262:and North Korea is a 8031: 8021: 7969: 7942:a wave of revolutions 7830: 7752:withdrawing from the 7699:Albanian–Soviet split 7669:anti-Soviet sentiment 7627: 7590:Further information: 7542: 7437: 7050:1986% of total stock 6945: 6464: 6449: 4657:between 1987 and 1989 4648: 4537: 4442:in the Soviet Union, 4279:joint-stock companies 4206: 4165:democratic governance 4138: 4130:rukovodyashchiy narod 4112:Eastern Bloc politics 4102:Further information: 4067:During World War II, 4066: 3680:With sewage disposal 3458:Inside toilet % 3375: 2958: 2889:Further information: 2869:Albanian–Soviet split 2770: 2638:Trybuna Ludu (Poland) 2611:martial law in Poland 2608: 2585:Deutscher Fernsehfunk 2583:Further information: 2563:Służba Bezpieczeństwa 2445:Further information: 2387: 2355: 2348:Eastern Bloc politics 2262:Further information: 2230: 2105: 2087: 2078:Further information: 2011:pro-Soviet government 1983:Franklin D. Roosevelt 1917:Franklin D. Roosevelt 1904: 1879:Further information: 1805:. Soviet authorities 1695: 1144: 894:non-aligned countries 884:", whereas the term " 771:Post-Soviet conflicts 756:Breakup of Yugoslavia 659:Albanian–Soviet split 370:Anti-Soviet partisans 313:Related organizations 35: 25831:Spheres of influence 25756:Communism portal 25744:Socialism portal 25243:Democratic Kampuchea 25150:Black Power movement 25115:Non-Aligned Movement 24254:Socialist patriotism 23258:Economy of Lithuania 22852:Televizioni Shqiptar 22272:(Karelo-Finnish SSR) 22181:Komsomolskaya Pravda 21960:Stalin's house, Gori 21891:Yevgeny Dzhugashvili 21819:Besarion Jughashvili 21760:Batumi Stalin Museum 21671:Nineteen Eighty-Four 21422:Censorship of images 21101:Crimes, repressions, 20804:1931 Menshevik Trial 20785:First five-year plan 19991:Non-Aligned Movement 19613:Peaceful coexistence 19567:North Borneo dispute 19482:German reunification 19477:Min Ping Yu No. 5202 19175:Salvadoran Civil War 19124:Grand Mosque seizure 19119:Yemenite War of 1979 19011:Mozambican Civil War 18966:Carnation Revolution 18921:Yemenite War of 1972 18859:1970 Polish protests 18690:1967 Hong Kong riots 18665:Argentine Revolution 18615:Guatemalan Civil War 18543:Cuban Missile Crisis 18457:Bay of Pigs Invasion 18329:1956 Poznań protests 18307:Geneva Summit (1955) 17909:Hukbalahap Rebellion 17888:Non-Aligned Movement 17676:State Security (StB) 17401:Konstantin Chernenko 16866:1970 Polish protests 16847:1956 Poznań protests 16712:Soviet-allied states 16569:on 19 February 2006. 16555:8 March 2011 at the 16467:More spoken articles 16271:Olsen, Neil (2000), 16165:Zwass, Adam (1984). 15918:Pugh, Emily (2008). 15474:Dowty, Alan (1989), 14884:. pp. 301–303. 14783:. pp. 195–196. 14308:on 28 September 2007 14164:Von Geldern, James; 13924:UN General Assembly 13851:UN General Assembly 13810:UN General Assembly 13769:UN General Assembly 13728:UN General Assembly 13687:UN General Assembly 13646:UN General Assembly 13602:UN General Assembly 13589:6 March 2009 at the 12933:on 8 September 2010. 12135:3 April 2010 at the 11952:. Country-data.com. 10104:Senn, Alfred Erich, 10068:, Winter 1999–2000; 10049:Fischer, Benjamin B. 9725:, London, New York: 9251:Cities of Pilgrimage 8848:Cities of Pilgrimage 8300:Washington Consensus 8260:dominant-party state 8239:were members of the 8091:. Following growing 7809:pursued policies of 7707:Bay of Pigs Invasion 7703:Cuban Missile Crisis 7685:was a factor in the 7620:European integration 7409:Technical University 6938:Development policies 6452:Geary-Khamis dollars 5044:The Conference Board 4934:and Czechoslovakian 4867:A Czechoslovak-made 4116:As a consequence of 4090:(central banks) and 3813:Floor space/dwelling 3034:intrauterine devices 2907:Soviet Border Troops 2559:Urząd Bezpieczeństwa 2364:Despite the initial 2171:Non-Aligned Movement 1953:In the aftermath of 1881:Operation Barbarossa 1845:interim peace treaty 1379:Other aligned states 1123:Non-Aligned Movement 1084:Non-Aligned Movement 1067:from 1969 until the 1027:(1945–1946) and the 825:, also known as the 751:Barricades in Latvia 696:1980 Moscow Olympics 676:Cuban Missile Crisis 25666:National Bolshevism 25200:Revolutions of 1989 25185:Sino-Albanian split 25170:Naxalite insurgency 25160:Cultural Revolution 25040:Great Patriotic War 24892:Nur Muhammad Taraki 24438:Ho Chi Minh Thought 24356:Cult of personality 24194:Developed socialism 23268:Economy of Moldavia 22293:Sovettik Kyrgyzstan 21952:Stalin's residences 21899:Galina Dzhugashvili 21883:Svetlana Alliluyeva 21867:Nadezhda Alliluyeva 21794:Cultural depictions 21636:Anti-Stalinist left 21591:Shvernik Commission 21559:Pospelov Commission 21335:Population transfer 21310:1941 Red Army purge 21284:Suppressed research 20938:First Indochina War 20881:Great Patriotic War 20859:Moscow Peace Treaty 20723:Cult of personality 20436:Alex von Tunzelmann 20426:Vladimir Tismăneanu 20351:Thomas J. McCormick 20346:Jack F. Matlock Jr. 20246:Robert Hugh Ferrell 20109:Crusade for Freedom 19906:Illiberal democracy 19790:Ho Chi Minh Thought 19593:Eisenhower Doctrine 19446:Peaceful Revolution 19441:Romanian Revolution 19421:Revolutions of 1989 19406:1988 Polish strikes 19316:Operation INFEKTION 19311:1987 Lieyu massacre 19216:Eritrean Civil Wars 19199:Peruvian Revolution 19149:1979 Herat uprising 19139:Sino-Vietnamese War 19104:Uganda–Tanzania War 19084:Egyptian–Libyan War 19051:Third Indochina War 19046:Sino-Albanian split 19036:Ethiopian Civil War 18936:Eritrean Civil Wars 18876:Ping-pong diplomacy 18849:Cambodian Civil War 18675:Korean DMZ Conflict 18660:Cultural Revolution 18630:Dominican Civil War 18608:Tlatelolco massacre 18394:1959 Mosul uprising 18384:1958 Lebanon crisis 18111:Al-Wathbah uprising 18034:First Indochina War 18004:Iran crisis of 1946 17569:Inner German border 17325:Mieczysław Rakowski 17320:Wojciech Jaruzelski 16983:Romanian revolution 16956:Revolutions of 1989 16837:1953 Plzeň uprising 16533:OSA Digital Archive 16482:on 31 January 2008. 16257:, Wiley-Blackwell, 16239:, OECD Publishing, 16221:, Lexington Books, 15724:, Greenwood Press, 15716:Michta, Andrew A.; 15267:Ghodsee, Kristen R. 15243:. 5 December 2011. 15213:. 2 November 2009. 15062:Mackenbach, Johan. 14044:on 27 November 2004 13901:on 17 November 2007 13528:on 9 September 2006 12972:Medvedev, Zhores A. 12799:"Sergey A. Lebedev" 12600:Nagengast, Carole, 12390:. 8 November 2010. 12145:, 11 September 2004 11950:"Germany – Housing" 11893:www.nepszamlalas.hu 11580:, p. 1&126 10669:, Routledge, 1998, 10170:The Story of Latvia 10077:9 July 2008 at the 9685:Christie, Kenneth, 9104:Skinner, Kiron F., 9045:, Routledge, 2007, 8811:, Routledge, 1993, 8781:, Routledge, 1988, 8674:Communist nostalgia 8652:Soviet Union portal 8410:Pew Research Center 7983:Pan-European Picnic 7977:The opening of the 7959:in April 1989, the 7905:following the 1989 7899:Pan-European Picnic 7852:Brezhnev stagnation 7762:Sino-Albanian split 7760:'s China until the 7592:Revolutions of 1989 7411:compiled a list of 7031: 6902:East German economy 5985:Soviet Union/Russia 5293:Soviet Union/Russia 4293:, and oil wells in 4211:flat interior in a 3807: 3683:With inside toilet 3674:Houses/flats total 3667: 3452:Piped water % 3442: 3434:sanitary conditions 3054: 3011:Svetlana Alliluyeva 2974:Inner German border 2485:Poland in the 1980s 2046:bourgeois democracy 1999:conference at Yalta 1714:Transcaucasian SFSR 1174:officially withdrew 1063:from 1974, and the 1029:Republic of Mahabad 736:Revolutions of 1989 25195:Nepalese Civil War 25140:Great Leap Forward 24902:Pushpa Kamal Dahal 24777:Kaysone Phomvihane 24579:Xi Jinping Thought 24214:Labour aristocracy 23746:New Jewel Movement 23147:(Byelorussian SSR) 23033:(Byelorussian SSR) 22938:ETV (Estonian SSR) 22894:Central Television 22762:Politikin Zabavnik 22650:Jugend und Technik 22471:Slobodna Dalmacija 22447:Rabotnichesko Delo 22301:Moldova Socialistă 22229:Sovetskaya Latviya 22224:(Byelorussian SSR) 22213:Sovetskaya Rossiya 22188:Pionerskaya Pravda 22162:Central newspapers 21923:Alexander Svanidze 21851:Konstantin Kuzakov 21843:Yakov Dzhugashvili 21802:Apocalypse: Stalin 21775:Stalin Peace Prize 21770:State Stalin Prize 21473:"Ten Blows" speech 21460:Dizzy with Success 21370:Operation "Priboi" 21350:Operation "Lentil" 21303:1937 Soviet Census 20982:Sino-Soviet Treaty 20896:Potsdam Conference 20849:Invasion of Poland 20590:Russian Revolution 20386:Mary Elise Sarotte 20371:William B. Pickett 20296:Patrick J. Hearden 20276:Gabriel Gorodetsky 20271:Timothy Garton Ash 20256:Anneli Ute Gabanyi 19851:Ethnic nationalism 19603:Hallstein Doctrine 19487:Yemeni unification 19276:1985 Geneva Summit 19241:Casamance conflict 19144:New Jewel Movement 19129:Iranian Revolution 19114:Chadian–Libyan War 19061:Cambodian conflict 19041:Lebanese Civil War 19031:Western Sahara War 19006:June 1976 protests 19001:Cambodian genocide 18766:17 July Revolution 18720:Nigerian Civil War 18635:Rhodesian Bush War 18620:Colombian conflict 18563:Ramadan Revolution 18302:Bandung Conference 18178:Operation Valuable 18059:Partition of India 17449:Dragoslav Marković 17353:Nicolae Ceaușescu 16993:Singing Revolution 16876:June 1976 protests 16661:Soviet occupations 16437: 16390:, Westview Press, 15582:, Westview Press, 15131:. 26 October 2019. 14341:, pp. 154–157 14239:, pp. 326–329 12579:Adelman, Deborah, 12420:on 20 October 2013 11265:1 May 2009 at the 10644:on 14 January 2009 9984:, 1996, page 284, 9583:The New York Times 9531:standard of living 9209:– via JSTOR. 9041:Ludlow, N. Piers, 8948:– via JSTOR. 8752:from 1961 to 1970. 8567:2 September 1945 ( 8450: 8415:Kristen R. Ghodsee 8354: 8237:post-Soviet Russia 8187:post-Soviet states 8034: 8026: 7975: 7848: 7748:. This led to the 7633: 7608:Singing Revolution 7545: 7440: 7289:, housing blocks ( 7029: 6954: 6467: 6459: 4990:Zone of alienation 4906:Zastava/Yugo Koral 4762:VAZ-2101/Lada 1200 4659: 4544: 4420:shortage economies 4216: 4149: 4073: 3805: 3766:2,682,143 (75.7%) 3746:1,571,691 (50.4%) 3665: 3440: 3382: 3052: 2965: 2781: 2696:Scînteia (Romania) 2621: 2541:Hungary – ÁVH and 2394: 2362: 2240: 2192:Józef Cyrankiewicz 2184: 2093: 2030:Potsdam Conference 1932: 1897:Potsdam Conference 1698: 1688:Foundation history 1147: 892:" referred to the 726:Singing Revolution 500:Novocherkassk 1962 38: 25763: 25762: 25130:Sino-Soviet split 25090:Tito–Stalin split 25035:Spanish Civil War 24976:Guerrilla Warfare 24935:Theoretical works 24867:Władysław Gomułka 24842:Nicolae Ceaușescu 24802:Nikos Zachariadis 24722:Nikita Khrushchev 24697:Palmiro Togliatti 24396:Transmission belt 24341:Central committee 24199:Dialectical logic 24104: 24103: 24053: 24052: 24049: 24048: 23859: 23858: 23663: 23662: 23607: 23606: 23434: 23433: 23263:Economy of Latvia 23185: 23184: 23176:Czech News Agency 23056:Deutschlandsender 23051:Berliner Rundfunk 22391:Neues Deutschland 22375:Mladá fronta DNES 22253:Czerwony Sztandar 22051: 22050: 22008:Kholodnaya Rechka 21705:Iosif Stalin tank 21626:Lenin's Testament 21601:Era of Stagnation 21402:Mingrelian Affair 21380:Forced settlement 21365:Operation "North" 21325:Soviet war crimes 21103:and controversies 21042:Socialist realism 21005: 21004: 20987:Tito–Stalin split 20886:Tehran Conference 20809:Spanish Civil War 20780:Chinese Civil War 20621: 20620: 20608:List of conflicts 20456:Rudolph Winnacker 20401:Giles Scott-Smith 20376:Ronald E. Powaski 20331:Melvyn P. Leffler 20261:John Lewis Gaddis 20236:Robert D. English 20201:Warren H. Carroll 20191:Michael Beschloss 20160:Nuclear arms race 20141: 20140: 20047:Neues Deutschland 19949: 19948: 19931:White nationalism 19901:Liberal democracy 19638:Ulbricht Doctrine 19628:Brezhnev Doctrine 19436:Velvet Revolution 19180:Soviet–Afghan War 18996:Angolan Civil War 18793:Goulash Communism 18650:ASEAN Declaration 18603:Mexican Dirty War 18501:Annexation of Goa 18452:1960 U-2 incident 18426:Sino-Soviet split 18404:Laotian Civil War 18244:Bricker Amendment 18224:Mau Mau rebellion 18168:Malayan Emergency 18156:Chinese Civil War 18116:Tito–Stalin split 17970:Division of Korea 17794: 17793: 17500: 17499: 17496: 17495: 17491: 17490: 17487: 17486: 17406:Mikhail Gorbachev 17386:Nikita Khrushchev 17305:Władysław Gomułka 17275: 17274: 17068:Communist parties 17033: 17032: 16978:Velvet Revolution 16940:Telephone tapping 16914:list of defectors 16703:Tito–Stalin split 16521:– Project by the 16433: 16397:978-0-8133-1703-8 16353:978-90-5823-097-3 16326:978-0-8131-9045-7 16304:978-0-393-02030-4 16284:978-0-85598-432-8 16264:978-0-470-59619-7 16246:978-92-64-02261-4 16237:The world economy 16228:978-0-7391-0160-5 16178:978-0-87332-245-4 16158:978-0-521-58803-4 16140:978-0-7425-5542-6 16121:978-0-415-18053-5 16101:978-0-415-08626-4 16083:978-0-300-03865-1 16065:978-0-393-30869-3 16043:978-0-521-79278-3 16025:978-0-19-508136-7 16007:978-0-415-28580-3 15989:978-0-415-02134-0 15971:978-0-671-72868-7 15953:978-0-300-11204-7 15911:978-0-7546-3790-5 15893:978-0-7864-2913-4 15875:978-0-8223-1294-9 15857:978-0-312-17407-1 15839:978-0-7146-4765-4 15821:978-0-313-32355-3 15803:978-0-231-10676-4 15785:978-963-7326-67-7 15767:978-0-521-86244-8 15749:978-0-89096-967-0 15731:978-92-64-02261-4 15709:978-0-19-829716-1 15691:978-1-55775-200-0 15669:978-0-19-510282-6 15647:978-0-8179-8231-7 15629:978-0-691-09678-0 15607:978-1-56324-612-8 15589:978-0-8133-1189-0 15571:978-0-415-28954-2 15553:978-0-521-46972-2 15531:978-1-59420-062-5 15524:, Penguin Press, 15511:978-0-203-80109-3 15489:978-0-300-04498-0 15445:978-0-415-16422-1 15427:978-0-8153-4057-7 15408:978-0-8133-7714-8 15388:978-90-5589-095-8 15370:978-0-8133-3664-0 15348:978-0-415-36626-7 15313:. 15 October 2019 15273:(22 March 2018). 14891:978-0-226-81839-9 14287:978-0-275-94484-1 14176:on 17 August 2009 14166:Siegelbaum, Lewis 12989:978-0-393-30814-3 12957:978-2-226-04031-2 12610:978-0-8133-8053-7 12589:978-1-56324-287-8 12343:Black et al. 2000 12331:Black et al. 2000 12312:Black et al. 2000 12288:Black et al. 2000 12173:Roht-Arriaza 1995 11761:978-1-4438-0199-7 11699:978-5-02-013479-9 11246:978-1-887904-52-0 11225:Ephraim Sklyansky 11194:978-1-4144-6430-5 11077:on 27 April 2019. 10812:, pp. 180–81 10449:, pp. 274–78 10232:978-0-7190-4201-0 10223:Stalin's Cold War 10194:Smith et al. 2002 10114:978-90-420-2225-6 9880:978-83-7133-100-8 9800:978-1-57181-339-8 9772:978-83-7096-281-4 9736:978-0-415-33873-8 9607:978-1-84511-302-5 9523:978-1-4020-6052-6 9495:978-0-470-39908-8 9443:978-0-7190-3227-1 9381:978-0-521-79278-3 9327:978-0-618-22647-4 9285:Satyendra, Kush, 9231:978-81-7890-071-1 9030:978-0-8078-5464-8 8986:Tito–Stalin split 8974:Sino–Soviet split 8834:978-81-7890-071-1 8763:Sino-Soviet split 8593: 8592: 8510:República de Cuba 8436:People's Republic 8395:political freedom 8097:Nicolae Ceaușescu 8074:Velvet Revolution 8007:Mikhail Gorbachev 7999:Otto von Habsburg 7995:Karl von Habsburg 7991:Paneuropean Union 7971:Otto von Habsburg 7856:Mikhail Gorbachev 7833:Mikhail Gorbachev 7807:Mikhail Gorbachev 7793:Soviet–Afghan War 7785:Era of Stagnation 7769:Brezhnev Doctrine 7677:Nikita Khrushchev 7641:Tito–Stalin split 7574:and a period of " 7398:Władysław Gomułka 7252: 7251: 7044:% of total stock 6886: 6885: 6444: 6443: 6054:Yugoslavia/Serbia 5785: 5784: 5022:Trente Glorieuses 5018:Wirtschaftswunder 4515:industrialization 4341:Nicolae Ceauşescu 4301:Trade and Comecon 4098:Social conditions 4052: 4051: 3797:in 1980–1986 and 3790: 3789: 3780:3,228,257 (83.8%) 3777:3,209,930 (83.3%) 3763:1,859,677 (52.5%) 3760:2,367,274 (66.8%) 3740:1,167,055 (37.4%) 3677:With piped water 3663: 3662: 3410:Nicolae Ceaușescu 3335: 3334: 3023:Russian Civil War 2857:Nicolae Ceaușescu 2757:Radio Free Europe 2701:Zvyazda (Belarus) 2686:Pravda (Slovakia) 2619:,14 December 1981 2519:Czechoslovakia – 2402:central committee 2330:The port city of 2313:Władysław Gomułka 2278:Tito–Stalin split 2264:Tito–Stalin split 2258:Tito–Stalin split 1978:Winston Churchill 1910:Winston Churchill 1809:agriculture, and 1131:Tito–Stalin split 1039:(from 1969), the 1035:(from 1967), the 1023:(1944–1949), the 915:countries in the 819: 818: 654:Sino-Soviet split 634:Tito–Stalin split 629:Czechoslovak coup 607: 606: 547:Ukraine 1989–1991 485:East Germany 1953 427:Soviet occupation 16:(Redirected from 25838: 25826:Marxism–Leninism 25754: 25753: 25752: 25742: 25741: 25701:State capitalism 25105:De-Stalinization 25100:Cuban Revolution 24922:Gennady Zyuganov 24907:Rohana Wijeweera 24762:Klement Gottwald 24757:Valko Chervenkov 24742:Lazar Kaganovich 24702:Dolores Ibárruri 24569:Three Represents 24514:Intercommunalism 24334:Political system 24177:Central planning 24172:Anti-revisionism 24162:Anti-imperialism 24138:Marxism–Leninism 24131: 24124: 24117: 24108: 24107: 23926: 23863: 23862: 23763: 23667: 23666: 23622: 23602: 23575: 23574: 23479: 23478: 23475: 23474: 23461: 23454: 23447: 23438: 23437: 23411:Shortage economy 23399:Related concepts 23282:Collectivization 23212: 23205: 23198: 23189: 23188: 23178:(Czechoslovakia) 23153:(Lithuanian SSR) 23045:Rundfunk der DDR 23009:(Lithuanian SSR) 23007:Lietuvos radijas 23001:Latvijas Radio 1 22910:Moscow Programme 22866:(Czechoslovakia) 22837:(Czechoslovakia) 22503:Večernje novosti 22487:Sportske novosti 22458:(Czechoslovakia) 22442:(Czechoslovakia) 22431:Politika Ekspres 22378:(Czechoslovakia) 22269:Neuvosto-Karjala 22256:(Lithuanian SSR) 22248:(Lithuanian SSR) 22078: 22071: 22064: 22055: 22054: 22041: 22040: 21943: 21935: 21927: 21926:(brother-in-law) 21919: 21915:Sergei Alliluyev 21911: 21907:Joseph Alliluyev 21903: 21895: 21887: 21879: 21871: 21863: 21855: 21847: 21839: 21831: 21823: 21725:Pantheon, Moscow 21683:The Soviet Story 21657:Darkness at Noon 21546:De-Stalinization 21397:Leningrad Affair 21130:Decossackization 20928:1946 Iran crisis 20891:Yalta Conference 20763:Collectivization 20688: 20687: 20648: 20641: 20634: 20625: 20624: 20366:David S. Painter 20291:John Earl Haynes 20221:Nicholas J. Cull 20206:Adrian Cioroianu 20186:Thomas A. Bailey 20133:Voice of America 20024: 20023: 19936:White separatism 19916:Social democracy 19911:Guided democracy 19891:Authoritarianism 19841:Ultranationalism 19831:Anti-imperialism 19758:Marxism–Leninism 19671: 19670: 19658:Kinmen Agreement 19623:Johnson Doctrine 19608:Kennedy Doctrine 19524:Frozen conflicts 19507:1991 August Coup 19396:Afghan Civil War 19291:Reykjavík Summit 19286:Somali Rebellion 19226:Ugandan Bush War 19204:Gdańsk Agreement 18725:Protests of 1968 18705:War of Attrition 18414:Cuban Revolution 18350:We will bury you 18317:Cyprus Emergency 18297:Kashmir Princess 18287:Jebel Akhdar War 18136:Western betrayal 17821: 17814: 17807: 17798: 17797: 17536:agencies in the 17527: 17520: 17513: 17504: 17503: 17464:Milanko Renovica 17439:Dušan Dragosavac 17429:Stevan Doronjski 17348:Gheorghe Apostol 17279: 17278: 17167:Alexander Dubček 17157:Klement Gottwald 17129:Valko Chervenkov 17089: 17088: 17085: 17084: 17080: 17079: 17060: 17053: 17046: 17037: 17036: 16822:Goryani Movement 16802: 16794: 16760: 16722: 16656:Yalta Conference 16615: 16608: 16601: 16592: 16591: 16582: 16577:. Archived from 16570: 16565:. Archived from 16483: 16478:. Archived from 16457: 16455: 16444: 16443: 16434: 16424: 16422: 16418: 16413: 16400: 16380: 16356: 16338: 16329: 16318: 16307: 16287: 16267: 16249: 16231: 16203: 16182: 16161: 16143: 16125: 16104: 16086: 16068: 16057: 16046: 16028: 16010: 15992: 15974: 15956: 15938: 15936: 15934: 15924: 15914: 15896: 15878: 15860: 15842: 15824: 15806: 15788: 15770: 15752: 15734: 15712: 15694: 15683: 15672: 15650: 15640:, Hoover Press, 15632: 15610: 15592: 15574: 15556: 15534: 15514: 15492: 15470: 15448: 15430: 15412: 15391: 15381:, Het Spinhuis, 15373: 15351: 15323: 15322: 15320: 15318: 15303: 15297: 15296: 15294: 15292: 15263: 15257: 15256: 15254: 15252: 15233: 15227: 15226: 15224: 15222: 15203: 15197: 15196: 15194: 15192: 15175: 15169: 15155: 15149: 15138: 15132: 15124: 15119: 15113: 15106: 15100: 15090: 15084: 15077: 15071: 15060: 15054: 15043: 15037: 15027: 15021: 15014: 15008: 15007: 15005: 15003: 14989: 14983: 14982: 14980: 14978: 14964: 14958: 14957: 14955: 14953: 14939: 14933: 14932: 14930: 14928: 14908: 14899: 14898: 14871: 14865: 14864: 14816: 14807: 14806: 14772: 14766: 14765: 14755: 14715: 14709: 14708: 14698: 14658: 14647: 14646: 14636: 14618: 14609:(5): e231–e238. 14593: 14587: 14586: 14584: 14582: 14550: 14544: 14538: 14532: 14526: 14520: 14514: 14505: 14504:, pp. 395–6 14499: 14493: 14492:, pp. 394–5 14487: 14481: 14478: 14472: 14469: 14463: 14460: 14454: 14451: 14445: 14442: 14436: 14421: 14415: 14409: 14403: 14397: 14391: 14372: 14366: 14360: 14354: 14348: 14342: 14336: 14330: 14324: 14318: 14317: 14315: 14313: 14297: 14291: 14290: 14273: 14267: 14261: 14255: 14254: 14246: 14240: 14234: 14228: 14222: 14216: 14215: 14213: 14211: 14192: 14186: 14185: 14183: 14181: 14161: 14155: 14148: 14142: 14136: 14130: 14129: 14127: 14125: 14110: 14104: 14091: 14085: 14084: 14082: 14080: 14060: 14054: 14053: 14051: 14049: 14025: 14019: 14018: 14016: 14014: 14008: 13997: 13989: 13983: 13976: 13970: 13963: 13957: 13956: 13952: 13950: 13948: 13942: 13935: 13922: 13916: 13910: 13908: 13906: 13897:. Archived from 13890: 13884: 13883: 13879: 13877: 13875: 13869: 13862: 13849: 13843: 13842: 13838: 13836: 13834: 13828: 13821: 13808: 13802: 13801: 13797: 13795: 13793: 13787: 13780: 13767: 13761: 13760: 13756: 13754: 13752: 13746: 13739: 13726: 13720: 13719: 13715: 13713: 13711: 13705: 13698: 13685: 13679: 13678: 13674: 13672: 13670: 13664: 13657: 13644: 13635: 13634: 13630: 13628: 13626: 13620: 13613: 13600: 13594: 13580: 13574: 13573: 13571: 13569: 13563: 13552: 13544: 13538: 13536: 13535: 13533: 13524:, archived from 13515: 13509: 13503: 13480: 13474: 13461: 13455: 13442: 13436: 13423: 13417: 13408: 13402: 13396: 13390: 13384: 13383:, pp. 11–12 13378: 13372: 13366: 13357: 13351: 13340: 13334: 13323: 13317: 13304: 13298: 13275: 13272: 13266: 13260: 13245: 13239: 13228: 13222: 13211: 13205: 13196: 13190: 13181: 13180: 13178: 13176: 13166: 13160: 13159: 13157: 13155: 13145: 13139: 13138: 13136: 13134: 13119: 13113: 13107: 13098: 13092: 13086: 13080: 13071: 13065: 13059: 13053: 13047: 13041: 13030: 13024: 13013: 13011: 13010:on 30 June 2007. 13000: 12994: 12993: 12981: 12968: 12962: 12961: 12941: 12935: 12934: 12923: 12917: 12911: 12902: 12896: 12887: 12881: 12872: 12866: 12853: 12847: 12834: 12828: 12815: 12814: 12812: 12810: 12801:. Computer.org. 12795: 12789: 12786: 12780: 12777: 12771: 12770:, p. xx–xxi 12765: 12759: 12753: 12736: 12730: 12719: 12713: 12696: 12690: 12681: 12675: 12666: 12660: 12654: 12648: 12642: 12636: 12630: 12624: 12613: 12598: 12592: 12577: 12571: 12565: 12552: 12546: 12540: 12534: 12511: 12505: 12499: 12493: 12478: 12472: 12451: 12448: 12442: 12436: 12430: 12429: 12427: 12425: 12410: 12404: 12403: 12401: 12399: 12384: 12367: 12361: 12346: 12340: 12334: 12328: 12315: 12309: 12303: 12297: 12291: 12285: 12276: 12270: 12261: 12260:, pp. 29–30 12255: 12249: 12243: 12230: 12224: 12215: 12209: 12200: 12194: 12188: 12187:, pp. 207–9 12182: 12176: 12170: 12161: 12155: 12146: 12127: 12121: 12118: 12112: 12111: 12109: 12107: 12088: 12082: 12081: 12079: 12077: 12058: 12052: 12051: 12049: 12047: 12028: 12022: 12016: 12010: 12004: 11995: 11989: 11978: 11972: 11966: 11965: 11963: 11961: 11946: 11940: 11934: 11928: 11922: 11909: 11908: 11906: 11904: 11885: 11879: 11878:, pp. 19–20 11873: 11867: 11861: 11848: 11842: 11831: 11825: 11814: 11808: 11785: 11779: 11773: 11772: 11770: 11768: 11745: 11739: 11738: 11736: 11734: 11707: 11701: 11691: 11685: 11679: 11673: 11667: 11661: 11655: 11646: 11640: 11634: 11628: 11619: 11618: 11616: 11614: 11599: 11593: 11587: 11581: 11575: 11569: 11563: 11552: 11546: 11540: 11534: 11528: 11522: 11516: 11510: 11501: 11495: 11489: 11483: 11477: 11471: 11465: 11450: 11444: 11438: 11429: 11423: 11417: 11411: 11402: 11396: 11390: 11384: 11378: 11372: 11366: 11365:, pp. 312–3 11360: 11345: 11339: 11333: 11327: 11316: 11310: 11299: 11293: 11284: 11278: 11269: 11254: 11248: 11234: 11228: 11205: 11199: 11198: 11180: 11174: 11168: 11159: 11153: 11142: 11136: 11127: 11121: 11110: 11104: 11098: 11092: 11079: 11078: 11076: 11070:. Archived from 11053: 11044: 11035: 11029: 11018: 11012: 11003: 10997: 10988: 10982: 10976: 10970: 10964: 10958: 10945: 10944:, pp. 108–9 10939: 10933: 10927: 10916: 10913: 10907: 10904: 10898: 10897: 10879: 10873: 10867: 10861: 10855: 10838: 10832: 10813: 10807: 10801: 10795: 10789: 10774: 10768: 10762: 10756: 10755:, pp. 65–70 10750: 10744: 10738: 10732: 10726: 10720: 10714: 10708: 10702: 10696: 10690: 10677: 10663: 10654: 10653: 10651: 10649: 10628: 10622: 10616: 10610: 10604: 10598: 10592: 10586: 10580: 10574: 10568: 10559: 10553: 10544: 10543: 10525: 10519: 10513: 10500: 10494: 10488: 10482: 10465: 10459: 10450: 10444: 10438: 10420: 10411: 10410: 10389: 10383: 10377: 10371: 10365: 10352: 10346: 10337: 10331: 10325: 10319: 10313: 10308: 10302: 10301: 10299: 10297: 10286: 10280: 10269: 10263: 10257: 10251: 10245: 10236: 10235: 10218: 10209: 10203: 10197: 10191: 10185: 10154: 10148: 10142: 10133: 10122: 10116: 10102: 10096: 10090: 10081: 10022: 10016: 10001:Władysław Anders 9999: 9974: 9968: 9962: 9956: 9955: 9953: 9951: 9939:Encyklopedia PWN 9930: 9924: 9907:Chapter I – Lwów 9897: 9888: 9882: 9864: 9858: 9835:Jan Tomasz Gross 9815: 9810: 9804: 9803: 9782: 9776: 9775: 9758: 9752: 9746: 9740: 9739: 9715: 9709: 9703: 9697: 9683: 9677: 9662: 9653: 9646: 9637: 9631: 9625: 9620:Julian Towster. 9618: 9612: 9611: 9593: 9587: 9586: 9577: 9571: 9570: 9542: 9536: 9535: 9509: 9503: 9502: 9475: 9469: 9468: 9457: 9451: 9450: 9429: 9423: 9422: 9407: 9401: 9395: 9389: 9388: 9367: 9361: 9360: 9344: 9335: 9334: 9307: 9298: 9283: 9277: 9276: 9245: 9239: 9238: 9217: 9211: 9210: 9170: 9161: 9160: 9154: 9146: 9126: 9117: 9102: 9096: 9081: 9075: 9062:Ahonen, Pertti, 9060: 9054: 9039: 9033: 9015: 8988: 8982: 8976: 8970: 8964: 8958: 8952: 8949: 8908: 8902: 8894: 8873: 8841: 8792:Haggett, Peter, 8777:Loth, Wilfried, 8772: 8766: 8759: 8753: 8746: 8734: 8720: 8668: 8663: 8662: 8654: 8649: 8648: 8647: 8640: 8638:Communism portal 8635: 8634: 8633: 8626: 8624:Socialism portal 8621: 8620: 8612: 8607: 8606: 8605: 8584: 8563: 8546: 8539:2 December 1975 8526: 8455: 8454: 8446:communist states 8175:state capitalist 8171:economic reforms 8151:anti-imperialism 8089:de-Stalinization 7915:Marxist–Leninist 7911:1989 Revolutions 7861:Sinatra Doctrine 7797:civil resistance 7773:socialist states 7744:to suppress the 7727:French Indochina 7711:Cuban Revolution 7530:Marxism–Leninism 7495:Alexander Dubček 7448:Soviet Politburo 7438:Budapest in 1956 7386:de-Stalinization 7347:Brandenburg Gate 7329:) occurred from 7032: 7028: 6952:apartment blocks 6882: 6877: 6872: 6862: 6857: 6852: 6839: 6834: 6821: 6816: 6806: 6801: 6796: 6783: 6778: 6748: 6743: 6716: 6711: 6698: 6693: 6664: 6659: 6569: 6564: 6480: 6479: 5795: 5794: 5055: 5054: 4904:A Yugoslav-made 4898: 4889: 4861: 4852: 4830:A Romanian-made 4824: 4815: 4799:FSO Polonez 1500 4795:Polski Fiat 126p 4787: 4778: 4750: 4741: 4709: 4700: 4635:Oder-Neisse line 4560:collective farms 4555:Marxist–Leninist 4547:Collectivization 4462:in Bulgaria, or 4289:, coal mines in 4257:Asset relocation 4243:Marxist–Leninist 4231:collectivisation 4161:market economies 4081:central planners 3816:People/dwelling 3808: 3804: 3786:3,274,514 (85%) 3726:373,124 (13.5%) 3668: 3664: 3443: 3439: 3338:Social structure 3055: 3051: 2867:, undergoing an 2865:de-Stalinization 2843:'s inclusion of 2742:Byelorussian SSR 2651: 2609:Announcement of 2390:Soviet republics 2379:Marxist–Leninist 2375:market economies 2358:Marxist–Leninist 2211:Szklarska Poręba 2164: 2139: 2118: 1942:(except for the 1928:Yalta Conference 1893:Yalta Conference 1762:Moscow Armistice 1724:. Soviet leader 1710:Byelorussian SSR 1682: 1678: 1676: 1675: 1666: 1662: 1660: 1659: 1647: 1645: 1644: 1633: 1632: 1631: 1620: 1619: 1618: 1607: 1605: 1604: 1596: 1592: 1590: 1589: 1577: 1576: 1575: 1564: 1562: 1561: 1546: 1544: 1543: 1535: 1531: 1529: 1528: 1516: 1515: 1514: 1503: 1501: 1500: 1488: 1484: 1482: 1481: 1472: 1468: 1466: 1465: 1453: 1451: 1450: 1439: 1437: 1436: 1428: 1424: 1422: 1421: 1412: 1408: 1406: 1405: 1396: 1392: 1390: 1389: 1362: 1360: 1359: 1346: 1344: 1343: 1334:Byelorussian SSR 1332: 1330: 1329: 1314: 1312: 1311: 1303: 1299: 1297: 1296: 1287: 1283: 1281: 1280: 1271: 1267: 1265: 1264: 1255: 1251: 1249: 1248: 1232: 1230: 1229: 1221: 1217: 1215: 1214: 1202: 1200: 1199: 1191: 1187: 1185: 1184: 1167: 1163: 1161: 1160: 1101:(1955–1991) and 1075:, leadership of 1073:Marxist–Leninist 871:Marxism–Leninism 843:communist states 811: 804: 797: 720: 667: 618: 463:Poland 1944–1989 447:Operation Jungle 366: 365: 362: 360: 314: 165: 75: 73: 67: 56: 55: 46: 40: 39: 21: 25846: 25845: 25841: 25840: 25839: 25837: 25836: 25835: 25766: 25765: 25764: 25759: 25750: 25748: 25736: 25729: 25726:Totalitarianism 25706:State socialism 25615: 25591: 25462: 25203: 25045:Greek Civil War 24979: 24930: 24882:Mathieu Kérékou 24787:Leonid Brezhnev 24752:Bolesław Bierut 24747:Georgi Dimitrov 24732:Josip Broz Tito 24727:Walter Ulbricht 24651: 24498:Gonzalo Thought 24410: 24329: 24316:Socialist state 24285: 24140: 24135: 24105: 24100: 24054: 24045: 24031: 24017: 24008: 23994: 23980: 23961: 23943: 23928: 23922: 23911: 23897: 23879: 23855: 23838: 23823: 23808: 23790: 23789: 23765: 23759: 23748: 23734: 23711: 23697: 23683: 23659: 23642: 23624: 23618: 23603: 23598: 23587: 23564: 23550: 23536: 23522: 23505: 23491: 23468: 23465: 23435: 23430: 23394: 23343: 23277: 23221: 23216: 23186: 23181: 23127: 23047:(East Germany) 23015:(Russian SFSR) 22989:First Programme 22983:All-Union Radio 22971: 22840: 22802:Svet kompjutera 22533: 22527:Zëri i Popullit 22304:(Moldavian SSR) 22147: 22118:State Committee 22096: 22087: 22082: 22052: 22047: 22029: 22025:Stalin's bunker 21975:Room at Kremlin 21965:Tiflis Seminary 21946: 21941: 21933: 21925: 21917: 21909: 21902:(granddaughter) 21901: 21893: 21885: 21877: 21869: 21861: 21859:Artyom Sergeyev 21853: 21845: 21837: 21829: 21821: 21807: 21789: 21693: 21651:True Communists 21614: 21612: 21605: 21569:Khrushchev Thaw 21540: 21507:Stalin's poetry 21426: 21294:Japhetic theory 21232:Medvedev Forest 21125:Georgian Affair 21102: 21096: 21057:Five-year plans 21001: 20970:Berlin Blockade 20960:Greek Civil War 20749:August Uprising 20737: 20718:Political views 20683: 20677: 20657: 20652: 20622: 20617: 20594: 20585:Second Cold War 20543: 20471: 20465: 20441:Odd Arne Westad 20431:Patrick Vaughan 20416:Athan Theoharis 20396:Ellen Schrecker 20381:Yakov M. Rabkin 20356:Timothy Naftali 20301:Tvrtko Jakovina 20286:Jussi Hanhimäki 20169: 20147: 20137: 20115:Paix et Liberté 20090: 20034:Active measures 20015: 19945: 19926:White supremacy 19886:Totalitarianism 19814: 19739: 19662: 19648:Reagan Doctrine 19643:Carter Doctrine 19583:Truman Doctrine 19571: 19518: 19450: 19345:Soviet reaction 19256:Ndogboyosoi War 19163: 19134:Saur Revolution 18961:1973 oil crisis 18926:Munich massacre 18834:Alcora Exercise 18829:Black September 18807: 18553:Sino-Indian War 18447:Simba rebellion 18430: 18274:Capture of the 18182: 18121:Berlin Blockade 18054:May 1947 crises 18044:Truman Doctrine 18009:Greek Civil War 17998:Blacklist Forty 17965:Gouzenko Affair 17952:Cursed soldiers 17904:Morgenthau Plan 17892: 17830: 17825: 17795: 17790: 17762: 17744: 17721: 17698: 17680: 17662: 17644: 17626: 17573: 17540: 17531: 17501: 17492: 17483: 17479:Milan Pančevski 17459:Vidoje Žarković 17424:Josip Broz Tito 17410: 17391:Leonid Brezhnev 17381:Georgy Malenkov 17357: 17329: 17315:Stanisław Kania 17295:Bolesław Bierut 17285: 17271: 17232: 17224: 17210:Walter Ulbricht 17186: 17162:Antonín Novotný 17143: 17124:Georgi Dimitrov 17110: 17074: 17064: 17034: 17029: 16944: 16898: 16885:Soviet reaction 16871:Croatian Spring 16815: 16813: 16806: 16800: 16792: 16764: 16758: 16720: 16707: 16693:Berlin Blockade 16644: 16643: 16624: 16619: 16573: 16561: 16557:Wayback Machine 16474: 16471: 16470: 16459: 16453: 16451: 16448:This audio file 16445: 16438: 16429: 16426: 16420: 16416: 16415: 16411: 16408: 16403: 16398: 16378: 16354: 16327: 16305: 16285: 16265: 16247: 16229: 16196:Applebaum, Anne 16190: 16188:Further reading 16185: 16179: 16171:. M.E. Sharpe. 16159: 16141: 16122: 16102: 16084: 16066: 16044: 16026: 16008: 15990: 15972: 15954: 15932: 15930: 15922: 15912: 15894: 15876: 15858: 15840: 15822: 15804: 15786: 15768: 15750: 15732: 15718:Mastny, Vojtech 15710: 15692: 15670: 15648: 15630: 15608: 15600:, M.E. Sharpe, 15590: 15572: 15554: 15532: 15512: 15490: 15468: 15446: 15428: 15409: 15389: 15371: 15349: 15332: 15327: 15326: 15316: 15314: 15305: 15304: 15300: 15290: 15288: 15264: 15260: 15250: 15248: 15235: 15234: 15230: 15220: 15218: 15205: 15204: 15200: 15190: 15188: 15176: 15172: 15166:Wayback Machine 15156: 15152: 15139: 15135: 15122: 15120: 15116: 15107: 15103: 15091: 15087: 15079:Leon, David A. 15078: 15074: 15070:. 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13946: 13944: 13940: 13933: 13929: 13923: 13919: 13913:Walter Cronkite 13904: 13902: 13893: 13891: 13887: 13881: 13873: 13871: 13867: 13860: 13856: 13850: 13846: 13840: 13832: 13830: 13826: 13819: 13815: 13809: 13805: 13799: 13791: 13789: 13785: 13778: 13774: 13768: 13764: 13758: 13750: 13748: 13744: 13737: 13733: 13727: 13723: 13717: 13709: 13707: 13703: 13696: 13692: 13686: 13682: 13676: 13668: 13666: 13662: 13655: 13651: 13645: 13638: 13632: 13624: 13622: 13618: 13611: 13607: 13601: 13597: 13591:Wayback Machine 13581: 13577: 13567: 13565: 13561: 13550: 13546: 13545: 13541: 13531: 13529: 13516: 13512: 13504: 13483: 13475: 13464: 13456: 13445: 13437: 13426: 13418: 13411: 13403: 13399: 13391: 13387: 13379: 13375: 13367: 13360: 13352: 13343: 13335: 13326: 13318: 13307: 13303:, pp. 36–7 13299: 13278: 13273: 13269: 13261: 13248: 13240: 13231: 13223: 13214: 13206: 13199: 13191: 13184: 13174: 13172: 13168: 13167: 13163: 13153: 13151: 13147: 13146: 13142: 13132: 13130: 13121: 13120: 13116: 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10119: 10103: 10099: 10091: 10084: 10079:Wayback Machine 10060:Wayback Machine 10045:Wayback Machine 10023: 10019: 9997: 9975: 9971: 9965:Piotrowski 2007 9963: 9959: 9949: 9947: 9932: 9931: 9927: 9914:Wayback Machine 9895: 9892:Polish currency 9889: 9885: 9865: 9861: 9847:Wayback Machine 9827:Wayback Machine 9813: 9811: 9807: 9801: 9783: 9779: 9773: 9759: 9755: 9747: 9743: 9737: 9719:Sanford, George 9716: 9712: 9704: 9700: 9684: 9680: 9674:Wayback Machine 9663: 9656: 9647: 9640: 9632: 9628: 9619: 9615: 9608: 9594: 9590: 9578: 9574: 9563: 9543: 9539: 9524: 9510: 9506: 9496: 9476: 9472: 9458: 9454: 9444: 9430: 9426: 9418:, p. 212, 9408: 9404: 9396: 9392: 9382: 9368: 9364: 9345: 9338: 9328: 9308: 9301: 9284: 9280: 9262: 9246: 9242: 9232: 9218: 9214: 9171: 9164: 9148: 9147: 9143: 9127: 9120: 9103: 9099: 9082: 9078: 9061: 9057: 9040: 9036: 9018:Piero Gleijeses 9016: 9007: 9002: 8997: 8992: 8991: 8983: 8979: 8971: 8967: 8959: 8955: 8896: 8895: 8891: 8859: 8835: 8773: 8769: 8760: 8756: 8747: 8743: 8738: 8737: 8721: 8717: 8712: 8704:State socialism 8666:Politics portal 8664: 8657: 8650: 8645: 8643: 8636: 8631: 8629: 8622: 8615: 8608: 8603: 8601: 8598: 8578: 8573:30 April 1975 ( 8572: 8566: 8554: 8542: 8524: 8491:1 October 1949 8480: 8438: 8432: 8312:Kristen Ghodsee 8284: 8279: 8267:one-party state 8253:Dmitry Medvedev 8093:public protests 8087:the program of 7815:(openness) and 7738:Leonid Brezhnev 7622: 7588: 7518:Leonid Brezhnev 7483: 7475:Main articles: 7473: 7418:Hungarian flags 7382: 7376: 7351:Walter Ulbricht 7315: 7309: 7304: 7024: 6989:(1966), 2.4 in 6985:(1960), 1.4 in 6981:(1963), 1.7 in 6977:(1961), 1.5 in 6973:(1956), 2.0 in 6940: 6880: 6875: 6870: 6860: 6855: 6850: 6837: 6832: 6819: 6814: 6804: 6799: 6794: 6781: 6776: 6746: 6741: 6714: 6709: 6696: 6691: 6662: 6657: 6567: 6562: 6454:) according to 5046:as part of its 5013: 4916: 4915: 4914: 4913: 4901: 4900: 4899: 4891: 4890: 4879: 4878: 4877: 4876: 4864: 4863: 4862: 4854: 4853: 4842: 4841: 4840: 4839: 4827: 4826: 4825: 4817: 4816: 4805: 4804: 4803: 4802: 4790: 4789: 4788: 4780: 4779: 4768: 4767: 4766: 4765: 4753: 4752: 4751: 4743: 4742: 4731: 4730: 4729: 4728: 4712: 4711: 4710: 4702: 4701: 4687:divided highway 4683:infrastructural 4643: 4641:Economic growth 4532: 4511: 4478: 4472: 4422:that resulted. 4349: 4313: 4305:Main articles: 4303: 4259: 4227:command economy 4201: 4196: 4194:Initial changes 4176:command economy 4156:totalitarianism 4114: 4100: 4075:Because of the 4061: 3783:2,853,834 (74%) 3757:2,268,014 (64%) 3743:838,626 (26.9%) 3737:1,370,609 (44%) 3717:620,600 (22.5%) 3706:174,186 (7.1%) 3703:306,998 (12.5%) 3697:420,644 (17.1%) 3686:With piped gas 3414:systematisation 3370: 3368:Housing quality 3354: 3340: 3079:Density (1980) 3019: 2950:101st kilometre 2925: 2887: 2881: 2814: 2802:Main articles: 2800: 2787: 2765: 2645: 2603: 2581: 2575: 2513:Soviet Union – 2499:East Germany – 2481: 2443: 2406:communist party 2350: 2344: 2303:, where leader 2270:Josip Broz Tito 2266: 2260: 2225: 2223:Berlin Blockade 2219: 2182: 2162: 2160: 2137: 2135: 2116: 2082: 2076: 2071: 2065: 2042: 2007:some exceptions 1930:, February 1945 1905:The Big Three ( 1899: 1877: 1816:Initial Soviet 1764: 1736:Main articles: 1734: 1690: 1673: 1671: 1657: 1655: 1642: 1640: 1629: 1627: 1616: 1614: 1602: 1600: 1587: 1585: 1573: 1571: 1559: 1557: 1541: 1539: 1526: 1524: 1512: 1510: 1498: 1496: 1479: 1477: 1463: 1461: 1448: 1446: 1434: 1432: 1419: 1417: 1403: 1401: 1387: 1385: 1381: 1357: 1355: 1341: 1339: 1327: 1325: 1309: 1307: 1294: 1292: 1278: 1276: 1262: 1260: 1246: 1244: 1227: 1225: 1212: 1210: 1197: 1195: 1182: 1180: 1158: 1156: 1152: 1139: 1077:Ba'athist Syria 1051:from 1975, the 1005: 815: 786: 785: 721: 718: 711: 710: 663: 639:Berlin Blockade 619: 617:Cold War events 616: 609: 608: 532:Kazakhstan 1986 363: 358: 356: 349: 348: 315: 312: 305: 304: 166: 163: 156: 155: 76: 71: 65: 63: 53: 44: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 25844: 25834: 25833: 25828: 25823: 25818: 25813: 25808: 25803: 25798: 25793: 25788: 25783: 25778: 25761: 25760: 25758: 25746: 25734: 25731: 25730: 25728: 25723: 25721:Third-Worldism 25718: 25713: 25708: 25703: 25698: 25693: 25683: 25678: 25673: 25668: 25663: 25658: 25653: 25643: 25638: 25631:Anti-communism 25628: 25623: 25621: 25617: 25616: 25614: 25609: 25604: 25599: 25597: 25596:Related topics 25593: 25592: 25590: 25585: 25580: 25570: 25565: 25560: 25555: 25550: 25545: 25540: 25535: 25530: 25525: 25520: 25515: 25510: 25505: 25500: 25495: 25490: 25485: 25480: 25475: 25470: 25468: 25464: 25463: 25461: 25455: 25450: 25445: 25440: 25435: 25426: 25421: 25416: 25410: 25405: 25400: 25395: 25390: 25385: 25380: 25375: 25370: 25365: 25360: 25355: 25350: 25345: 25336: 25331: 25326: 25321: 25316: 25311: 25306: 25301: 25296: 25291: 25286: 25281: 25275: 25269:Czechoslovakia 25266: 25261: 25256: 25251: 25245: 25236: 25231: 25226: 25221: 25216: 25211: 25209: 25205: 25204: 25202: 25197: 25192: 25187: 25182: 25177: 25172: 25167: 25162: 25157: 25152: 25147: 25142: 25137: 25132: 25127: 25122: 25117: 25112: 25107: 25102: 25097: 25092: 25087: 25081: 25076: 25071: 25062: 25057: 25052: 25047: 25042: 25037: 25032: 25027: 25022: 25017: 25012: 25006: 25001: 24996: 24987: 24985: 24981: 24980: 24978: 24973: 24968: 24963: 24958: 24953: 24948: 24943: 24938: 24936: 24932: 24931: 24929: 24924: 24919: 24914: 24912:Abimael Guzmán 24909: 24904: 24899: 24894: 24889: 24884: 24879: 24877:Thomas Sankara 24874: 24869: 24864: 24862:Erich Honecker 24859: 24857:Maurice Bishop 24854: 24849: 24844: 24839: 24834: 24829: 24824: 24819: 24817:Agostinho Neto 24814: 24809: 24804: 24799: 24794: 24789: 24784: 24782:Khalid Bakdash 24779: 24774: 24769: 24764: 24759: 24754: 24749: 24744: 24739: 24734: 24729: 24724: 24719: 24714: 24712:Võ Nguyên Giáp 24709: 24704: 24699: 24694: 24692:Maurice Thorez 24689: 24684: 24682:Ehmetjan Qasim 24679: 24674: 24672:Ernst Thälmann 24669: 24664: 24659: 24657: 24653: 24652: 24650: 24645: 24640: 24635: 24627: 24619: 24614: 24608: 24603: 24598: 24592: 24587: 24582: 24576: 24571: 24566: 24560: 24555: 24549: 24543: 24538: 24533: 24528: 24523: 24517: 24510: 24505: 24503:Prachanda Path 24500: 24495: 24489: 24484: 24479: 24474: 24468: 24463: 24457: 24450: 24445: 24440: 24435: 24429: 24423: 24418: 24416: 24412: 24411: 24409: 24408: 24403: 24398: 24393: 24388: 24383: 24378: 24373: 24368: 24363: 24358: 24353: 24348: 24343: 24337: 24335: 24331: 24330: 24328: 24323: 24318: 24313: 24308: 24303: 24298: 24293: 24291: 24287: 24286: 24284: 24283: 24278: 24273: 24268: 24267: 24266: 24261: 24251: 24246: 24244:Social fascism 24241: 24239:Self-criticism 24236: 24231: 24226: 24221: 24216: 24211: 24206: 24201: 24196: 24191: 24186: 24185: 24184: 24174: 24169: 24164: 24159: 24154: 24148: 24146: 24142: 24141: 24134: 24133: 24126: 24119: 24111: 24102: 24101: 24099: 24098: 24095: 24091: 24090: 24085: 24080: 24075: 24070: 24065: 24059: 24056: 24055: 24051: 24050: 24047: 24046: 24041: 24039: 24033: 24032: 24025: 24023: 24010: 24009: 24004: 24002: 23996: 23995: 23990: 23988: 23982: 23981: 23971: 23969: 23963: 23962: 23953: 23951: 23945: 23944: 23938: 23936: 23930: 23929: 23921: 23919: 23913: 23912: 23907: 23905: 23899: 23898: 23889: 23887: 23881: 23880: 23873: 23871: 23860: 23857: 23856: 23848: 23846: 23840: 23839: 23833: 23831: 23825: 23824: 23818: 23816: 23810: 23809: 23802: 23800: 23792: 23791: 23788: 23787: 23782: 23776: 23775: 23773: 23767: 23766: 23758: 23756: 23750: 23749: 23744: 23742: 23736: 23735: 23721: 23719: 23713: 23712: 23707: 23705: 23699: 23698: 23693: 23691: 23689:Czechoslovakia 23685: 23684: 23677: 23675: 23664: 23661: 23660: 23652: 23650: 23644: 23643: 23636: 23634: 23626: 23625: 23617: 23615: 23609: 23608: 23605: 23604: 23597: 23595: 23589: 23588: 23583: 23581: 23572: 23566: 23565: 23560: 23558: 23552: 23551: 23546: 23544: 23538: 23537: 23532: 23530: 23524: 23523: 23515: 23513: 23507: 23506: 23501: 23499: 23493: 23492: 23487: 23485: 23473: 23470: 23469: 23464: 23463: 23456: 23449: 23441: 23432: 23431: 23429: 23428: 23423: 23418: 23413: 23408: 23402: 23400: 23396: 23395: 23393: 23392: 23387: 23382: 23377: 23372: 23367: 23362: 23357: 23351: 23349: 23345: 23344: 23342: 23341: 23336: 23331: 23326: 23321: 23319:Dekulakization 23316: 23311: 23306: 23301: 23296: 23291: 23285: 23283: 23279: 23278: 23276: 23275: 23270: 23265: 23260: 23255: 23250: 23245: 23240: 23235: 23229: 23227: 23223: 23222: 23215: 23214: 23207: 23200: 23192: 23183: 23182: 23180: 23179: 23173: 23167: 23162: 23156: 23155: 23154: 23148: 23135: 23133: 23129: 23128: 23126: 23125: 23120: 23114: 23109: 23103: 23097: 23091: 23089:Radio Bulgaria 23086: 23080: 23079: 23078: 23073: 23068: 23063: 23058: 23053: 23042: 23041: 23040: 23039:(Georgian SSR) 23034: 23028: 23023: 23022: 23021: 23010: 23004: 22998: 22997:(Estonian SSR) 22992: 22979: 22977: 22973: 22972: 22970: 22969: 22968: 22967: 22966: 22965: 22960: 22955: 22950: 22945: 22940: 22935: 22930: 22925: 22917: 22912: 22907: 22902: 22891: 22885: 22879: 22873: 22872:(East Germany) 22867: 22861: 22855: 22848: 22846: 22842: 22841: 22839: 22838: 22830: 22822: 22814: 22806: 22798: 22790: 22789:(Soviet Union) 22782: 22774: 22773:(East Germany) 22766: 22758: 22750: 22749:(Soviet Union) 22742: 22741:(Soviet Union) 22734: 22726: 22725:(East Germany) 22718: 22717:(East Germany) 22710: 22709:(East Germany) 22702: 22701:(East Germany) 22694: 22686: 22678: 22677:(East Germany) 22674:Kultur im Heim 22670: 22662: 22654: 22653:(East Germany) 22646: 22638: 22637:(East Germany) 22630: 22622: 22621:(East Germany) 22614: 22613:(East Germany) 22606: 22605:(East Germany) 22602:Form und Zweck 22598: 22597:(East Germany) 22590: 22582: 22581:(East Germany) 22574: 22566: 22558: 22550: 22549:(East Germany) 22541: 22539: 22535: 22534: 22532: 22531: 22523: 22515: 22507: 22499: 22491: 22483: 22475: 22467: 22459: 22451: 22443: 22435: 22427: 22419: 22411: 22403: 22395: 22394:(East Germany) 22387: 22379: 22371: 22363: 22355: 22354:(East Germany) 22347: 22339: 22331: 22323: 22315: 22307: 22306: 22305: 22297: 22289: 22281: 22280:(Georgian SSR) 22273: 22265: 22264:(Estonian SSR) 22257: 22249: 22241: 22233: 22225: 22217: 22216:(Russian SFSR) 22205: 22202:Sovetsky Sport 22198: 22191: 22184: 22177: 22170: 22155: 22153: 22149: 22148: 22146: 22145: 22140: 22139: 22138: 22133: 22132: 22131: 22126: 22121: 22120:(Gosteleradio) 22104: 22102: 22098: 22097: 22092: 22089: 22088: 22081: 22080: 22073: 22066: 22058: 22049: 22048: 22046: 22045: 22034: 22031: 22030: 22028: 22027: 22022: 22021: 22020: 22015: 22010: 22005: 22000: 21995: 21990: 21985: 21977: 21972: 21967: 21962: 21956: 21954: 21948: 21947: 21945: 21944: 21936: 21928: 21920: 21912: 21904: 21896: 21888: 21880: 21872: 21864: 21856: 21848: 21840: 21832: 21824: 21815: 21813: 21809: 21808: 21806: 21805: 21797: 21795: 21791: 21790: 21788: 21787: 21782: 21780:Stalin Society 21777: 21772: 21767: 21762: 21757: 21752: 21747: 21742: 21737: 21732: 21727: 21722: 21720:Stalin statues 21717: 21712: 21707: 21701: 21699: 21695: 21694: 21692: 21691: 21686: 21679: 21674: 21667: 21660: 21653: 21648: 21643: 21638: 21633: 21628: 21623: 21621:Stalin Epigram 21617: 21615: 21610: 21607: 21606: 21604: 21603: 21598: 21593: 21588: 21583: 21578: 21571: 21566: 21564:Rehabilitation 21561: 21556: 21550: 21548: 21542: 21541: 21539: 21538: 21533: 21526: 21521: 21516: 21509: 21504: 21499: 21492: 21487: 21480: 21475: 21470: 21463: 21456: 21449: 21442: 21434: 21432: 21428: 21427: 21425: 21424: 21419: 21414: 21409: 21404: 21399: 21394: 21389: 21384: 21383: 21382: 21377: 21372: 21367: 21362: 21357: 21352: 21342: 21332: 21327: 21322: 21317: 21312: 21307: 21306: 21305: 21300: 21291: 21286: 21278: 21277: 21276: 21271: 21266: 21261: 21260: 21259: 21254: 21249: 21244: 21239: 21234: 21229: 21224: 21219: 21214: 21209: 21204: 21199: 21194: 21184: 21174: 21169: 21164: 21163: 21162: 21152: 21147: 21142: 21140:Wittorf affair 21137: 21135:Dekulakization 21132: 21127: 21122: 21117: 21112: 21106: 21104: 21098: 21097: 21095: 21094: 21089: 21084: 21079: 21077:New Soviet man 21074: 21069: 21064: 21059: 21054: 21049: 21044: 21039: 21034: 21029: 21024: 21019: 21013: 21011: 21007: 21006: 21003: 21002: 21000: 20999: 20994: 20989: 20984: 20979: 20978: 20977: 20972: 20967: 20962: 20957: 20952: 20951: 20950: 20940: 20935: 20930: 20920: 20915: 20910: 20905: 20900: 20899: 20898: 20893: 20888: 20883: 20878: 20873: 20868: 20863: 20862: 20861: 20851: 20841: 20836: 20831: 20826: 20821: 20816: 20811: 20806: 20801: 20792: 20787: 20782: 20777: 20776: 20775: 20770: 20760: 20751: 20745: 20743: 20739: 20738: 20736: 20735: 20730: 20725: 20720: 20715: 20710: 20705: 20700: 20694: 20692: 20685: 20679: 20678: 20676: 20675: 20669: 20662: 20659: 20658: 20651: 20650: 20643: 20636: 20628: 20619: 20618: 20616: 20615: 20610: 20605: 20599: 20596: 20595: 20593: 20592: 20587: 20582: 20577: 20572: 20567: 20562: 20557: 20551: 20549: 20545: 20544: 20542: 20541: 20536: 20531: 20526: 20521: 20516: 20511: 20506: 20501: 20496: 20491: 20486: 20481: 20475: 20473: 20467: 20466: 20464: 20463: 20458: 20453: 20448: 20443: 20438: 20433: 20428: 20423: 20418: 20413: 20411:Timothy Snyder 20408: 20403: 20398: 20393: 20388: 20383: 20378: 20373: 20368: 20363: 20358: 20353: 20348: 20343: 20341:Vojtech Mastny 20338: 20336:Geir Lundestad 20333: 20328: 20326:Walter Laqueur 20323: 20321:Walter LaFeber 20318: 20313: 20308: 20303: 20298: 20293: 20288: 20283: 20278: 20273: 20268: 20263: 20258: 20253: 20251:André Fontaine 20248: 20243: 20238: 20233: 20228: 20223: 20218: 20213: 20208: 20203: 20198: 20193: 20188: 20183: 20181:Gar Alperovitz 20177: 20175: 20171: 20170: 20168: 20167: 20162: 20157: 20151: 20149: 20143: 20142: 20139: 20138: 20136: 20135: 20130: 20124: 20123: 20118: 20111: 20106: 20098: 20096: 20092: 20091: 20089: 20088: 20081: 20076: 20069: 20062: 20057: 20050: 20043: 20036: 20030: 20028: 20021: 20017: 20016: 20014: 20013: 20008: 20003: 19998: 19993: 19988: 19983: 19978: 19973: 19968: 19963: 19957: 19955: 19951: 19950: 19947: 19946: 19944: 19943: 19938: 19933: 19928: 19923: 19921:Third-Worldism 19918: 19913: 19908: 19903: 19898: 19893: 19888: 19883: 19878: 19873: 19868: 19863: 19858: 19853: 19848: 19843: 19838: 19833: 19828: 19822: 19820: 19816: 19815: 19813: 19812: 19807: 19802: 19797: 19792: 19787: 19780: 19775: 19770: 19765: 19760: 19755: 19749: 19747: 19741: 19740: 19738: 19737: 19732: 19727: 19722: 19717: 19712: 19710:Libertarianism 19707: 19702: 19701: 19700: 19690: 19688:Chicago school 19685: 19679: 19677: 19668: 19664: 19663: 19661: 19660: 19655: 19650: 19645: 19640: 19635: 19633:Nixon Doctrine 19630: 19625: 19620: 19615: 19610: 19605: 19600: 19595: 19590: 19585: 19579: 19577: 19576:Foreign policy 19573: 19572: 19570: 19569: 19564: 19559: 19554: 19549: 19544: 19539: 19534: 19528: 19526: 19520: 19519: 19517: 19516: 19511: 19510: 19509: 19499: 19494: 19489: 19484: 19479: 19474: 19469: 19464: 19458: 19456: 19452: 19451: 19449: 19448: 19443: 19438: 19433: 19428: 19423: 19418: 19413: 19408: 19403: 19398: 19393: 19388: 19383: 19378: 19373: 19368: 19363: 19361:Operation RYAN 19358: 19353: 19348: 19338: 19333: 19328: 19323: 19318: 19313: 19308: 19303: 19298: 19293: 19288: 19283: 19278: 19273: 19268: 19266:Able Archer 83 19263: 19258: 19253: 19248: 19243: 19238: 19233: 19228: 19223: 19218: 19213: 19212: 19211: 19201: 19196: 19191: 19182: 19177: 19171: 19169: 19165: 19164: 19162: 19161: 19156: 19151: 19146: 19141: 19136: 19131: 19126: 19121: 19116: 19111: 19106: 19101: 19096: 19091: 19086: 19081: 19076: 19071: 19063: 19058: 19053: 19048: 19043: 19038: 19033: 19028: 19023: 19018: 19016:Oromo conflict 19013: 19008: 19003: 18998: 18993: 18988: 18983: 18978: 18973: 18968: 18963: 18958: 18956:Yom Kippur War 18953: 18948: 18943: 18938: 18933: 18928: 18923: 18918: 18913: 18908: 18903: 18898: 18893: 18888: 18883: 18878: 18873: 18866: 18861: 18856: 18851: 18846: 18841: 18836: 18831: 18826: 18821: 18815: 18813: 18809: 18808: 18806: 18805: 18800: 18795: 18790: 18785: 18780: 18779: 18778: 18768: 18763: 18758: 18753: 18748: 18739: 18734: 18733: 18732: 18722: 18717: 18712: 18707: 18702: 18697: 18692: 18687: 18682: 18677: 18672: 18667: 18662: 18657: 18652: 18647: 18642: 18637: 18632: 18627: 18622: 18617: 18612: 18611: 18610: 18600: 18595: 18590: 18588:Aden Emergency 18585: 18580: 18575: 18570: 18565: 18560: 18555: 18550: 18545: 18540: 18539: 18538: 18533: 18528: 18518: 18513: 18508: 18506:Papua conflict 18503: 18498: 18493: 18488: 18487: 18486: 18476: 18475: 18474: 18464: 18459: 18454: 18449: 18444: 18438: 18436: 18432: 18431: 18429: 18428: 18423: 18422: 18421: 18411: 18409:Kitchen Debate 18406: 18401: 18396: 18391: 18386: 18381: 18376: 18371: 18369:Sputnik crisis 18366: 18361: 18353: 18346: 18341: 18339:Polish October 18336: 18331: 18326: 18319: 18314: 18309: 18304: 18299: 18294: 18289: 18284: 18279: 18271: 18266: 18261: 18256: 18251: 18246: 18241: 18239:Pact of Madrid 18236: 18231: 18226: 18221: 18216: 18211: 18206: 18201: 18196: 18194:Bamboo Curtain 18190: 18188: 18184: 18183: 18181: 18180: 18175: 18170: 18165: 18164: 18163: 18153: 18148: 18143: 18138: 18133: 18128: 18123: 18118: 18113: 18108: 18103: 18098: 18093: 18088: 18087: 18086: 18081: 18076: 18066: 18061: 18056: 18051: 18046: 18041: 18036: 18031: 18026: 18021: 18016: 18011: 18006: 18001: 17993: 17985: 17977: 17972: 17967: 17962: 17954: 17949: 17948: 17947: 17942: 17934: 17921: 17916: 17911: 17906: 17900: 17898: 17894: 17893: 17891: 17890: 17885: 17880: 17875: 17870: 17865: 17860: 17855: 17850: 17843: 17835: 17832: 17831: 17824: 17823: 17816: 17809: 17801: 17792: 17791: 17789: 17788: 17783: 17778: 17772: 17770: 17764: 17763: 17761: 17760: 17754: 17752: 17746: 17745: 17743: 17742: 17737: 17731: 17729: 17723: 17722: 17720: 17719: 17714: 17708: 17706: 17700: 17699: 17697: 17696: 17690: 17688: 17682: 17681: 17679: 17678: 17672: 17670: 17668:Czechoslovakia 17664: 17663: 17661: 17660: 17654: 17652: 17646: 17645: 17643: 17642: 17636: 17634: 17628: 17627: 17625: 17624: 17619: 17614: 17609: 17604: 17599: 17594: 17589: 17583: 17581: 17575: 17574: 17572: 17571: 17566: 17561: 17556: 17551: 17545: 17542: 17541: 17530: 17529: 17522: 17515: 17507: 17498: 17497: 17494: 17493: 17489: 17488: 17485: 17484: 17482: 17481: 17476: 17471: 17466: 17461: 17456: 17451: 17446: 17441: 17436: 17431: 17426: 17420: 17418: 17412: 17411: 17409: 17408: 17403: 17398: 17393: 17388: 17383: 17378: 17373: 17371:Vladimir Lenin 17367: 17365: 17359: 17358: 17356: 17355: 17350: 17345: 17339: 17337: 17331: 17330: 17328: 17327: 17322: 17317: 17312: 17307: 17302: 17297: 17291: 17289: 17276: 17273: 17272: 17270: 17269: 17264: 17259: 17254: 17249: 17244: 17238: 17236: 17226: 17225: 17223: 17222: 17217: 17215:Erich Honecker 17212: 17207: 17205:Otto Grotewohl 17202: 17196: 17194: 17188: 17187: 17185: 17184: 17179: 17174: 17169: 17164: 17159: 17153: 17151: 17145: 17144: 17142: 17141: 17139:Petar Mladenov 17136: 17131: 17126: 17120: 17118: 17112: 17111: 17109: 17108: 17103: 17097: 17095: 17083: 17076: 17075: 17063: 17062: 17055: 17048: 17040: 17031: 17030: 17028: 17027: 17026: 17025: 17015: 17010: 17005: 17000: 16995: 16990: 16985: 16980: 16975: 16970: 16965: 16958: 16952: 16950: 16946: 16945: 16943: 16942: 16937: 16932: 16927: 16922: 16917: 16906: 16904: 16900: 16899: 16897: 16896: 16891: 16878: 16873: 16868: 16863: 16854: 16849: 16844: 16839: 16834: 16829: 16824: 16818: 16816: 16811: 16808: 16807: 16805: 16804: 16796: 16788: 16783: 16778: 16772: 16770: 16766: 16765: 16763: 16762: 16754: 16749: 16744: 16739: 16734: 16729: 16724: 16715: 16713: 16709: 16708: 16706: 16705: 16700: 16695: 16690: 16685: 16684: 16683: 16678: 16673: 16668: 16658: 16652: 16650: 16646: 16645: 16642: 16641: 16636: 16630: 16629: 16626: 16625: 16618: 16617: 16610: 16603: 16595: 16589: 16588: 16583: 16571: 16559: 16547: 16542: 16536: 16530: 16525: 16516: 16506: 16496: 16490: 16484: 16460: 16446: 16439: 16427: 16410: 16409: 16407: 16406:External links 16404: 16402: 16401: 16396: 16381: 16377:978-0691168708 16376: 16357: 16352: 16339: 16330: 16325: 16308: 16303: 16288: 16283: 16268: 16263: 16250: 16245: 16232: 16227: 16214: 16204: 16191: 16189: 16186: 16184: 16183: 16177: 16162: 16157: 16144: 16139: 16126: 16120: 16105: 16100: 16087: 16082: 16069: 16064: 16047: 16042: 16029: 16024: 16011: 16006: 15993: 15988: 15975: 15970: 15957: 15952: 15939: 15915: 15910: 15897: 15892: 15879: 15874: 15861: 15856: 15843: 15838: 15825: 15820: 15807: 15802: 15789: 15784: 15771: 15766: 15753: 15748: 15735: 15730: 15713: 15708: 15695: 15690: 15673: 15668: 15651: 15646: 15633: 15628: 15611: 15606: 15593: 15588: 15575: 15570: 15557: 15552: 15535: 15530: 15515: 15510: 15493: 15488: 15471: 15467:978-0714654089 15466: 15449: 15444: 15431: 15426: 15413: 15407: 15392: 15387: 15374: 15369: 15361:Westview Press 15352: 15347: 15333: 15331: 15328: 15325: 15324: 15298: 15258: 15228: 15198: 15185:Cato Institute 15170: 15150: 15133: 15114: 15101: 15085: 15072: 15055: 15038: 15022: 15009: 14984: 14959: 14934: 14900: 14890: 14866: 14808: 14798:978-0197549247 14797: 14767: 14710: 14648: 14588: 14569: 14545: 14533: 14521: 14506: 14494: 14482: 14473: 14464: 14455: 14446: 14437: 14435:9 August 2014. 14416: 14404: 14392: 14367: 14355: 14343: 14331: 14319: 14292: 14286: 14268: 14264:Grenville 2005 14256: 14241: 14229: 14217: 14187: 14156: 14143: 14131: 14105: 14086: 14055: 14020: 13984: 13971: 13958: 13955:(1.47 MB) 13917: 13885: 13882:(1.47 MB) 13844: 13841:(1.47 MB) 13803: 13800:(1.47 MB) 13762: 13759:(1.47 MB) 13721: 13718:(1.47 MB) 13680: 13677:(1.47 MB) 13636: 13633:(1.47 MB) 13595: 13575: 13539: 13510: 13481: 13462: 13443: 13424: 13409: 13397: 13385: 13373: 13358: 13341: 13324: 13305: 13276: 13267: 13246: 13229: 13212: 13197: 13182: 13161: 13140: 13114: 13099: 13087: 13072: 13060: 13048: 13031: 13014: 12995: 12988: 12963: 12956: 12936: 12918: 12903: 12888: 12873: 12854: 12835: 12816: 12790: 12781: 12772: 12760: 12737: 12720: 12697: 12682: 12667: 12655: 12643: 12631: 12614: 12593: 12572: 12553: 12541: 12512: 12500: 12479: 12452: 12443: 12431: 12405: 12368: 12347: 12335: 12316: 12304: 12292: 12277: 12262: 12250: 12231: 12216: 12201: 12189: 12177: 12162: 12147: 12142:Deutsche Welle 12122: 12113: 12083: 12053: 12023: 12011: 11996: 11979: 11967: 11941: 11929: 11910: 11880: 11868: 11849: 11832: 11815: 11786: 11774: 11760: 11740: 11722:(2): 234–235. 11702: 11686: 11674: 11662: 11647: 11635: 11620: 11594: 11582: 11570: 11553: 11541: 11529: 11517: 11502: 11490: 11478: 11466: 11445: 11430: 11418: 11403: 11391: 11379: 11367: 11346: 11334: 11317: 11300: 11285: 11270: 11249: 11229: 11200: 11193: 11175: 11160: 11143: 11128: 11111: 11099: 11080: 11062:(2): 499–521. 11036: 11019: 11004: 10989: 10977: 10965: 10946: 10934: 10917: 10908: 10899: 10892: 10874: 10862: 10839: 10814: 10802: 10790: 10769: 10757: 10745: 10733: 10721: 10709: 10697: 10678: 10655: 10623: 10611: 10599: 10587: 10575: 10560: 10545: 10539:978-1783087990 10538: 10520: 10501: 10489: 10466: 10451: 10439: 10412: 10406:978-3832956097 10405: 10393:Nohlen, Dieter 10384: 10372: 10353: 10338: 10334:Miscamble 2007 10326: 10322:Miscamble 2007 10314: 10303: 10281: 10264: 10252: 10237: 10231: 10210: 10198: 10186: 10149: 10134: 10117: 10097: 10082: 10030:Katyn massacre 10017: 9969: 9957: 9925: 9883: 9859: 9805: 9799: 9777: 9771: 9753: 9741: 9735: 9710: 9698: 9678: 9654: 9638: 9626: 9613: 9606: 9588: 9572: 9562:978-0415072250 9561: 9537: 9522: 9504: 9494: 9481:Eastern Europe 9470: 9452: 9442: 9424: 9402: 9390: 9380: 9362: 9336: 9326: 9299: 9278: 9260: 9240: 9230: 9212: 9185:(2): 150–171. 9162: 9141: 9118: 9097: 9076: 9055: 9034: 9004: 9003: 9001: 8998: 8996: 8993: 8990: 8989: 8977: 8965: 8953: 8951: 8950: 8924:(2): 150–171. 8909: 8889: 8874: 8857: 8842: 8833: 8820: 8807:Rees, G. Wyn. 8805: 8790: 8767: 8754: 8740: 8739: 8736: 8735: 8714: 8713: 8711: 8708: 8707: 8706: 8701: 8696: 8691: 8686: 8681: 8676: 8670: 8669: 8655: 8641: 8627: 8613: 8597: 8594: 8591: 8590: 8585: 8564: 8552: 8548: 8547: 8540: 8537: 8527: 8521: 8520: 8515: 8512: 8502: 8498: 8497: 8492: 8489: 8473: 8469: 8468: 8465: 8462: 8459: 8431: 8428: 8387:GDP per capita 8383:Cato Institute 8290:asserted that 8283: 8280: 8278: 8275: 8249:Vladimir Putin 8143:decolonization 8136:communist rule 8066:general strike 8062:Czechoslovakia 8055:Petar Mladenov 8023:Erich Honecker 8012:Erich Honecker 7850:Following the 7709:preserved the 7657:Stalin's death 7587: 7584: 7503:consumer goods 7499:Action Program 7487:Czechoslovakia 7472: 7469: 7378:Main article: 7375: 7372: 7323:Republikflucht 7311:Main article: 7308: 7305: 7303: 7300: 7250: 7249: 7246: 7243: 7240: 7237: 7234: 7228: 7227: 7224: 7221: 7218: 7215: 7212: 7210:Czechoslovakia 7206: 7205: 7202: 7199: 7196: 7193: 7190: 7184: 7183: 7180: 7177: 7174: 7171: 7168: 7162: 7161: 7158: 7155: 7152: 7149: 7146: 7140: 7139: 7136: 7133: 7130: 7127: 7124: 7118: 7117: 7114: 7111: 7108: 7105: 7102: 7096: 7095: 7092: 7089: 7086: 7083: 7080: 7074: 7073: 7070: 7067: 7064: 7061: 7058: 7052: 7051: 7048: 7047:1986 shortage 7045: 7042: 7039: 7036: 7023: 7020: 6975:Czechoslovakia 6939: 6936: 6884: 6883: 6878: 6873: 6868: 6864: 6863: 6858: 6853: 6848: 6844: 6843: 6840: 6835: 6830: 6826: 6825: 6822: 6817: 6812: 6808: 6807: 6802: 6797: 6792: 6788: 6787: 6784: 6779: 6774: 6767: 6766: 6763: 6760: 6757: 6753: 6752: 6749: 6744: 6739: 6735: 6734: 6731: 6728: 6725: 6721: 6720: 6717: 6712: 6707: 6703: 6702: 6699: 6694: 6689: 6685: 6684: 6681: 6678: 6675: 6669: 6668: 6665: 6660: 6655: 6653:Czech Republic 6648: 6647: 6644: 6641: 6638: 6634: 6633: 6630: 6627: 6624: 6620: 6619: 6616: 6613: 6610: 6606: 6605: 6602: 6599: 6596: 6590: 6589: 6586: 6583: 6580: 6574: 6573: 6570: 6565: 6560: 6553: 6552: 6549: 6546: 6543: 6539: 6538: 6535: 6532: 6529: 6525: 6524: 6521: 6518: 6515: 6511: 6510: 6507: 6504: 6501: 6500:United Kingdom 6497: 6496: 6493: 6490: 6487: 6456:Angus Maddison 6442: 6441: 6438: 6435: 6432: 6429: 6426: 6423: 6422:United Kingdom 6419: 6418: 6415: 6412: 6409: 6406: 6403: 6400: 6396: 6395: 6392: 6389: 6386: 6383: 6380: 6377: 6373: 6372: 6369: 6366: 6363: 6360: 6357: 6354: 6350: 6349: 6346: 6343: 6340: 6337: 6334: 6331: 6327: 6326: 6323: 6320: 6317: 6314: 6311: 6308: 6304: 6303: 6300: 6297: 6294: 6291: 6288: 6285: 6281: 6280: 6277: 6274: 6271: 6268: 6265: 6262: 6258: 6257: 6254: 6251: 6248: 6245: 6242: 6239: 6235: 6234: 6231: 6228: 6225: 6222: 6219: 6216: 6212: 6211: 6208: 6205: 6202: 6199: 6196: 6193: 6192:Germany (West) 6189: 6188: 6185: 6182: 6179: 6176: 6173: 6170: 6166: 6165: 6162: 6159: 6156: 6153: 6150: 6147: 6143: 6142: 6139: 6136: 6133: 6130: 6127: 6124: 6120: 6119: 6116: 6113: 6110: 6107: 6104: 6101: 6097: 6096: 6093: 6090: 6087: 6084: 6081: 6078: 6074: 6073: 6070: 6067: 6064: 6061: 6058: 6055: 6051: 6050: 6047: 6044: 6041: 6038: 6035: 6032: 6028: 6027: 6024: 6021: 6018: 6015: 6012: 6009: 6005: 6004: 6001: 5998: 5995: 5992: 5989: 5986: 5982: 5981: 5978: 5975: 5972: 5969: 5966: 5963: 5959: 5958: 5955: 5952: 5949: 5946: 5943: 5940: 5938:Czech Republic 5933: 5932: 5929: 5926: 5923: 5920: 5917: 5914: 5910: 5909: 5906: 5903: 5900: 5897: 5894: 5891: 5887: 5886: 5883: 5880: 5877: 5874: 5871: 5868: 5864: 5863: 5860: 5857: 5854: 5851: 5848: 5845: 5841: 5840: 5837: 5834: 5831: 5828: 5825: 5822: 5818: 5817: 5814: 5811: 5808: 5805: 5802: 5799: 5783: 5782: 5779: 5776: 5773: 5770: 5767: 5764: 5761: 5758: 5757:United Kingdom 5754: 5753: 5750: 5747: 5744: 5741: 5738: 5735: 5732: 5729: 5725: 5724: 5721: 5718: 5715: 5712: 5709: 5706: 5703: 5700: 5696: 5695: 5692: 5689: 5686: 5683: 5680: 5677: 5674: 5671: 5667: 5666: 5663: 5660: 5657: 5654: 5651: 5648: 5645: 5642: 5638: 5637: 5634: 5631: 5628: 5625: 5622: 5619: 5616: 5613: 5609: 5608: 5605: 5602: 5599: 5596: 5593: 5590: 5587: 5584: 5580: 5579: 5576: 5573: 5570: 5567: 5564: 5561: 5558: 5555: 5551: 5550: 5547: 5544: 5541: 5538: 5535: 5532: 5529: 5526: 5522: 5521: 5518: 5515: 5512: 5509: 5506: 5503: 5500: 5497: 5493: 5492: 5489: 5486: 5483: 5480: 5477: 5474: 5471: 5468: 5467:Germany (West) 5464: 5463: 5460: 5457: 5454: 5451: 5448: 5445: 5442: 5439: 5435: 5434: 5431: 5428: 5425: 5422: 5419: 5416: 5413: 5410: 5406: 5405: 5402: 5399: 5396: 5393: 5390: 5387: 5384: 5381: 5377: 5376: 5373: 5370: 5367: 5364: 5361: 5358: 5355: 5352: 5348: 5347: 5344: 5341: 5338: 5335: 5332: 5329: 5326: 5323: 5319: 5318: 5315: 5312: 5309: 5306: 5303: 5300: 5297: 5294: 5290: 5289: 5286: 5283: 5280: 5277: 5274: 5271: 5268: 5265: 5261: 5260: 5257: 5254: 5251: 5248: 5245: 5242: 5239: 5236: 5234:Czech Republic 5229: 5228: 5225: 5222: 5219: 5216: 5213: 5210: 5207: 5204: 5200: 5199: 5196: 5193: 5190: 5187: 5184: 5181: 5178: 5175: 5171: 5170: 5167: 5164: 5161: 5158: 5155: 5152: 5149: 5146: 5142: 5141: 5138: 5135: 5132: 5129: 5126: 5123: 5120: 5117: 5113: 5112: 5109: 5106: 5103: 5100: 5097: 5094: 5091: 5088: 5084: 5083: 5080: 5077: 5074: 5071: 5068: 5065: 5062: 5059: 5012: 5009: 4903: 4902: 4893: 4892: 4884: 4883: 4882: 4881: 4880: 4866: 4865: 4856: 4855: 4847: 4846: 4845: 4844: 4843: 4829: 4828: 4819: 4818: 4810: 4809: 4808: 4807: 4806: 4793:A Polish-made 4792: 4791: 4782: 4781: 4773: 4772: 4771: 4770: 4769: 4756:A Soviet-made 4755: 4754: 4745: 4744: 4736: 4735: 4734: 4733: 4732: 4714: 4713: 4704: 4703: 4695: 4694: 4693: 4692: 4691: 4651:Robotron KC 87 4642: 4639: 4615:dekulakisation 4606:Czechoslovakia 4590:Lithuanian SSR 4579:dekulakisation 4531: 4528: 4510: 4507: 4471: 4468: 4456:Czechoslovakia 4374:heavy industry 4348: 4345: 4302: 4299: 4283:Czechoslovakia 4258: 4255: 4251:Czechoslovakia 4200: 4197: 4195: 4192: 4099: 4096: 4060: 4057: 4050: 4049: 4046: 4043: 4040: 4037: 4034: 4028: 4027: 4024: 4021: 4018: 4015: 4012: 4006: 4005: 4002: 3999: 3996: 3993: 3990: 3984: 3983: 3980: 3977: 3974: 3971: 3968: 3962: 3961: 3958: 3955: 3952: 3949: 3946: 3940: 3939: 3936: 3933: 3930: 3927: 3924: 3918: 3917: 3914: 3911: 3908: 3905: 3902: 3900:Czechoslovakia 3896: 3895: 3892: 3889: 3886: 3883: 3880: 3874: 3873: 3870: 3867: 3864: 3861: 3858: 3852: 3851: 3848: 3845: 3842: 3838: 3837: 3834: 3831: 3828: 3825: 3822: 3818: 3817: 3814: 3811: 3788: 3787: 3784: 3781: 3778: 3775: 3772: 3768: 3767: 3764: 3761: 3758: 3755: 3752: 3748: 3747: 3744: 3741: 3738: 3735: 3732: 3728: 3727: 3724: 3721: 3718: 3715: 3712: 3708: 3707: 3704: 3701: 3698: 3695: 3692: 3688: 3687: 3684: 3681: 3678: 3675: 3672: 3661: 3660: 3657: 3654: 3651: 3648: 3645: 3639: 3638: 3635: 3632: 3629: 3626: 3623: 3617: 3616: 3613: 3610: 3607: 3604: 3601: 3595: 3594: 3591: 3588: 3585: 3582: 3579: 3573: 3572: 3569: 3566: 3563: 3560: 3557: 3551: 3550: 3547: 3544: 3541: 3538: 3535: 3529: 3528: 3525: 3522: 3519: 3516: 3513: 3511:Czechoslovakia 3507: 3506: 3503: 3500: 3497: 3494: 3491: 3485: 3484: 3481: 3478: 3475: 3472: 3469: 3463: 3462: 3459: 3456: 3453: 3450: 3447: 3398:Czechoslovakia 3369: 3366: 3353: 3350: 3339: 3336: 3333: 3332: 3329: 3326: 3323: 3320: 3317: 3314: 3311: 3305: 3304: 3301: 3298: 3295: 3292: 3289: 3286: 3283: 3277: 3276: 3273: 3270: 3267: 3264: 3261: 3258: 3255: 3249: 3248: 3245: 3242: 3239: 3236: 3233: 3230: 3227: 3221: 3220: 3217: 3214: 3211: 3208: 3205: 3202: 3199: 3193: 3192: 3189: 3186: 3183: 3180: 3177: 3174: 3171: 3165: 3164: 3161: 3158: 3155: 3152: 3149: 3146: 3143: 3141:Czechoslovakia 3137: 3136: 3133: 3130: 3127: 3124: 3121: 3118: 3115: 3109: 3108: 3105: 3102: 3099: 3096: 3093: 3090: 3087: 3081: 3080: 3077: 3074: 3071: 3068: 3065: 3062: 3059: 3018: 3015: 2991:Republikflucht 2899:Republikflucht 2883:Main article: 2880: 2877: 2822:Czechoslovakia 2799: 2796: 2783:Main article: 2764: 2761: 2722:Lithuanian SSR 2705: 2704: 2698: 2693: 2688: 2683: 2678: 2673: 2668: 2663: 2653: 2640: 2635: 2577:Main article: 2574: 2571: 2570: 2569: 2555: 2545: 2539: 2533: 2527: 2517: 2511: 2442: 2439: 2346:Main article: 2343: 2340: 2259: 2256: 2237:Berlin Airlift 2221:Main article: 2218: 2215: 2161: 2136: 2115: 2075: 2072: 2064: 2061: 2041: 2038: 1957:, the parties 1914:U.S. President 1876: 1873: 1733: 1730: 1689: 1686: 1685: 1684: 1668: 1652: 1638: 1625: 1612: 1598: 1582: 1569: 1555: 1537: 1521: 1508: 1494: 1474: 1458: 1444: 1430: 1414: 1398: 1380: 1377: 1376: 1375: 1370:1945–1976 and 1353: 1352: 1351: 1337: 1305: 1289: 1273: 1257: 1241: 1223: 1219:Czechoslovakia 1207: 1193: 1177: 1151: 1148: 1138: 1137:List of states 1135: 1117:by the 1960s. 1004: 1001: 929:Czechoslovakia 909:Western Europe 835:Socialist Bloc 827:Communist Bloc 817: 816: 814: 813: 806: 799: 791: 788: 787: 784: 783: 778: 773: 768: 763: 758: 753: 748: 746:January Events 743: 738: 733: 728: 722: 717: 716: 713: 712: 709: 708: 703: 698: 693: 688: 683: 678: 673: 668: 661: 656: 651: 646: 641: 636: 631: 626: 620: 615: 614: 611: 610: 605: 604: 603: 602: 597: 592: 587: 582: 574: 573: 567: 566: 565: 564: 559: 557:Lithuania 1991 554: 549: 544: 539: 534: 529: 524: 519: 518: 517: 512: 502: 497: 492: 487: 482: 477: 476: 475: 470: 457: 456: 452: 451: 450: 449: 444: 439: 434: 429: 421: 420: 414: 413: 412: 411: 406: 401: 396: 391: 386: 381: 373: 372: 364: 355: 354: 351: 350: 347: 346: 341: 336: 331: 324: 316: 311: 310: 307: 306: 303: 302: 296: 282: 277: 271: 266: 260: 255: 250: 245: 240: 235: 230: 225: 220: 215: 213:Czechoslovakia 210: 205: 200: 194: 189: 184: 179: 173: 167: 162: 161: 158: 157: 154: 153: 148: 143: 138: 133: 128: 123: 118: 113: 108: 103: 98: 93: 88: 83: 77: 62: 61: 58: 57: 49: 48: 26: 18:Communist bloc 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 25843: 25832: 25829: 25827: 25824: 25822: 25819: 25817: 25814: 25812: 25809: 25807: 25804: 25802: 25799: 25797: 25794: 25792: 25789: 25787: 25784: 25782: 25779: 25777: 25774: 25773: 25771: 25757: 25747: 25745: 25740: 25735: 25732: 25727: 25724: 25722: 25719: 25717: 25714: 25712: 25709: 25707: 25704: 25702: 25699: 25697: 25694: 25691: 25687: 25684: 25682: 25679: 25677: 25674: 25672: 25669: 25667: 25664: 25662: 25659: 25657: 25654: 25651: 25650:Mass killings 25647: 25644: 25642: 25639: 25636: 25635:Mass killings 25632: 25629: 25627: 25624: 25622: 25618: 25613: 25610: 25608: 25605: 25603: 25600: 25598: 25594: 25589: 25586: 25584: 25581: 25578: 25574: 25571: 25569: 25566: 25564: 25561: 25559: 25556: 25554: 25551: 25549: 25546: 25544: 25541: 25539: 25536: 25534: 25531: 25529: 25526: 25524: 25521: 25519: 25516: 25514: 25511: 25509: 25506: 25504: 25501: 25499: 25496: 25494: 25491: 25489: 25486: 25484: 25481: 25479: 25476: 25474: 25471: 25469: 25467:Organizations 25465: 25459: 25456: 25454: 25451: 25449: 25446: 25444: 25441: 25439: 25436: 25434: 25430: 25427: 25425: 25422: 25420: 25417: 25414: 25411: 25409: 25406: 25404: 25401: 25399: 25396: 25394: 25391: 25389: 25386: 25384: 25381: 25379: 25376: 25374: 25371: 25369: 25366: 25364: 25361: 25359: 25356: 25354: 25351: 25349: 25346: 25344: 25340: 25337: 25335: 25332: 25330: 25327: 25325: 25322: 25320: 25317: 25315: 25312: 25310: 25307: 25305: 25302: 25300: 25297: 25295: 25292: 25290: 25287: 25285: 25282: 25279: 25276: 25274: 25270: 25267: 25265: 25262: 25260: 25257: 25255: 25252: 25249: 25246: 25244: 25240: 25237: 25235: 25232: 25230: 25227: 25225: 25222: 25220: 25217: 25215: 25212: 25210: 25206: 25201: 25198: 25196: 25193: 25191: 25188: 25186: 25183: 25181: 25178: 25176: 25173: 25171: 25168: 25166: 25165:Prague Spring 25163: 25161: 25158: 25156: 25153: 25151: 25148: 25146: 25143: 25141: 25138: 25136: 25133: 25131: 25128: 25126: 25123: 25121: 25118: 25116: 25113: 25111: 25108: 25106: 25103: 25101: 25098: 25096: 25093: 25091: 25088: 25085: 25082: 25080: 25077: 25075: 25072: 25070: 25066: 25063: 25061: 25058: 25056: 25053: 25051: 25048: 25046: 25043: 25041: 25038: 25036: 25033: 25031: 25028: 25026: 25023: 25021: 25018: 25016: 25013: 25010: 25007: 25005: 25002: 25000: 24997: 24995: 24991: 24988: 24986: 24982: 24977: 24974: 24972: 24969: 24967: 24964: 24962: 24959: 24957: 24954: 24952: 24949: 24947: 24944: 24942: 24939: 24937: 24933: 24928: 24925: 24923: 24920: 24918: 24915: 24913: 24910: 24908: 24905: 24903: 24900: 24898: 24895: 24893: 24890: 24888: 24885: 24883: 24880: 24878: 24875: 24873: 24872:Samora Machel 24870: 24868: 24865: 24863: 24860: 24858: 24855: 24853: 24850: 24848: 24845: 24843: 24840: 24838: 24835: 24833: 24830: 24828: 24825: 24823: 24820: 24818: 24815: 24813: 24810: 24808: 24805: 24803: 24800: 24798: 24795: 24793: 24792:Deng Xiaoping 24790: 24788: 24785: 24783: 24780: 24778: 24775: 24773: 24770: 24768: 24765: 24763: 24760: 24758: 24755: 24753: 24750: 24748: 24745: 24743: 24740: 24738: 24737:Mátyás Rákosi 24735: 24733: 24730: 24728: 24725: 24723: 24720: 24718: 24715: 24713: 24710: 24708: 24705: 24703: 24700: 24698: 24695: 24693: 24690: 24688: 24685: 24683: 24680: 24678: 24675: 24673: 24670: 24668: 24665: 24663: 24662:Joseph Stalin 24660: 24658: 24654: 24649: 24646: 24644: 24641: 24639: 24636: 24633: 24632: 24628: 24626: 24625: 24620: 24618: 24615: 24612: 24609: 24607: 24604: 24602: 24599: 24597: 24593: 24591: 24588: 24586: 24583: 24580: 24577: 24575: 24572: 24570: 24567: 24565: 24561: 24559: 24556: 24553: 24550: 24548: 24544: 24542: 24539: 24537: 24534: 24532: 24529: 24527: 24524: 24521: 24520:New Communism 24518: 24515: 24511: 24509: 24506: 24504: 24501: 24499: 24496: 24494: 24490: 24488: 24485: 24483: 24482:Khrushchevism 24480: 24478: 24475: 24472: 24469: 24467: 24464: 24462: 24458: 24456: 24455: 24451: 24449: 24446: 24444: 24441: 24439: 24436: 24433: 24430: 24428: 24424: 24422: 24419: 24417: 24413: 24407: 24404: 24402: 24401:Unified power 24399: 24397: 24394: 24392: 24389: 24387: 24384: 24382: 24379: 24377: 24374: 24372: 24369: 24367: 24364: 24362: 24359: 24357: 24354: 24352: 24349: 24347: 24344: 24342: 24339: 24338: 24336: 24332: 24327: 24324: 24322: 24319: 24317: 24314: 24312: 24309: 24307: 24304: 24302: 24299: 24297: 24294: 24292: 24288: 24282: 24279: 24277: 24274: 24272: 24269: 24265: 24262: 24260: 24257: 24256: 24255: 24252: 24250: 24247: 24245: 24242: 24240: 24237: 24235: 24232: 24230: 24229:Popular front 24227: 24225: 24222: 24220: 24217: 24215: 24212: 24210: 24207: 24205: 24202: 24200: 24197: 24195: 24192: 24190: 24187: 24183: 24180: 24179: 24178: 24175: 24173: 24170: 24168: 24165: 24163: 24160: 24158: 24155: 24153: 24150: 24149: 24147: 24143: 24139: 24132: 24127: 24125: 24120: 24118: 24113: 24112: 24109: 24096: 24093: 24092: 24089: 24086: 24084: 24081: 24079: 24076: 24074: 24071: 24069: 24066: 24064: 24061: 24060: 24057: 24044: 24040: 24038: 24034: 24030: 24029: 24024: 24022: 24021: 24015: 24014:North Vietnam 24011: 24007: 24003: 24001: 23997: 23993: 23989: 23987: 23983: 23978: 23974: 23970: 23968: 23964: 23960: 23956: 23952: 23950: 23946: 23941: 23937: 23935: 23931: 23925: 23920: 23918: 23914: 23910: 23906: 23904: 23900: 23896: 23892: 23888: 23886: 23882: 23878: 23877: 23872: 23870: 23869: 23864: 23861: 23853: 23852: 23847: 23845: 23841: 23836: 23832: 23830: 23826: 23821: 23817: 23815: 23811: 23807: 23806: 23801: 23799: 23798: 23793: 23786: 23783: 23781: 23778: 23777: 23774: 23772: 23768: 23762: 23757: 23755: 23754:Guinea-Bissau 23751: 23747: 23743: 23741: 23737: 23732: 23728: 23724: 23720: 23718: 23714: 23710: 23706: 23704: 23700: 23696: 23692: 23690: 23686: 23682: 23681: 23676: 23674: 23673: 23668: 23665: 23657: 23656: 23651: 23649: 23645: 23641: 23640: 23635: 23633: 23632: 23627: 23621: 23616: 23614: 23610: 23601: 23596: 23594: 23590: 23586: 23582: 23580: 23576: 23573: 23571: 23567: 23563: 23559: 23557: 23553: 23549: 23545: 23543: 23539: 23535: 23531: 23529: 23525: 23520: 23519: 23514: 23512: 23508: 23504: 23500: 23498: 23494: 23490: 23486: 23484: 23480: 23477: 23476: 23471: 23462: 23457: 23455: 23450: 23448: 23443: 23442: 23439: 23427: 23424: 23422: 23419: 23417: 23414: 23412: 23409: 23407: 23404: 23403: 23401: 23397: 23391: 23388: 23386: 23383: 23381: 23378: 23376: 23373: 23371: 23368: 23366: 23363: 23361: 23358: 23356: 23353: 23352: 23350: 23346: 23340: 23337: 23335: 23332: 23330: 23327: 23325: 23322: 23320: 23317: 23315: 23312: 23310: 23307: 23305: 23302: 23300: 23297: 23295: 23292: 23290: 23287: 23286: 23284: 23280: 23274: 23271: 23269: 23266: 23264: 23261: 23259: 23256: 23254: 23251: 23249: 23246: 23244: 23241: 23239: 23236: 23234: 23231: 23230: 23228: 23224: 23220: 23213: 23208: 23206: 23201: 23199: 23194: 23193: 23190: 23177: 23174: 23171: 23168: 23166: 23163: 23160: 23157: 23152: 23149: 23146: 23143: 23142: 23140: 23137: 23136: 23134: 23130: 23124: 23123:Radio Romania 23121: 23118: 23115: 23113: 23112:Radio Polonia 23110: 23107: 23106:Kossuth Rádió 23104: 23101: 23098: 23095: 23092: 23090: 23087: 23084: 23081: 23077: 23074: 23072: 23069: 23067: 23064: 23062: 23059: 23057: 23054: 23052: 23049: 23048: 23046: 23043: 23038: 23037:Radio Georgia 23035: 23032: 23031:Radio Belarus 23029: 23027: 23024: 23020: 23017: 23016: 23014: 23011: 23008: 23005: 23003:(Latvian SSR) 23002: 22999: 22996: 22993: 22990: 22987: 22986: 22984: 22981: 22980: 22978: 22974: 22964: 22961: 22959: 22956: 22954: 22951: 22949: 22946: 22944: 22941: 22939: 22936: 22934: 22931: 22929: 22926: 22924: 22921: 22920: 22918: 22916: 22913: 22911: 22908: 22906: 22905:Programme Two 22903: 22901: 22900:Programme One 22898: 22897: 22895: 22892: 22889: 22886: 22883: 22880: 22877: 22874: 22871: 22868: 22865: 22862: 22859: 22856: 22853: 22850: 22849: 22847: 22843: 22836: 22835: 22831: 22828: 22827: 22823: 22820: 22819: 22815: 22812: 22811: 22807: 22804: 22803: 22799: 22796: 22795: 22791: 22788: 22787: 22783: 22780: 22779: 22775: 22772: 22771: 22767: 22764: 22763: 22759: 22756: 22755: 22751: 22748: 22747: 22743: 22740: 22739: 22735: 22732: 22731: 22727: 22724: 22723: 22719: 22716: 22715: 22711: 22708: 22707: 22703: 22700: 22699: 22695: 22692: 22691: 22687: 22684: 22683: 22679: 22676: 22675: 22671: 22668: 22667: 22666:Književna reč 22663: 22660: 22659: 22655: 22652: 22651: 22647: 22644: 22643: 22639: 22636: 22635: 22631: 22628: 22627: 22623: 22620: 22619: 22615: 22612: 22611: 22607: 22604: 22603: 22599: 22596: 22595: 22591: 22588: 22587: 22583: 22580: 22579: 22575: 22572: 22571: 22567: 22564: 22563: 22559: 22556: 22555: 22551: 22548: 22547: 22543: 22542: 22540: 22536: 22529: 22528: 22524: 22521: 22520: 22516: 22513: 22512: 22511:Večernji list 22508: 22505: 22504: 22500: 22497: 22496: 22492: 22489: 22488: 22484: 22481: 22480: 22476: 22473: 22472: 22468: 22465: 22464: 22460: 22457: 22456: 22452: 22449: 22448: 22444: 22441: 22440: 22436: 22433: 22432: 22428: 22425: 22424: 22420: 22417: 22416: 22412: 22409: 22408: 22404: 22401: 22400: 22396: 22393: 22392: 22388: 22385: 22384: 22380: 22377: 22376: 22372: 22369: 22368: 22364: 22362:(Afghanistan) 22361: 22360: 22356: 22353: 22352: 22348: 22345: 22344: 22340: 22337: 22336: 22335:Esti Budapest 22332: 22329: 22328: 22324: 22321: 22320: 22316: 22313: 22312: 22308: 22303: 22302: 22298: 22296:(Kirghiz SSR) 22295: 22294: 22290: 22287: 22286: 22282: 22279: 22278: 22274: 22271: 22270: 22266: 22263: 22262: 22258: 22255: 22254: 22250: 22247: 22246: 22242: 22240:(Latvian SSR) 22239: 22238: 22234: 22232:(Latvian SSR) 22231: 22230: 22226: 22223: 22222: 22218: 22215: 22214: 22209: 22206: 22204: 22203: 22199: 22197: 22196: 22192: 22190: 22189: 22185: 22183: 22182: 22178: 22176: 22175: 22171: 22169: 22168: 22163: 22160: 22159: 22158:Soviet Union 22157: 22156: 22154: 22150: 22144: 22141: 22137: 22136:Printed media 22134: 22130: 22127: 22125: 22122: 22119: 22116: 22115: 22114: 22111: 22110: 22109: 22106: 22105: 22103: 22099: 22095: 22090: 22086: 22079: 22074: 22072: 22067: 22065: 22060: 22059: 22056: 22044: 22036: 22035: 22032: 22026: 22023: 22019: 22016: 22014: 22011: 22009: 22006: 22004: 22001: 21999: 21998:Semyonovskoye 21996: 21994: 21991: 21989: 21986: 21984: 21981: 21980: 21978: 21976: 21973: 21971: 21968: 21966: 21963: 21961: 21958: 21957: 21955: 21953: 21949: 21940: 21937: 21932: 21929: 21924: 21921: 21916: 21913: 21908: 21905: 21900: 21897: 21892: 21889: 21884: 21881: 21876: 21875:Vasily Stalin 21873: 21870:(second wife) 21868: 21865: 21862:(adopted son) 21860: 21857: 21852: 21849: 21844: 21841: 21836: 21835:Kato Svanidze 21833: 21828: 21825: 21820: 21817: 21816: 21814: 21810: 21804: 21803: 21799: 21798: 21796: 21792: 21786: 21783: 21781: 21778: 21776: 21773: 21771: 21768: 21766: 21763: 21761: 21758: 21756: 21753: 21751: 21748: 21746: 21743: 21741: 21738: 21736: 21733: 21731: 21728: 21726: 21723: 21721: 21718: 21716: 21713: 21711: 21708: 21706: 21703: 21702: 21700: 21696: 21690: 21687: 21685: 21684: 21680: 21678: 21675: 21673: 21672: 21668: 21666: 21665: 21661: 21659: 21658: 21654: 21652: 21649: 21647: 21644: 21642: 21639: 21637: 21634: 21632: 21631:Ryutin Affair 21629: 21627: 21624: 21622: 21619: 21618: 21616: 21611:Criticism and 21608: 21602: 21599: 21597: 21594: 21592: 21589: 21587: 21584: 21582: 21579: 21577: 21576: 21572: 21570: 21567: 21565: 21562: 21560: 21557: 21555: 21552: 21551: 21549: 21547: 21543: 21537: 21534: 21531: 21527: 21525: 21524:Order No. 270 21522: 21520: 21519:Order No. 227 21517: 21515: 21514: 21510: 21508: 21505: 21503: 21500: 21498: 21497: 21493: 21491: 21488: 21486: 21485: 21481: 21479: 21476: 21474: 21471: 21468: 21464: 21461: 21457: 21454: 21450: 21447: 21443: 21440: 21436: 21435: 21433: 21429: 21423: 21420: 21418: 21417:Doctors' plot 21415: 21413: 21410: 21408: 21405: 21403: 21400: 21398: 21395: 21393: 21390: 21388: 21385: 21381: 21378: 21376: 21375:Nazino affair 21373: 21371: 21368: 21366: 21363: 21361: 21358: 21356: 21353: 21351: 21348: 21347: 21346: 21343: 21340: 21339:German–Soviet 21336: 21333: 21331: 21328: 21326: 21323: 21321: 21318: 21316: 21313: 21311: 21308: 21304: 21301: 21299: 21298:Slavists case 21295: 21292: 21290: 21287: 21285: 21282: 21281: 21279: 21275: 21272: 21270: 21267: 21265: 21264:Moscow Trials 21262: 21258: 21255: 21253: 21250: 21248: 21245: 21243: 21240: 21238: 21235: 21233: 21230: 21228: 21225: 21223: 21220: 21218: 21215: 21213: 21210: 21208: 21205: 21203: 21200: 21198: 21195: 21193: 21190: 21189: 21188: 21185: 21183: 21180: 21179: 21178: 21175: 21173: 21170: 21168: 21165: 21161: 21158: 21157: 21156: 21153: 21151: 21148: 21146: 21143: 21141: 21138: 21136: 21133: 21131: 21128: 21126: 21123: 21121: 21118: 21116: 21113: 21111: 21108: 21107: 21105: 21099: 21093: 21090: 21088: 21085: 21083: 21080: 21078: 21075: 21073: 21070: 21068: 21065: 21063: 21060: 21058: 21055: 21053: 21050: 21048: 21045: 21043: 21040: 21038: 21035: 21033: 21030: 21028: 21027:Korenizatsiya 21025: 21023: 21022:Neo-Stalinism 21020: 21018: 21015: 21014: 21012: 21008: 20998: 20995: 20993: 20990: 20988: 20985: 20983: 20980: 20976: 20973: 20971: 20968: 20966: 20963: 20961: 20958: 20956: 20953: 20949: 20946: 20945: 20944: 20941: 20939: 20936: 20934: 20931: 20929: 20926: 20925: 20924: 20921: 20919: 20916: 20914: 20911: 20909: 20908:Ili Rebellion 20906: 20904: 20901: 20897: 20894: 20892: 20889: 20887: 20884: 20882: 20879: 20877: 20874: 20872: 20869: 20867: 20864: 20860: 20857: 20856: 20855: 20852: 20850: 20847: 20846: 20845: 20842: 20840: 20837: 20835: 20832: 20830: 20827: 20825: 20822: 20820: 20817: 20815: 20812: 20810: 20807: 20805: 20802: 20800: 20796: 20793: 20791: 20788: 20786: 20783: 20781: 20778: 20774: 20771: 20769: 20766: 20765: 20764: 20761: 20759: 20755: 20752: 20750: 20747: 20746: 20744: 20740: 20734: 20731: 20729: 20726: 20724: 20721: 20719: 20716: 20714: 20711: 20709: 20706: 20704: 20701: 20699: 20696: 20695: 20693: 20689: 20686: 20680: 20673: 20670: 20667: 20664: 20663: 20660: 20656: 20655:Joseph Stalin 20649: 20644: 20642: 20637: 20635: 20630: 20629: 20626: 20614: 20611: 20609: 20606: 20604: 20601: 20600: 20597: 20591: 20588: 20586: 20583: 20581: 20578: 20576: 20575:War on terror 20573: 20571: 20568: 20566: 20563: 20561: 20558: 20556: 20553: 20552: 20550: 20546: 20540: 20537: 20535: 20532: 20530: 20527: 20525: 20522: 20520: 20517: 20515: 20512: 20510: 20507: 20505: 20502: 20500: 20497: 20495: 20492: 20490: 20487: 20485: 20482: 20480: 20477: 20476: 20474: 20470:Espionage and 20468: 20462: 20459: 20457: 20454: 20452: 20449: 20447: 20444: 20442: 20439: 20437: 20434: 20432: 20429: 20427: 20424: 20422: 20421:Andrew Thorpe 20419: 20417: 20414: 20412: 20409: 20407: 20404: 20402: 20399: 20397: 20394: 20392: 20389: 20387: 20384: 20382: 20379: 20377: 20374: 20372: 20369: 20367: 20364: 20362: 20359: 20357: 20354: 20352: 20349: 20347: 20344: 20342: 20339: 20337: 20334: 20332: 20329: 20327: 20324: 20322: 20319: 20317: 20316:Gabriel Kolko 20314: 20312: 20309: 20307: 20304: 20302: 20299: 20297: 20294: 20292: 20289: 20287: 20284: 20282: 20281:Fred Halliday 20279: 20277: 20274: 20272: 20269: 20267: 20266:Lloyd Gardner 20264: 20262: 20259: 20257: 20254: 20252: 20249: 20247: 20244: 20242: 20239: 20237: 20234: 20232: 20229: 20227: 20226:Norman Davies 20224: 20222: 20219: 20217: 20214: 20212: 20211:John Costello 20209: 20207: 20204: 20202: 20199: 20197: 20194: 20192: 20189: 20187: 20184: 20182: 20179: 20178: 20176: 20172: 20166: 20163: 20161: 20158: 20156: 20153: 20152: 20150: 20146:Technological 20144: 20134: 20131: 20129: 20126: 20125: 20122: 20119: 20117: 20116: 20112: 20110: 20107: 20105: 20104: 20100: 20099: 20097: 20093: 20087: 20086: 20082: 20080: 20077: 20075: 20074: 20070: 20068: 20067: 20063: 20061: 20058: 20056: 20055: 20051: 20049: 20048: 20044: 20042: 20041: 20037: 20035: 20032: 20031: 20029: 20027:Pro-communist 20025: 20022: 20018: 20012: 20009: 20007: 20004: 20002: 19999: 19997: 19994: 19992: 19989: 19987: 19984: 19982: 19979: 19977: 19974: 19972: 19969: 19967: 19964: 19962: 19959: 19958: 19956: 19954:Organizations 19952: 19942: 19939: 19937: 19934: 19932: 19929: 19927: 19924: 19922: 19919: 19917: 19914: 19912: 19909: 19907: 19904: 19902: 19899: 19897: 19894: 19892: 19889: 19887: 19884: 19882: 19879: 19877: 19874: 19872: 19869: 19867: 19864: 19862: 19859: 19857: 19854: 19852: 19849: 19847: 19844: 19842: 19839: 19837: 19834: 19832: 19829: 19827: 19824: 19823: 19821: 19817: 19811: 19808: 19806: 19803: 19801: 19798: 19796: 19793: 19791: 19788: 19786: 19785: 19781: 19779: 19776: 19774: 19771: 19769: 19768:Eurocommunism 19766: 19764: 19761: 19759: 19756: 19754: 19751: 19750: 19748: 19746: 19742: 19736: 19733: 19731: 19728: 19726: 19723: 19721: 19718: 19716: 19713: 19711: 19708: 19706: 19703: 19699: 19696: 19695: 19694: 19691: 19689: 19686: 19684: 19681: 19680: 19678: 19676: 19672: 19669: 19665: 19659: 19656: 19654: 19651: 19649: 19646: 19644: 19641: 19639: 19636: 19634: 19631: 19629: 19626: 19624: 19621: 19619: 19616: 19614: 19611: 19609: 19606: 19604: 19601: 19599: 19598:Domino theory 19596: 19594: 19591: 19589: 19586: 19584: 19581: 19580: 19578: 19574: 19568: 19565: 19563: 19560: 19558: 19555: 19553: 19552:South Ossetia 19550: 19548: 19545: 19543: 19540: 19538: 19535: 19533: 19530: 19529: 19527: 19525: 19521: 19515: 19512: 19508: 19505: 19504: 19503: 19500: 19498: 19495: 19493: 19490: 19488: 19485: 19483: 19480: 19478: 19475: 19473: 19470: 19468: 19465: 19463: 19460: 19459: 19457: 19453: 19447: 19444: 19442: 19439: 19437: 19434: 19432: 19429: 19427: 19424: 19422: 19419: 19417: 19414: 19412: 19409: 19407: 19404: 19402: 19399: 19397: 19394: 19392: 19389: 19387: 19384: 19382: 19379: 19377: 19374: 19372: 19369: 19367: 19364: 19362: 19359: 19357: 19354: 19352: 19349: 19346: 19342: 19339: 19337: 19336:8888 Uprising 19334: 19332: 19329: 19327: 19324: 19322: 19319: 19317: 19314: 19312: 19309: 19307: 19304: 19302: 19299: 19297: 19294: 19292: 19289: 19287: 19284: 19282: 19281:Iran–Iraq War 19279: 19277: 19274: 19272: 19269: 19267: 19264: 19262: 19259: 19257: 19254: 19252: 19249: 19247: 19246:Falklands War 19244: 19242: 19239: 19237: 19234: 19232: 19229: 19227: 19224: 19222: 19219: 19217: 19214: 19210: 19207: 19206: 19205: 19202: 19200: 19197: 19195: 19192: 19190: 19186: 19183: 19181: 19178: 19176: 19173: 19172: 19170: 19166: 19160: 19157: 19155: 19152: 19150: 19147: 19145: 19142: 19140: 19137: 19135: 19132: 19130: 19127: 19125: 19122: 19120: 19117: 19115: 19112: 19110: 19109:NDF Rebellion 19107: 19105: 19102: 19100: 19097: 19095: 19092: 19090: 19089:German Autumn 19087: 19085: 19082: 19080: 19077: 19075: 19072: 19070: 19069: 19064: 19062: 19059: 19057: 19054: 19052: 19049: 19047: 19044: 19042: 19039: 19037: 19034: 19032: 19029: 19027: 19024: 19022: 19019: 19017: 19014: 19012: 19009: 19007: 19004: 19002: 18999: 18997: 18994: 18992: 18989: 18987: 18984: 18982: 18979: 18977: 18976:Metapolitefsi 18974: 18972: 18969: 18967: 18964: 18962: 18959: 18957: 18954: 18952: 18949: 18947: 18944: 18942: 18939: 18937: 18934: 18932: 18929: 18927: 18924: 18922: 18919: 18917: 18914: 18912: 18909: 18907: 18904: 18902: 18899: 18897: 18894: 18892: 18889: 18887: 18884: 18882: 18879: 18877: 18874: 18872: 18871: 18867: 18865: 18862: 18860: 18857: 18855: 18852: 18850: 18847: 18845: 18842: 18840: 18837: 18835: 18832: 18830: 18827: 18825: 18822: 18820: 18817: 18816: 18814: 18810: 18804: 18801: 18799: 18796: 18794: 18791: 18789: 18786: 18784: 18781: 18777: 18774: 18773: 18772: 18769: 18767: 18764: 18762: 18759: 18757: 18754: 18752: 18749: 18747: 18745: 18740: 18738: 18737:Prague Spring 18735: 18731: 18728: 18727: 18726: 18723: 18721: 18718: 18716: 18715:Al-Wadiah War 18713: 18711: 18708: 18706: 18703: 18701: 18698: 18696: 18693: 18691: 18688: 18686: 18683: 18681: 18680:12-3 incident 18678: 18676: 18673: 18671: 18668: 18666: 18663: 18661: 18658: 18656: 18653: 18651: 18648: 18646: 18643: 18641: 18638: 18636: 18633: 18631: 18628: 18626: 18623: 18621: 18618: 18616: 18613: 18609: 18606: 18605: 18604: 18601: 18599: 18596: 18594: 18591: 18589: 18586: 18584: 18581: 18579: 18576: 18574: 18571: 18569: 18566: 18564: 18561: 18559: 18556: 18554: 18551: 18549: 18546: 18544: 18541: 18537: 18534: 18532: 18529: 18527: 18524: 18523: 18522: 18519: 18517: 18514: 18512: 18509: 18507: 18504: 18502: 18499: 18497: 18494: 18492: 18489: 18485: 18482: 18481: 18480: 18477: 18473: 18470: 18469: 18468: 18465: 18463: 18460: 18458: 18455: 18453: 18450: 18448: 18445: 18443: 18440: 18439: 18437: 18433: 18427: 18424: 18420: 18417: 18416: 18415: 18412: 18410: 18407: 18405: 18402: 18400: 18397: 18395: 18392: 18390: 18387: 18385: 18382: 18380: 18377: 18375: 18372: 18370: 18367: 18365: 18362: 18360: 18359: 18354: 18351: 18347: 18345: 18342: 18340: 18337: 18335: 18332: 18330: 18327: 18324: 18320: 18318: 18315: 18313: 18310: 18308: 18305: 18303: 18300: 18298: 18295: 18293: 18290: 18288: 18285: 18283: 18280: 18278: 18277: 18272: 18270: 18267: 18265: 18262: 18260: 18259:Domino theory 18257: 18255: 18254:Petrov Affair 18252: 18250: 18247: 18245: 18242: 18240: 18237: 18235: 18232: 18230: 18227: 18225: 18222: 18220: 18217: 18215: 18212: 18210: 18207: 18205: 18202: 18200: 18197: 18195: 18192: 18191: 18189: 18185: 18179: 18176: 18174: 18171: 18169: 18166: 18162: 18159: 18158: 18157: 18154: 18152: 18149: 18147: 18144: 18142: 18139: 18137: 18134: 18132: 18131:Madiun Affair 18129: 18127: 18124: 18122: 18119: 18117: 18114: 18112: 18109: 18107: 18104: 18102: 18099: 18097: 18094: 18092: 18091:Marshall Plan 18089: 18085: 18082: 18080: 18077: 18075: 18072: 18071: 18070: 18067: 18065: 18062: 18060: 18057: 18055: 18052: 18050: 18047: 18045: 18042: 18040: 18037: 18035: 18032: 18030: 18027: 18025: 18022: 18020: 18017: 18015: 18012: 18010: 18007: 18005: 18002: 18000: 17999: 17994: 17992: 17991: 17986: 17984: 17983: 17978: 17976: 17973: 17971: 17968: 17966: 17963: 17961: 17960: 17955: 17953: 17950: 17946: 17943: 17941: 17940: 17935: 17933: 17932: 17927: 17926: 17925: 17922: 17920: 17917: 17915: 17912: 17910: 17907: 17905: 17902: 17901: 17899: 17895: 17889: 17886: 17884: 17881: 17879: 17876: 17874: 17871: 17869: 17866: 17864: 17861: 17859: 17856: 17854: 17851: 17849: 17848: 17844: 17842: 17841: 17840:United States 17837: 17836: 17833: 17829: 17822: 17817: 17815: 17810: 17808: 17803: 17802: 17799: 17787: 17784: 17782: 17779: 17777: 17774: 17773: 17771: 17769: 17765: 17759: 17756: 17755: 17753: 17751: 17747: 17741: 17738: 17736: 17733: 17732: 17730: 17728: 17724: 17718: 17715: 17713: 17710: 17709: 17707: 17705: 17701: 17695: 17692: 17691: 17689: 17687: 17683: 17677: 17674: 17673: 17671: 17669: 17665: 17659: 17656: 17655: 17653: 17651: 17647: 17641: 17638: 17637: 17635: 17633: 17629: 17623: 17620: 17618: 17615: 17613: 17610: 17608: 17605: 17603: 17600: 17598: 17595: 17593: 17590: 17588: 17585: 17584: 17582: 17580: 17576: 17570: 17567: 17565: 17562: 17560: 17557: 17555: 17552: 17550: 17547: 17546: 17543: 17539: 17535: 17534:Secret police 17528: 17523: 17521: 17516: 17514: 17509: 17508: 17505: 17480: 17477: 17475: 17472: 17470: 17467: 17465: 17462: 17460: 17457: 17455: 17452: 17450: 17447: 17445: 17444:Mitja Ribičič 17442: 17440: 17437: 17435: 17432: 17430: 17427: 17425: 17422: 17421: 17419: 17417: 17413: 17407: 17404: 17402: 17399: 17397: 17396:Yuri Andropov 17394: 17392: 17389: 17387: 17384: 17382: 17379: 17377: 17376:Joseph Stalin 17374: 17372: 17369: 17368: 17366: 17364: 17360: 17354: 17351: 17349: 17346: 17344: 17341: 17340: 17338: 17336: 17332: 17326: 17323: 17321: 17318: 17316: 17313: 17311: 17310:Edward Gierek 17308: 17306: 17303: 17301: 17298: 17296: 17293: 17292: 17290: 17288: 17284: 17280: 17277: 17268: 17265: 17263: 17260: 17258: 17255: 17253: 17250: 17248: 17245: 17243: 17242:Mátyás Rákosi 17240: 17239: 17237: 17235: 17231: 17227: 17221: 17218: 17216: 17213: 17211: 17208: 17206: 17203: 17201: 17200:Wilhelm Pieck 17198: 17197: 17195: 17193: 17189: 17183: 17182:Karel Urbánek 17180: 17178: 17175: 17173: 17170: 17168: 17165: 17163: 17160: 17158: 17155: 17154: 17152: 17150: 17146: 17140: 17137: 17135: 17134:Todor Zhivkov 17132: 17130: 17127: 17125: 17122: 17121: 17119: 17117: 17113: 17107: 17104: 17102: 17099: 17098: 17096: 17094: 17090: 17087: 17086: 17081: 17077: 17073: 17069: 17061: 17056: 17054: 17049: 17047: 17042: 17041: 17038: 17024: 17023:Yugoslav Wars 17021: 17020: 17019: 17016: 17014: 17011: 17009: 17006: 17004: 17001: 16999: 16996: 16994: 16991: 16989: 16986: 16984: 16981: 16979: 16976: 16974: 16971: 16969: 16966: 16964: 16963: 16959: 16957: 16954: 16953: 16951: 16947: 16941: 16938: 16936: 16933: 16931: 16928: 16926: 16923: 16921: 16918: 16915: 16911: 16908: 16907: 16905: 16901: 16895: 16892: 16890: 16886: 16882: 16879: 16877: 16874: 16872: 16869: 16867: 16864: 16862: 16858: 16857:Prague Spring 16855: 16853: 16850: 16848: 16845: 16843: 16840: 16838: 16835: 16833: 16830: 16828: 16825: 16823: 16820: 16819: 16817: 16809: 16803: 16797: 16795: 16789: 16787: 16784: 16782: 16779: 16777: 16774: 16773: 16771: 16769:Organizations 16767: 16761: 16755: 16753: 16750: 16748: 16745: 16743: 16740: 16738: 16735: 16733: 16730: 16728: 16725: 16723: 16717: 16716: 16714: 16710: 16704: 16701: 16699: 16696: 16694: 16691: 16689: 16686: 16682: 16679: 16677: 16674: 16672: 16671:Baltic states 16669: 16667: 16664: 16663: 16662: 16659: 16657: 16654: 16653: 16651: 16647: 16640: 16637: 16635: 16632: 16631: 16627: 16623: 16616: 16611: 16609: 16604: 16602: 16597: 16596: 16593: 16587: 16584: 16580: 16576: 16572: 16568: 16564: 16560: 16558: 16554: 16551: 16548: 16546: 16543: 16540: 16537: 16534: 16531: 16529: 16526: 16524: 16520: 16517: 16514: 16510: 16507: 16504: 16500: 16497: 16494: 16491: 16488: 16485: 16481: 16477: 16473: 16472: 16468: 16464: 16449: 16399: 16393: 16389: 16388: 16382: 16379: 16373: 16369: 16365: 16364: 16358: 16355: 16349: 16346:, Routledge, 16345: 16340: 16337:, vol. 4 16336: 16331: 16328: 16322: 16317: 16316: 16309: 16306: 16300: 16296: 16295: 16289: 16286: 16280: 16276: 16275: 16269: 16266: 16260: 16256: 16251: 16248: 16242: 16238: 16233: 16230: 16224: 16220: 16215: 16213: 16209: 16205: 16201: 16197: 16193: 16192: 16180: 16174: 16170: 16169: 16163: 16160: 16154: 16150: 16145: 16142: 16136: 16132: 16127: 16123: 16117: 16114:. Routledge. 16113: 16112: 16106: 16103: 16097: 16094:, Routledge, 16093: 16088: 16085: 16079: 16075: 16070: 16067: 16061: 16056: 16055: 16048: 16045: 16039: 16035: 16030: 16027: 16021: 16017: 16012: 16009: 16003: 16000:, Routledge, 15999: 15994: 15991: 15985: 15982:, Routledge, 15981: 15976: 15973: 15967: 15963: 15958: 15955: 15949: 15945: 15940: 15928: 15921: 15916: 15913: 15907: 15903: 15898: 15895: 15889: 15886:, McFarland, 15885: 15880: 15877: 15871: 15867: 15862: 15859: 15853: 15850:, Macmillan, 15849: 15844: 15841: 15835: 15832:, Routledge, 15831: 15826: 15823: 15817: 15813: 15808: 15805: 15799: 15795: 15790: 15787: 15781: 15777: 15772: 15769: 15763: 15759: 15754: 15751: 15745: 15741: 15736: 15733: 15727: 15723: 15719: 15714: 15711: 15705: 15701: 15696: 15693: 15687: 15682: 15681: 15674: 15671: 15665: 15661: 15657: 15652: 15649: 15643: 15639: 15634: 15631: 15625: 15621: 15617: 15612: 15609: 15603: 15599: 15594: 15591: 15585: 15581: 15576: 15573: 15567: 15564:, Routledge, 15563: 15558: 15555: 15549: 15545: 15541: 15536: 15533: 15527: 15523: 15522: 15516: 15513: 15507: 15503: 15499: 15494: 15491: 15485: 15481: 15477: 15472: 15469: 15463: 15459: 15455: 15450: 15447: 15441: 15438:, Routledge, 15437: 15432: 15429: 15423: 15419: 15414: 15410: 15404: 15400: 15399: 15393: 15390: 15384: 15380: 15375: 15372: 15366: 15362: 15358: 15353: 15350: 15344: 15341:, Routledge, 15340: 15335: 15334: 15312: 15308: 15302: 15286: 15282: 15281: 15276: 15272: 15268: 15262: 15246: 15242: 15238: 15232: 15216: 15212: 15208: 15202: 15187: 15186: 15181: 15174: 15167: 15163: 15160: 15154: 15147: 15143: 15137: 15130: 15126: 15118: 15111: 15105: 15098: 15095: 15089: 15082: 15076: 15069: 15065: 15059: 15052: 15048: 15042: 15035: 15032: 15026: 15019: 15013: 14998: 14994: 14988: 14973: 14969: 14963: 14948: 14944: 14938: 14922: 14918: 14914: 14907: 14905: 14897: 14893: 14887: 14883: 14879: 14878: 14870: 14862: 14858: 14854: 14850: 14846: 14842: 14838: 14834: 14831:(1): 93–125. 14830: 14826: 14822: 14815: 14813: 14805: 14800: 14794: 14790: 14786: 14782: 14778: 14771: 14763: 14759: 14754: 14749: 14745: 14741: 14737: 14733: 14730:(7421): 964. 14729: 14725: 14721: 14714: 14706: 14702: 14697: 14692: 14688: 14684: 14680: 14676: 14673:(7208): 468. 14672: 14668: 14664: 14657: 14655: 14653: 14644: 14640: 14635: 14630: 14626: 14622: 14617: 14612: 14608: 14604: 14600: 14592: 14576: 14572: 14570:9780691167374 14566: 14562: 14558: 14557: 14549: 14543:, p. 400 14542: 14541:Crampton 1997 14537: 14531:, p. 399 14530: 14529:Crampton 1997 14525: 14519:, p. 398 14518: 14517:Crampton 1997 14513: 14511: 14503: 14502:Crampton 1997 14498: 14491: 14490:Crampton 1997 14486: 14477: 14468: 14459: 14450: 14441: 14434: 14430: 14426: 14423:Hilde Szabo: 14420: 14414:, p. 392 14413: 14412:Crampton 1997 14408: 14402:, p. 381 14401: 14400:Crampton 1997 14396: 14389: 14385: 14384:0-7923-1379-8 14381: 14377: 14371: 14365:, p. 338 14364: 14363:Crampton 1997 14359: 14353:, p. 164 14352: 14351:Williams 1997 14347: 14340: 14335: 14328: 14327:Williams 1997 14323: 14307: 14303: 14296: 14289: 14283: 14279: 14272: 14266:, p. 780 14265: 14260: 14252: 14245: 14238: 14237:Navrátil 2006 14233: 14226: 14225:Navrátil 2006 14221: 14205: 14201: 14197: 14191: 14175: 14171: 14167: 14160: 14153: 14147: 14140: 14139:Williams 1997 14135: 14119: 14115: 14109: 14102: 14098: 14095: 14090: 14074: 14070: 14066: 14059: 14043: 14039: 14035: 14031: 14024: 14005: 14001: 13994: 13988: 13981: 13975: 13968: 13962: 13939: 13932: 13927: 13921: 13914: 13900: 13896: 13889: 13866: 13859: 13854: 13848: 13825: 13818: 13813: 13807: 13784: 13777: 13772: 13766: 13743: 13736: 13731: 13725: 13702: 13695: 13690: 13684: 13661: 13654: 13649: 13643: 13641: 13617: 13610: 13605: 13599: 13592: 13588: 13585: 13579: 13560: 13556: 13549: 13543: 13527: 13523: 13522: 13514: 13508:, p. 279 13507: 13506:Crampton 1997 13502: 13500: 13498: 13496: 13494: 13492: 13490: 13488: 13486: 13479:, p. 278 13478: 13477:Crampton 1997 13473: 13471: 13469: 13467: 13459: 13458:Sillince 1990 13454: 13452: 13450: 13448: 13440: 13439:Sillince 1990 13435: 13433: 13431: 13429: 13421: 13420:Sillince 1990 13416: 13414: 13406: 13405:Sillince 1990 13401: 13394: 13393:Sillince 1990 13389: 13382: 13381:Sillince 1990 13377: 13370: 13369:Sillince 1990 13365: 13363: 13355: 13354:Sillince 1990 13350: 13348: 13346: 13338: 13337:Sillince 1990 13333: 13331: 13329: 13322:, p. 748 13321: 13320:Sillince 1990 13316: 13314: 13312: 13310: 13302: 13301:Sillince 1990 13297: 13295: 13293: 13291: 13289: 13287: 13285: 13283: 13281: 13271: 13264: 13259: 13257: 13255: 13253: 13251: 13243: 13238: 13236: 13234: 13226: 13221: 13219: 13217: 13209: 13204: 13202: 13194: 13193:Graubard 1991 13189: 13187: 13171: 13165: 13150: 13144: 13128: 13124: 13118: 13111: 13106: 13104: 13097:, p. 152 13096: 13091: 13084: 13079: 13077: 13069: 13064: 13058:, p. 350 13057: 13052: 13045: 13040: 13038: 13036: 13028: 13023: 13021: 13019: 13009: 13005: 12999: 12991: 12985: 12980: 12979: 12973: 12967: 12959: 12953: 12949: 12948: 12940: 12932: 12928: 12922: 12915: 12910: 12908: 12900: 12895: 12893: 12885: 12880: 12878: 12870: 12865: 12863: 12861: 12859: 12851: 12846: 12844: 12842: 12840: 12832: 12827: 12825: 12823: 12821: 12804: 12800: 12794: 12785: 12776: 12769: 12768:O'Connor 2003 12764: 12758:, p. 473 12757: 12752: 12750: 12748: 12746: 12744: 12742: 12734: 12729: 12727: 12725: 12718:, p. 144 12717: 12712: 12710: 12708: 12706: 12704: 12702: 12695:, p. 190 12694: 12689: 12687: 12680:, p. 188 12679: 12674: 12672: 12665:, p. 204 12664: 12659: 12653:, p. 252 12652: 12651:Crampton 1997 12647: 12641:, p. 130 12640: 12639:Graubard 1991 12635: 12629:, p. 189 12628: 12623: 12621: 12619: 12611: 12607: 12603: 12597: 12590: 12586: 12582: 12576: 12569: 12564: 12562: 12560: 12558: 12550: 12545: 12538: 12533: 12531: 12529: 12527: 12525: 12523: 12521: 12519: 12517: 12509: 12504: 12498:, p. 251 12497: 12496:Crampton 1997 12492: 12490: 12488: 12486: 12484: 12477:, p. 474 12476: 12471: 12469: 12467: 12465: 12463: 12461: 12459: 12457: 12447: 12440: 12435: 12419: 12415: 12409: 12393: 12389: 12383: 12381: 12379: 12377: 12375: 12373: 12366:, p. 382 12365: 12360: 12358: 12356: 12354: 12352: 12344: 12339: 12332: 12327: 12325: 12323: 12321: 12313: 12308: 12302:, p. 211 12301: 12300:Crampton 1997 12296: 12289: 12284: 12282: 12275:, p. 461 12274: 12269: 12267: 12259: 12254: 12248:, p. 267 12247: 12242: 12240: 12238: 12236: 12228: 12223: 12221: 12213: 12208: 12206: 12198: 12193: 12186: 12181: 12174: 12169: 12167: 12160:, p. 150 12159: 12158:Graubard 1991 12154: 12152: 12144: 12143: 12138: 12134: 12131: 12126: 12117: 12101: 12097: 12093: 12087: 12071: 12067: 12063: 12057: 12041: 12037: 12033: 12027: 12020: 12015: 12008: 12003: 12001: 11993: 11988: 11986: 11984: 11976: 11975:Sillince 1990 11971: 11955: 11951: 11945: 11939:, p. 135 11938: 11933: 11926: 11925:Sillince 1990 11921: 11919: 11917: 11915: 11898: 11894: 11890: 11884: 11877: 11876:Sillince 1990 11872: 11865: 11864:Sillince 1990 11860: 11858: 11856: 11854: 11846: 11841: 11839: 11837: 11829: 11828:Sillince 1990 11824: 11822: 11820: 11813:, p. 475 11812: 11807: 11805: 11803: 11801: 11799: 11797: 11795: 11793: 11791: 11783: 11782:Sillince 1990 11778: 11763: 11757: 11753: 11752: 11744: 11729: 11725: 11721: 11717: 11713: 11706: 11700: 11696: 11690: 11683: 11678: 11672:, p. 355 11671: 11670:Crampton 1997 11666: 11659: 11654: 11652: 11645:, p. 851 11644: 11639: 11632: 11631:Sillince 1990 11627: 11625: 11608: 11604: 11598: 11591: 11586: 11579: 11574: 11568:, p. 209 11567: 11562: 11560: 11558: 11550: 11545: 11539:, p. 122 11538: 11533: 11527:, p. 121 11526: 11521: 11514: 11513:Harrison 2003 11509: 11507: 11499: 11494: 11487: 11486:Loescher 2001 11482: 11475: 11474:Loescher 2001 11470: 11463: 11459: 11456: 11455: 11449: 11443:, p. 114 11442: 11437: 11435: 11427: 11422: 11415: 11410: 11408: 11400: 11395: 11389:, p. 378 11388: 11387:Crampton 1997 11383: 11376: 11371: 11364: 11363:Crampton 1997 11359: 11357: 11355: 11353: 11351: 11343: 11338: 11331: 11326: 11324: 11322: 11314: 11309: 11307: 11305: 11297: 11292: 11290: 11283:, p. 240 11282: 11281:Crampton 1997 11277: 11275: 11268: 11264: 11261: 11260: 11253: 11247: 11243: 11239: 11238:George Calciu 11233: 11226: 11222: 11218: 11217:9986-757-41-X 11214: 11210: 11204: 11196: 11190: 11186: 11179: 11172: 11167: 11165: 11158:, p. 125 11157: 11152: 11150: 11148: 11140: 11135: 11133: 11126:, p. 247 11125: 11124:Crampton 1997 11120: 11118: 11116: 11108: 11103: 11097:, p. xiv 11096: 11091: 11089: 11087: 11085: 11073: 11069: 11065: 11061: 11057: 11050: 11043: 11041: 11033: 11028: 11026: 11024: 11016: 11011: 11009: 11002:, p. 245 11001: 11000:Crampton 1997 10996: 10994: 10987:, p. 244 10986: 10985:Crampton 1997 10981: 10975:, p. 246 10974: 10973:Crampton 1997 10969: 10962: 10957: 10955: 10953: 10951: 10943: 10938: 10931: 10926: 10924: 10922: 10912: 10903: 10895: 10889: 10885: 10878: 10872:, p. 158 10871: 10866: 10860:, p. 157 10859: 10854: 10852: 10850: 10848: 10846: 10844: 10837:, p. 156 10836: 10831: 10829: 10827: 10825: 10823: 10821: 10819: 10811: 10806: 10799: 10794: 10787: 10786:0-85496-684-6 10783: 10779: 10773: 10766: 10761: 10754: 10749: 10742: 10737: 10730: 10725: 10719:, p. 140 10718: 10713: 10707:, p. 149 10706: 10701: 10695:, p. 148 10694: 10689: 10687: 10685: 10683: 10676: 10675:0-415-16111-8 10672: 10668: 10662: 10660: 10643: 10639: 10638: 10633: 10627: 10621:, p. 138 10620: 10615: 10609:, p. 139 10608: 10603: 10596: 10591: 10584: 10579: 10572: 10567: 10565: 10557: 10552: 10550: 10541: 10535: 10531: 10524: 10517: 10512: 10510: 10508: 10506: 10499:, p. 211 10498: 10497:Crampton 1997 10493: 10486: 10481: 10479: 10477: 10475: 10473: 10471: 10463: 10458: 10456: 10448: 10443: 10437: 10436:0-415-23798-X 10433: 10429: 10425: 10419: 10417: 10408: 10402: 10398: 10394: 10388: 10381: 10376: 10369: 10364: 10362: 10360: 10358: 10350: 10345: 10343: 10335: 10330: 10323: 10318: 10312: 10307: 10291: 10285: 10278: 10274: 10268: 10262:, p. 794 10261: 10256: 10249: 10244: 10242: 10234: 10228: 10224: 10217: 10215: 10208:, p. 117 10207: 10206:O'Connor 2003 10202: 10196:, p. xix 10195: 10190: 10183: 10182:90-247-3075-9 10179: 10175: 10171: 10167: 10166:0-912881-00-3 10163: 10159: 10153: 10146: 10141: 10139: 10131: 10127: 10121: 10115: 10111: 10107: 10101: 10094: 10089: 10087: 10080: 10076: 10073: 10072: 10067: 10066: 10061: 10057: 10054: 10050: 10046: 10042: 10039: 10035: 10031: 10027: 10021: 10014: 10013:83-7038-168-5 10010: 10006: 10002: 9995: 9994:0-14-025184-7 9991: 9987: 9986:Penguin Books 9983: 9979: 9973: 9966: 9961: 9945: 9942:(in Polish). 9941: 9940: 9935: 9929: 9923: 9922:83-240-0077-1 9919: 9915: 9911: 9908: 9904: 9901: 9893: 9887: 9881: 9877: 9873: 9869: 9863: 9857: 9856:0-691-09603-1 9853: 9849: 9848: 9844: 9841: 9836: 9832: 9828: 9824: 9821: 9820: 9809: 9802: 9796: 9792: 9788: 9781: 9774: 9768: 9764: 9757: 9751:, p. 131 9750: 9745: 9738: 9732: 9728: 9724: 9720: 9714: 9707: 9702: 9696: 9695:0-7007-1599-1 9692: 9688: 9682: 9675: 9671: 9668: 9667: 9661: 9659: 9651: 9645: 9643: 9635: 9630: 9623: 9617: 9609: 9603: 9599: 9592: 9585: 9584: 9576: 9569: 9564: 9558: 9554: 9550: 9549: 9541: 9534: 9532: 9525: 9519: 9515: 9508: 9501: 9497: 9491: 9487: 9483: 9482: 9474: 9467: 9463: 9456: 9449: 9445: 9439: 9435: 9428: 9421: 9417: 9413: 9406: 9399: 9394: 9387: 9383: 9377: 9373: 9366: 9359: 9357: 9350: 9343: 9341: 9333: 9329: 9323: 9319: 9315: 9314: 9306: 9304: 9296: 9295:81-7890-071-8 9292: 9288: 9282: 9275: 9273: 9267: 9263: 9261:9783825816186 9257: 9253: 9252: 9244: 9237: 9233: 9227: 9223: 9216: 9208: 9204: 9200: 9196: 9192: 9188: 9184: 9180: 9176: 9169: 9167: 9158: 9152: 9144: 9142:9780956873224 9138: 9134: 9133: 9125: 9123: 9115: 9114:0-472-11627-4 9111: 9107: 9101: 9094: 9093:0-7656-0731-X 9090: 9086: 9083:Zwass, Adam, 9080: 9073: 9072:0-19-925989-5 9069: 9065: 9059: 9053:, page 37, 39 9052: 9051:0-415-42109-8 9048: 9044: 9038: 9031: 9027: 9023: 9019: 9014: 9012: 9010: 9005: 8987: 8981: 8975: 8969: 8963: 8957: 8947: 8943: 8939: 8935: 8931: 8927: 8923: 8919: 8915: 8910: 8906: 8900: 8892: 8890:9780956873224 8886: 8882: 8881: 8875: 8872: 8870: 8864: 8860: 8858:9783825816186 8854: 8850: 8849: 8843: 8840: 8836: 8830: 8826: 8821: 8818: 8817:0-415-08282-X 8814: 8810: 8806: 8803: 8802:0-7614-7289-4 8799: 8795: 8791: 8788: 8787:0-415-00365-2 8784: 8780: 8776: 8775: 8771: 8764: 8758: 8751: 8745: 8741: 8732: 8728: 8724: 8719: 8715: 8705: 8702: 8700: 8697: 8695: 8694:Soviet empire 8692: 8690: 8687: 8685: 8682: 8680: 8677: 8675: 8672: 8671: 8667: 8661: 8656: 8653: 8642: 8639: 8628: 8625: 8619: 8614: 8611: 8610:Europe portal 8600: 8589: 8586: 8582: 8579:2 July 1976 ( 8576: 8575:South Vietnam 8570: 8569:North Vietnam 8565: 8562: 8558: 8553: 8550: 8549: 8545: 8541: 8538: 8536: 8532: 8528: 8523: 8522: 8519: 8516: 8513: 8511: 8507: 8503: 8500: 8499: 8496: 8493: 8490: 8488: 8484: 8478: 8474: 8471: 8470: 8467:Ruling party 8466: 8463: 8460: 8457: 8456: 8453: 8447: 8442: 8437: 8427: 8423: 8420: 8416: 8411: 8406: 8404: 8403:Baltic states 8400: 8396: 8392: 8388: 8384: 8380: 8377:In 2016, the 8375: 8373: 8368: 8364: 8360: 8350: 8346: 8343: 8342: 8336: 8332: 8330: 8326: 8322: 8321:Boris Yeltsin 8316: 8313: 8307: 8305: 8304:shock therapy 8301: 8297: 8296:privatization 8293: 8289: 8274: 8272: 8268: 8265: 8261: 8258: 8257:authoritarian 8254: 8250: 8247:before 1990, 8246: 8245:Boris Yeltsin 8242: 8238: 8234: 8230: 8226: 8222: 8218: 8214: 8211: 8207: 8203: 8200: 8196: 8192: 8188: 8184: 8180: 8176: 8172: 8168: 8164: 8163:neo-Ba'athist 8160: 8156: 8152: 8148: 8144: 8139: 8137: 8133: 8129: 8125: 8121: 8117: 8112: 8110: 8106: 8102: 8098: 8094: 8090: 8086: 8082: 8077: 8075: 8071: 8067: 8063: 8058: 8056: 8052: 8051:Todor Zhivkov 8048: 8044: 8039: 8030: 8024: 8020: 8016: 8013: 8008: 8004: 8000: 7996: 7992: 7988: 7984: 7980: 7972: 7968: 7964: 7962: 7958: 7954: 7950: 7945: 7943: 7938: 7936: 7932: 7928: 7924: 7920: 7916: 7912: 7908: 7904: 7900: 7896: 7892: 7888: 7883: 7881: 7880: 7875: 7874: 7868: 7866: 7862: 7857: 7853: 7846: 7845:Ronald Reagan 7842: 7838: 7834: 7829: 7825: 7822: 7820: 7819: 7814: 7813: 7808: 7804: 7803: 7798: 7794: 7790: 7786: 7782: 7778: 7774: 7770: 7765: 7763: 7759: 7755: 7751: 7747: 7746:Prague Spring 7743: 7739: 7736: 7735:Soviet leader 7732: 7728: 7724: 7720: 7716: 7712: 7708: 7704: 7700: 7696: 7695:North Vietnam 7692: 7688: 7684: 7683: 7678: 7674: 7671:provoked the 7670: 7666: 7662: 7658: 7654: 7650: 7646: 7642: 7638: 7631: 7630:Iran–Iraq War 7626: 7621: 7617: 7613: 7609: 7605: 7601: 7597: 7593: 7583: 7581: 7580:re-centralize 7577: 7576:normalization 7573: 7568: 7566: 7562: 7558: 7554: 7550: 7541: 7537: 7535: 7531: 7527: 7523: 7519: 7515: 7511: 7506: 7504: 7500: 7496: 7492: 7491:Prague Spring 7488: 7482: 7478: 7477:Prague Spring 7468: 7465: 7461: 7455: 7453: 7449: 7445: 7436: 7432: 7430: 7429:Georgy Zhukov 7425: 7423: 7419: 7414: 7410: 7405: 7403: 7399: 7395: 7394:rehabilitated 7391: 7387: 7381: 7371: 7368: 7364: 7359: 7354: 7353:left Berlin. 7352: 7348: 7344: 7338: 7336: 7332: 7328: 7324: 7320: 7319:Joseph Stalin 7314: 7299: 7296: 7292: 7288: 7284: 7280: 7278: 7274: 7270: 7265: 7263: 7258: 7247: 7244: 7241: 7238: 7235: 7233: 7229: 7225: 7222: 7219: 7216: 7213: 7211: 7207: 7203: 7200: 7197: 7194: 7191: 7189: 7185: 7181: 7178: 7175: 7172: 7169: 7167: 7163: 7159: 7156: 7153: 7150: 7147: 7145: 7141: 7137: 7134: 7131: 7128: 7125: 7123: 7119: 7115: 7112: 7109: 7106: 7103: 7101: 7097: 7093: 7090: 7087: 7084: 7081: 7079: 7075: 7071: 7068: 7065: 7062: 7059: 7057: 7053: 7049: 7046: 7043: 7040: 7038:Initial year 7037: 7034: 7033: 7027: 7019: 7015: 7011: 7008: 7007:prefabricated 7002: 6998: 6996: 6992: 6988: 6984: 6980: 6976: 6972: 6966: 6962: 6958: 6951: 6948: 6944: 6935: 6933: 6929: 6924: 6920: 6918: 6914: 6913: 6906: 6903: 6898: 6895: 6891: 6879: 6874: 6869: 6866: 6865: 6859: 6854: 6849: 6846: 6845: 6841: 6836: 6831: 6828: 6827: 6823: 6818: 6813: 6810: 6809: 6803: 6798: 6793: 6790: 6789: 6785: 6780: 6775: 6773: 6769: 6768: 6764: 6761: 6758: 6755: 6754: 6750: 6745: 6740: 6737: 6736: 6732: 6729: 6726: 6723: 6722: 6718: 6713: 6708: 6705: 6704: 6700: 6695: 6690: 6687: 6686: 6682: 6679: 6676: 6674: 6671: 6670: 6666: 6661: 6656: 6654: 6650: 6649: 6645: 6642: 6639: 6636: 6635: 6631: 6628: 6625: 6622: 6621: 6617: 6614: 6611: 6608: 6607: 6603: 6600: 6597: 6595: 6592: 6591: 6587: 6584: 6581: 6579: 6576: 6575: 6571: 6566: 6561: 6559: 6556:Soviet Union/ 6555: 6554: 6550: 6547: 6544: 6541: 6540: 6536: 6533: 6530: 6527: 6526: 6522: 6519: 6516: 6513: 6512: 6508: 6505: 6502: 6499: 6498: 6494: 6491: 6488: 6486: 6482: 6481: 6478: 6476: 6472: 6463: 6457: 6453: 6448: 6439: 6436: 6433: 6430: 6427: 6424: 6421: 6420: 6416: 6413: 6410: 6407: 6404: 6401: 6398: 6397: 6393: 6390: 6387: 6384: 6381: 6378: 6375: 6374: 6370: 6367: 6364: 6361: 6358: 6355: 6352: 6351: 6347: 6344: 6341: 6338: 6335: 6332: 6329: 6328: 6324: 6321: 6318: 6315: 6312: 6309: 6306: 6305: 6301: 6298: 6295: 6292: 6289: 6286: 6283: 6282: 6278: 6275: 6272: 6269: 6266: 6263: 6260: 6259: 6255: 6252: 6249: 6246: 6243: 6240: 6237: 6236: 6232: 6229: 6226: 6223: 6220: 6217: 6214: 6213: 6209: 6206: 6203: 6200: 6197: 6194: 6191: 6190: 6186: 6183: 6180: 6177: 6174: 6171: 6168: 6167: 6163: 6160: 6157: 6154: 6151: 6148: 6145: 6144: 6140: 6137: 6134: 6131: 6128: 6125: 6122: 6121: 6117: 6114: 6111: 6108: 6105: 6102: 6099: 6098: 6094: 6091: 6088: 6085: 6082: 6079: 6076: 6075: 6071: 6068: 6065: 6062: 6059: 6056: 6053: 6052: 6048: 6045: 6042: 6039: 6036: 6033: 6030: 6029: 6025: 6022: 6019: 6016: 6013: 6010: 6007: 6006: 6002: 5999: 5996: 5993: 5990: 5987: 5984: 5983: 5979: 5976: 5973: 5970: 5967: 5964: 5961: 5960: 5956: 5953: 5950: 5947: 5944: 5941: 5939: 5935: 5934: 5930: 5927: 5924: 5921: 5918: 5915: 5912: 5911: 5907: 5904: 5901: 5898: 5895: 5892: 5889: 5888: 5884: 5881: 5878: 5875: 5872: 5869: 5866: 5865: 5861: 5858: 5855: 5852: 5849: 5846: 5843: 5842: 5838: 5835: 5832: 5829: 5826: 5823: 5820: 5819: 5815: 5812: 5809: 5806: 5803: 5800: 5797: 5796: 5793: 5790: 5780: 5777: 5774: 5771: 5768: 5765: 5762: 5759: 5756: 5755: 5751: 5748: 5745: 5742: 5739: 5736: 5733: 5730: 5727: 5726: 5722: 5719: 5716: 5713: 5710: 5707: 5704: 5701: 5698: 5697: 5693: 5690: 5687: 5684: 5681: 5678: 5675: 5672: 5669: 5668: 5664: 5661: 5658: 5655: 5652: 5649: 5646: 5643: 5640: 5639: 5635: 5632: 5629: 5626: 5623: 5620: 5617: 5614: 5611: 5610: 5606: 5603: 5600: 5597: 5594: 5591: 5588: 5585: 5582: 5581: 5577: 5574: 5571: 5568: 5565: 5562: 5559: 5556: 5553: 5552: 5548: 5545: 5542: 5539: 5536: 5533: 5530: 5527: 5524: 5523: 5519: 5516: 5513: 5510: 5507: 5504: 5501: 5498: 5495: 5494: 5490: 5487: 5484: 5481: 5478: 5475: 5472: 5469: 5466: 5465: 5461: 5458: 5455: 5452: 5449: 5446: 5443: 5440: 5437: 5436: 5432: 5429: 5426: 5423: 5420: 5417: 5414: 5411: 5408: 5407: 5403: 5400: 5397: 5394: 5391: 5388: 5385: 5382: 5379: 5378: 5374: 5371: 5368: 5365: 5362: 5359: 5356: 5353: 5350: 5349: 5345: 5342: 5339: 5336: 5333: 5330: 5327: 5324: 5321: 5320: 5316: 5313: 5310: 5307: 5304: 5301: 5298: 5295: 5292: 5291: 5287: 5284: 5281: 5278: 5275: 5272: 5269: 5266: 5263: 5262: 5258: 5255: 5252: 5249: 5246: 5243: 5240: 5237: 5235: 5231: 5230: 5226: 5223: 5220: 5217: 5214: 5211: 5208: 5205: 5202: 5201: 5197: 5194: 5191: 5188: 5185: 5182: 5179: 5176: 5173: 5172: 5168: 5165: 5162: 5159: 5156: 5153: 5150: 5147: 5144: 5143: 5139: 5136: 5133: 5130: 5127: 5124: 5121: 5118: 5115: 5114: 5110: 5107: 5104: 5101: 5098: 5095: 5092: 5089: 5086: 5085: 5081: 5078: 5075: 5072: 5069: 5066: 5063: 5060: 5057: 5056: 5053: 5051: 5050: 5045: 5040: 5038: 5035: 5029: 5027: 5023: 5019: 5008: 5006: 5000: 4997: 4993: 4991: 4986: 4981: 4979: 4975: 4970: 4968: 4964: 4960: 4956: 4952: 4951:environmental 4947: 4945: 4939: 4937: 4933: 4929: 4925: 4921: 4911: 4907: 4897: 4888: 4874: 4870: 4860: 4851: 4837: 4833: 4823: 4814: 4800: 4796: 4786: 4777: 4763: 4759: 4749: 4740: 4726: 4722: 4718: 4708: 4699: 4690: 4688: 4684: 4679: 4675: 4671: 4667: 4663: 4656: 4652: 4647: 4638: 4636: 4630: 4628: 4624: 4618: 4616: 4611: 4607: 4601: 4599: 4595: 4591: 4587: 4582: 4580: 4576: 4572: 4567: 4563: 4561: 4556: 4552: 4551:Joseph Stalin 4548: 4541: 4536: 4527: 4523: 4521: 4516: 4506: 4504: 4500: 4496: 4490: 4487: 4483: 4482:black markets 4477: 4470:Black markets 4467: 4465: 4461: 4457: 4453: 4449: 4445: 4441: 4437: 4433: 4429: 4423: 4421: 4416: 4414: 4410: 4409:Upper Silesia 4404: 4402: 4398: 4394: 4388: 4384: 4382: 4377: 4375: 4369: 4365: 4361: 4359: 4355: 4344: 4342: 4338: 4332: 4330: 4325: 4323: 4322:Marshall Plan 4319: 4318:Joseph Stalin 4312: 4308: 4298: 4296: 4292: 4288: 4284: 4280: 4275: 4273: 4269: 4268:Marshall Plan 4264: 4254: 4252: 4247: 4244: 4239: 4236: 4232: 4228: 4223: 4221: 4220:Joseph Stalin 4214: 4213:khrushchyovka 4210: 4209:working class 4205: 4191: 4187: 4183: 4181: 4180:Joseph Stalin 4177: 4173: 4168: 4166: 4162: 4157: 4154: 4146: 4142: 4137: 4133: 4131: 4127: 4122: 4119: 4113: 4109: 4105: 4095: 4093: 4089: 4088:Club de Paris 4084: 4082: 4078: 4070: 4065: 4056: 4047: 4044: 4041: 4038: 4035: 4033: 4029: 4025: 4022: 4019: 4016: 4013: 4011: 4007: 4003: 4000: 3997: 3994: 3991: 3989: 3985: 3981: 3978: 3975: 3972: 3969: 3967: 3963: 3959: 3956: 3953: 3950: 3947: 3945: 3941: 3937: 3934: 3931: 3928: 3925: 3923: 3919: 3915: 3912: 3909: 3906: 3903: 3901: 3897: 3893: 3890: 3887: 3884: 3881: 3879: 3875: 3871: 3868: 3865: 3862: 3859: 3857: 3853: 3849: 3846: 3839: 3835: 3832: 3829: 3826: 3823: 3820: 3819: 3810: 3809: 3803: 3800: 3796: 3785: 3782: 3779: 3776: 3773: 3769: 3765: 3762: 3759: 3756: 3753: 3749: 3745: 3742: 3739: 3736: 3733: 3729: 3725: 3723:440,737 (16%) 3722: 3719: 3716: 3713: 3709: 3705: 3702: 3699: 3696: 3693: 3689: 3685: 3682: 3679: 3676: 3673: 3670: 3669: 3658: 3655: 3652: 3649: 3646: 3644: 3640: 3636: 3633: 3630: 3627: 3624: 3622: 3618: 3614: 3611: 3608: 3605: 3602: 3600: 3596: 3592: 3589: 3586: 3583: 3580: 3578: 3574: 3570: 3567: 3564: 3561: 3558: 3556: 3552: 3548: 3545: 3542: 3539: 3536: 3534: 3530: 3526: 3523: 3520: 3517: 3514: 3512: 3508: 3504: 3501: 3498: 3495: 3492: 3490: 3486: 3482: 3479: 3476: 3473: 3470: 3468: 3464: 3460: 3457: 3454: 3451: 3448: 3445: 3444: 3438: 3435: 3430: 3428: 3424: 3423:Centrul Civic 3420: 3415: 3411: 3407: 3403: 3399: 3395: 3391: 3387: 3379: 3374: 3365: 3363: 3359: 3349: 3346: 3330: 3327: 3324: 3321: 3318: 3315: 3312: 3310: 3306: 3302: 3299: 3296: 3293: 3290: 3287: 3284: 3282: 3278: 3274: 3271: 3268: 3265: 3262: 3259: 3256: 3254: 3250: 3246: 3243: 3240: 3237: 3234: 3231: 3228: 3226: 3222: 3218: 3215: 3212: 3209: 3206: 3203: 3200: 3198: 3194: 3190: 3187: 3184: 3181: 3178: 3175: 3172: 3170: 3166: 3162: 3159: 3156: 3153: 3150: 3147: 3144: 3142: 3138: 3134: 3131: 3128: 3125: 3122: 3119: 3116: 3114: 3110: 3106: 3103: 3100: 3097: 3094: 3091: 3088: 3086: 3082: 3078: 3075: 3072: 3069: 3066: 3063: 3060: 3057: 3056: 3050: 3047: 3042: 3040: 3035: 3031: 3030:Baltic states 3026: 3024: 3014: 3012: 3008: 3004: 2998: 2996: 2992: 2986: 2984: 2983:Joseph Stalin 2980: 2979:Sovietization 2975: 2971: 2962: 2957: 2953: 2951: 2947: 2943: 2938: 2934: 2933:Ukrainian SSR 2930: 2924: 2920: 2916: 2912: 2908: 2904: 2900: 2896: 2892: 2886: 2876: 2874: 2870: 2866: 2862: 2858: 2853: 2850: 2846: 2842: 2838: 2835:In 1955, the 2833: 2831: 2830:Marshall Plan 2827: 2823: 2819: 2816:In 1949, the 2813: 2809: 2805: 2798:Organizations 2795: 2792: 2791:state atheism 2786: 2778: 2774: 2769: 2760: 2758: 2754: 2750: 2745: 2743: 2739: 2738:Ukrainian SSR 2735: 2734:Moldavian SSR 2731: 2727: 2723: 2719: 2715: 2710: 2702: 2699: 2697: 2694: 2692: 2689: 2687: 2684: 2682: 2679: 2677: 2674: 2672: 2669: 2667: 2664: 2661: 2657: 2654: 2649: 2644: 2641: 2639: 2636: 2634: 2631: 2630: 2629: 2625: 2618: 2617: 2612: 2607: 2602: 2598: 2594: 2590: 2586: 2580: 2568: 2564: 2560: 2556: 2554: 2550: 2546: 2544: 2540: 2538: 2534: 2532: 2528: 2526: 2522: 2518: 2516: 2512: 2510: 2506: 2502: 2498: 2497: 2496: 2492: 2488: 2486: 2480: 2476: 2472: 2468: 2464: 2460: 2456: 2452: 2448: 2438: 2436: 2432: 2428: 2424: 2420: 2415: 2411: 2407: 2403: 2398: 2391: 2386: 2382: 2380: 2376: 2371: 2370:Joseph Stalin 2367: 2359: 2354: 2349: 2339: 2337: 2333: 2328: 2326: 2322: 2321:Mátyás Rákosi 2318: 2314: 2310: 2306: 2302: 2297: 2294: 2289: 2287: 2283: 2279: 2275: 2271: 2265: 2255: 2251: 2249: 2245: 2238: 2234: 2229: 2224: 2214: 2212: 2207: 2205: 2200: 2195: 2193: 2189: 2180: 2176: 2172: 2168: 2159: 2155: 2151: 2147: 2143: 2134: 2133:United States 2130: 2126: 2122: 2113: 2109: 2104: 2100: 2098: 2097:Marshall Plan 2091: 2086: 2081: 2080:Marshall Plan 2070: 2060: 2056: 2054: 2049: 2047: 2037: 2035: 2034:sovietization 2031: 2026: 2022: 2020: 2016: 2012: 2008: 2004: 2000: 1995: 1992: 1986: 1984: 1979: 1975: 1974:Joseph Stalin 1971: 1966: 1964: 1960: 1956: 1951: 1949: 1948:Eastern Front 1945: 1944:Moldavian SSR 1941: 1937: 1929: 1925: 1924:Joseph Stalin 1922: 1918: 1915: 1911: 1908: 1903: 1898: 1894: 1890: 1886: 1882: 1872: 1870: 1866: 1865:Hertsa region 1862: 1858: 1854: 1850: 1846: 1842: 1837: 1835: 1831: 1827: 1823: 1819: 1814: 1812: 1808: 1807:collectivized 1804: 1800: 1799:sovietization 1796: 1792: 1788: 1783: 1781: 1777: 1773: 1769: 1763: 1759: 1755: 1751: 1747: 1743: 1739: 1729: 1727: 1726:Joseph Stalin 1723: 1719: 1716:approved the 1715: 1711: 1707: 1706:Ukrainian SSR 1703: 1700:In 1922, the 1694: 1681: 1669: 1665: 1653: 1650: 1639: 1636: 1626: 1623: 1613: 1610: 1599: 1595: 1583: 1580: 1570: 1567: 1556: 1553: 1549: 1538: 1534: 1522: 1519: 1509: 1506: 1495: 1492: 1487: 1475: 1471: 1459: 1456: 1445: 1442: 1431: 1427: 1415: 1411: 1399: 1395: 1383: 1382: 1373: 1369: 1368:North Vietnam 1365: 1354: 1349: 1348:Ukrainian SSR 1338: 1335: 1324: 1323: 1322:, 1917–1922) 1321: 1317: 1306: 1302: 1290: 1286: 1274: 1270: 1258: 1254: 1242: 1239: 1235: 1224: 1220: 1208: 1205: 1194: 1190: 1178: 1175: 1171: 1166: 1154: 1153: 1143: 1134: 1132: 1128: 1124: 1118: 1116: 1112: 1108: 1104: 1100: 1095: 1093: 1089: 1085: 1080: 1078: 1074: 1070: 1066: 1062: 1058: 1054: 1050: 1046: 1042: 1038: 1034: 1030: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1014: 1010: 1000: 998: 994: 990: 986: 982: 978: 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24622: 24606:Lovestoneism 24471:Kimjongunism 24452: 24290:Class system 24276:Third Period 24167:Anti-fascism 24083:Eastern Bloc 24082: 24026: 24018: 23986:Soviet Union 23874: 23866: 23849: 23803: 23795: 23703:East Germany 23678: 23670: 23653: 23637: 23629: 23556:Burkina Faso 23516: 23421:Stakhanovite 23100:Magyar Rádió 23083:Radio Tirana 23013:Radio Moscow 22995:Eesti Raadio 22832: 22829:(Yugoslavia) 22824: 22821:(Yugoslavia) 22816: 22813:(Yugoslavia) 22808: 22805:(Yugoslavia) 22800: 22797:(Yugoslavia) 22792: 22784: 22781:(Yugoslavia) 22776: 22768: 22765:(Yugoslavia) 22760: 22757:(Yugoslavia) 22752: 22744: 22736: 22733:(Yugoslavia) 22728: 22720: 22712: 22706:Neue Werbung 22704: 22696: 22693:(Yugoslavia) 22688: 22682:Lakáskultúra 22680: 22672: 22669:(Yugoslavia) 22664: 22661:(Yugoslavia) 22656: 22648: 22645:(Yugoslavia) 22640: 22632: 22629:(Yugoslavia) 22624: 22616: 22608: 22600: 22592: 22584: 22578:Eulenspiegel 22576: 22573:(Yugoslavia) 22568: 22565:(Yugoslavia) 22560: 22552: 22544: 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24224:Partiinost' 24088:Warsaw Pact 23967:South Yemen 23868:North Korea 23483:Afghanistan 23066:Radio DDR 2 23061:Radio DDR 1 22738:Novy Vostok 22722:Neues Leben 22658:Jugoslavija 22594:Filmspiegel 22407:Oslobođenje 22343:Esti Hírlap 21698:Remembrance 21664:Animal Farm 21490:Stalin Note 21177:Great Purge 21145:Great Break 21037:Great Break 20758:(1928–1941) 20674:(1946–1953) 20668:(1922–1952) 20406:Shen Zhihua 20216:Michael Cox 20148:competition 20095:Pro-Western 20085:Soviet Life 20011:Safari Club 19981:Warsaw Pact 19836:Nationalism 19826:Imperialism 19725:Reaganomics 19588:Containment 19381:Perestroika 18870:Realpolitik 18700:Six-Day War 18685:Greek junta 18496:Berlin Wall 18344:Suez Crisis 18312:Vietnam War 18199:McCarthyism 18014:Baruch Plan 17959:Unthinkable 17919:Dekemvriana 17858:Warsaw Pact 17564:Berlin Wall 17474:Stipe Šuvar 17454:Ali Šukrija 17267:Rezső Nyers 17257:János Kádár 17177:Miloš Jakeš 17101:Enver Hoxha 16949:Dissolution 16889:Martial law 16812:Revolts and 16786:Warsaw Pact 15933:10 February 15330:Works cited 15146:EU Observer 14339:Goertz 1995 14141:, p. 5 14013:2 September 13568:2 September 13460:, p. 4 13441:, p. 3 13371:, p. 7 13195:, p. 8 12809:19 November 12716:Frucht 2003 12663:Frucht 2003 12424:19 November 12364:Frucht 2003 12185:Böcker 1998 12106:12 December 12076:12 December 12046:12 December 11960:19 November 11830:, p. 2 11784:, p. 1 11643:Frucht 2003 11613:19 November 11592:, p. 2 11566:Böcker 1998 11173:, p. 1 11171:O'Neil 1997 11156:O'Neil 1997 11139:O'Neil 1997 11032:Wettig 2008 10942:Wettig 2008 10870:Wettig 2008 10858:Wettig 2008 10835:Wettig 2008 10810:Miller 2000 10798:Gaddis 2005 10765:Turner 1987 10753:Miller 2000 10741:Turner 1987 10729:Gaddis 2005 10717:Wettig 2008 10705:Wettig 2008 10693:Wettig 2008 10619:Wettig 2008 10607:Wettig 2008 10595:Miller 2000 10583:Wettig 2008 10571:Wettig 2008 10556:Wettig 2008 10516:Wettig 2008 10485:Wettig 2008 10462:Wettig 2008 10380:Wettig 2008 10349:Wettig 2008 10260:Shirer 1990 10145:Wettig 2008 10093:Wettig 2008 9998:(in Polish) 9896:(in Polish) 9814:(in Polish) 9634:Tucker 1992 8461:Local name 8419:Scott Sehon 8381:think tank 8379:libertarian 8302:-inspired " 8269:led by the 8095:, dictator 7953:János Kádár 7919:nationalist 7879:perestroika 7837:Warsaw Pact 7818:perestroika 7789:First World 7754:Warsaw Pact 7731:Vietnam War 7691:North Korea 7586:Dissolution 7514:János Kádár 7489:called the 7464:Pál Maléter 7460:János Kádár 7444:Warsaw Pact 7327:brain drain 7283:East German 6969:was 1.8 in 6947:East German 6770:Yugoslavia/ 6471:nominal GDP 6399:Switzerland 6284:Netherlands 5728:Switzerland 5583:Netherlands 4910:Zastava 101 4832:Oltcit Club 4717:Trabant 601 4598:Latvian SSR 4575:Great Plain 4540:East German 4520:show trials 4503:moonlighted 4172:etatisation 4092:London Club 3386:East German 3073:1985 (mil) 3070:1980 (mil) 3067:1970 (mil) 3064:1950 (mil) 2995:Berlin Wall 2961:Berlin Wall 2931:, both the 2895:Berlin Wall 2861:Enver Hoxha 2837:Warsaw Pact 2812:Warsaw Pact 2726:Latvian SSR 2646: [ 2543:Munkásőrség 2529:Bulgaria – 2435:televisions 2419:confections 2325:László Rajk 2305:Enver Hoxha 2244:West Berlin 2235:during the 2188:Jan Masaryk 2167:Third World 2150:Warsaw Pact 2121:First World 2053:bourgeoisie 1683:(1945–1948) 1667:(1963–1991) 1651:(1967–1990) 1649:South Yemen 1624:(1977–1991) 1611:(1979–1990) 1597:(1975–1990) 1581:(1975–1990) 1568:(1975–1989) 1548:North Korea 1536:(1979–1989) 1520:(1979–1983) 1473:(1969–1991) 1457:(1949–1961) 1443:(1983–1987) 1429:(1975–1990) 1413:(1975–1991) 1397:(1978–1991) 1394:Afghanistan 1288:(1947–1989) 1272:(1924–1990) 1256:(1949–1989) 1222:(1948–1989) 1206:(from 1959) 1192:(1946–1990) 1170:Warsaw Pact 1099:Warsaw Pact 1003:Terminology 973:South Yemen 969:North Korea 890:Third World 886:First World 839:Soviet Bloc 681:Vietnam War 671:Berlin Wall 600:North Korea 537:Brașov 1987 505:Prague 1968 468:Poznań 1956 321:Warsaw Pact 280:South Yemen 258:North Korea 171:Afghanistan 91:Byelorussia 25770:Categories 25612:Trotskyism 25602:Bolshevism 25448:Montenegro 25429:Yugoslavia 25413:Uzbekistan 25398:Tajikistan 25373:Kyrgyzstan 25368:Kazakhstan 25348:Azerbaijan 25314:Mozambique 25208:By country 25095:Korean War 24927:Xi Jinping 24887:Siad Barre 24667:Mao Zedong 24601:Browderism 24536:Pol Potism 24508:Pantherism 24037:Yugoslavia 23934:Seychelles 23844:Mozambique 23814:Madagascar 23613:Cape Verde 23096:(Bulgaria) 22860:(Bulgaria) 22845:Television 22554:Dolgozó nő 22455:Rudé právo 22450:(Bulgaria) 22367:Laiko Vima 22351:Freie Erde 22261:Rahva Hääl 22152:Newspapers 22129:Television 22013:Lake Ritsa 21993:Uspenskoye 21910:(grandson) 21894:(grandson) 21886:(daughter) 21641:Trotskyism 21613:opposition 21289:Lysenkoism 20975:Korean War 20854:Winter War 20742:Chronology 20733:Death toll 20698:Early life 20174:Historians 20165:Space Race 20066:Rudé právo 20020:Propaganda 19876:Neo-Nazism 19846:Chauvinism 19800:Trotskyism 19715:Monetarism 19683:Liberalism 19675:Capitalism 19667:Ideologies 19618:Ostpolitik 19341:Solidarity 19306:Toyota War 19209:Solidarity 19066:Operation 19021:Ogaden War 18710:Dhofar War 18598:Shifta War 18356:Operation 18204:Korean War 17996:Operation 17988:Operation 17980:Operation 17957:Operation 17937:Operation 17929:Operation 17768:Yugoslavia 17220:Egon Krenz 17106:Ramiz Alia 16903:Conditions 16881:Solidarity 16814:opposition 16515:, Budapest 16505:, Budapest 16463:Audio help 16454:2012-11-10 15002:21 January 14977:21 January 14952:21 January 14927:21 January 14312:23 January 14210:23 January 14124:20 January 14079:10 October 13911:Narrator: 13905:8 February 12591:, page 162 12568:Zwass 1984 12549:Zwass 1984 11537:Dowty 1989 11525:Dowty 1989 11441:Dowty 1989 11426:Dowty 1989 11414:Dowty 1989 11399:Dowty 1989 10788:, page 143 10648:1 February 10184:, page 460 10132:, page 334 10028:(see also 9095:, page 214 8995:References 8804:, p. 1,850 8761:Until the 8557:Vietnamese 8448:after 1993 8434:See also: 8292:neoliberal 8233:Tajikistan 8213:until 2003 8206:Azerbaijan 8202:until 2005 8199:Kyrgyzstan 8191:Uzbekistan 8183:Kazakhstan 8101:mass rally 8099:ordered a 7961:Solidarity 7802:Solidarity 7779:and later 7767:Under the 7758:Mao Zedong 7653:Korean War 7526:Bratislava 7396:reformist 7295:Yugoslavia 7232:Yugoslavia 7201:26,662,400 7195:13,690,000 6991:Yugoslavia 6950:Plattenbau 6917:Intershops 6890:World Bank 6475:US dollars 5034:per capita 4836:Dacia 1300 4627:Yugoslavia 4474:See also: 4147:, May 1986 4032:Yugoslavia 3643:Yugoslavia 3562:64% (1980) 3390:Plattenbau 3309:Yugoslavia 3017:Population 2863:following 2789:Under the 2662:, Hungary) 2660:Szabad Nép 2549:Securitate 2547:Romania – 2535:Albania – 2381:ideology. 2179:Yugoslavia 2067:See also: 1863:, and the 1776:Bessarabia 1758:Winter War 1680:Yugoslavia 1622:Seychelles 1594:Mozambique 1579:Madagascar 1374:1975–1976) 1127:Yugoslavia 1107:Yugoslavia 1069:Ogaden War 902:Yugoslavia 875:capitalist 837:, and the 691:Afghan War 644:Korean War 480:Plzeň 1953 359:Opposition 299:Yugoslavia 253:Mozambique 151:Uzbekistan 136:Tajikistan 106:Kazakhstan 86:Azerbaijan 25806:Communism 25686:Red Scare 25671:New class 25483:Comintern 25443:Macedonia 25383:Lithuania 25079:1989–2002 25074:1976–1989 25069:1949–1976 25009:1982–1991 25004:1964–1982 24999:1953–1964 24994:1927–1953 24832:Chin Peng 24687:José Díaz 24638:Dubčekism 24585:Stalinism 24552:Nkrumaism 24547:Sankarism 24432:Guevarism 24427:Castroism 24381:Politburo 24078:Comintern 24073:Cominform 23226:Economies 23108:(Hungary) 23102:(Hungary) 23085:(Albania) 22890:(Romania) 22878:(Hungary) 22854:(Albania) 22714:Neuer Weg 22690:Naša žena 22685:(Hungary) 22634:Guter Rat 22626:Galaksija 22589:(Romania) 22557:(Romania) 22538:Magazines 22530:(Albania) 22466:(Romania) 22399:Novi list 22386:(Hungary) 22370:(Albania) 22346:(Hungary) 22338:(Hungary) 22277:Komunisti 22003:New Athos 21269:Hotel Lux 21252:Vinnytsia 21207:Chortkiv 21197:Berezwecz 21192:Berezhany 21160:Holodomor 21017:Stalinism 20955:Cominform 20691:Overviews 20461:Ken Young 20306:Tony Judt 20155:Arms race 20128:Red Scare 19996:NN States 19941:Apartheid 19896:Autocracy 19805:Stalinism 19773:Guevarism 19763:Castroism 19753:Communism 19745:Socialism 19271:Star Wars 18864:Koza riot 17990:Beleaguer 17982:Masterdom 17252:Imre Nagy 17247:Ernő Gerő 16962:Die Wende 16935:Economies 16776:Cominform 16759:(to 1948) 16721:(to 1961) 16649:Formation 16639:Communism 16419:hour and 16277:, Oxfam, 15458:Routledge 14861:154520098 14845:0034-6764 14744:0959-8138 14687:0959-8138 14625:2468-2667 14048:9 October 13895:"1956-44" 13532:8 October 12612:, page 85 12007:Dale 2005 11937:Pugh 2008 11498:Dale 2005 11375:Cook 2001 11223:wrote to 10296:27 August 9727:Routledge 9398:Cook 2001 9356:relations 9297:, page 65 9207:144922816 9151:cite book 9000:Citations 8946:144922816 8899:cite book 8774:Sources: 8723:Hong Kong 8479:: 中华人民共和国 8444:A map of 8338:In 2011, 8329:austerity 8282:Aftermath 8145:from the 8120:condemned 8105:Bucharest 7940:In 1989, 7390:Imre Nagy 7245:1,634,700 7179:1,157,900 7157:2,574,800 7151:1,357,000 7135:1,181,700 7022:Shortages 6928:Hungarian 6842:$ 12,351 6765:$ 19,239 6751:$ 12,355 6733:$ 21,942 6683:$ 16,082 6667:$ 17,562 6646:$ 25,865 6632:$ 60,514 6618:$ 17,788 6604:$ 14,384 6594:Lithuania 6551:$ 34,629 6537:$ 44,118 6523:$ 30,462 6509:$ 44,162 6031:Lithuania 4928:Wartburgs 4873:Tatra 613 4869:Škoda 105 4586:holodomor 4464:Comturist 4432:Intershop 4153:Stalinist 4141:Bucharest 4059:Economies 3774:3,853,288 3754:3,542,418 3734:3,118,096 3714:2,757,625 3694:2,466,514 3247:114.3/km 3219:154.6/km 3191:115.2/km 3163:119.5/km 2911:Refusenik 2804:Cominform 2557:Poland – 2479:Sharashka 2410:politburo 2311:, leader 2293:Cominform 2282:Cominform 2173:, led by 2110:" of the 1926:) at the 1822:Lithuania 1609:Nicaragua 1533:Kampuchea 993:Nicaragua 983:. In the 965:Kampuchea 562:Riga 1991 552:Baku 1990 442:Lithuania 334:Cominform 238:Kampuchea 141:Turkmenia 121:Lithuania 111:Kirghizia 66:Republics 25801:Cold War 25641:Cold War 25620:See also 25607:Leninism 25458:Slovenia 25353:Byelarus 25309:Mongolia 25289:Ethiopia 25278:Slovakia 25239:Cambodia 25234:Bulgaria 25050:Cold War 24917:Gus Hall 24624:Đilasism 24611:Marcyism 24590:American 24531:National 24477:Kadarism 24448:Husakism 24443:Hoxhaism 24415:Variants 24264:Yugoslav 24145:Concepts 23829:Mongolia 23717:Ethiopia 23570:Cambodia 23542:Bulgaria 23132:Agencies 23119:(Poland) 23094:Horizont 22884:(Poland) 22618:Für Dich 22498:(Poland) 22463:Scînteia 22423:Politika 22174:Izvestia 22101:Overview 22043:Category 21983:Kuntsevo 21830:(mother) 21822:(father) 21257:Zolochiv 21242:Valozhyn 21212:Kurapaty 21010:Concepts 20923:Cold War 20613:Timeline 20603:Category 20548:See also 20040:Izvestia 19881:Islamism 19778:Hoxhaism 19653:Rollback 19532:Abkhazia 19472:Gulf War 19376:Glasnost 18746:incident 18516:Sand War 18374:Ifni War 17883:Rio Pact 17828:Cold War 17650:Bulgaria 16930:Politics 16553:Archived 16465: · 16198:(2012), 15720:(1992), 15285:Archived 15245:Archived 15215:Archived 15162:Archived 14997:The Wire 14921:Archived 14853:41288494 14762:14576248 14705:10454391 14643:28626827 14581:13 March 14575:Archived 14204:Archived 14118:Archived 14097:Archived 14073:Archived 14004:Archived 13938:Archived 13865:Archived 13824:Archived 13783:Archived 13742:Archived 13701:Archived 13660:Archived 13616:Archived 13587:Archived 13559:Archived 13154:4 August 13133:4 August 13127:Archived 12974:(1990). 12803:Archived 12398:23 March 12392:Archived 12133:Archived 12100:Archived 12070:Archived 12040:Archived 11954:Archived 11903:23 March 11897:Archived 11728:43945192 11607:Archived 11458:Archived 11263:Archived 11187:. Gate. 10075:Archived 10056:Archived 10041:Archived 9944:Archived 9916:, ZNAK, 9910:Archived 9843:Archived 9823:Archived 9721:(2005), 9670:Archived 9272:de facto 9266:Archived 8869:de facto 8863:Archived 8789:, p. 297 8765:in 1961. 8596:See also 8551:Vietnam 8458:Country 8372:Portugal 8225:Ukrainia 8155:Red Army 8132:Cambodia 8085:reversed 8047:Bulgaria 7913:against 7873:glasnost 7812:glasnost 7740:'s 1968 7715:rollback 7655:. After 7639:and the 7561:Bulgaria 7522:Cold War 7358:Red Army 7277:Bulgaria 7078:Bulgaria 7035:Country 6971:Bulgaria 6932:Bulgaria 6824:$ 9,121 6786:$ 5,239 6756:Portugal 6719:$ 3,984 6701:$ 6,847 6673:Slovakia 6643:$ 10,577 6629:$ 11,029 6588:$ 2,022 6572:$ 9,243 6548:$ 25,054 6534:$ 17,313 6520:$ 16,239 6506:$ 16,275 6330:Portugal 5641:Portugal 4926:and the 4924:Trabants 4922:such as 4497:, where 4440:Beryozka 4397:Bulgaria 4354:engineer 3878:Bulgaria 3821:Country 3799:Bulgaria 3489:Bulgaria 3446:Country 3402:Panelház 3394:Paneláks 3331:92.6/km 3303:11.9/km 3275:93.5/km 3135:80.1/km 3113:Bulgaria 3107:90.2/km 3058:Country 3039:Romanian 2946:Propiska 2935:and the 2849:Red Army 2763:Religion 2537:Sigurimi 2475:Samizdat 2414:Leninist 2404:in each 2342:Politics 2317:Bulgaria 2112:Cold War 2090:Cold War 1861:Bukovina 1712:and the 1486:Ethiopia 1269:Mongolia 1189:Bulgaria 1103:Mongolia 1017:Cambodia 985:Americas 953:Mongolia 941:Bulgaria 898:pre-1948 867:Cold War 706:Gulf War 510:Invasion 384:Bulgaria 248:Mongolia 223:Ethiopia 192:Bulgaria 126:Moldavia 25478:Comecon 25438:Croatia 25419:Vietnam 25408:Ukraine 25388:Moldova 25363:Georgia 25358:Estonia 25343:Armenia 25334:Somalia 25329:Romania 25299:Hungary 25294:Grenada 25273:Czechia 25219:Albania 24984:History 24797:Pol Pot 24617:Titoism 24564:Dengism 24541:African 24068:Comecon 24020:Vietnam 23949:Somalia 23903:Romania 23851:FRELIMO 23771:Hungary 23740:Grenada 23497:Albania 23426:Comecon 23416:Sovkhoz 23141:(USSR) 22985:(USSR) 22896:(USSR) 22786:Sputnik 22770:Sibylle 22754:Pogledi 22746:Oktyabr 22570:Džuboks 22519:Vjesnik 22415:Pobjeda 22327:Dnevnik 22221:Zvyazda 22018:Sukhumi 21979:Dachas 21970:Kureika 21360:Koreans 21247:Vileyka 20948:Comecon 20773:Sovkhoz 20768:Kolkhoz 20682:History 20103:Amerika 19986:Comecon 19871:Fascism 19861:Zionism 19810:Titoism 19351:Contras 18819:Détente 18096:Comecon 17750:Romania 17704:Hungary 17632:Albania 17070:of the 16781:COMECON 16681:Romania 16676:Hungary 16452: ( 16423:minutes 16274:Albania 14696:1116380 14634:5459934 14180:7 March 13947:9 March 13928:(1957) 13874:9 March 13855:(1957) 13833:9 March 13814:(1957) 13792:9 March 13773:(1957) 13751:9 March 13732:(1957) 13710:9 March 13691:(1957) 13669:9 March 13650:(1957) 13625:9 March 13606:(1957) 13175:7 March 10034:Sanford 9950:6 April 9199:4284075 8938:4284075 8581:unified 8506:Spanish 8477:Chinese 8408:A 2009 8229:Belarus 8221:Moldova 8217:Armenia 8210:Georgia 8185:fellow 8128:Albania 8124:Romania 8081:Romania 7949:Hungary 7923:liberal 7897:at the 7895:Hungary 7891:Austria 7557:Hungary 7510:Hungary 7302:Revolts 7291:panelka 7287:Albania 7273:Romania 7260:Soviet 7223:877,600 7217:438,000 7173:575,000 7166:Romania 7129:340,000 7113:257,000 7100:Hungary 7091:880,400 7085:472,000 7056:Albania 6987:Romania 6979:Hungary 6912:Ostmark 6881:$ 2,068 6867:Vietnam 6861:$ 8,109 6838:$ 3,115 6820:$ 2,424 6805:$ 7,657 6800:$ 2,577 6782:$ 4,197 6762:$ 6,129 6747:$ 2,229 6742:$ 1,000 6730:$ 9,015 6727:$ 1,004 6710:$ 1,053 6697:$ 2,477 6692:$ 1,059 6663:$ 3,764 6658:$ 1,136 6640:$ 1,205 6626:$ 1,493 6623:Ireland 6615:$ 7,864 6612:$ 1,496 6578:Ukraine 6568:$ 2,711 6563:$ 1,789 6545:$ 2,040 6531:$ 2,042 6528:Austria 6517:$ 2,112 6503:$ 2,350 6256:26.276 6238:Ireland 6233:−0.219 6146:Finland 6123:Denmark 6100:Belgium 6077:Austria 6066:−11.664 6026:−9.870 6008:Ukraine 6003:−3.727 5974:−14.541 5951:−11.615 5925:−12.918 5879:−11.687 5833:−28.002 5525:Ireland 5520:−0.321 5409:Finland 5380:Denmark 5351:Belgium 5322:Austria 5317:−3.727 5282:−14.600 5253:−11.600 5221:−16.189 5163:−11.900 5105:−28.000 5005:Albania 4996:Tourism 4978:Hungary 4963:Wrocław 4955:lignite 4949:Severe 4944:autarky 4758:ZAZ-968 4571:Hungary 4495:Romania 4460:Corecom 4393:Albania 4337:Romania 4329:Comecon 4307:Comecon 4295:Romania 4272:SovRoms 4263:plunder 4145:Romania 3988:Romania 3944:Hungary 3856:Albania 3599:Romania 3555:Hungary 3467:Albania 3419:blocuri 3406:Hungary 3352:Housing 3253:Romania 3169:Hungary 3085:Albania 3046:Romania 2963:in 1975 2826:Comecon 2808:Comecon 2431:cameras 2423:alcohol 2332:Trieste 2301:Albania 2286:Titoism 2274:Albania 2148:(i.e., 2127:(i.e., 1940:Ostland 1849:Karelia 1826:Estonia 1801:of the 1789:by the 1635:Somalia 1518:Grenada 1364:Vietnam 1301:Romania 1253:Hungary 1165:Albania 1111:Albania 997:Grenada 957:Vietnam 945:Albania 937:Romania 933:Hungary 917:Comecon 833:), the 831:Combloc 571:Dissent 473:1980–89 432:Estonia 409:Ukraine 399:Romania 389:Croatia 379:Albania 328:Comecon 285:Vietnam 274:Somalia 269:Romania 233:Hungary 228:Grenada 176:Albania 146:Ukraine 101:Georgia 96:Estonia 81:Armenia 69:of the 25690:Second 25453:Serbia 25393:Russia 25378:Latvia 25324:Poland 25224:Angola 24656:People 24487:Maoism 24461:Songun 24259:Soviet 23885:Poland 23511:Angola 23161:(USSR) 22991:(USSR) 22834:Vlasta 22810:Svijet 22778:Signal 22642:Izgled 22586:Femeia 22439:Pravda 22167:Pravda 21812:Family 21237:Sambir 20054:Pravda 19856:Racism 19795:Maoism 19547:Kosovo 19068:Condor 18744:Pueblo 18730:May 68 18358:Gladio 18276:Tuapse 17939:Jungle 17931:Priboi 17727:Poland 16801:(WFDY) 16793:(WFTU) 16394: 16374: 16350: 16323: 16301: 16281: 16261: 16243: 16225: 16212:online 16175: 16155: 16137: 16118: 16098: 16080: 16062: 16040: 16022: 16004: 15986: 15968: 15950: 15908: 15890: 15872: 15854: 15836: 15818: 15800: 15782: 15764: 15746: 15728: 15706: 15688: 15666: 15644: 15626: 15604: 15586: 15568: 15550: 15528: 15508: 15486: 15464: 15442: 15424: 15405: 15385: 15367: 15345: 15251:14 May 15221:14 May 15191:7 July 14888: 14859: 14851: 14843: 14795: 14760: 14753:259165 14750: 14742: 14703: 14693: 14685: 14641: 14631: 14623: 14567: 14433:Profil 14382: 14284: 13953: 13880: 13839: 13798: 13757: 13716: 13675: 13631: 12986: 12954: 12608: 12587: 11767:17 May 11758: 11733:17 May 11726: 11697: 11244: 11215: 11191: 10890: 10784: 10673: 10536: 10434: 10403: 10292:. 1997 10229: 10180: 10164: 10112: 10011: 9992: 9920: 9878: 9854: 9797: 9769: 9733: 9693: 9652:, 2008 9604: 9559: 9520: 9492: 9440: 9378: 9324: 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