175:
788:
763:
1621:
190:
259:
3738:
828:
25:
2174:
2423:
2287:, skewed the ethnic mixture and enabled non-Kazakhs to outnumber natives. As a result, the use of the Kazakh language declined but has started to experience a revival since independence, both as a result of its resurging popularity in law and business and the growing proportion of Kazakhs. The other nationalities included
2213:
In
September 1920, the Ninth Soviet Congress of Turkestan called for the deportation of illegal settler colonists in the Northern parts of the country. The proposed land reform began in 1921 and lasted until 1927,targeting Russian settlers, Ukrainians and Cossacks in the region and from 1920 to 1922,
2221:
was appointed First
Secretary of the Communist Party in the newly created Kazakh Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic. From 1925 to 1933 he ran the Kazakh ASSR with virtually no outside interference. He played a prominent part in the construction of the Turkestan-Siberia railway, which was
2808:
Beginning in 1937, the Soviet
Government began a series of forced deportations of ethnic minorities, such as Soviet Koreans, the Volga Germans and various other minorities to the Kazakh SSR, a programme that ended only with Stalin's death in 1953.
2214:
Kazakhstan's
Russian population dropped from approximately 2.7 to 2.2 million. A further 15,000 Cossack settler colonists were deported between 1920 and 1921 as part of the process of returning control and sovereignty of land to the Kazakhs.
2225:
After Joseph Stalin ordered the forced collectivization of agriculture throughout the Soviet Union, Goloshchyokin ordered that
Kazakhstan's largely nomadic population was to be forced to settle in collective farms. This caused the deadly
2739:, up to 40% of Kazakhs (indigenous ethnic group) either died of starvation or fled the territory. Official government census data report the contraction of Kazakh population from 3.6 million in 1926, to 2.3 million in 1939.
2256:
assumes that one of the reasons for this deportation may have been Stalin's intent to oppress ethnic minorities that could have posed a threat to his socialist system or he may have intended to consolidate the border regions with
247:
2773:, with the goal of developing the vast lands of the republic and helping to boost Soviet agricultural yields. However it did not work as promised, the campaign was eventually abandoned in the 1960s.
1368:
245:
2407:
in its place which
Kazakhstan joined. The Soviet Union officially ceased to exist as a sovereign state on 26 December 1991 and Kazakhstan became an internationally recognized independent state.
1066:
174:
3305:
2265:, while an additional one million people fled from the Republic, causing a labour shortage in that area, which Stalin sought to compensate for by deporting other ethnicities there.
246:
2328:
2191:
2105:
on 10 December 1991, which declared its independence six days later, as the last republic to secede from the USSR on 16 December 1991. The Soviet Union was officially
1858:
2059:
1131:
502:
1358:
3280:
4329:
1363:
1182:
570:
1438:
441:
4339:
4324:
3439:
1236:
1167:
3480:
42:
1977:
4334:
2955:
3723:
2006:
1422:
2911:
On 24 October 1990, article 6 on the monopoly of the
Communist Party of Kazakhstan on power was excluded from the Constitution of the Kazakh SSR
1582:
234:
195:
89:
61:
3351:
3333:
2324:
2085:
2078:
2070:
2063:
904:
180:
3697:
3514:
3474:
3273:
2790:
2114:
2055:
1868:
1172:
996:
68:
3931:
3196:
2238:
2199:
1940:
2261:
and Japan by using them as political bargaining chips. Additionally, historian Kim points out that 1.7 million people perished in the
4309:
949:
3061:Конституционный закон Республики Казахстан от 16 декабря 1991 года № 1007-XII «О государственной независимости Республики Казахстан»
3707:
3433:
3390:
2801:
and furtherly weaken Kazakh culture were controversial in the Kazakh SSR. Kazakhs viewed his internationalist goals as a call for "
1072:
75:
3941:
2234:
4319:
3833:
3323:
3266:
1283:
864:
425:
2426:
Demographics of
Kazakhstan from 1897 to 1970, with major ethnic groups. Famines of the 1920s and 1930s are marked with shades.
2069:
At 2,717,300 square kilometres (1,049,200 sq mi) in area, it was the second-largest republic in the USSR, after the
3456:
2988:
709:
525:
57:
2383:
4277:
3987:
3527:
3462:
3408:
3318:
3134:
1300:
1117:
1001:
894:
859:
4344:
3468:
3413:
3338:
2731:
The most significant factors that shaped the ethnic composition of the population of
Kazakhstan were the 1920s and 1930s
1999:
1925:
1838:
919:
899:
1402:
4124:
3398:
3328:
3313:
3230:
2404:
1575:
1320:
1191:
1026:
944:
874:
869:
854:
189:
3403:
3374:
3364:
2367:
2092:
1972:
1950:
1935:
1930:
1011:
976:
914:
889:
884:
108:
4314:
3992:
1819:
1344:
1112:
965:
2434:
constituted 81.7% of the total population (3,392,751 people) within the territory of contemporary
Kazakhstan. The
3914:
3887:
3507:
3379:
3359:
2246:
2106:
1539:
1246:
1200:
986:
924:
909:
3191:
2785:
was both developed and restrained, and later many Kazakh cultural figures were imprisoned, exiled, or killed in
2307:
and others; Germans at the time of independence formed about 8% of the population, the largest concentration of
4010:
3773:
3047:
2736:
2227:
1992:
1945:
1600:
1464:
1021:
1006:
955:
46:
82:
3926:
3289:
2043:
1568:
1554:
1288:
1042:
960:
838:
729:
276:
4046:
3902:
3841:
2371:
2262:
1549:
1504:
1459:
1268:
1263:
1258:
211:
1620:
3977:
3972:
2798:
1036:
483:
4187:
4139:
3909:
3877:
3737:
3500:
2411:
1519:
1330:
1047:
3982:
3967:
3919:
3651:
2375:
1692:
1630:
1432:
4242:
4114:
3936:
3892:
3246:
2040:
2077:(today known as Almaty). During its existence as a Soviet Socialist Republic, it was ruled by the
4182:
4151:
4119:
4109:
4005:
3897:
3882:
3846:
3746:
2755:
2110:
2095:
1920:
1514:
659:
35:
2311:
in the entire Soviet Union. Kazakh independence has caused many of these newcomers to emigrate.
1241:
4227:
4099:
4076:
4041:
3865:
3073:
2890:
2855:
2343:. Approximately 168–200 civilians were killed in the uprising. The events then spilled over to
2268:
Over one million political prisoners from various parts of the Soviet Union passed through the
2102:
2084:
On 25 October 1990, the Supreme Soviet of the Kazakh SSR declared its sovereignty on its soil.
1888:
1711:
1373:
1273:
624:
2370:. Later that year on 25 October, it then declared sovereignty. The republic participated in a
1253:
4270:
4247:
4197:
4024:
3955:
3851:
3535:
2782:
2766:
2276:
1915:
1609:
1544:
1529:
1407:
1162:
1143:
3258:
4232:
4202:
4156:
4056:
3677:
2363:
2218:
2088:
1474:
1469:
1449:
1215:
514:
472:
3095:
8:
4286:
4237:
4222:
4166:
4104:
4094:
4089:
3768:
3631:
3252:
2759:
2320:
2154:
1751:
1509:
556:
433:
372:
3024:
1310:
4207:
4071:
2438:
population in Kazakhstan was 454,402, or 10.95% of total population; there were 79,573
2422:
2395:
on 10 December 1991. It declared independence on 16 December (the fifth anniversary of
1499:
1205:
1152:
3008:
3997:
3687:
3611:
3226:
3028:
2984:
2794:
2770:
2400:
2332:
1828:
1741:
1427:
1353:
1210:
3233:
2399:), becoming the last Soviet constituency to secede. Its capital was the site of the
4036:
3641:
3621:
3586:
3169:
3020:
2956:"The Kazakh Famine of 1930–33 and the Politics of History in the Post-Soviet Space"
2873:
2838:
2748:
2242:
2134:
1701:
1220:
419:
330:
154:
3060:
2206:) and on 5 December 1936 it was elevated to the status of a Union-level republic,
4161:
4084:
4051:
3793:
3763:
3626:
2978:
2881:
2846:
1412:
1315:
422:
380:
364:
348:
322:
312:
219:
140:
3138:
3113:
4061:
3758:
3692:
3672:
2435:
2146:
2142:
2118:
1848:
1801:
1524:
1335:
460:
356:
340:
3173:
4303:
4192:
4129:
3803:
3798:
3783:
3656:
3636:
3601:
3591:
3032:
3009:"Koryo Saram, or Koreans of the Former Soviet Union: In the Past and Present"
2802:
2786:
2479:
2245:
to Kazakhstan. Over 170,000 people were forcibly relocated to the Kazakh and
1791:
1771:
1731:
1534:
1397:
1325:
1278:
1062:
722:
682:
430:
416:
406:
390:
308:
3646:
3596:
3581:
2195:
2051:
2047:
1781:
991:
817:
265:
2378:
with 94.1% voted in favour. It did not happen when hardline communists in
4217:
4065:
3788:
3778:
2587:
2356:
2335:, riots broke out for four days between 16 and 19 December 1986 known as
2300:
1761:
1454:
1444:
1094:
1053:
1031:
768:
544:
3223:
The Hungry Steppe: Famine, Violence, and the Making of Soviet Kazakhstan
2275:
During the 1950s and 1960s, Soviet citizens were urged to settle in the
3818:
3523:
2439:
2430:
According to the 1897 census, the earliest census taken in the region,
2391:
2288:
2280:
2253:
1417:
1295:
806:
781:
3492:
2165:(now known as Baikonur) was constructed to accommodate its personnel.
3813:
3808:
3616:
3160:
Durgin, Frank A. Jr. (1962). "The Virgin Lands Programme 1954–1960".
3135:"Äåìîñêîï Weekly - Ïðèëîæåíèå. Ñïðàâî÷íèê ñòàòèñòè÷åñêèõ ïîêàçàòåëåé"
3114:"Äåìîñêîï Weekly - Ïðèëîæåíèå. Ñïðàâî÷íèê ñòàòèñòè÷åñêèõ ïîêàçàòåëåé"
2455:
2396:
2352:
2336:
2150:
1305:
1107:
601:
296:
24:
2471:
2463:
2403:
on 21 December 1991 that dissolved the Soviet Union and formed the
2348:
2344:
2284:
2162:
2158:
1479:
1177:
717:
686:
304:
300:
4212:
3606:
2467:
2459:
2447:
2431:
2339:
by student demonstrators in Brezhnev Square in the capital city,
2308:
2304:
2292:
2130:
1721:
1639:
1157:
1101:
1058:
402:
397:
2173:
3823:
3555:
2732:
2451:
2443:
2389:
As a result of those events, the Kazakh SSR was renamed to the
2379:
2340:
2269:
2074:
1666:
286:
3682:
2983:. University of Hawaii Press. pp. 157–158, 170–171, 236.
3560:
3288:
3096:"Во время голода в Казахстане погибло 40 процентов населения"
2258:
2138:
1657:
970:
235:Қазақ Советтік Социалистік Республикасының мемлекеттік гимны
3565:
3550:
2475:
2362:
On 25 March 1990, Kazakhstan held its first elections with
2296:
2230:
in Kazakhstan which killed between 1 and 2 million people.
1675:
1648:
1016:
981:
844:
2098:
in April of that year – a role he remained in until 2019.
3074:"Minorities and participation in public life: Kazakhstan"
2751:, many large factories were relocated to the Kazakh SSR.
2735:. According to different estimates of the effects of the
2272:
between 1931 and 1959, with an unknown number of deaths.
2113:. The Republic of Kazakhstan, the legal successor to the
734:
698:
2279:
of the Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic. The influx of
2186:
Established on 26 August 1920, it was initially called
239:"State Anthem of the Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic"
2980:
Burnt by the Sun: The Koreans of the Russian Far East
1439:
De-satellization of the Socialist Republic of Romania
2895:
2860:
2222:
constructed to open up Kazakhstan's mineral wealth.
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2235:deportation of an ethnic group in the Soviet Union
3185:
3183:
4301:
2919:
2917:
2149:and later Soviet domination. The Soviet Union's
2843:Казахская Советская Социалистическая Республика
2177:Stamp marking the Kazakh SSR's 40th anniversary
148:Казахская Советская Социалистическая Республика
3180:
3048:"Dark Tourism in Kazakhstan's Gulag Heartland"
2489:Ethnic Composition of Kazakhstan (census data)
2050:(USSR) from 1936 to 1991. Located in northern
4330:States and territories disestablished in 1991
3508:
3274:
2914:
2386:. Nazarbayev then condemned the failed coup.
2054:, it was created on 5 December 1936 from the
2000:
1576:
146:
2192:Kirghiz Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic
132:
216:"Barlyq elderdıñ proletarlary, bırıgıñder!"
4340:1991 disestablishments in the Soviet Union
4325:States and territories established in 1936
3515:
3501:
3281:
3267:
3248:Kazakhstan: Seven Year Plan for Prosperity
3197:Carnegie Endowment for International Peace
3045:
2007:
1993:
1583:
1569:
212:Барлық елдердің пролетарлары, бірігіңдер!
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
2862:Qazaq Sovettik Sotsialistik Respublikasy
2421:
2270:Karaganda Corrective Labor Camp (KarLag)
2172:
264:Location of Kazakhstan (red) within the
4335:1936 establishments in the Soviet Union
3522:
3093:
2953:
2851:Қазақ Советтік Социалистік Республикасы
2781:In the early days of the Soviet Union,
225:"Proletarians of all countries, unite!"
134:Қазақ Советтік Социалистік Республикасы
4302:
3189:
3159:
3153:
2947:
2938:
2923:
2198:. On 15–19 April 1925, it was renamed
3496:
3262:
2976:
2769:was started in 1953. This was led by
2366:, the chairman of the Supreme Soviet
590:• Elevation to a Union Republic
3071:
3002:
3000:
1118:World Federation of Democratic Youth
47:adding citations to reliable sources
18:
3190:Olcott, Martha (30 November 2011).
3025:10.17953/amer.29.3.xk2111131165t740
3006:
2384:control of the government in August
1839:Governor-Generalship of the Steppes
13:
3255:, a 1958 Soviet propaganda booklet
3215:
3094:Рыскожа, Болат (25 January 2012).
2405:Commonwealth of Independent States
2157:, was located in this republic at
1192:Guerrilla war in the Baltic states
58:"Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic"
14:
4356:
3240:
3007:Kim, German N. (1 January 2003).
2997:
2977:Chang, Jon K. (31 January 2018).
2943:. Cornell University. p. 61.
2928:. Cornell University. p. 60.
2129:The republic was named after the
2079:Communist Party of the Kazakh SSR
1973:Outline of Kazak military history
16:Soviet republic from 1936 to 1991
4310:Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic
3736:
2954:Volkava, Elena (26 March 2012).
2835:Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic
2239:removal of the Korean population
2208:Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic
2021:Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic
1619:
1113:World Federation of Trade Unions
826:
786:
761:
257:
243:
188:
173:
128:Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic
23:
3127:
3106:
3087:
3065:
2756:Semipalatinsk Nuclear Test Site
2101:The Kazakh SSR was renamed the
646:• Independence recognised
34:needs additional citations for
3072:Dave, Bhavna (11 March 2012).
3054:
3039:
2970:
2932:
2905:
2824:
2789:'s purges. However, after the
2368:elected as its first president
2314:
1:
4320:Republics of the Soviet Union
3290:Republics of the Soviet Union
2941:The Affirmative Action Empire
2926:The Affirmative Action Empire
2817:
2417:
2325:Communist Party of Kazakhstan
2323:, the First Secretary of the
1978:Bibliography of Kazak history
1555:Dissolution of Czechoslovakia
636:• Independence declared
3481:Pridnestrovian Moldavian SSR
3225:. Cornell University Press.
3192:"Kazakhstan's Soviet Legacy"
2410:On 28 January 1993, the new
2181:
1550:Fall of communism in Albania
1505:Polish Round Table Agreement
1460:Cuban intervention in Angola
613:• Sovereignty declared
7:
2896:
2861:
2797:'s efforts to reinvigorate
2376:union in a different entity
2319:Following the dismissal of
2252:Kazakhstani Korean scholar
2109:on 26 December 1991 by the
938:Allied and satellite states
10:
4361:
4345:Former socialist republics
3046:Peter Ford (25 May 2017).
2776:
2742:
2737:Kazakh famine of 1930–1933
2726:
2412:Constitution of Kazakhstan
2228:Kazakh famine of 1930–1933
2168:
4264:
4175:
4147:
4138:
4032:
4023:
3963:
3954:
3873:
3864:
3832:
3754:
3745:
3734:
3716:
3665:
3574:
3543:
3534:
3449:
3426:
3388:
3347:
3304:
3297:
3174:10.1080/09668136208410287
2885:
2877:
2850:
2842:
2487:
2161:, and the secret town of
2141:who sustained a powerful
1475:1984 Los Angeles Olympics
802:
740:
728:
716:
705:
693:
678:
658:
654:
644:
634:
621:
611:
598:
588:
584:
576:
566:
562:
550:
540:• 1936–1937 (first)
538:
534:
524:
520:
508:
498:• 1936–1937 (first)
496:
492:
482:
478:
466:
456:• 1936–1938 (first)
454:
450:
440:
412:
396:
386:
336:
318:
292:
282:
277:Soviet socialist republic
272:
255:
229:
206:
169:
164:
147:
133:
125:
2812:
2414:was officially adopted.
2329:Soviet general secretary
2263:Kazakh famine of 1931–33
2233:In 1937 the first major
2194:) and was a part of the
1296:Czechoslovakia 1976–1990
4315:Communism in Kazakhstan
3764:Altay (Altai) Mountains
3221:Cameron, Sarah (2018).
2124:
2111:Soviet of the Republics
1540:End of the Soviet Union
1515:Fall of the Berlin Wall
1075: (until 1948)
1050: (until 1977)
1039: (until 1989)
973: (until 1961)
952: (until 1961)
503:Ukakbai Zeldirbayuly K.
319:Official languages
3988:Science and technology
3708:Republic of Kazakhstan
2939:Martin, Terry (2001).
2924:Martin, Terry (2001).
2897:Qazaqstan Respublikasy
2886:Қазақстан Республикасы
2870:Republic of Kazakhstan
2762:were also built here.
2747:Upon the start of the
2427:
2392:Republic of Kazakhstan
2178:
2117:, was admitted to the
2103:Republic of Kazakhstan
1889:Republic of Kazakhstan
1229:Protests and uprisings
625:Republic of Kazakhstan
2767:Virgin Lands Campaign
2425:
2176:
2145:in the region before
2044:constituent republics
1545:Post-Soviet conflicts
1530:Breakup of Yugoslavia
1433:Albanian–Soviet split
1144:Anti-Soviet partisans
1087:Related organizations
434:presidential republic
3678:List of Kazakh khans
3168:(3). JSTOR: 255–80.
2878:Республика Казахстан
2364:Nursultan Nazarbayev
2219:Filipp Goloshchyokin
2217:On 19 February 1925
2089:Nursultan Nazarbayev
1525:Barricades in Latvia
1470:1980 Moscow Olympics
1450:Cuban Missile Crisis
515:Nursultan Nazarbayev
473:Nursultan Nazarbayev
43:improve this article
3789:Khan Tangiri Shyngy
3769:Aral Karakum Desert
3632:Kara-Khanid Khanate
3617:Xueyantuo Khaganate
3450:Non-union republics
3440:Transcaucasian SFSR
3253:Dinmukhamed Konayev
2765:After the war, the
2760:Baikonur Cosmodrome
2321:Dinmukhamed Konayev
2155:Baikonur Cosmodrome
2153:, now known as the
2086:QKP first secretary
2060:autonomous republic
1820:Post-nomadic period
1510:Revolutions of 1989
557:Sergey Tereshchenko
552:• 1991 (Last)
510:• 1990 (last)
468:• 1991 (last)
3993:Telecommunications
3434:Karelo-Finnish SSR
2830:Historical names:
2428:
2179:
2073:. Its capital was
1500:Singing Revolution
1274:Novocherkassk 1962
526:Head of government
337:Minority languages
4295:
4294:
4260:
4259:
4256:
4255:
4019:
4018:
3950:
3949:
3942:Political parties
3915:Freedom of speech
3888:Foreign relations
3860:
3859:
3732:
3731:
3688:Russian Turkestan
3612:Oghuz Yabgu State
3490:
3489:
3422:
3421:
2990:978-0-8248-7674-6
2894:
2859:
2795:Nikita Khrushchev
2771:Nikita Khrushchev
2724:
2723:
2490:
2401:Alma-Ata Protocol
2333:Mikhail Gorbachev
2137:-speaking former
2121:on 2 March 1992.
2039:, was one of the
2025:Soviet Kazakhstan
2017:
2016:
1941:Eastern Orthodoxy
1900:
1899:
1829:Russian Turkestan
1810:
1809:
1712:Turkic (Göktürks)
1683:
1682:
1593:
1592:
1428:Sino-Soviet split
1408:Tito–Stalin split
1403:Czechoslovak coup
1381:
1380:
1321:Ukraine 1989–1991
1259:East Germany 1953
1201:Soviet occupation
812:
811:
798:
797:
794:
793:
774:
773:
248:
119:
118:
111:
93:
4352:
4280:
4273:
4145:
4144:
4120:Wedding ceremony
4080:
4030:
4029:
4011:Waste management
4001:
3961:
3960:
3871:
3870:
3842:Cities and towns
3814:Tien (Tian) Shan
3752:
3751:
3740:
3642:Chagatai Khanate
3627:Kyrgyz Khaganate
3622:Uyghur Khaganate
3587:Rouran Khaganate
3541:
3540:
3517:
3510:
3503:
3494:
3493:
3348:Former parts of
3324:Byelorussian SSR
3302:
3301:
3283:
3276:
3269:
3260:
3259:
3209:
3208:
3206:
3204:
3187:
3178:
3177:
3157:
3151:
3150:
3148:
3146:
3141:on 16 March 2010
3137:. Archived from
3131:
3125:
3124:
3122:
3120:
3110:
3104:
3103:
3091:
3085:
3084:
3082:
3080:
3069:
3063:
3058:
3052:
3051:
3043:
3037:
3036:
3013:Amerasia Journal
3004:
2995:
2994:
2974:
2968:
2967:
2965:
2963:
2951:
2945:
2944:
2936:
2930:
2929:
2921:
2912:
2909:
2903:
2899:
2889:
2887:
2879:
2864:
2854:
2852:
2844:
2828:
2799:internationalism
2749:Second World War
2488:
2485:
2484:
2450:(1.34%); 29,564
2446:(1.34%); 55,815
2442:(1.91%); 55,984
2374:to preserve the
2243:Russian Far East
2041:transcontinental
2023:, also known as
2009:
2002:
1995:
1896:
1825:
1824:
1698:
1697:
1636:
1635:
1623:
1613:
1595:
1594:
1585:
1578:
1571:
1494:
1441:
1392:
1237:Poland 1944–1989
1221:Operation Jungle
1140:
1139:
1136:
1134:
1088:
939:
849:
847:
841:
830:
829:
820:
814:
813:
790:
789:
778:
777:
765:
764:
758:
757:
742:
741:
674:
673:
665:
650:26 December 1991
640:16 December 1991
630:10 December 1991
607:16 December 1986
420:Marxist-Leninist
262:
261:
260:
250:
249:
223:
192:
177:
159:
158:
150:
149:
144:
136:
135:
129:
123:
122:
114:
107:
103:
100:
94:
92:
51:
27:
19:
4360:
4359:
4355:
4354:
4353:
4351:
4350:
4349:
4300:
4299:
4296:
4291:
4283:
4276:
4269:
4252:
4171:
4134:
4078:
4015:
3999:
3946:
3927:Law enforcement
3856:
3828:
3794:Kyzylkum Desert
3741:
3728:
3712:
3661:
3570:
3530:
3521:
3491:
3486:
3445:
3418:
3384:
3349:
3343:
3293:
3287:
3243:
3218:
3216:Further reading
3213:
3212:
3202:
3200:
3188:
3181:
3158:
3154:
3144:
3142:
3133:
3132:
3128:
3118:
3116:
3112:
3111:
3107:
3092:
3088:
3078:
3076:
3070:
3066:
3059:
3055:
3050:. The Diplomat.
3044:
3040:
3005:
2998:
2991:
2975:
2971:
2961:
2959:
2958:. Wilson Center
2952:
2948:
2937:
2933:
2922:
2915:
2910:
2906:
2829:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2779:
2745:
2729:
2462:(0.11%); 2,883
2458:(0.28%); 4,888
2454:(0.7%); 11,911
2420:
2317:
2184:
2171:
2127:
2013:
1984:
1983:
1982:
1967:
1959:
1958:
1957:
1910:
1902:
1901:
1894:
1822:
1812:
1811:
1695:
1685:
1684:
1633:
1611:
1604:
1589:
1560:
1559:
1495:
1492:
1485:
1484:
1437:
1413:Berlin Blockade
1393:
1391:Cold War events
1390:
1383:
1382:
1306:Kazakhstan 1986
1137:
1132:
1130:
1123:
1122:
1089:
1086:
1079:
1078:
940:
937:
930:
929:
850:
845:
839:
837:
827:
818:
787:
762:
712:31/32/330/33622
671:
670:
669:
663:
647:
637:
627:
623:• Renamed
617:25 October 1990
614:
604:
602:Jeltoqsan riots
594:5 December 1936
591:
553:
541:
511:
499:
469:
457:
442:First Secretary
429:
426:soviet republic
405:
311:
307:
303:
299:
268:
258:
256:
251:
244:
241:
240:
238:
224:
220:transliteration
217:
215:
202:
201:
200:
198:
193:
185:
184:
178:
160:
152:
145:
138:
131:
130:
127:
115:
104:
98:
95:
52:
50:
40:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4358:
4348:
4347:
4342:
4337:
4332:
4327:
4322:
4317:
4312:
4293:
4292:
4290:
4289:
4282:
4281:
4274:
4266:
4265:
4262:
4261:
4258:
4257:
4254:
4253:
4251:
4250:
4245:
4240:
4235:
4230:
4225:
4220:
4215:
4210:
4205:
4200:
4195:
4190:
4185:
4179:
4177:
4173:
4172:
4170:
4169:
4164:
4159:
4154:
4148:
4142:
4136:
4135:
4133:
4132:
4127:
4122:
4117:
4112:
4107:
4102:
4097:
4092:
4087:
4082:
4074:
4069:
4059:
4054:
4049:
4044:
4039:
4033:
4027:
4021:
4020:
4017:
4016:
4014:
4013:
4008:
4003:
3995:
3990:
3985:
3983:Stock Exchange
3980:
3975:
3970:
3964:
3958:
3952:
3951:
3948:
3947:
3945:
3944:
3939:
3934:
3929:
3924:
3923:
3922:
3917:
3907:
3906:
3905:
3903:Prime Minister
3900:
3890:
3885:
3880:
3874:
3868:
3862:
3861:
3858:
3857:
3855:
3854:
3849:
3844:
3838:
3836:
3830:
3829:
3827:
3826:
3821:
3816:
3811:
3806:
3801:
3796:
3791:
3786:
3781:
3776:
3771:
3766:
3761:
3759:Aktogay Canyon
3755:
3749:
3743:
3742:
3735:
3733:
3730:
3729:
3727:
3726:
3720:
3718:
3714:
3713:
3711:
3710:
3705:
3700:
3695:
3693:Alash Autonomy
3690:
3685:
3680:
3675:
3673:Kazakh Khanate
3669:
3667:
3663:
3662:
3660:
3659:
3654:
3649:
3644:
3639:
3634:
3629:
3624:
3619:
3614:
3609:
3604:
3599:
3594:
3589:
3584:
3578:
3576:
3572:
3571:
3569:
3568:
3563:
3558:
3553:
3547:
3545:
3538:
3532:
3531:
3520:
3519:
3512:
3505:
3497:
3488:
3487:
3485:
3484:
3478:
3472:
3466:
3460:
3453:
3451:
3447:
3446:
3444:
3443:
3437:
3430:
3428:
3424:
3423:
3420:
3419:
3417:
3416:
3411:
3409:Lithuanian SSR
3406:
3401:
3395:
3393:
3386:
3385:
3383:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3356:
3354:
3345:
3344:
3342:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3319:Azerbaijan SSR
3316:
3310:
3308:
3299:
3295:
3294:
3286:
3285:
3278:
3271:
3263:
3257:
3256:
3242:
3241:External links
3239:
3238:
3237:
3231:978-1501730436
3217:
3214:
3211:
3210:
3179:
3162:Soviet Studies
3152:
3126:
3105:
3086:
3064:
3053:
3038:
2996:
2989:
2969:
2946:
2931:
2913:
2904:
2902:
2901:
2866:
2822:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2783:Kazakh culture
2778:
2775:
2744:
2741:
2728:
2725:
2722:
2721:
2718:
2715:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2705:
2701:
2700:
2697:
2694:
2691:
2688:
2685:
2682:
2678:
2677:
2674:
2671:
2668:
2665:
2662:
2659:
2655:
2654:
2651:
2648:
2645:
2642:
2639:
2636:
2632:
2631:
2628:
2625:
2622:
2619:
2616:
2613:
2609:
2608:
2605:
2602:
2599:
2596:
2593:
2590:
2584:
2583:
2580:
2577:
2574:
2571:
2568:
2565:
2561:
2560:
2557:
2554:
2551:
2548:
2545:
2542:
2538:
2537:
2534:
2531:
2528:
2525:
2522:
2519:
2515:
2514:
2511:
2508:
2505:
2502:
2499:
2496:
2492:
2491:
2419:
2416:
2316:
2313:
2202:(subsequently
2183:
2180:
2170:
2167:
2126:
2123:
2119:United Nations
2015:
2014:
2012:
2011:
2004:
1997:
1989:
1986:
1985:
1981:
1980:
1975:
1969:
1968:
1965:
1964:
1961:
1960:
1956:
1955:
1954:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1938:
1928:
1923:
1918:
1912:
1911:
1908:
1907:
1904:
1903:
1898:
1897:
1891:
1885:
1884:
1881:
1875:
1874:
1871:
1865:
1864:
1861:
1855:
1854:
1851:
1849:Alash Autonomy
1845:
1844:
1841:
1835:
1834:
1831:
1823:
1818:
1817:
1814:
1813:
1808:
1807:
1804:
1802:Kazakh Khanate
1798:
1797:
1794:
1788:
1787:
1784:
1778:
1777:
1774:
1768:
1767:
1764:
1758:
1757:
1754:
1748:
1747:
1744:
1738:
1737:
1734:
1728:
1727:
1724:
1718:
1717:
1714:
1708:
1707:
1704:
1696:
1691:
1690:
1687:
1686:
1681:
1680:
1678:
1672:
1671:
1669:
1667:Kangju Kingdom
1663:
1662:
1660:
1654:
1653:
1651:
1645:
1644:
1642:
1634:
1629:
1628:
1625:
1624:
1616:
1615:
1606:
1605:
1598:
1591:
1590:
1588:
1587:
1580:
1573:
1565:
1562:
1561:
1558:
1557:
1552:
1547:
1542:
1537:
1532:
1527:
1522:
1520:January Events
1517:
1512:
1507:
1502:
1496:
1491:
1490:
1487:
1486:
1483:
1482:
1477:
1472:
1467:
1462:
1457:
1452:
1447:
1442:
1435:
1430:
1425:
1420:
1415:
1410:
1405:
1400:
1394:
1389:
1388:
1385:
1384:
1379:
1378:
1377:
1376:
1371:
1366:
1361:
1356:
1348:
1347:
1341:
1340:
1339:
1338:
1333:
1331:Lithuania 1991
1328:
1323:
1318:
1313:
1308:
1303:
1298:
1293:
1292:
1291:
1286:
1276:
1271:
1266:
1261:
1256:
1251:
1250:
1249:
1244:
1231:
1230:
1226:
1225:
1224:
1223:
1218:
1213:
1208:
1203:
1195:
1194:
1188:
1187:
1186:
1185:
1180:
1175:
1170:
1165:
1160:
1155:
1147:
1146:
1138:
1129:
1128:
1125:
1124:
1121:
1120:
1115:
1110:
1105:
1098:
1090:
1085:
1084:
1081:
1080:
1077:
1076:
1070:
1056:
1051:
1045:
1040:
1034:
1029:
1024:
1019:
1014:
1009:
1004:
999:
994:
989:
987:Czechoslovakia
984:
979:
974:
968:
963:
958:
953:
947:
941:
936:
935:
932:
931:
928:
927:
922:
917:
912:
907:
902:
897:
892:
887:
882:
877:
872:
867:
862:
857:
851:
836:
835:
832:
831:
823:
822:
810:
809:
804:
800:
799:
796:
795:
792:
791:
784:
775:
772:
771:
766:
754:
753:
748:
738:
737:
732:
726:
725:
720:
714:
713:
707:
703:
702:
695:
691:
690:
680:
676:
675:
666:
656:
655:
652:
651:
648:
645:
642:
641:
638:
635:
632:
631:
628:
622:
619:
618:
615:
612:
609:
608:
605:
599:
596:
595:
592:
589:
586:
585:
582:
581:
578:
574:
573:
571:Supreme Soviet
568:
564:
563:
560:
559:
554:
551:
548:
547:
542:
539:
536:
535:
532:
531:
528:
522:
521:
518:
517:
512:
509:
506:
505:
500:
497:
494:
493:
490:
489:
486:
480:
479:
476:
475:
470:
467:
464:
463:
461:Levon Mirzoyan
458:
455:
452:
451:
448:
447:
444:
438:
437:
414:
410:
409:
400:
394:
393:
388:
384:
383:
338:
334:
333:
320:
316:
315:
294:
293:Largest cities
290:
289:
284:
280:
279:
274:
270:
269:
263:
253:
252:
242:
227:
226:
204:
203:
194:
187:
186:
179:
172:
171:
170:
167:
166:
162:
161:
126:
117:
116:
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4357:
4346:
4343:
4341:
4338:
4336:
4333:
4331:
4328:
4326:
4323:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4313:
4311:
4308:
4307:
4305:
4298:
4288:
4285:
4284:
4279:
4275:
4272:
4268:
4267:
4263:
4249:
4246:
4244:
4241:
4239:
4236:
4234:
4231:
4229:
4226:
4224:
4221:
4219:
4216:
4214:
4211:
4209:
4206:
4204:
4201:
4199:
4196:
4194:
4191:
4189:
4186:
4184:
4181:
4180:
4178:
4174:
4168:
4165:
4163:
4160:
4158:
4155:
4153:
4150:
4149:
4146:
4143:
4141:
4137:
4131:
4130:Kazakh tribes
4128:
4126:
4123:
4121:
4118:
4116:
4113:
4111:
4108:
4106:
4103:
4101:
4098:
4096:
4093:
4091:
4088:
4086:
4083:
4081:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4067:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4040:
4038:
4035:
4034:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4022:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4004:
4002:
3996:
3994:
3991:
3989:
3986:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3978:National Bank
3976:
3974:
3973:Energy policy
3971:
3969:
3966:
3965:
3962:
3959:
3957:
3953:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3921:
3918:
3916:
3913:
3912:
3911:
3908:
3904:
3901:
3899:
3896:
3895:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3876:
3875:
3872:
3869:
3867:
3863:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3839:
3837:
3835:
3831:
3825:
3822:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3812:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3804:Sharyn Canyon
3802:
3800:
3799:Lake Balkhash
3797:
3795:
3792:
3790:
3787:
3785:
3784:Kazakh Steppe
3782:
3780:
3777:
3775:
3772:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3757:
3756:
3753:
3750:
3748:
3744:
3739:
3725:
3722:
3721:
3719:
3715:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3670:
3668:
3664:
3658:
3657:Uzbek Khanate
3655:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3637:Mongol Empire
3635:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3602:Kimek Khanate
3600:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3579:
3577:
3575:Early history
3573:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3548:
3546:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3533:
3529:
3525:
3518:
3513:
3511:
3506:
3504:
3499:
3498:
3495:
3482:
3479:
3476:
3473:
3470:
3467:
3464:
3461:
3458:
3455:
3454:
3452:
3448:
3441:
3438:
3435:
3432:
3431:
3429:
3425:
3415:
3414:Moldavian SSR
3412:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3396:
3394:
3392:
3387:
3381:
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3339:Ukrainian SSR
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1792:Uzbek Khanate
1790:
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1772:Mongol Empire
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1535:Yugoslav Wars
1533:
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1423:Secret Speech
1421:
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1399:
1398:Marshall Plan
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1063:North Vietnam
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803:Today part of
801:
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724:
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718:ISO 3166 code
715:
711:
708:
704:
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
683:Soviet rouble
681:
677:
667:
661:
657:
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491:
487:
485:
484:Head of state
481:
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439:
435:
432:
427:
424:
421:
418:
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401:
399:
395:
392:
391:State atheism
389:
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358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
339:
335:
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328:
324:
321:
317:
314:
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309:Semipalatinsk
306:
302:
298:
295:
291:
288:
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281:
278:
275:
271:
267:
254:
236:
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81:
77:
74:
70:
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63:
60: –
59:
55:
54:Find sources:
48:
44:
38:
37:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
4297:
4188:Azerbaijanis
4140:Demographics
4057:Coat of arms
4047:Architecture
3910:Human rights
3878:Constitution
3834:Subdivisions
3702:
3647:Golden Horde
3597:Kangar union
3463:Bukharan SSR
3457:SSR Abkhazia
3399:Estonian SSR
3369:
3352:Russian SFSR
3334:Russian SFSR
3329:Georgian SSR
3314:Armenian SSR
3247:
3222:
3201:. Retrieved
3195:
3165:
3161:
3155:
3143:. Retrieved
3139:the original
3129:
3117:. Retrieved
3108:
3099:
3089:
3077:. Retrieved
3067:
3056:
3041:
3019:(3): 23–29.
3016:
3012:
2979:
2972:
2960:. Retrieved
2949:
2940:
2934:
2925:
2907:
2869:
2834:
2826:
2807:
2780:
2764:
2753:
2746:
2730:
2495:Nationality
2478:; and 1,254
2429:
2409:
2390:
2388:
2361:
2327:by the last
2318:
2277:Virgin Lands
2274:
2267:
2251:
2232:
2224:
2216:
2212:
2207:
2203:
2196:Russian SFSR
2188:Kirghiz ASSR
2187:
2185:
2128:
2100:
2083:
2071:Russian SFSR
2068:
2064:Russian SFSR
2052:Central Asia
2048:Soviet Union
2036:
2035:, or simply
2032:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2018:
1878:
1859:Kirghiz ASSR
1782:Golden Horde
1369:to Hong Kong
1364:East Germany
1316:Tbilisi 1989
1301:Romania 1977
1269:Hungary 1956
1264:Georgia 1956
1100:
1093:
992:East Germany
879:
819:Eastern Bloc
751:Succeeded by
750:
745:
730:Internet TLD
706:Calling code
376:
368:
360:
352:
344:
326:
266:Soviet Union
230:
208:Motto:
207:
196:State emblem
120:
105:
96:
86:
79:
72:
65:
53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
3968:Agriculture
3779:Caspian Sea
3698:Kazakh ASSR
3652:White Horde
3483:(1990–1991)
3477:(1990–1991)
3475:Abkhaz ASSR
3471:(1920–1924)
3469:Khorezm SSR
3465:(1920–1924)
3459:(1921–1931)
3442:(1922–1936)
3436:(1940–1956)
3427:Short-lived
3404:Latvian SSR
3389:Annexed in
3375:Kirghiz SSR
3365:Turkmen SSR
3292:(1922–1991)
3203:16 February
2833:1936–1991:
2357:Taldykorgan
2315:Dissolution
2301:Belarusians
2237:began, the
2204:Kazakh ASSR
2056:Kazakh ASSR
1869:Kazakh ASSR
1762:Qara Khitai
1752:Kara-Khanid
1610:History of
1455:Vietnam War
1445:Berlin Wall
1374:North Korea
1311:Brașov 1987
1279:Prague 1968
1242:Poznań 1956
1095:Warsaw Pact
1054:South Yemen
1032:North Korea
945:Afghanistan
865:Byelorussia
769:Kazakh ASSR
746:Preceded by
567:Legislature
545:Uraz Isayev
436:(1990–1991)
428:(1936–1990)
373:Azerbaijani
199:(1978–1991)
183:(1953–1991)
4304:Categories
4243:Ukrainians
4115:Television
4079:(Internet)
4000:(currency)
3937:Parliament
3893:Government
3819:Ural River
3703:Kazakh SSR
3666:Since 1465
3544:Prehistory
3524:Kazakhstan
3370:Kazakh SSR
3079:12 October
2818:References
2588:Belarusian
2564:Ukrainian
2440:Ukrainians
2418:Population
2372:referendum
2289:Ukrainians
2281:immigrants
2254:German Kim
2247:Uzbek SSRs
2200:Kazak ASSR
2115:Kazakh SSR
2037:Kazakhstan
2029:Kazakh SSR
1926:Healthcare
1879:Kazakh SSR
1786:1240s–1446
1612:Kazakhstan
1465:Afghan War
1418:Korean War
1254:Plzeň 1953
1133:Opposition
1073:Yugoslavia
1027:Mozambique
925:Uzbekistan
910:Tajikistan
880:Kazakhstan
860:Azerbaijan
807:Kazakhstan
782:Kazakhstan
413:Government
398:Demonym(s)
69:newspapers
4183:Armenians
4152:Education
4110:Squatting
4006:Transport
3898:President
3883:Elections
3847:Districts
3809:Syr Darya
3747:Geography
3380:Uzbek SSR
3360:Tajik SSR
3298:Principal
3033:0044-7471
2891:romanized
2856:romanized
2456:Moldovans
2397:Jeltoqsan
2353:Karaganda
2337:Jeltoqsan
2283:, mostly
2241:from the
2182:Formation
2151:spaceport
2107:dissolved
2096:president
1921:Geography
1883:1936–1991
1873:1925–1936
1863:1920–1925
1853:1918–1920
1843:1882–1918
1833:1867–1918
1806:1465–1847
1796:1428-1465
1776:1206–1368
1766:1124–1218
1336:Riga 1991
1326:Baku 1990
1216:Lithuania
1108:Cominform
1012:Kampuchea
915:Turkmenia
895:Lithuania
885:Kirghizia
840:Republics
701:+4 to +6)
694:Time zone
423:one-party
387:Religion
297:Karaganda
165:1936–1991
4287:Category
4228:Russians
4162:Language
4100:Religion
4052:Clothing
4037:Alphabet
3932:Military
3866:Politics
3717:By topic
3592:Göktürks
3528:articles
3306:Founders
3145:18 March
3119:18 March
2541:Russian
2474:; 1,651
2472:Bashkirs
2470:; 2,528
2466:; 2,613
2464:Turkmens
2349:Pavlodar
2345:Shymkent
2341:Alma-Ata
2285:Russians
2159:Tyuratam
2133:people,
2075:Alma-Ata
1936:Buddhism
1931:Religion
1756:840–1212
1746:750–1055
1736:743–1220
1693:Khanates
1601:a series
1599:Part of
1480:Gulf War
1284:Invasion
1158:Bulgaria
1022:Mongolia
997:Ethiopia
966:Bulgaria
900:Moldavia
679:Currency
305:Shymkent
301:Pavlodar
287:Alma-Ata
99:May 2021
4271:Outline
4248:Uyghurs
4218:Koreans
4213:Kazakhs
4198:Germans
4176:Peoples
4085:Kazakhs
4077:Kaznet
4062:Cuisine
4025:Culture
3956:Economy
3852:Regions
3824:Zhetysu
3774:Borders
3607:Karluks
3536:History
2893::
2874:Russian
2858::
2839:Russian
2777:Culture
2743:Economy
2733:famines
2727:Famines
2704:Korean
2681:Uyghur
2612:German
2518:Kazakh
2468:Germans
2460:Dungans
2448:Uyghurs
2436:Russian
2432:Kazakhs
2309:Germans
2305:Koreans
2293:Germans
2169:History
2163:Leninsk
2147:Russian
2143:khanate
2093:elected
2081:(QKP).
2062:of the
2046:of the
1951:Judaism
1916:Culture
1895:present
1726:665–744
1716:552–745
1706:330–555
1640:Scythia
1631:Ancient
1345:Dissent
1247:1980–89
1206:Estonia
1183:Ukraine
1173:Romania
1163:Croatia
1153:Albania
1102:Comecon
1059:Vietnam
1048:Somalia
1043:Romania
1007:Hungary
1002:Grenada
950:Albania
920:Ukraine
875:Georgia
870:Estonia
855:Armenia
843:of the
685:(Rbl) (
600:•
577:History
431:Unitary
417:Unitary
331:Russian
313:Nikolsk
283:Capital
233: "
231:Anthem:
155:Russian
83:scholar
4233:Tatars
4203:Greeks
4193:Dungan
4157:Health
4042:Anthem
3998:Tenge
3724:Postal
3556:Kangju
3526:
3229:
3031:
2987:
2962:9 July
2882:Kazakh
2868:1991:
2847:Kazakh
2658:Uzbek
2635:Tatar
2567:13.88
2452:Uzbeks
2444:Tatars
2380:Moscow
2139:nomads
2135:Turkic
2131:Kazakh
2027:, the
1909:Topics
1722:Karluk
1702:Rouran
1603:on the
1359:Poland
1354:Soviet
1289:Moscow
1211:Latvia
1178:Serbia
1168:Poland
1037:Poland
956:Angola
905:Russia
890:Latvia
672:medium
664:(1991)
662:
580:
530:
488:
446:
407:Soviet
403:Kazakh
381:Korean
377:·
375:
369:·
367:
365:Kyrgyz
361:·
359:
353:·
351:
349:Uyghur
345:·
343:
327:·
325:
323:Kazakh
273:Status
151:
141:Kazakh
137:
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
4278:Index
4238:Turks
4223:Poles
4167:Women
4125:Y-DNA
4105:Sport
4095:Music
4090:Media
3561:Wusun
2813:Notes
2687:0.58
2684:1.01
2664:1.96
2661:2.09
2641:1.76
2638:1.29
2618:1.50
2615:0.82
2592:0.51
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