635:
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1278:, monetary incentives and informing participants they will be held accountable for their attributions have been linked to the increase of accurate attributions. Training has also shown to reduce cognitive bias. Carey K. Morewedge and colleagues (2015) found that research participants exposed to one-shot training interventions, such as educational videos and debiasing games that taught mitigating strategies, exhibited significant reductions in their commission of six cognitive biases immediately and up to 3 months later.
731:. Tversky and Kahneman explained human differences in judgment and decision-making in terms of heuristics. Heuristics involve mental shortcuts which provide swift estimates about the possibility of uncertain occurrences. Heuristics are simple for the brain to compute but sometimes introduce "severe and systematic errors." For example, the representativeness heuristic is defined as "The tendency to judge the frequency or likelihood" of an occurrence by the extent of which the event "resembles the typical case."
47:
1285:
psychological therapies based on modifying cognitive processes with or without accompanying medication and talk therapy, sometimes referred to as applied cognitive processing therapies (ACPT). Although cognitive bias modification can refer to modifying cognitive processes in healthy individuals, CBMT is a growing area of evidence-based psychological therapy, in which cognitive processes are modified to relieve suffering from serious
4861:
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the
Cognitive Reflection Test to understand ability. However, there does seem to be a correlation; those who gain a higher score on the Cognitive Reflection Test, have higher cognitive ability and rational-thinking skills. This in turn helps predict the performance on cognitive bias and heuristic tests. Those with higher CRT scores tend to be able to answer more correctly on different heuristic and cognitive bias tests and tasks.
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whether they thought Linda was more likely to be (a) a "bank teller" or (b) a "bank teller and active in the feminist movement." A majority chose answer (b). Independent of the information given about Linda, though, the more restrictive answer (b) is under any circumstance statistically less likely than answer (a). This is an example of the "
1559:. However, older individuals were able to decrease their susceptibility to cognitive biases throughout ongoing trials. These experiments had both young and older adults complete a framing task. Younger adults had more cognitive flexibility than older adults. Cognitive flexibility is linked to helping overcome pre-existing biases.
678:), or simply from a limited capacity for information processing. Research suggests that cognitive biases can make individuals more inclined to endorsing pseudoscientific beliefs by requiring less evidence for claims that confirm their preconceptions. This can potentially distort their perceptions and lead to inaccurate judgments.
1528:. That said, these stable levels of bias within individuals are possible to change. Participants in experiments who watched training videos and played debiasing games showed medium to large reductions both immediately and up to three months later in the extent to which they exhibited susceptibility to six cognitive biases:
739:". Tversky and Kahneman argued that respondents chose (b) because it seemed more "representative" or typical of persons who might fit the description of Linda. The representativeness heuristic may lead to errors such as activating stereotypes and inaccurate judgments of others (Haselton et al., 2005, p. 726).
1273:
Similar to
Gigerenzer (1996), Haselton et al. (2005) state the content and direction of cognitive biases are not "arbitrary" (p. 730). Moreover, cognitive biases can be controlled. One debiasing technique aims to decrease biases by encouraging individuals to use controlled processing compared to
1211:
Cognitive biases also seem to play a role in property sale price and value. Participants in the experiment were shown a residential property. Afterwards, they were shown another property that was completely unrelated to the first property. They were asked to say what they believed the value and the
1551:
Individual differences in cognitive bias have also been linked to varying levels of cognitive abilities and functions. The
Cognitive Reflection Test (CRT) has been used to help understand the connection between cognitive biases and cognitive ability. There have been inconclusive results when using
1203:
Cognitive biases can create other issues that arise in everyday life. One study showed the connection between cognitive bias, specifically approach bias, and inhibitory control on how much unhealthy snack food a person would eat. They found that the participants who ate more of the unhealthy snack
1219:
can be beneficial. It leads to a diversity of solutions within a group, especially in complex problems, by preventing premature consensus on suboptimal solutions. This example demonstrates how a cognitive bias, typically seen as a hindrance, can enhance collective decision-making by encouraging a
987:
Tendency to overemphasize personality-based explanations for behaviors observed in others. At the same time, individuals under-emphasize the role and power of situational influences on the same behavior. Edward E. Jones and Victor A. Harris' (1967) classic study illustrates the FAE. Despite being
1284:
refers to the process of modifying cognitive biases in healthy people and also refers to a growing area of psychological (non-pharmaceutical) therapies for anxiety, depression and addiction called cognitive bias modification therapy (CBMT). CBMT is sub-group of therapies within a growing area of
1208:
cognitive biases in order to persuade others who are susceptible to cognitive biases to use their products. Many see this as taking advantage of one's natural struggle of judgement and decision-making. They also believe that it is the government's responsibility to regulate these misleading ads.
734:
The "Linda
Problem" illustrates the representativeness heuristic (Tversky & Kahneman, 1983). Participants were given a description of "Linda" that suggests Linda might well be a feminist (e.g., she is said to be concerned about discrimination and social justice issues). They were then asked
1207:
It has also been argued that cognitive biases can be used in destructive ways. Some believe that there are people in authority who use cognitive biases and heuristics in order to manipulate others so that they can reach their end goals. Some medications and other health care treatments rely on
665:
While cognitive biases may initially appear to be negative, some are adaptive. They may lead to more effective actions in a given context. Furthermore, allowing cognitive biases enables faster decisions which can be desirable when timeliness is more valuable than accuracy, as illustrated in
1601:" that can actually help us make accurate decisions in our lives. His view shines a much more positive light on cognitive biases than many other researchers. Many view cognitive biases and heuristics as irrational ways of making decisions and judgements.
1293:, and addiction. CBMT techniques are technology-assisted therapies that are delivered via a computer with or without clinician support. CBM combines evidence and theory from the cognitive model of anxiety, cognitive neuroscience, and attentional models.
938:, which refers to paying increased attention to certain stimuli. It has been shown, for example, that people addicted to alcohol and other drugs pay more attention to drug-related stimuli. Common psychological tests to measure those biases are the
988:
made aware that the target's speech direction (pro-Castro/anti-Castro) was assigned to the writer, participants ignored the situational pressures and attributed pro-Castro attitudes to the writer when the speech represented such attitudes.
1199:
In some academic disciplines, the study of bias is very popular. For instance, bias is a wide spread and well studied phenomenon because most decisions that concern the minds and hearts of entrepreneurs are computationally intractable.
1204:
food, tended to have less inhibitory control and more reliance on approach bias. Others have also hypothesized that cognitive biases could be linked to various eating disorders and how people view their bodies and their body image.
3537:
Holmes EA, Lang TJ, Shah DM (February 2009). "Developing interpretation bias modification as a "cognitive vaccine" for depressed mood: imagining positive events makes you feel better than thinking about them verbally".
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Cognitive bias modification has also been used to help those with obsessive-compulsive beliefs and obsessive-compulsive disorder. This therapy has shown that it decreases the obsessive-compulsive beliefs and behaviors.
1196:. The various biases demonstrated in these psychological experiments suggest that people will frequently fail to do all these things. However, they fail to do so in systematic, directional ways that are predictable.
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to be above the cognitive bias and the correct way to "overcome" the issue. This rift ties to a more fundamental issue that stems from a lack of consensus in the field, thereby creating arguments that can be
999:
Tendency to attribute positive or negative qualities to a group of individuals. It can be fully non-factual or be an abusive generalization of a frequent trait in a group to all individuals of that group.
1180:
The securities regulation regime largely assumes that all investors act as perfectly rational persons. In truth, actual investors face cognitive limitations from biases, heuristics, and framing effects.
1463:
generative mechanism. The article shows that noisy deviations in the memory-based information processes that convert objective evidence (observations) into subjective estimates (decisions) can produce
1044:
Tendency to claim more responsibility for successes than for failures. It may also manifest itself as a tendency for people to evaluate ambiguous information in a way beneficial to their interests.
2890:
Cho, I. et al. (2018) 'The
Anchoring Effect in Decision-Making with Visual Analytics', 2017 IEEE Conference on Visual Analytics Science and Technology, VAST 2017 - Proceedings. IEEE, pp. 116–126.
1094:
The inability of people to make appropriate adjustments from a starting point in response to a final answer. It can lead people to make sub-optimal decisions. Anchoring affects decision making in
758:. Nevertheless, experiments such as the "Linda problem" grew into heuristics and biases research programs, which spread beyond academic psychology into other disciplines including medicine and
1567:
Cognitive bias theory loses the sight of any distinction between reason and bias. If every bias can be seen as a reason, and every reason can be seen as a bias, then the distinction is lost.
923:). There are also biases in how subjects evaluate in-groups or out-groups; evaluating in-groups as more diverse and "better" in many respects, even when those groups are arbitrarily defined (
1555:
Age is another individual difference that has an effect on one's ability to be susceptible to cognitive bias. Older individuals tend to be more susceptible to cognitive biases and have less
1020:
Tendency to search for or interpret information in a way that confirms one's preconceptions, and discredit information that does not support the initial opinion. Related to the concept of
3484:
Bar-Haim Y, Lamy D, Pergamin L, Bakermans-Kranenburg MJ, van IJzendoorn MH (January 2007). "Threat-related attentional bias in anxious and nonanxious individuals: a meta-analytic study".
915:
As some biases reflect motivation specifically the motivation to have positive attitudes to oneself. It accounts for the fact that many biases are self-motivated or self-directed (e.g.,
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Tendency to narrow the description of a situation in order to guide to a selected conclusion. The same primer can be framed differently and therefore lead to different conclusions.
1188:, for example, requires that the jury ignore irrelevant features of the case, weigh the relevant features appropriately, consider different possibilities open-mindedly and resist
4698:
Krueger JI, Funder DC (June 2004). "Towards a balanced social psychology: causes, consequences, and cures for the problem-seeking approach to social behavior and cognition".
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7905:
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Jermias J (2001). "Cognitive dissonance and resistance to change: The influence of commitment confirmation and feedback on judgement usefulness of accounting systems".
1212:
sale price of the second property would be. They found that showing the participants an unrelated property did have an effect on how they valued the second property.
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or rationality in judgment. Individuals create their own "subjective reality" from their perception of the input. An individual's construction of reality, not the
746:, alternatively argued that heuristics should not lead us to conceive of human thinking as riddled with irrational cognitive biases. They should rather conceive
6219:
1142:
Tendency to overly trust one's own capability to make correct decisions. People tended to overrate their abilities and skills as decision makers. See also the
5992:
3933:
Kahneman D, Frederick S (2002). "Representativeness revisited: Attribute substitution in intuitive judgment". In
Gilovich T, Griffin DW, Kahneman D (eds.).
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Kahneman D, Frederick S (2002). "Representativeness
Revisited: Attribute Substitution in Intuitive Judgment". In Gilovich T, Griffin DW, Kahneman D (eds.).
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Wilson CG, Nusbaum AT, Whitney P, Hinson JM (August 2018). "Age-differences in cognitive flexibility when overcoming a preexisting bias through feedback".
3195:
Levy DS, Frethey-Bentham C (2010). "The effect of context and the level of decision maker training on the perception of a property's probable sale price".
2907:
Kahneman, D., Knetsch, J. L. and Thaler, R. H. (1991) Anomalies The
Endowment Effect, Loss Aversion, and Status Quo Bias, Journal of Economic Perspectives.
3021:
Kakoschke N, Kemps E, Tiggemann M (April 2015). "Combined effects of cognitive bias for food cues and poor inhibitory control on unhealthy food intake".
1846:
1010:
Tendency to be influenced by the first presentation of an issue to create our preconceived idea of it, which we then can adjust with later information.
6543:
4393:"Gerd Gigerenzer, Gut Feelings: Short Cuts to Better Decision Making: Penguin Books, 2008 (1st ed. 2007), ÂŁ 8.99 (paperback), ISBN-13: 978-0141015910"
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1666: – process of modifying cognitive biases in healthy people or growing area of psychological therapies for cognitive bias modification therapy
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Other biases are due to the particular way the brain perceives, forms memories and makes judgments. This distinction is sometimes described as "
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2403:
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697:. The study of cognitive biases has practical implications for areas including clinical judgment, entrepreneurship, finance, and management.
3965:
Kahneman, D., Slovic, P., & Tversky, A. (1982). Judgment under uncertainty: Heuristics and biases (1st ed.). Cambridge
University Press.
1392:— estimating what is more likely by what is more available in memory, which is biased toward vivid, unusual, or emotionally charged examples
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5482:
2354:
1054:
Tendency to evaluate the logical strength of an argument based on current belief and perceived plausibility of the statement's conclusion.
621:
1488:
1464:
7885:
6749:
6690:
3074:
Williamson DA, Muller SL, Reas DL, Thaw JM (October 1999). "Cognitive bias in eating disorders: implications for theory and treatment".
6504:
6396:
6063:
4621:
1383:
1024:, in that individuals may reduce inconsistency by searching for information which reconfirms their views (Jermias, 2001, p. 146).
6036:
670:. Other cognitive biases are a "by-product" of human processing limitations, resulting from a lack of appropriate mental mechanisms (
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in the world. Thus, cognitive biases may sometimes lead to perceptual distortion, inaccurate judgment, illogical interpretation, and
7167:
5617:
2945:, Lecture Notes in Business Information Processing, vol. 2, Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, pp. 213–226,
331:
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Tendency to have selectivity in perception, attention, decision making, and motivation based on the biological state of the body.
7863:
6717:
6548:
6511:
6109:
5512:
3788:
Beadel JR, Smyth FL, Teachman BA (2014). "Change
Processes During Cognitive Bias Modification for Obsessive Compulsive Beliefs".
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is one of the main opponents to cognitive biases and heuristics. Gigerenzer believes that cognitive biases are not biases, but
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ISO/IEC TR 24027:2021 Information technology — Artificial intelligence (AI) — Bias in AI systems and AI aided decision making
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1120:). In status quo bias, a decision-maker has the increased propensity to choose an option because it is the default option or
634:
4234:
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Slovic P, Finucane M, Peters E, MacGregor DG (2002). "The Affect Heuristic". In Gilovich T, Griffin D, Kahneman D (eds.).
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3735:
Eysenck MW, Derakshan N, Santos R, Calvo MG (May 2007). "Anxiety and cognitive performance: attentional control theory".
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842:, such as consistency bias (remembering one's past attitudes and behavior as more similar to one's present attitudes).
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Mahoney MJ (1977). "Publication prejudices: An experimental study of confirmatory bias in the peer review system".
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ISO/IEC TR 24368:2022 Information technology — Artificial intelligence — Overview of ethical and societal concerns
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3624:"Approach bias modification in alcohol dependence: do clinical effects replicate and for whom does it work best?"
3575:"Attention bias modification treatment: a meta-analysis toward the establishment of novel treatment for anxiety"
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Noisy information processing (distortions during storage in and retrieval from memory). For example, a 2012
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Gimpel, Henner (2008), Gimpel, Henner; Jennings, Nicholas R.; Kersten, Gregory E.; Ockenfels, Axel (eds.),
2454:
Schacter DL (March 1999). "The seven sins of memory. Insights from psychology and cognitive neuroscience".
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People do appear to have stable individual differences in their susceptibility to decision biases such as
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Cognitive biases can be used in non-destructive ways. In team science and collective problem-solving, the
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4100:"Toward a synthesis of cognitive biases: how noisy information processing can bias human decision making"
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1281:
1259:
1255:
1233:
1059:
607:
4235:"The Reflective Mind: Examining Individual Differences in Susceptibility to Base Rate Neglect with fMRI"
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Tendency to hold to the current situation rather than an alternative situation, to avoid risk and loss (
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Gigerenzer G (1996). "On narrow norms and vague heuristics: A reply to Kahneman and Tversky (1996)".
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is the reduction of biases in judgment and decision-making through incentives, nudges, and training.
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Criticism against theories of cognitive biases is usually founded in the fact that both sides of a
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has been identified over the last six decades of research on human judgment and decision-making in
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Mistakes Were Made (But Not by Me): Why We Justify Foolish Beliefs, Bad Decisions and Hurtful Acts
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Hakamata Y, Lissek S, Bar-Haim Y, Britton JC, Fox NA, Leibenluft E, et al. (December 2010).
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Dean, M. (2008) 'Status quo bias in large and small choice sets', New York, p. 52. Available at:
1722:
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Tendency to view past events as being predictable. Also called the "I-knew-it-all-along" effect.
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222:
187:
172:
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106:
66:
1947:
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Haselton MG, Nettle D, Andrews PW (2005). "The evolution of cognitive bias.". In Buss DM (ed.).
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Williamson DA (1996). "Body image disturbance in eating disorders: A form of cognitive bias?".
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Bias arises from various processes that are sometimes difficult to distinguish. These include:
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where choices presented together have different outcomes than those presented separately), and
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Biases can be distinguished on a number of dimensions. Examples of cognitive biases include -
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2013:
Tversky A, Kahneman D (September 1974). "Judgment under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases".
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The relation between cognitive bias, habit and social convention is still an important issue.
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where the same problem receives different responses depending on how it is described; or the
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162:
61:
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4625:
4284:"The Cognitive Reflection Test as a predictor of performance on heuristics-and-biases tasks"
1459:
article suggests that at least eight seemingly unrelated biases can be produced by the same
1404:— basing a decision on an emotional reaction rather than a calculation of risks and benefits
1344:— making a complex, difficult judgment by unconsciously replacing it with an easier judgment
1336:— basing decisions on limited information and biasing them based on the costs of being wrong
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2022:
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1364:
1021:
1005:
854:
828:
755:
694:
446:
371:
281:
116:
101:
3364:
Tetlock PE (1985). "Accountability: A social check on the fundamental attribution error".
2653:
2332:"Extensional versus intuitive reasoning: The conjunction fallacy in probability judgement"
1124:. Has been shown to affect various important economic decisions, for example, a choice of
8:
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MacLeod C, Mathews A, Tata P (February 1986). "Attentional bias in emotional disorders".
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1716: – distortion in cognition, judgement and decision making due to emotional factors
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Wang X, Simons F, Brédart S (2001). "Social cues and verbal framing in risky choice".
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are forms of debiasing specifically applicable to cognitive biases and their effects.
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Vartanian O, Beatty EL, Smith I, Blackler K, Lam Q, Forbes S, De Neys W (July 2018).
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Morewedge CK, Yoon H, Scopelliti I, Symborski CW, Korris JH, Kassam KS (2015-10-01).
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Scopelliti I, Morewedge CK, McCormick E, Min HL, Lebrecht S, Kassam KS (2015-04-24).
4132:
4002:"The multiplicity of emotions: A framework of emotional functions in decision making"
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Morewedge CK, Yoon H, Scopelliti I, Symborski CW, Korris JH, Kassam KS (2015-08-13).
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2954:
2796:
2740:
2698:
2657:
2600:
2596:
2564:
Hoorens V (1993). "Self-enhancement and Superiority Biases in Social Comparison". In
2521:
2471:
2376:
2292:
2273:
2227:
2175:
2157:
2110:
2050:
2038:
1988:
1984:
1925:
1865:
1702:
1684:
1632:
1618:
1533:
1328:
1193:
1125:
1099:
1039:
1015:
949:
Individuals' susceptibility to some types of cognitive biases can be measured by the
920:
759:
690:
686:
647:
595:
396:
321:
227:
212:
96:
5595:
4352:
4099:
3817:
3774:
3103:
3060:
2717:
2483:
7875:
7771:
7761:
7533:
7450:
7192:
7177:
7145:
6046:
6021:
5870:
5838:
5763:
5529:
5389:
5329:
5254:
5239:
5099:
5052:
4961:
4956:
4941:
4727:
4707:
4522:
4424:
4404:
4332:
4295:
4268:
4246:
4219:
4199:
4163:
4124:
4069:
4042:
4013:
3905:
3895:
3854:
3844:
3797:
3754:
3707:
3703:
3699:
3688:"Lateral prefrontal cortex mediates the cognitive modification of attentional bias"
3643:
3635:
3594:
3590:
3586:
3547:
3523:
3503:
3458:
3435:
3415:
3373:
3338:
3311:
3251:
3204:
3161:
3126:
3083:
3038:
3030:
2946:
2891:
2854:
2831:
2819:
2792:
2732:
2688:
2649:
2641:
2592:
2565:
2533:
2513:
2463:
2346:
2261:
2219:
2165:
2149:
2100:
2092:
2030:
1980:
1972:
1861:
1803:
1773:
1728:
1445:
1401:
1290:
1239:
1216:
1129:
935:
897:
401:
356:
341:
336:
217:
192:
4336:
4185:"Debiasing Decisions Improved Decision Making With a Single Training Intervention"
3401:"Debiasing Decisions Improved Decision Making With a Single Training Intervention"
2979:
2034:
1654: – Influence of decision making by emotions or irrelevant stimulus in animals
7793:
7620:
7187:
7081:
7061:
6993:
6654:
6441:
6205:
6041:
5853:
5497:
5487:
5264:
5244:
5159:
5062:
5037:
5032:
5005:
4983:
4895:
4657:
4633:
3622:
Eberl C, Wiers RW, Pawelczack S, Rinck M, Becker ES, Lindenmeyer J (April 2013).
3240:"Superiority bias and communication noise can enhance collective problem-solving"
3208:
2950:
2924:
1590:
1541:
1525:
1315:
1263:
1111:
850:
813:
743:
724:
710:
197:
3342:
3315:
3034:
2645:
2619:
2517:
2223:
1976:
1262:
is a method for systematically debiasing estimates and decisions, based on what
7823:
7728:
7716:
7632:
7605:
7550:
7496:
7307:
7267:
7257:
6734:
6616:
6244:
5897:
5667:
5630:
5626:
5539:
5534:
5524:
5447:
5364:
5324:
5274:
5219:
5209:
5194:
5189:
5154:
5109:
5074:
4978:
4801:
4617:
3272:
2917:
2736:
2693:
2676:
2467:
2350:
2153:
2096:
1758: – Unreflected, mistaken attributions to and descriptions of social groups
1713:
1594:
1584:
1492:
1103:
1069:
4871:
4711:
4527:
4510:
4408:
4300:
4283:
4018:
4001:
3900:
3801:
3758:
3639:
3507:
3462:
3165:
3130:
2895:
782:"bias ... that occurs when humans are processing and interpreting information"
8037:
7923:
7870:
7798:
7644:
7455:
7262:
7252:
6876:
6834:
6224:
5828:
5768:
5477:
5457:
5420:
5394:
5379:
5359:
5339:
5302:
5214:
5174:
5169:
5164:
5042:
4946:
4457:
4416:
4211:
4203:
3849:
3809:
3427:
3419:
3216:
3173:
3138:
3087:
2744:
2702:
2161:
1921:
1797:
1770: – Systematic patterns of deviation from norm or rationality in judgment
1333:
1117:
1029:
939:
862:
659:
506:
466:
386:
381:
4681:
Don't Believe Everything You Think: The 6 Basic Mistakes We Make in Thinking
4490:
3952:
8017:
8005:
7706:
7486:
7356:
7349:
7344:
7088:
6476:
6370:
6262:
5922:
5437:
5199:
5184:
4719:
4576:
How We Know What Isn't So: The Fallibility of Human Reason in Everyday Life
4344:
4309:
4260:
4168:
4151:
4136:
3919:
3868:
3766:
3721:
3657:
3608:
3559:
3515:
3095:
3052:
2475:
2179:
2114:
2042:
1806: – Degree to which an observation is affected by one's presuppositions
1598:
1575:
1267:
924:
751:
706:
491:
182:
7372:
3470:
2661:
2604:
2525:
2426:
2397:
2231:
1992:
1752: – Tendency for positive impressions to contaminate other evaluations
7781:
7711:
7545:
7423:
7302:
6769:
6249:
6234:
6078:
5793:
5744:
5714:
5354:
5124:
5114:
5104:
5000:
4475:. Todd, Peter M., ABC Research Group. New York: Oxford University Press.
4251:
1791:
1749:
1177:
Many social institutions rely on individuals to make rational judgments.
1095:
1049:
747:
406:
111:
3483:
3256:
3239:
2620:"Half a century of research on the Stroop effect: an integrative review"
835:
of how likely something is or whether one thing is the cause of another.
674:), the impact of an individual's constitution and biological state (see
7995:
7985:
7743:
7528:
7513:
7506:
7407:
7235:
7105:
7093:
7046:
7003:
6896:
6346:
6322:
6053:
5912:
5902:
5865:
5798:
5773:
5472:
5467:
5442:
4605:
4511:"Cognitive Biases in Fact-Checking and Their Countermeasures: A Review"
4081:
3385:
3329:
Vonk R (1999). "Effects of outcome dependency on correspondence bias".
2823:
2265:
1911:
1439:
1185:
1121:
967:
The following is a list of the more commonly studied cognitive biases:
821:
306:
202:
38:
6382:
3043:
7681:
7615:
7582:
6891:
6881:
6600:
6291:
5813:
5729:
5704:
5699:
5560:
5047:
4128:
3551:
2583:
Jensen AR, Rohwer WD (1966). "The Stroop color-word test: a review".
1800: – Inherent tendency of a process to support particular outcomes
1779:
1300:
1247:
1189:
456:
4073:
3686:
Browning M, Holmes EA, Murphy SE, Goodwin GM, Harmer CJ (May 2010).
3377:
46:
27:
Systematic pattern of deviation from norm or rationality in judgment
8010:
7637:
7555:
7204:
6916:
6906:
6802:
6631:
5519:
5404:
3833:"Cognitive Bias Modification (CBM) of obsessive compulsive beliefs"
2371:
Gigerenzer G (2006). "Bounded and Rational". In Stainton RJ (ed.).
1034:
Tendency to be favorably biased toward people most like ourselves.
655:
481:
476:
436:
4622:"Psychology of Intelligence Analysis. Central Intelligence Agency"
4047:
10.1002/1099-0771(200101)14:1<1::AID-BDM361>3.0.CO;2-N
1948:"Reasoning the fast and frugal way: models of bounded rationality"
1917:
Predictably Irrational: The Hidden Forces That Shape Our Decisions
7970:
7776:
7610:
7334:
6596:
Media censorship and disinformation during the Gezi Park protests
6461:
6332:
5751:
5724:
5662:
4860:
1737:
1409:
870:
786:
ISO/IEC TR 24027:2021(en), 3.2.4, ISO/IEC TR 24368:2022(en), 3.8
4777:
What Intelligence Tests Miss: The Psychology of Rational Thought
4182:
3398:
1687: – Lack of motivation to mentally tackle a problem or issue
7172:
6901:
4848:
4737:
Human Inference: Strategies and shortcomings of human judgement
4149:
2243:
2241:
1834:. Hoboken, NJ, US: John Wiley & Sons Inc. pp. 724–746.
1571:
849:, for example, the desire for a positive self-image leading to
2874:"Council Post: Unconscious Bias And Three Ways To Overcome It"
2130:"Believers in pseudoscience present lower evidential criteria"
6695:
3974:
3572:
2249:
1675: – Stress from contradiction between beliefs and actions
1660: – Reduction of the negative effects of cognitive biases
1503:
4232:
3673:
Cognitive Therapy of Anxiety Disorders: Science and Practice
2783:
Jones EE, Harris VA (1967). "The attribution of attitudes".
2238:
907:
to an unimportant but salient feature of the problem (e.g.,
5808:
4918:
4756:
Inevitable Illusions: How Mistakes of Reason Rule Our Minds
4152:"Bias Blind Spot: Structure, Measurement, and Consequences"
3977:
Heuristics and Biases: The Psychology of Intuitive Judgment
3935:
Heuristics and Biases: The Psychology of Intuitive Judgment
3734:
3685:
2289:
Heuristics and Biases: The Psychology of Intuitive Judgment
2128:
RodrĂguez-Ferreiro, Javier; Barberia, Itxaso (2021-12-21).
1578:
and the result of cognitive bias, while claiming their own
496:
4322:
4060:
Simon HA (1955). "A behavioral model of rational choice".
2127:
2066:
Social cognition: How individuals construct social reality
1847:"Subjective probability: A judgment of representativeness"
4887:
3937:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 49–81.
3621:
2770:
Social psychology and human nature: International Edition
2317:
Social psychology and human nature: International Edition
2291:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 51–52.
1897:(4th ed.). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
723:. Tversky, Kahneman, and colleagues demonstrated several
3073:
1325:— Remnants from evolutionary adaptive mental functions.
727:
ways in which human judgments and decisions differ from
6961:
4557:
A Mind of its Own: How your brain distorts and deceives
3020:
1733:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
4440:
Adaptive thinking : rationality in the real world
4192:
Policy Insights from the Behavioral and Brain Sciences
3408:
Policy Insights from the Behavioral and Brain Sciences
2715:
1788: – Presumption that a person is guilty of a crime
719:, or inability to reason intuitively with the greater
5993:
After Truth: Disinformation and the Cost of Fake News
5625:
4821:
Micromessaging - Why Great Leadership Is Beyond Words
4596:
3244:
Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation
2983:
1829:
1246:
technique of averaging answers from several people.
1242:, cognitive biases cannot be compensated for using a
713:
in 1972 and grew out of their experience of people's
6862:
Countering Foreign Propaganda and Disinformation Act
6190:
4325:
Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology
1776: – Belief in the connection of unrelated events
1718:
Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
1668:
Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
1608:
4367:"Kahneman's Fallacies, "Thinking, Fast & Slow""
4281:
4093:
4091:
3787:
3194:
1945:
1450:
The brain's limited information processing capacity
1412:and moral motivations deriving, for example, from:
750:as an adaptive tool, not identical to the rules of
5965:Dezinformatsia: Active Measures in Soviet Strategy
4774:
4753:
4535:
3448:
3152:Trout J (2005). "Paternalism and Cognitive Bias".
2063:
1782: – Attitudes based on preconceived categories
1574:often claim the other's thoughts to be subject to
1301:Common theoretical causes of some cognitive biases
1274:automatic processing. In relation to reducing the
6517:Disinformation in the Russian invasion of Ukraine
6069:Disinformation in the Russian invasion of Ukraine
4282:Toplak ME, West RF, Stanovich KE (October 2011).
4032:
3932:
3237:
2767:
2314:
2286:
2078:
1681: – Exaggerated or irrational thought pattern
1160:also possess other desirable personality traits.
705:The notion of cognitive biases was introduced by
8035:
6412:Historical distortion regarding Ferdinand Marcos
4088:
3979:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 397–420.
934:Some cognitive biases belong to the subgroup of
3830:
2725:Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization
2329:
2192:
2012:
1844:
1825:
1823:
1821:
4508:
3536:
2559:
2557:
2310:
2308:
1731: – Cognitive bias of experimental subject
1587:used to validate any contradicting viewpoint.
7388:
6947:
6725:Election denial movement in the United States
5611:
4903:
4795:
4697:
4509:Soprano, Michael; Roitero, Kevin (May 2024).
3884:"Cognitive Bias. Philogenesis or Ontogenesis"
3270:
2943:Negotiation, Auctions, and Market Engineering
2763:
2761:
2447:
2081:"Associative processes in intuitive judgment"
1906:
1904:
615:
2918:http://www.yorkshire-exile.co.uk/Dean_SQ.pdf
2582:
1818:
1794: – Quality of being agreeable to reason
1746: – Attributional type of cognitive bias
1705: – Analysis of facts to form a judgment
1398:— judging probabilities based on resemblance
996:(aka implicit stereotype, unconscious bias)
7886:Political polarization in the United States
7402:
5945:
4872:The Roots of Consciousness: To Err Is human
4734:
3999:
3238:Boroomand, Amin; Smaldino, Paul E. (2023).
2939:"Cognitive Biases in Negotiation Processes"
2782:
2718:"Cognitive abilities and behavioral biases"
2611:
2576:
2554:
2305:
1946:Gigerenzer G, Goldstein DG (October 1996).
1740: – Argument that uses faulty reasoning
953:(CRT) developed by Shane Frederick (2005).
7395:
7381:
6954:
6940:
6397:COVID-19 misinformation in the Philippines
5618:
5604:
5566:Heuristics in judgment and decision-making
4910:
4896:
4597:Haselton MG, Nettle D, Andrews PW (2005).
4470:
4437:
3881:
3331:Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin
3291:
3116:
2995:
2758:
2716:Oechssler J, Roider A, Schmitz PW (2009).
2677:"Cognitive Reflection and Decision Making"
2370:
2247:
1901:
1504:Individual differences in cognitive biases
888:some involve a decision or judgment being
646:is a systematic pattern of deviation from
622:
608:
7939:Facebook–Cambridge Analytica data scandal
4781:. New Haven (CT): Yale University Press.
4772:
4526:
4299:
4250:
4167:
4118:
4017:
3909:
3899:
3858:
3848:
3748:
3711:
3670:
3647:
3598:
3497:
3305:
3255:
3042:
2785:Journal of Experimental Social Psychology
2692:
2674:
2635:
2490:
2373:Contemporary Debates in Cognitive Science
2213:
2169:
2104:
2079:Morewedge CK, Kahneman D (October 2010).
2008:
2006:
2004:
2002:
1966:
1312:— limits on optimization and rationality
1166:
742:Critics of Kahneman and Tversky, such as
7168:Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
6750:Mohamed Atta's alleged Prague connection
4883:A Visual Study Guide To Cognitive Biases
4656:
4632:
4573:
3831:Williams AD, Grisham JR (October 2013).
3000:(Second ed.). Pinter & Martin.
2453:
1507:
809:) versus biases at the individual level.
633:
6549:Russian Institute for Strategic Studies
4739:. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
4642:. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
4515:Information Processing & Management
4390:
4097:
3363:
2844:
2809:
2617:
2563:
2250:"The Study of Bias in Entrepreneurship"
2195:"On the reality of cognitive illusions"
1832:The Handbook of Evolutionary Psychology
1699: – Concept in cognitive psychology
820:of options has to be considered (e.g.,
14:
8036:
6676:Attempts to overturn the 2020 election
6467:Soviet influence on the peace movement
6064:Misinformation in the Israel–Hamas war
2936:
2570:European Review of Social Psychology 4
2319:. Belmont, US: Wadsworth. p. 141.
2068:. Hove and New York: Psychology Press.
1999:
1910:
1156:The tendency to assume people who are
7981:Psychological effects of Internet use
7376:
7298:Psychological effects of Internet use
6935:
6823:
6401:ChinaAngVirus disinformation campaign
6189:
6102:
6010:
5944:
5641:
5599:
4891:
4877:Cognitive bias in the financial arena
4818:
4616:
4059:
4035:Journal of Behavioral Decision Making
3151:
2847:Accounting, Organizations and Society
2496:
2064:Bless H, Fiedler K, Strack F (2004).
1892:
1642:Baconian method § Idols of the mind (
1173:Confirmation bias § Consequences
4678:
4554:
4473:Simple heuristics that make us smart
3628:Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience
3328:
2254:Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice
1220:wider exploration of possibilities.
7956:Digital media use and mental health
6963:Digital media use and mental health
6671:1995 CIA disinformation controversy
5881:State-sponsored Internet propaganda
4758:. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
4612:. Hoboken: Wiley. pp. 724–746.
4610:Handbook of Evolutionary Psychology
2871:
2193:Kahneman D, Tversky A (July 1996).
1693: – Subdiscipline of psychology
24:
6142:Misinformation related to abortion
4536:Eiser JR, van der Pligt J (1988).
4501:
4062:The Quarterly Journal of Economics
2768:Baumeister RF, Bushman BJ (2010).
2499:"The case for motivated reasoning"
2315:Baumeister RF, Bushman BJ (2010).
1382:Information-processing shortcuts (
1152:Physical attractiveness stereotype
890:affected by irrelevant information
25:
8070:
7961:Effects of violence in mass media
7665:Smartphones and pedestrian safety
7325:Smartphones and pedestrian safety
7210:Narcissistic personality disorder
6359:Voluntary Agency Network of Korea
5972:The KGB and Soviet Disinformation
4841:
4700:The Behavioral and Brain Sciences
4599:"The evolution of cognitive bias"
4397:Ethical Theory and Moral Practice
4239:Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience
1479:(better-than-average effect) and
956:
7934:2021 Facebook company files leak
7660:Mobile phones and driving safety
7288:Mobile phones and driving safety
7246:2021 Facebook company files leak
6912:United States Information Agency
6191:Operations and events by country
4859:
4847:
4706:(3): 313–27, discussion 328–76.
2754:from the original on 2016-08-03.
2681:Journal of Economic Perspectives
2360:from the original on 2007-09-28.
1625:
1611:
853:and the avoidance of unpleasant
845:Biases that reflect a subject's
589:
45:
7906:2020 U.S. presidential election
7901:2016 U.S. presidential election
7057:Computer-mediated communication
6512:Information war against Ukraine
6059:International Jewish conspiracy
6027:Congo Free State propaganda war
4662:Noise: A Flaw in Human Judgment
4464:
4431:
4384:
4359:
4316:
4275:
4226:
4176:
4143:
4053:
4026:
3993:
3968:
3959:
3926:
3875:
3824:
3781:
3728:
3679:
3664:
3615:
3566:
3530:
3477:
3442:
3392:
3357:
3322:
3285:
3264:
3231:
3188:
3145:
3110:
3067:
3014:
2998:Irrationality: The Enemy Within
2989:
2972:
2930:
2910:
2901:
2884:
2865:
2838:
2803:
2776:
2709:
2668:
2418:
2389:
2364:
2323:
2280:
2208:(3): 582–91, discussion 592–6.
2186:
984:(FAE, aka correspondence bias)
6824:
6740:Information Operations Roadmap
6650:Psychological Warfare Division
6220:Chinese information operations
6169:Water fluoridation controversy
4442:. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press.
3790:Cognitive Therapy and Research
3704:10.1016/j.biopsych.2009.10.031
3591:10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.07.021
3540:Journal of Abnormal Psychology
3451:Journal of Abnormal Psychology
2812:Cognitive Therapy and Research
2654:11858/00-001M-0000-002C-5646-A
2330:Tversky A, Kahneman D (1983).
2121:
2072:
2057:
1938:
1886:
1845:Kahneman D, Tversky A (1972).
1838:
917:illusion of asymmetric insight
865:" versus "cold cognition", as
765:
13:
1:
7477:Betteridge's law of headlines
7156:Obsessive–compulsive disorder
6847:Active Measures Working Group
6505:during the Russo-Georgian War
6472:U.S. Army Field Manual 30-31B
4754:Piatelli-Palmarini M (1994).
4664:. Little, Brown and Company.
4559:. Cambridge, UK: Icon Books.
4337:10.1080/13803395.2017.1398311
2859:10.1016/s0361-3682(00)00008-8
2035:10.1126/science.185.4157.1124
1811:
1648: – Investigative process
1538:fundamental attribution error
982:Fundamental attribution error
879:ignoring relevant information
332:Industrial and organizational
7991:Social aspects of television
7891:Social media use in politics
7541:Missing white woman syndrome
7313:Social aspects of television
7151:Generalized anxiety disorder
7011:Problematic social media use
6730:The Freedom Fighter's Manual
6407:Fake news in the Philippines
6011:
5779:Fear, uncertainty, and doubt
4796:Tavris C, Aronson E (2007).
4006:Judgment and Decision Making
3281:. No. March–April 2019.
3209:10.1080/09599916.2010.518406
3197:Journal of Property Research
2951:10.1007/978-3-540-77554-6_16
2797:10.1016/0022-1031(67)90034-0
2597:10.1016/0001-6918(66)90004-7
2085:Trends in Cognitive Sciences
1866:10.1016/0010-0285(72)90016-3
1725: – Branch of psychology
1562:
1417:two-factor theory of emotion
1396:Representativeness heuristic
487:Human factors and ergonomics
7:
7502:Least objectionable program
6984:Internet addiction disorder
6857:Counter Misinformation Team
6852:Counter disinformation unit
6302:Myth of the clean Wehrmacht
5789:Forgery as covert operation
5432:DĂ©formation professionnelle
4000:Pfister HR, Böhm G (2008).
3366:Social Psychology Quarterly
3343:10.1177/0146167299025003009
3316:10.1037/0033-295x.103.3.592
3035:10.1016/j.appet.2015.01.004
2980:Do Pretty People Earn More?
2646:10.1037/0033-2909.109.2.163
2518:10.1037/0033-2909.108.3.480
2224:10.1037/0033-295X.103.3.582
1977:10.1037/0033-295X.103.4.650
1664:Cognitive bias modification
1604:
1282:Cognitive bias modification
1260:Reference class forecasting
1256:cognitive bias modification
1234:Cognitive bias modification
1223:
873:. Among the "cold" biases,
700:
10:
8075:
7837:Algorithmic radicalization
7072:Human–computer interaction
6999:Problematic smartphone use
6867:The Disinformation Project
6297:Propaganda in Nazi Germany
5653:Algorithmic radicalization
5426:Basking in reflected glory
4917:
4735:Nisbett R, Ross L (1980).
3671:Clark DA, Beck AT (2009).
2772:. Belmont, USA: Wadsworth.
2737:10.1016/j.jebo.2009.04.018
2694:10.1257/089533005775196732
2568:, Hewstone, Miles (eds.).
2468:10.1037/0003-066X.54.3.182
2375:. Blackwell. p. 129.
2351:10.1037/0033-295X.90.4.293
2248:Zhang SX, Cueto J (2015).
2154:10.1038/s41598-021-03816-5
2097:10.1016/j.tics.2010.07.004
1764: – Psychological term
1423:somatic markers hypothesis
1227:
1170:
960:
7951:Cultural impact of TikTok
7916:
7822:
7737:
7581:
7469:
7414:
7218:
7136:
7029:
6969:
6830:
6819:
6790:
6784:Bolivarian Army of Trolls
6778:
6760:Tobacco industry playbook
6691:CIA Kennedy assassination
6663:
6609:
6583:
6571:
6485:
6432:
6420:
6389:
6377:
6365:
6353:
6341:
6310:
6284:
6272:
6212:
6200:
6196:
6185:
6017:
6006:
5951:
5940:
5824:Manipulation (psychology)
5648:
5642:
5637:
5574:
5556:Cognitive bias mitigation
5548:
5413:
5288:
4925:
4823:. New York: McGraw-Hill.
4712:10.1017/s0140525x04000081
4528:10.1016/j.ipm.2024.103672
4409:10.1007/s10677-009-9172-8
4301:10.3758/s13421-011-0104-1
4019:10.1017/S1930297500000127
3901:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.892829
3802:10.1007/s10608-013-9576-6
3759:10.1037/1528-3542.7.2.336
3640:10.1016/j.dcn.2012.11.002
3508:10.1037/0033-2909.133.1.1
3463:10.1037/0021-843x.95.1.15
3271:Buckingham M, Goodall A.
3166:10.1007/s10982-004-8197-3
3131:10.1080/10640269608250075
2896:10.1109/VAST.2017.8585665
2618:MacLeod CM (March 1991).
2497:Kunda Z (November 1990).
2456:The American Psychologist
1985:21.11116/0000-0000-B771-2
1658:Cognitive bias mitigation
1652:Cognitive bias in animals
1597:, or as he would put it "
1481:worse-than-average effect
1471:(Bayesian conservatism),
1252:Cognitive bias mitigation
1230:Cognitive bias mitigation
951:Cognitive Reflection Test
929:outgroup homogeneity bias
654:input, may dictate their
262:Applied behavior analysis
8023:Violence and video games
8001:Social impact of YouTube
7881:Knowledge gap hypothesis
7804:Social-desirability bias
7702:Information–action ratio
7340:Suicide and the Internet
7330:Social media and suicide
7077:Media naturalness theory
6872:East StratCom Task Force
6686:9/11 conspiracy theories
5683:List of cognitive biases
5140:Illusion of transparency
4683:. New York: Prometheus.
4204:10.1177/2372732215600886
4098:Hilbert M (March 2012).
3850:10.1186/1471-244X-13-256
3420:10.1177/2372732215600886
3088:10.1177/0145445599234003
1768:List of cognitive biases
963:List of cognitive biases
792:
683:list of cognitive biases
638:The Cognitive Bias Codex
7976:Mass shooting contagion
7429:Evolutionary psychology
7161:Social anxiety disorder
6994:Online problem gambling
6798:Public opinion brigades
6755:Niger uranium forgeries
6745:Litter boxes in schools
6115:COVID-19 misinformation
6037:Free energy suppression
5946:Books and documentaries
5720:Euphemistic misspeaking
4879:(archived 20 June 2006)
4639:Thinking, Fast and Slow
4538:Attitudes and Decisions
3888:Frontiers in Psychology
3278:Harvard Business Review
2978:Lorenz, Kate. (2005). "
1723:Evolutionary psychology
1697:Cognitive vulnerability
1489:exaggerated expectation
1465:regressive conservatism
1323:Evolutionary psychology
869:can involve a state of
681:A continually evolving
452:Behavioral neuroscience
107:Behavioral neuroscience
7966:Fascination with death
7829:Political polarization
7757:Availability heuristic
7722:Television consumption
7318:Television consumption
7273:Evolution of cognition
7198:Body image disturbance
7139:psychiatric conditions
7067:Engineering psychology
6989:Internet sex addiction
6970:Proposed or recognised
6544:2016 Brexit referendum
5893:Scientific fabrication
5804:Historical negationism
4864:Quotations related to
4288:Memory & Cognition
4169:10.1287/mnsc.2014.2096
4107:Psychological Bulletin
3486:Psychological Bulletin
3273:"The Feedback Fallacy"
2624:Psychological Bulletin
2506:Psychological Bulletin
1762:Jumping to conclusions
1744:False consensus effect
1513:
1456:Psychological Bulletin
1434:Misinterpretations or
1430:Introspection illusion
1390:Availability heuristic
1376:Self-perception theory
1342:Attribute substitution
1167:Practical significance
883:neglect of probability
729:rational choice theory
639:
502:Psychology of religion
442:Behavioral engineering
126:Cognitive neuroscience
92:Affective neuroscience
8059:Intelligence analysis
7929:Criticism of Facebook
7809:Social influence bias
7697:Information pollution
7687:Information explosion
7670:Texting while driving
7626:Low information voter
7524:Pink-slime journalism
7362:Texting while driving
7293:Promotion of anorexia
7278:Evolutionary mismatch
7241:Criticism of Facebook
6972:diagnostic categories
6840:Fact-checking website
6645:Operation Mass Appeal
6627:Clockwork Orange plot
6137:Mental illness denial
6032:Climate change denial
5849:Psychological warfare
5819:Internet manipulation
5784:Firehose of falsehood
5710:Disinformation attack
5508:Arab–Israeli conflict
5235:Social influence bias
5180:Out-group homogeneity
4540:. London: Routledge.
4471:Gigerenzer G (1999).
4438:Gigerenzer G (2000).
3882:Van Eyghen H (2022).
3692:Biological Psychiatry
3579:Biological Psychiatry
3076:Behavior Modification
2996:Sutherland S (2007).
1895:Thinking and Deciding
1557:cognitive flexibility
1511:
1473:illusory correlations
1461:information-theoretic
1371:Impression management
1171:Further information:
1158:physically attractive
1144:Dunning–Kruger effect
1138:Overconfidence effect
637:
596:Psychology portal
7946:Criticism of Netflix
7752:Availability cascade
7692:Information overload
7601:Attention management
7596:Attention inequality
7492:Human-interest story
7434:Behavioral modernity
7419:Cognitive psychology
7231:Behavioral modernity
7226:Behavioral addiction
7052:Cognitive ergonomics
7037:Digital anthropology
7030:Disciplines involved
7021:Video game addiction
7016:Television addiction
5979:Who's Who in the CIA
5150:Mere-exposure effect
5080:Extrinsic incentives
5026:Selective perception
4856:at Wikimedia Commons
4800:. Orlando, Florida:
4773:Stanovich K (2009).
4252:10.1162/jocn_a_01264
3675:. London: Guildford.
3294:Psychological Review
2675:Frederick S (2005).
2339:Psychological Review
2202:Psychological Review
1955:Psychological Review
1854:Cognitive Psychology
1786:Presumption of guilt
1691:Cognitive psychology
1679:Cognitive distortion
1673:Cognitive dissonance
1522:temporal discounting
1485:subadditivity effect
1477:illusory superiority
1436:misuse of statistics
1365:Cognitive dissonance
1022:cognitive dissonance
855:cognitive dissonance
829:illusory correlation
756:probability calculus
695:behavioral economics
7859:Post-truth politics
7789:Mean world syndrome
7283:Fear of missing out
6681:Conspiracy theories
6622:Double-Cross System
6591:Conspiracy theories
6452:Operation INFEKTION
6240:Internet Water Army
6094:Strategy of tension
5959:by Ion Mihai Pacepa
5844:Post-truth politics
5375:Social desirability
5270:von Restorff effect
5145:Mean world syndrome
5120:Hostile attribution
4574:Gilovich T (1993).
3257:10.18564/jasss.5154
2146:2021NatSR..1124352R
2027:1974Sci...185.1124T
1756:Implicit stereotype
1532:, bias blind spot,
1310:Bounded rationality
1244:wisdom of the crowd
1238:Because they cause
1104:judicial sentencing
867:motivated reasoning
838:Biases that affect
812:Biases that affect
801:Biases specific to
737:conjunction fallacy
721:orders of magnitude
672:bounded rationality
447:Behavioral genetics
362:Occupational health
102:Behavioral genetics
33:Part of a series on
7677:Influence-for-hire
7655:Media multitasking
7650:Human multitasking
7568:Tabloid television
7519:Media manipulation
6979:Computer addiction
6577:HIV/AIDS denialism
6554:Trolls from Olgino
6328:Paid news in India
6318:Fake news in India
6132:HIV/AIDS denialism
5986:Merchants of Doubt
5859:Military deception
5834:Media manipulation
5673:Circular reporting
5290:Statistical biases
5068:Curse of knowledge
4391:Clavien C (2010).
4156:Management Science
3154:Law and Philosophy
2984:http://www.CNN.com
2923:2010-12-25 at the
2824:10.1007/bf01173636
2266:10.1111/etap.12212
2134:Scientific Reports
1709:Cultural cognition
1546:representativeness
1514:
1348:Attribution theory
1130:electrical service
1080:Embodied cognition
936:attentional biases
676:embodied cognition
640:
564:Schools of thought
402:Sport and exercise
248:Applied psychology
8031:
8030:
7854:Fake news website
7814:Spiral of silence
7767:Confirmation bias
7591:Attention economy
7573:Yellow journalism
7461:Social psychology
7370:
7369:
7042:Digital sociology
6929:
6928:
6925:
6924:
6815:
6814:
6811:
6810:
6765:Operation Shocker
6567:
6566:
6447:K-1000 battleship
6278:Operation Neptune
6181:
6180:
6177:
6176:
6002:
6001:
5936:
5935:
5928:Yellow journalism
5876:counterpropaganda
5757:List of fallacies
5690:Conspiracy theory
5658:Alternative facts
5593:
5592:
5230:Social comparison
5011:Choice-supportive
4852:Media related to
4830:978-0-07-146757-5
4811:978-0-15-101098-1
4788:978-0-300-12385-2
4746:978-0-13-445130-5
4690:978-1-59102-408-8
4649:978-0-374-27563-1
4628:on July 15, 2001.
4547:978-0-415-01112-9
4449:978-0-19-803117-8
4371:Wenglinsky Review
4162:(10): 2468–2486.
3986:978-0-521-79679-8
3944:978-0-521-79679-8
3007:978-1-905177-07-3
2960:978-3-540-77553-9
2872:Thakrar, Monica.
2585:Acta Psychologica
2382:978-1-4051-1304-5
2298:978-0-521-79679-8
2021:(4157): 1124–31.
1931:978-0-06-135323-9
1703:Critical thinking
1685:Cognitive inertia
1633:Philosophy portal
1619:Psychology portal
1534:confirmation bias
1329:Mental accounting
1240:systematic errors
1194:appeal to emotion
1164:
1163:
1100:medical diagnoses
1040:Self-serving bias
1016:Confirmation bias
921:self-serving bias
892:(for example the
790:
789:
760:political science
691:social psychology
687:cognitive science
632:
631:
529:Counseling topics
472:Consumer behavior
213:Psycholinguistics
97:Affective science
16:(Redirected from
8066:
8049:Cognitive biases
7876:Knowledge divide
7772:Crowd psychology
7762:Bandwagon effect
7534:Public relations
7451:Media psychology
7397:
7390:
7383:
7374:
7373:
7193:Anorexia nervosa
7178:Bipolar disorder
7146:Anxiety disorder
6956:
6949:
6942:
6933:
6932:
6821:
6820:
6640:MMR autism fraud
6523:On US elections
6457:Operation Toucan
6430:
6429:
6198:
6197:
6187:
6186:
6152:anti-vaccination
6100:
6099:
6047:Holocaust denial
6022:Bermuda Triangle
6008:
6007:
5942:
5941:
5871:black propaganda
5839:Potemkin village
5764:False accusation
5740:list of websites
5639:
5638:
5620:
5613:
5606:
5597:
5596:
5390:Systematic error
5345:Omitted-variable
5260:Trait ascription
5100:Frog pond effect
4928:Cognitive biases
4912:
4905:
4898:
4889:
4888:
4863:
4854:Cognitive biases
4851:
4834:
4819:Young S (2007).
4815:
4792:
4780:
4769:
4750:
4731:
4694:
4675:
4653:
4629:
4624:. Archived from
4613:
4603:
4593:
4570:
4551:
4532:
4530:
4495:
4494:
4468:
4462:
4461:
4435:
4429:
4428:
4388:
4382:
4381:
4379:
4378:
4363:
4357:
4356:
4320:
4314:
4313:
4303:
4279:
4273:
4272:
4254:
4245:(7): 1011–1022.
4230:
4224:
4223:
4189:
4180:
4174:
4173:
4171:
4147:
4141:
4140:
4129:10.1037/a0025940
4122:
4104:
4095:
4086:
4085:
4057:
4051:
4050:
4030:
4024:
4023:
4021:
3997:
3991:
3990:
3972:
3966:
3963:
3957:
3956:
3930:
3924:
3923:
3913:
3903:
3879:
3873:
3872:
3862:
3852:
3828:
3822:
3821:
3785:
3779:
3778:
3752:
3732:
3726:
3725:
3715:
3683:
3677:
3676:
3668:
3662:
3661:
3651:
3619:
3613:
3612:
3602:
3570:
3564:
3563:
3552:10.1037/a0012590
3534:
3528:
3527:
3501:
3481:
3475:
3474:
3446:
3440:
3439:
3405:
3396:
3390:
3389:
3361:
3355:
3354:
3326:
3320:
3319:
3309:
3289:
3283:
3282:
3268:
3262:
3261:
3259:
3235:
3229:
3228:
3192:
3186:
3185:
3149:
3143:
3142:
3119:Eating Disorders
3114:
3108:
3107:
3071:
3065:
3064:
3046:
3018:
3012:
3011:
2993:
2987:
2976:
2970:
2969:
2968:
2967:
2934:
2928:
2914:
2908:
2905:
2899:
2888:
2882:
2881:
2869:
2863:
2862:
2842:
2836:
2835:
2807:
2801:
2800:
2780:
2774:
2773:
2765:
2756:
2755:
2753:
2722:
2713:
2707:
2706:
2696:
2672:
2666:
2665:
2639:
2615:
2609:
2608:
2580:
2574:
2573:
2561:
2552:
2551:
2549:
2548:
2542:
2536:. Archived from
2503:
2494:
2488:
2487:
2451:
2445:
2444:
2442:
2440:
2422:
2416:
2415:
2413:
2411:
2393:
2387:
2386:
2368:
2362:
2361:
2359:
2336:
2327:
2321:
2320:
2312:
2303:
2302:
2284:
2278:
2277:
2245:
2236:
2235:
2217:
2199:
2190:
2184:
2183:
2173:
2125:
2119:
2118:
2108:
2076:
2070:
2069:
2061:
2055:
2054:
2010:
1997:
1996:
1970:
1952:
1942:
1936:
1935:
1920:. New York, NY:
1908:
1899:
1898:
1893:Baron J (2007).
1890:
1884:
1883:
1881:
1880:
1874:
1868:. Archived from
1851:
1842:
1836:
1835:
1827:
1804:Theory-ladenness
1774:Magical thinking
1734:
1729:Expectation bias
1719:
1669:
1635:
1630:
1629:
1628:
1621:
1616:
1615:
1614:
1497:hard–easy effect
1446:Social influence
1402:Affect heuristic
1217:superiority bias
970:
969:
905:excessive weight
898:distinction bias
877:some are due to
827:Biases, such as
770:
769:
624:
617:
610:
594:
593:
592:
559:Research methods
218:Psychophysiology
78:Basic psychology
49:
30:
29:
21:
18:Cognitive biases
8074:
8073:
8069:
8068:
8067:
8065:
8064:
8063:
8054:Decision theory
8034:
8033:
8032:
8027:
7912:
7827:
7818:
7794:Negativity bias
7742:
7733:
7621:Cognitive miser
7577:
7470:Media practices
7465:
7410:
7401:
7371:
7366:
7214:
7188:Eating disorder
7138:
7132:
7082:Neuroergonomics
7062:Cyberpsychology
7025:
6971:
6965:
6960:
6930:
6921:
6826:
6807:
6786:
6774:
6659:
6655:Zinoviev letter
6605:
6579:
6563:
6487:Post-Soviet era
6481:
6442:Active Measures
6425:
6416:
6385:
6373:
6361:
6349:
6337:
6306:
6280:
6268:
6208:
6206:Jihadunspun.com
6192:
6173:
6098:
6074:New World Order
6042:Genocide denial
6013:
5998:
5947:
5932:
5854:Memetic warfare
5644:
5633:
5624:
5594:
5589:
5570:
5544:
5409:
5284:
5265:Turkey illusion
5033:Compassion fade
4930:
4921:
4916:
4844:
4839:
4831:
4812:
4789:
4766:
4747:
4691:
4679:Kida T (2006).
4672:
4650:
4601:
4590:
4567:
4555:Fine C (2006).
4548:
4504:
4502:Further reading
4499:
4498:
4483:
4469:
4465:
4450:
4436:
4432:
4389:
4385:
4376:
4374:
4365:
4364:
4360:
4321:
4317:
4280:
4276:
4231:
4227:
4187:
4181:
4177:
4148:
4144:
4120:10.1.1.432.8763
4102:
4096:
4089:
4074:10.2307/1884852
4058:
4054:
4031:
4027:
3998:
3994:
3987:
3973:
3969:
3964:
3960:
3945:
3931:
3927:
3880:
3876:
3829:
3825:
3786:
3782:
3750:10.1.1.453.3592
3733:
3729:
3684:
3680:
3669:
3665:
3620:
3616:
3571:
3567:
3535:
3531:
3499:10.1.1.324.4312
3482:
3478:
3447:
3443:
3403:
3397:
3393:
3378:10.2307/3033683
3362:
3358:
3327:
3323:
3290:
3286:
3269:
3265:
3236:
3232:
3193:
3189:
3150:
3146:
3115:
3111:
3072:
3068:
3019:
3015:
3008:
2994:
2990:
2977:
2973:
2965:
2963:
2961:
2935:
2931:
2925:Wayback Machine
2915:
2911:
2906:
2902:
2889:
2885:
2870:
2866:
2843:
2839:
2808:
2804:
2781:
2777:
2766:
2759:
2751:
2720:
2714:
2710:
2673:
2669:
2637:10.1.1.475.2563
2616:
2612:
2581:
2577:
2562:
2555:
2546:
2544:
2540:
2501:
2495:
2491:
2452:
2448:
2438:
2436:
2424:
2423:
2419:
2409:
2407:
2395:
2394:
2390:
2383:
2369:
2365:
2357:
2334:
2328:
2324:
2313:
2306:
2299:
2285:
2281:
2246:
2239:
2215:10.1.1.174.5117
2197:
2191:
2187:
2126:
2122:
2077:
2073:
2062:
2058:
2011:
2000:
1968:10.1.1.174.4404
1950:
1943:
1939:
1932:
1909:
1902:
1891:
1887:
1878:
1876:
1872:
1849:
1843:
1839:
1828:
1819:
1814:
1809:
1732:
1717:
1667:
1631:
1626:
1624:
1617:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1591:Gerd Gigerenzer
1585:non-falsifiably
1565:
1542:projection bias
1526:bias blind spot
1506:
1469:belief revision
1367:, and related:
1316:Prospect theory
1303:
1266:has dubbed the
1264:Daniel Kahneman
1236:
1228:Main articles:
1226:
1175:
1169:
1112:Status quo bias
965:
959:
851:egocentric bias
814:decision-making
795:
768:
744:Gerd Gigerenzer
711:Daniel Kahneman
703:
628:
590:
588:
581:
580:
579:
578:
554:Psychotherapies
522:
512:
511:
432:
424:
423:
422:
421:
250:
240:
239:
238:
237:
198:Neuropsychology
80:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
8072:
8062:
8061:
8056:
8051:
8046:
8029:
8028:
8026:
8025:
8020:
8015:
8014:
8013:
8003:
7998:
7993:
7988:
7983:
7978:
7973:
7968:
7963:
7958:
7953:
7948:
7943:
7942:
7941:
7936:
7926:
7920:
7918:
7917:Related topics
7914:
7913:
7911:
7910:
7909:
7908:
7903:
7898:
7888:
7883:
7878:
7873:
7868:
7867:
7866:
7861:
7851:
7846:
7845:
7844:
7833:
7831:
7824:Digital divide
7820:
7819:
7817:
7816:
7811:
7806:
7801:
7796:
7791:
7786:
7785:
7784:
7779:
7769:
7764:
7759:
7754:
7748:
7746:
7739:Cognitive bias
7735:
7734:
7732:
7731:
7729:Sticky content
7726:
7725:
7724:
7719:
7717:Binge-watching
7709:
7704:
7699:
7694:
7689:
7684:
7679:
7674:
7673:
7672:
7667:
7662:
7657:
7647:
7642:
7641:
7640:
7633:Digital zombie
7630:
7629:
7628:
7618:
7613:
7608:
7606:Attention span
7603:
7598:
7593:
7587:
7585:
7579:
7578:
7576:
7575:
7570:
7565:
7560:
7559:
7558:
7551:Sensationalism
7548:
7543:
7538:
7537:
7536:
7531:
7526:
7516:
7511:
7510:
7509:
7504:
7499:
7497:Junk food news
7494:
7484:
7479:
7473:
7471:
7467:
7466:
7464:
7463:
7458:
7453:
7448:
7447:
7446:
7441:
7436:
7426:
7421:
7415:
7412:
7411:
7400:
7399:
7392:
7385:
7377:
7368:
7367:
7365:
7364:
7359:
7354:
7353:
7352:
7342:
7337:
7332:
7327:
7322:
7321:
7320:
7315:
7310:
7308:Binge-watching
7300:
7295:
7290:
7285:
7280:
7275:
7270:
7268:Digital zombie
7265:
7260:
7258:Cyberpathology
7255:
7250:
7249:
7248:
7238:
7233:
7228:
7222:
7220:
7219:Related topics
7216:
7215:
7213:
7212:
7207:
7202:
7201:
7200:
7195:
7185:
7180:
7175:
7170:
7165:
7164:
7163:
7158:
7153:
7142:
7140:
7134:
7133:
7131:
7130:
7129:
7128:
7123:
7118:
7113:
7103:
7102:
7101:
7091:
7086:
7085:
7084:
7079:
7074:
7069:
7064:
7059:
7054:
7044:
7039:
7033:
7031:
7027:
7026:
7024:
7023:
7018:
7013:
7008:
7007:
7006:
6996:
6991:
6986:
6981:
6975:
6973:
6967:
6966:
6959:
6958:
6951:
6944:
6936:
6927:
6926:
6923:
6922:
6920:
6919:
6914:
6909:
6904:
6899:
6894:
6889:
6884:
6879:
6874:
6869:
6864:
6859:
6854:
6849:
6844:
6843:
6842:
6831:
6828:
6827:
6817:
6816:
6813:
6812:
6809:
6808:
6806:
6805:
6800:
6794:
6792:
6788:
6787:
6782:
6780:
6776:
6775:
6773:
6772:
6767:
6762:
6757:
6752:
6747:
6742:
6737:
6735:Habbush letter
6732:
6727:
6722:
6721:
6720:
6710:
6705:
6704:
6703:
6698:
6693:
6688:
6678:
6673:
6667:
6665:
6661:
6660:
6658:
6657:
6652:
6647:
6642:
6634:
6629:
6624:
6619:
6617:Bell Pottinger
6613:
6611:
6610:United Kingdom
6607:
6606:
6604:
6603:
6598:
6593:
6587:
6585:
6581:
6580:
6575:
6573:
6569:
6568:
6565:
6564:
6562:
6561:
6556:
6551:
6546:
6541:
6540:
6539:
6534:
6529:
6521:
6520:
6519:
6509:
6508:
6507:
6502:
6491:
6489:
6483:
6482:
6480:
6479:
6474:
6469:
6464:
6459:
6454:
6449:
6444:
6438:
6436:
6427:
6418:
6417:
6415:
6414:
6409:
6404:
6393:
6391:
6387:
6386:
6381:
6379:
6375:
6374:
6369:
6367:
6363:
6362:
6357:
6355:
6351:
6350:
6345:
6343:
6339:
6338:
6336:
6335:
6330:
6325:
6320:
6314:
6312:
6308:
6307:
6305:
6304:
6299:
6294:
6288:
6286:
6282:
6281:
6276:
6274:
6273:Czechoslovakia
6270:
6269:
6267:
6266:
6259:
6254:
6253:
6252:
6247:
6245:PLA Unit 61398
6242:
6237:
6232:
6227:
6216:
6214:
6210:
6209:
6204:
6202:
6194:
6193:
6183:
6182:
6179:
6178:
6175:
6174:
6172:
6171:
6166:
6165:
6164:
6159:
6154:
6144:
6139:
6134:
6129:
6124:
6123:
6122:
6120:by governments
6112:
6106:
6104:
6097:
6096:
6091:
6086:
6081:
6076:
6071:
6066:
6061:
6056:
6051:
6050:
6049:
6039:
6034:
6029:
6024:
6018:
6015:
6014:
6004:
6003:
6000:
5999:
5997:
5996:
5989:
5982:
5975:
5968:
5961:
5957:Disinformation
5952:
5949:
5948:
5938:
5937:
5934:
5933:
5931:
5930:
5925:
5920:
5915:
5910:
5905:
5900:
5895:
5890:
5885:
5884:
5883:
5878:
5873:
5863:
5862:
5861:
5856:
5846:
5841:
5836:
5831:
5826:
5821:
5816:
5811:
5806:
5801:
5796:
5791:
5786:
5781:
5776:
5771:
5766:
5761:
5760:
5759:
5749:
5748:
5747:
5742:
5737:
5727:
5722:
5717:
5712:
5707:
5702:
5697:
5687:
5686:
5685:
5678:Cognitive bias
5675:
5670:
5668:Cherry picking
5665:
5660:
5655:
5649:
5646:
5645:
5635:
5634:
5631:misinformation
5627:Disinformation
5623:
5622:
5615:
5608:
5600:
5591:
5590:
5588:
5587:
5582:
5575:
5572:
5571:
5569:
5568:
5563:
5558:
5552:
5550:
5549:Bias reduction
5546:
5545:
5543:
5542:
5537:
5532:
5527:
5525:Political bias
5522:
5517:
5516:
5515:
5510:
5505:
5500:
5495:
5490:
5485:
5480:
5470:
5465:
5460:
5455:
5453:Infrastructure
5450:
5445:
5440:
5435:
5428:
5423:
5417:
5415:
5411:
5410:
5408:
5407:
5402:
5397:
5392:
5387:
5382:
5377:
5372:
5370:Self-selection
5367:
5362:
5357:
5352:
5347:
5342:
5337:
5332:
5327:
5322:
5321:
5320:
5310:
5305:
5300:
5294:
5292:
5286:
5285:
5283:
5282:
5277:
5272:
5267:
5262:
5257:
5252:
5247:
5242:
5237:
5232:
5227:
5222:
5217:
5212:
5207:
5205:Pro-innovation
5202:
5197:
5192:
5190:Overton window
5187:
5182:
5177:
5172:
5167:
5162:
5157:
5152:
5147:
5142:
5137:
5132:
5127:
5122:
5117:
5112:
5107:
5102:
5097:
5092:
5087:
5082:
5077:
5072:
5071:
5070:
5060:
5058:Dunning–Kruger
5055:
5050:
5045:
5040:
5035:
5030:
5029:
5028:
5018:
5013:
5008:
5003:
4998:
4997:
4996:
4986:
4981:
4976:
4975:
4974:
4972:Correspondence
4969:
4967:Actor–observer
4959:
4954:
4949:
4944:
4939:
4933:
4931:
4926:
4923:
4922:
4915:
4914:
4907:
4900:
4892:
4886:
4885:
4880:
4874:
4869:
4866:Cognitive bias
4857:
4843:
4842:External links
4840:
4838:
4837:
4835:
4829:
4816:
4810:
4802:Harcourt Books
4793:
4787:
4770:
4764:
4751:
4745:
4732:
4695:
4689:
4676:
4671:978-0316451390
4670:
4654:
4648:
4630:
4614:
4594:
4588:
4571:
4565:
4552:
4546:
4533:
4505:
4503:
4500:
4497:
4496:
4481:
4463:
4448:
4430:
4403:(1): 113–115.
4383:
4358:
4331:(6): 586–594.
4315:
4294:(7): 1275–89.
4274:
4225:
4198:(1): 129–140.
4175:
4142:
4087:
4052:
4025:
3992:
3985:
3967:
3958:
3943:
3925:
3874:
3837:BMC Psychiatry
3823:
3796:(2): 103–119.
3780:
3727:
3698:(10): 919–25.
3678:
3663:
3614:
3585:(11): 982–90.
3565:
3529:
3476:
3441:
3391:
3372:(3): 227–236.
3356:
3337:(3): 382–389.
3321:
3307:10.1.1.314.996
3300:(3): 592–596.
3284:
3263:
3230:
3203:(3): 247–267.
3187:
3160:(4): 393–434.
3144:
3109:
3066:
3013:
3006:
2988:
2971:
2959:
2929:
2909:
2900:
2883:
2864:
2853:(2): 141–160.
2837:
2818:(2): 161–175.
2802:
2775:
2757:
2731:(1): 147–152.
2708:
2667:
2630:(2): 163–203.
2610:
2575:
2553:
2489:
2462:(3): 182–203.
2446:
2417:
2388:
2381:
2363:
2345:(4): 293–315.
2322:
2304:
2297:
2279:
2260:(3): 419–454.
2237:
2185:
2120:
2091:(10): 435–40.
2071:
2056:
1998:
1944:For instance:
1937:
1930:
1900:
1885:
1860:(3): 430–454.
1837:
1816:
1815:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1807:
1801:
1795:
1789:
1783:
1777:
1771:
1765:
1759:
1753:
1747:
1741:
1735:
1726:
1720:
1714:Emotional bias
1711:
1706:
1700:
1694:
1688:
1682:
1676:
1670:
1661:
1655:
1649:
1638:
1637:
1636:
1622:
1606:
1603:
1595:rules of thumb
1564:
1561:
1518:overconfidence
1505:
1502:
1501:
1500:
1493:overconfidence
1451:
1448:
1443:
1432:
1427:
1426:
1425:
1419:
1407:
1406:
1405:
1399:
1393:
1386:), including:
1380:
1379:
1378:
1373:
1362:
1361:
1360:
1355:
1345:
1339:
1338:
1337:
1331:
1320:
1319:
1318:
1302:
1299:
1225:
1222:
1168:
1165:
1162:
1161:
1154:
1148:
1147:
1140:
1134:
1133:
1114:
1108:
1107:
1092:
1090:Anchoring bias
1086:
1085:
1082:
1076:
1075:
1072:
1070:Hindsight bias
1066:
1065:
1062:
1056:
1055:
1052:
1046:
1045:
1042:
1036:
1035:
1032:
1026:
1025:
1018:
1012:
1011:
1008:
1002:
1001:
997:
990:
989:
985:
978:
977:
974:
961:Main article:
958:
957:List of biases
955:
944:dot probe task
913:
912:
901:
894:framing effect
886:
859:
858:
843:
836:
831:, that affect
825:
810:
794:
791:
788:
787:
784:
778:
777:
774:
767:
764:
702:
699:
644:cognitive bias
630:
629:
627:
626:
619:
612:
604:
601:
600:
599:
598:
583:
582:
577:
576:
571:
566:
561:
556:
551:
546:
541:
536:
531:
525:
524:
523:
518:
517:
514:
513:
510:
509:
504:
499:
494:
489:
484:
479:
474:
469:
464:
459:
454:
449:
444:
439:
433:
430:
429:
426:
425:
420:
419:
414:
409:
404:
399:
394:
389:
384:
379:
374:
369:
364:
359:
354:
349:
344:
339:
334:
329:
324:
319:
314:
309:
304:
299:
294:
289:
284:
279:
274:
269:
264:
259:
253:
252:
251:
246:
245:
242:
241:
236:
235:
230:
225:
220:
215:
210:
205:
200:
195:
190:
185:
180:
175:
170:
165:
160:
155:
150:
145:
143:Cross-cultural
140:
135:
134:
133:
123:
114:
109:
104:
99:
94:
89:
83:
82:
81:
76:
75:
72:
71:
70:
69:
64:
59:
51:
50:
42:
41:
35:
34:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8071:
8060:
8057:
8055:
8052:
8050:
8047:
8045:
8042:
8041:
8039:
8024:
8021:
8019:
8016:
8012:
8009:
8008:
8007:
8004:
8002:
7999:
7997:
7994:
7992:
7989:
7987:
7984:
7982:
7979:
7977:
7974:
7972:
7969:
7967:
7964:
7962:
7959:
7957:
7954:
7952:
7949:
7947:
7944:
7940:
7937:
7935:
7932:
7931:
7930:
7927:
7925:
7924:Computer rage
7922:
7921:
7919:
7915:
7907:
7904:
7902:
7899:
7897:
7896:United States
7894:
7893:
7892:
7889:
7887:
7884:
7882:
7879:
7877:
7874:
7872:
7871:Filter bubble
7869:
7865:
7864:United States
7862:
7860:
7857:
7856:
7855:
7852:
7850:
7847:
7843:
7840:
7839:
7838:
7835:
7834:
7832:
7830:
7825:
7821:
7815:
7812:
7810:
7807:
7805:
7802:
7800:
7799:Peer pressure
7797:
7795:
7792:
7790:
7787:
7783:
7780:
7778:
7775:
7774:
7773:
7770:
7768:
7765:
7763:
7760:
7758:
7755:
7753:
7750:
7749:
7747:
7745:
7740:
7736:
7730:
7727:
7723:
7720:
7718:
7715:
7714:
7713:
7710:
7708:
7705:
7703:
7700:
7698:
7695:
7693:
7690:
7688:
7685:
7683:
7680:
7678:
7675:
7671:
7668:
7666:
7663:
7661:
7658:
7656:
7653:
7652:
7651:
7648:
7646:
7645:Doomscrolling
7643:
7639:
7636:
7635:
7634:
7631:
7627:
7624:
7623:
7622:
7619:
7617:
7614:
7612:
7609:
7607:
7604:
7602:
7599:
7597:
7594:
7592:
7589:
7588:
7586:
7584:
7580:
7574:
7571:
7569:
7566:
7564:
7561:
7557:
7554:
7553:
7552:
7549:
7547:
7544:
7542:
7539:
7535:
7532:
7530:
7527:
7525:
7522:
7521:
7520:
7517:
7515:
7512:
7508:
7505:
7503:
7500:
7498:
7495:
7493:
7490:
7489:
7488:
7485:
7483:
7480:
7478:
7475:
7474:
7472:
7468:
7462:
7459:
7457:
7456:Media studies
7454:
7452:
7449:
7445:
7442:
7440:
7437:
7435:
7432:
7431:
7430:
7427:
7425:
7422:
7420:
7417:
7416:
7413:
7409:
7408:human factors
7405:
7398:
7393:
7391:
7386:
7384:
7379:
7378:
7375:
7363:
7360:
7358:
7355:
7351:
7348:
7347:
7346:
7343:
7341:
7338:
7336:
7333:
7331:
7328:
7326:
7323:
7319:
7316:
7314:
7311:
7309:
7306:
7305:
7304:
7301:
7299:
7296:
7294:
7291:
7289:
7286:
7284:
7281:
7279:
7276:
7274:
7271:
7269:
7266:
7264:
7263:Digital detox
7261:
7259:
7256:
7254:
7253:Cyberbullying
7251:
7247:
7244:
7243:
7242:
7239:
7237:
7234:
7232:
7229:
7227:
7224:
7223:
7221:
7217:
7211:
7208:
7206:
7203:
7199:
7196:
7194:
7191:
7190:
7189:
7186:
7184:
7181:
7179:
7176:
7174:
7171:
7169:
7166:
7162:
7159:
7157:
7154:
7152:
7149:
7148:
7147:
7144:
7143:
7141:
7135:
7127:
7124:
7122:
7119:
7117:
7114:
7112:
7109:
7108:
7107:
7104:
7100:
7097:
7096:
7095:
7092:
7090:
7087:
7083:
7080:
7078:
7075:
7073:
7070:
7068:
7065:
7063:
7060:
7058:
7055:
7053:
7050:
7049:
7048:
7045:
7043:
7040:
7038:
7035:
7034:
7032:
7028:
7022:
7019:
7017:
7014:
7012:
7009:
7005:
7002:
7001:
7000:
6997:
6995:
6992:
6990:
6987:
6985:
6982:
6980:
6977:
6976:
6974:
6968:
6964:
6957:
6952:
6950:
6945:
6943:
6938:
6937:
6934:
6918:
6915:
6913:
6910:
6908:
6905:
6903:
6900:
6898:
6895:
6893:
6890:
6888:
6885:
6883:
6880:
6878:
6877:FactCheck.org
6875:
6873:
6870:
6868:
6865:
6863:
6860:
6858:
6855:
6853:
6850:
6848:
6845:
6841:
6838:
6837:
6836:
6835:Fact-checking
6833:
6832:
6829:
6822:
6818:
6804:
6801:
6799:
6796:
6795:
6793:
6789:
6785:
6781:
6777:
6771:
6768:
6766:
6763:
6761:
6758:
6756:
6753:
6751:
6748:
6746:
6743:
6741:
6738:
6736:
6733:
6731:
6728:
6726:
6723:
6719:
6716:
6715:
6714:
6711:
6709:
6706:
6702:
6699:
6697:
6694:
6692:
6689:
6687:
6684:
6683:
6682:
6679:
6677:
6674:
6672:
6669:
6668:
6666:
6664:United States
6662:
6656:
6653:
6651:
6648:
6646:
6643:
6641:
6639:
6635:
6633:
6630:
6628:
6625:
6623:
6620:
6618:
6615:
6614:
6612:
6608:
6602:
6599:
6597:
6594:
6592:
6589:
6588:
6586:
6582:
6578:
6574:
6570:
6560:
6557:
6555:
6552:
6550:
6547:
6545:
6542:
6538:
6535:
6533:
6530:
6528:
6525:
6524:
6522:
6518:
6515:
6514:
6513:
6510:
6506:
6503:
6501:
6498:
6497:
6496:
6493:
6492:
6490:
6488:
6484:
6478:
6475:
6473:
6470:
6468:
6465:
6463:
6460:
6458:
6455:
6453:
6450:
6448:
6445:
6443:
6440:
6439:
6437:
6435:
6431:
6428:
6423:
6419:
6413:
6410:
6408:
6405:
6402:
6398:
6395:
6394:
6392:
6388:
6384:
6380:
6376:
6372:
6368:
6364:
6360:
6356:
6352:
6348:
6344:
6340:
6334:
6331:
6329:
6326:
6324:
6321:
6319:
6316:
6315:
6313:
6309:
6303:
6300:
6298:
6295:
6293:
6290:
6289:
6287:
6283:
6279:
6275:
6271:
6265:
6264:
6260:
6258:
6255:
6251:
6248:
6246:
6243:
6241:
6238:
6236:
6233:
6231:
6228:
6226:
6225:50 Cent Party
6223:
6222:
6221:
6218:
6217:
6215:
6211:
6207:
6203:
6199:
6195:
6188:
6184:
6170:
6167:
6163:
6160:
6158:
6155:
6153:
6150:
6149:
6148:
6145:
6143:
6140:
6138:
6135:
6133:
6130:
6128:
6125:
6121:
6118:
6117:
6116:
6113:
6111:
6108:
6107:
6105:
6101:
6095:
6092:
6090:
6087:
6085:
6082:
6080:
6077:
6075:
6072:
6070:
6067:
6065:
6062:
6060:
6057:
6055:
6052:
6048:
6045:
6044:
6043:
6040:
6038:
6035:
6033:
6030:
6028:
6025:
6023:
6020:
6019:
6016:
6009:
6005:
5995:
5994:
5990:
5988:
5987:
5983:
5981:
5980:
5976:
5974:
5973:
5969:
5967:
5966:
5962:
5960:
5958:
5954:
5953:
5950:
5943:
5939:
5929:
5926:
5924:
5921:
5919:
5916:
5914:
5911:
5909:
5906:
5904:
5901:
5899:
5896:
5894:
5891:
5889:
5886:
5882:
5879:
5877:
5874:
5872:
5869:
5868:
5867:
5864:
5860:
5857:
5855:
5852:
5851:
5850:
5847:
5845:
5842:
5840:
5837:
5835:
5832:
5830:
5829:Media culture
5827:
5825:
5822:
5820:
5817:
5815:
5812:
5810:
5807:
5805:
5802:
5800:
5797:
5795:
5792:
5790:
5787:
5785:
5782:
5780:
5777:
5775:
5772:
5770:
5769:False dilemma
5767:
5765:
5762:
5758:
5755:
5754:
5753:
5750:
5746:
5743:
5741:
5738:
5736:
5733:
5732:
5731:
5728:
5726:
5723:
5721:
5718:
5716:
5713:
5711:
5708:
5706:
5703:
5701:
5698:
5695:
5691:
5688:
5684:
5681:
5680:
5679:
5676:
5674:
5671:
5669:
5666:
5664:
5661:
5659:
5656:
5654:
5651:
5650:
5647:
5640:
5636:
5632:
5628:
5621:
5616:
5614:
5609:
5607:
5602:
5601:
5598:
5586:
5583:
5581:
5577:
5576:
5573:
5567:
5564:
5562:
5559:
5557:
5554:
5553:
5551:
5547:
5541:
5538:
5536:
5533:
5531:
5528:
5526:
5523:
5521:
5518:
5514:
5511:
5509:
5506:
5504:
5503:United States
5501:
5499:
5496:
5494:
5491:
5489:
5486:
5484:
5481:
5479:
5478:False balance
5476:
5475:
5474:
5471:
5469:
5466:
5464:
5461:
5459:
5456:
5454:
5451:
5449:
5446:
5444:
5441:
5439:
5436:
5434:
5433:
5429:
5427:
5424:
5422:
5419:
5418:
5416:
5412:
5406:
5403:
5401:
5398:
5396:
5393:
5391:
5388:
5386:
5383:
5381:
5378:
5376:
5373:
5371:
5368:
5366:
5363:
5361:
5358:
5356:
5353:
5351:
5350:Participation
5348:
5346:
5343:
5341:
5338:
5336:
5333:
5331:
5328:
5326:
5323:
5319:
5318:Psychological
5316:
5315:
5314:
5311:
5309:
5306:
5304:
5301:
5299:
5296:
5295:
5293:
5291:
5287:
5281:
5278:
5276:
5273:
5271:
5268:
5266:
5263:
5261:
5258:
5256:
5253:
5251:
5248:
5246:
5243:
5241:
5238:
5236:
5233:
5231:
5228:
5226:
5223:
5221:
5218:
5216:
5213:
5211:
5208:
5206:
5203:
5201:
5198:
5196:
5193:
5191:
5188:
5186:
5183:
5181:
5178:
5176:
5173:
5171:
5168:
5166:
5163:
5161:
5158:
5156:
5153:
5151:
5148:
5146:
5143:
5141:
5138:
5136:
5133:
5131:
5128:
5126:
5123:
5121:
5118:
5116:
5113:
5111:
5108:
5106:
5103:
5101:
5098:
5096:
5093:
5091:
5088:
5086:
5085:Fading affect
5083:
5081:
5078:
5076:
5073:
5069:
5066:
5065:
5064:
5061:
5059:
5056:
5054:
5051:
5049:
5046:
5044:
5041:
5039:
5036:
5034:
5031:
5027:
5024:
5023:
5022:
5019:
5017:
5014:
5012:
5009:
5007:
5004:
5002:
4999:
4995:
4992:
4991:
4990:
4987:
4985:
4982:
4980:
4977:
4973:
4970:
4968:
4965:
4964:
4963:
4960:
4958:
4955:
4953:
4950:
4948:
4945:
4943:
4940:
4938:
4935:
4934:
4932:
4929:
4924:
4920:
4913:
4908:
4906:
4901:
4899:
4894:
4893:
4890:
4884:
4881:
4878:
4875:
4873:
4870:
4867:
4862:
4858:
4855:
4850:
4846:
4845:
4836:
4832:
4826:
4822:
4817:
4813:
4807:
4803:
4799:
4794:
4790:
4784:
4779:
4778:
4771:
4767:
4765:0-471-15962-X
4761:
4757:
4752:
4748:
4742:
4738:
4733:
4729:
4725:
4721:
4717:
4713:
4709:
4705:
4701:
4696:
4692:
4686:
4682:
4677:
4673:
4667:
4663:
4659:
4655:
4651:
4645:
4641:
4640:
4635:
4631:
4627:
4623:
4619:
4615:
4611:
4607:
4600:
4595:
4591:
4589:0-02-911706-2
4585:
4581:
4577:
4572:
4568:
4566:1-84046-678-2
4562:
4558:
4553:
4549:
4543:
4539:
4534:
4529:
4524:
4521:(3, 103672).
4520:
4516:
4512:
4507:
4506:
4492:
4488:
4484:
4482:0-585-35863-X
4478:
4474:
4467:
4459:
4455:
4451:
4445:
4441:
4434:
4426:
4422:
4418:
4414:
4410:
4406:
4402:
4398:
4394:
4387:
4372:
4368:
4362:
4354:
4350:
4346:
4342:
4338:
4334:
4330:
4326:
4319:
4311:
4307:
4302:
4297:
4293:
4289:
4285:
4278:
4270:
4266:
4262:
4258:
4253:
4248:
4244:
4240:
4236:
4229:
4221:
4217:
4213:
4209:
4205:
4201:
4197:
4193:
4186:
4179:
4170:
4165:
4161:
4157:
4153:
4146:
4138:
4134:
4130:
4126:
4121:
4116:
4113:(2): 211–37.
4112:
4108:
4101:
4094:
4092:
4083:
4079:
4075:
4071:
4068:(1): 99–118.
4067:
4063:
4056:
4048:
4044:
4040:
4036:
4029:
4020:
4015:
4011:
4007:
4003:
3996:
3988:
3982:
3978:
3971:
3962:
3954:
3950:
3946:
3940:
3936:
3929:
3921:
3917:
3912:
3907:
3902:
3897:
3893:
3889:
3885:
3878:
3870:
3866:
3861:
3856:
3851:
3846:
3842:
3838:
3834:
3827:
3819:
3815:
3811:
3807:
3803:
3799:
3795:
3791:
3784:
3776:
3772:
3768:
3764:
3760:
3756:
3751:
3746:
3743:(2): 336–53.
3742:
3738:
3731:
3723:
3719:
3714:
3709:
3705:
3701:
3697:
3693:
3689:
3682:
3674:
3667:
3659:
3655:
3650:
3645:
3641:
3637:
3633:
3629:
3625:
3618:
3610:
3606:
3601:
3596:
3592:
3588:
3584:
3580:
3576:
3569:
3561:
3557:
3553:
3549:
3545:
3541:
3533:
3525:
3521:
3517:
3513:
3509:
3505:
3500:
3495:
3491:
3487:
3480:
3472:
3468:
3464:
3460:
3456:
3452:
3445:
3437:
3433:
3429:
3425:
3421:
3417:
3413:
3409:
3402:
3395:
3387:
3383:
3379:
3375:
3371:
3367:
3360:
3352:
3348:
3344:
3340:
3336:
3332:
3325:
3317:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3299:
3295:
3288:
3280:
3279:
3274:
3267:
3258:
3253:
3249:
3245:
3241:
3234:
3226:
3222:
3218:
3214:
3210:
3206:
3202:
3198:
3191:
3183:
3179:
3175:
3171:
3167:
3163:
3159:
3155:
3148:
3140:
3136:
3132:
3128:
3124:
3120:
3113:
3105:
3101:
3097:
3093:
3089:
3085:
3082:(4): 556–77.
3081:
3077:
3070:
3062:
3058:
3054:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3036:
3032:
3028:
3024:
3017:
3009:
3003:
2999:
2992:
2985:
2981:
2975:
2962:
2956:
2952:
2948:
2944:
2940:
2933:
2926:
2922:
2919:
2913:
2904:
2897:
2893:
2887:
2879:
2875:
2868:
2860:
2856:
2852:
2848:
2841:
2833:
2829:
2825:
2821:
2817:
2813:
2806:
2798:
2794:
2790:
2786:
2779:
2771:
2764:
2762:
2750:
2746:
2742:
2738:
2734:
2730:
2726:
2719:
2712:
2704:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2686:
2682:
2678:
2671:
2663:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2629:
2625:
2621:
2614:
2606:
2602:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2579:
2571:
2567:
2560:
2558:
2543:on 2017-07-06
2539:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2515:
2512:(3): 480–98.
2511:
2507:
2500:
2493:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2473:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2450:
2434:
2430:
2429:
2421:
2405:
2401:
2400:
2392:
2384:
2378:
2374:
2367:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2333:
2326:
2318:
2311:
2309:
2300:
2294:
2290:
2283:
2275:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2244:
2242:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2196:
2189:
2181:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2124:
2116:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2075:
2067:
2060:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2009:
2007:
2005:
2003:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1961:(4): 650–69.
1960:
1956:
1949:
1941:
1933:
1927:
1923:
1922:HarperCollins
1919:
1918:
1913:
1907:
1905:
1896:
1889:
1875:on 2019-12-14
1871:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1848:
1841:
1833:
1826:
1824:
1822:
1817:
1805:
1802:
1799:
1798:Systemic bias
1796:
1793:
1790:
1787:
1784:
1781:
1778:
1775:
1772:
1769:
1766:
1763:
1760:
1757:
1754:
1751:
1748:
1745:
1742:
1739:
1736:
1730:
1727:
1724:
1721:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1704:
1701:
1698:
1695:
1692:
1689:
1686:
1683:
1680:
1677:
1674:
1671:
1665:
1662:
1659:
1656:
1653:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1640:
1639:
1634:
1623:
1620:
1609:
1602:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1586:
1581:
1580:point of view
1577:
1573:
1568:
1560:
1558:
1553:
1549:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1510:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1457:
1452:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1431:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1418:
1414:
1413:
1411:
1408:
1403:
1400:
1397:
1394:
1391:
1388:
1387:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1374:
1372:
1369:
1368:
1366:
1363:
1359:
1358:NaĂŻve realism
1356:
1354:
1351:
1350:
1349:
1346:
1343:
1340:
1335:
1334:Adaptive bias
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8006:Technophilia
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7487:Infotainment
7357:Technostress
7350:Technophobia
7345:Technophilia
7121:Evolutionary
7099:Evolutionary
7089:Neuroscience
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6572:South Africa
6559:Web brigades
6495:Cyberwarfare
6477:Useful idiot
6426:Soviet Union
6371:Fintas Group
6263:Global Times
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6230:cyberwarfare
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5923:Whataboutism
5918:Urban legend
5888:Quote mining
5677:
5463:In education
5430:
5414:Other biases
5400:Verification
5385:Survivorship
5335:Non-response
5308:Healthy user
5250:Substitution
5225:Self-serving
5021:Confirmation
4989:Availability
4937:Acquiescence
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2538:the original
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1870:the original
1857:
1853:
1840:
1831:
1644:idola mentis
1643:
1599:gut feelings
1589:
1576:human nature
1569:
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1272:
1268:outside view
1237:
1214:
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1198:
1183:
1179:
1176:
1096:negotiations
1006:Priming bias
976:Description
966:
948:
933:
925:ingroup bias
914:
904:
903:others give
889:
878:
860:
846:
839:
832:
818:desirability
817:
816:, where the
802:
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752:formal logic
741:
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707:Amos Tversky
704:
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492:Intelligence
223:Quantitative
188:Mathematical
183:Intelligence
173:Experimental
168:Evolutionary
158:Differential
7782:Moral panic
7712:Screen time
7546:News values
7482:Gatekeeping
7424:Externality
7303:Screen time
6770:Yellow rain
6390:Philippines
6250:Spamouflage
6235:Little Pink
6089:Rothschilds
6079:Red mercury
5794:Gaslighting
5745:Lying press
5715:Doublespeak
5530:Publication
5483:Vietnam War
5330:Length time
5313:Information
5255:Time-saving
5115:Horn effect
5105:Halo effect
5053:Distinction
4962:Attribution
4957:Attentional
4618:Heuer RJ Jr
4041:(1): 1–15.
3492:(1): 1–24.
3414:: 129–140.
2566:Stroebe, W.
1792:Rationality
1750:Halo effect
1050:Belief bias
940:Stroop task
807:risky shift
766:Definitions
748:rationality
534:Disciplines
407:Suicidology
302:Educational
257:Anomalistic
233:Theoretical
208:Personality
138:Comparative
121:Cognitivism
112:Behaviorism
8038:Categories
7996:Social bot
7986:Sealioning
7744:Conformity
7529:Propaganda
7514:Media bias
7507:Soft media
7236:Body image
7183:Depression
7137:Associated
7106:Psychology
7094:Psychiatry
7047:Ergonomics
7004:Nomophobia
6897:PolitiFact
6825:Opposition
6701:Sandy Hook
6500:on Estonia
6434:Soviet era
6347:Team Jorge
6323:Godi-media
6084:Reptilians
6054:Illuminati
5913:Truthiness
5903:Social bot
5866:Propaganda
5799:Half-truth
5774:False flag
5493:South Asia
5468:Liking gap
5280:In animals
5245:Status quo
5160:Negativity
5063:Egocentric
5038:Congruence
5016:Commitment
5006:Blind spot
4994:Mean world
4984:Automation
4658:Kahneman D
4634:Kahneman D
4580:Free Press
4377:2023-11-19
3843:(1): 256.
3044:2328/35717
3029:: 358–64.
2966:2020-11-25
2547:2017-10-27
1879:2017-04-01
1812:References
1495:, and the
1440:innumeracy
1384:heuristics
1287:depression
1186:jury trial
1122:status quo
847:motivation
822:sunk costs
773:Definition
725:replicable
716:innumeracy
668:heuristics
462:Competence
327:Humanistic
307:Ergonomics
292:Counseling
267:Assessment
203:Perception
163:Ecological
39:Psychology
8044:Cognition
7682:Infodemic
7616:Clickbait
7583:Attention
7439:Cognition
7116:Cognitive
6892:NewsGuard
6887:Logically
6882:Full Fact
6779:Venezuela
6713:Fake news
6601:AK Trolls
6292:Funkspiel
5814:Infodemic
5730:Fake news
5705:Denialism
5700:Deception
5561:Debiasing
5540:White hat
5535:Reporting
5448:Inductive
5365:Selection
5325:Lead time
5298:Estimator
5275:Zero-risk
5240:Spotlight
5220:Restraint
5210:Proximity
5195:Precision
5155:Narrative
5110:Hindsight
5095:Frequency
5075:Emotional
5048:Declinism
4979:Authority
4952:Anchoring
4942:Ambiguity
4458:352897263
4417:1386-2820
4212:2372-7322
4115:CiteSeerX
3810:0147-5916
3745:CiteSeerX
3634:: 38–51.
3494:CiteSeerX
3428:2372-7322
3351:145752877
3302:CiteSeerX
3225:154866472
3217:0959-9916
3182:143783638
3174:0167-5249
3139:1064-0266
2745:0167-2681
2703:0895-3309
2632:CiteSeerX
2396:"3.2.4".
2274:146617323
2210:CiteSeerX
2162:2045-2322
2051:143452957
1963:CiteSeerX
1780:Prejudice
1563:Criticism
1530:anchoring
1410:Emotional
1248:Debiasing
1190:fallacies
909:anchoring
824:fallacy).
652:objective
457:Cognition
372:Political
282:Community
117:Cognitive
67:Subfields
8011:Neophile
7638:Phubbing
7556:Hot take
7444:Mismatch
7205:Insomnia
7111:Clinical
6917:USAFacts
6907:StopFake
6803:Force 47
6708:COVID-19
6632:Euromyth
6383:Peñabots
6257:COVID-19
6162:COVID-19
6147:Vaccines
6012:Examples
5898:Smearing
5458:Inherent
5421:Academic
5395:Systemic
5380:Spectrum
5360:Sampling
5340:Observer
5303:Forecast
5215:Response
5175:Optimism
5170:Omission
5165:Normalcy
5135:In-group
5130:Implicit
5043:Cultural
4947:Affinity
4720:15736870
4660:(2022).
4636:(2011).
4620:(1999).
4491:47009468
4353:13372385
4345:29161963
4310:21541821
4261:29668391
4137:22122235
4012:: 5–17.
3953:47364085
3920:35967732
3869:24106918
3818:32259433
3775:33462708
3767:17516812
3722:20034617
3658:23218805
3609:20887977
3560:19222316
3516:17201568
3104:36189809
3096:10533440
3061:31561602
3053:25592403
3023:Appetite
2921:Archived
2791:: 1–24.
2749:Archived
2572:. Wiley.
2484:14882268
2476:10199218
2355:Archived
2180:34934119
2115:20696611
2043:17835457
1914:(2008).
1912:Ariely D
1605:See also
1353:Salience
1224:Reducing
1192:such as
942:and the
833:judgment
701:Overview
656:behavior
569:Timeline
482:Feelings
477:Emotions
437:Behavior
431:Concepts
392:Religion
377:Positive
367:Pastoral
352:Military
317:Forensic
312:Feminist
297:Critical
287:Consumer
277:Coaching
272:Clinical
148:Cultural
87:Abnormal
7971:Griefer
7777:Mobbing
7611:Chumbox
7563:Spiking
7335:Spaving
6791:Vietnam
6462:Seat 12
6333:OpIndia
6285:Germany
5752:Fallacy
5725:Factoid
5663:Big lie
5580:General
5578:Lists:
5513:Ukraine
5438:Funding
5200:Present
5185:Outcome
5090:Framing
4728:6260477
4608:(ed.).
4606:Buss DM
4425:8097667
4269:4933030
4220:4848978
4082:1884852
3911:9364952
3860:3851748
3737:Emotion
3713:2866253
3649:6987692
3600:3296778
3524:2861872
3471:3700842
3436:4848978
3386:3033683
2832:7350256
2662:2034749
2605:5328883
2534:9703661
2526:2270237
2439:21 June
2425:"3.8".
2410:21 June
2232:8759048
2171:8692588
2142:Bibcode
2106:5378157
2023:Bibcode
2015:Science
1993:8888650
1738:Fallacy
1291:anxiety
1184:A fair
1060:Framing
881:(e.g.,
871:arousal
776:Source
754:or the
544:Outline
417:Traffic
412:Systems
347:Medical
178:Gestalt
62:History
57:Outline
7173:Autism
7126:Social
6902:Snopes
6718:online
6638:Lancet
6584:Turkey
6422:Russia
6378:Mexico
6366:Kuwait
6342:Israel
6201:Canada
6157:autism
6103:Health
5735:online
5585:Memory
5498:Sweden
5488:Norway
5355:Recall
5125:Impact
5001:Belief
4919:Biases
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2406:. 2021
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1524:, and
1467:, the
1102:, and
840:memory
803:groups
693:, and
574:Topics
397:School
322:Health
228:Social
131:Social
7842:Youth
7404:Media
6696:QAnon
6354:Korea
6311:India
6213:China
6127:Ebola
5643:Types
5473:Media
5443:FUTON
4724:S2CID
4604:. In
4602:(PDF)
4421:S2CID
4349:S2CID
4265:S2CID
4216:S2CID
4188:(PDF)
4103:(PDF)
4078:JSTOR
3814:S2CID
3771:S2CID
3520:S2CID
3432:S2CID
3404:(PDF)
3382:JSTOR
3347:S2CID
3250:(3).
3221:S2CID
3178:S2CID
3100:S2CID
3057:S2CID
2828:S2CID
2752:(PDF)
2721:(PDF)
2541:(PDF)
2530:S2CID
2502:(PDF)
2480:S2CID
2358:(PDF)
2335:(PDF)
2270:S2CID
2198:(PDF)
2047:S2CID
1951:(PDF)
1873:(PDF)
1850:(PDF)
973:Name
793:Types
520:Lists
357:Music
342:Media
337:Legal
193:Moral
7406:and
6537:2020
6532:2018
6527:2016
5908:Spin
5809:Hoax
5694:list
5629:and
4825:ISBN
4806:ISBN
4783:ISBN
4760:ISBN
4741:ISBN
4716:PMID
4685:ISBN
4666:ISBN
4644:ISBN
4584:ISBN
4561:ISBN
4542:ISBN
4487:OCLC
4477:ISBN
4454:OCLC
4444:ISBN
4413:ISSN
4341:PMID
4306:PMID
4257:PMID
4208:ISSN
4133:PMID
3981:ISBN
3949:OCLC
3939:ISBN
3916:PMID
3865:PMID
3806:ISSN
3763:PMID
3718:PMID
3654:PMID
3605:PMID
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3512:PMID
3467:PMID
3424:ISSN
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3170:ISSN
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3049:PMID
3002:ISBN
2955:ISBN
2741:ISSN
2699:ISSN
2658:PMID
2601:PMID
2522:PMID
2472:PMID
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2412:2023
2377:ISBN
2293:ISBN
2228:PMID
2176:PMID
2158:ISSN
2111:PMID
2039:PMID
1989:PMID
1926:ISBN
1421:The
1415:The
1254:and
1232:and
709:and
648:norm
497:Mind
5520:Net
5405:Wet
4708:doi
4523:doi
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4333:doi
4296:doi
4247:doi
4200:doi
4164:doi
4125:doi
4111:138
4070:doi
4043:doi
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3906:PMC
3896:doi
3855:PMC
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3644:PMC
3636:doi
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3587:doi
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