831:, which needed Asian Canadians to work as agents who could go undercover in Japanese-occupied Asia, forced his hand. Unlike in the First World War, where about 300 Chinese Canadians had served in the Canadian Expeditionary Force, this time Chinese Canadians serving in the Canadian military were given officers' commissions. All three services were reluctant to have Chinese Canadians given officers' commissions as having Asian men serving as officers giving orders to white men challenged the racial hierarchy. However, all those serving as airmen in the Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF) were officers, and once Chinese Canadian airmen received officers' commissions, both the Army and the Navy were forced to follow suit. The RCAF was the service most open to Chinese Canadians because of the heavy losses taken in the bombing offensive against Germany. For RCAF, a 5% loss ratio was considered crippling and between March 5 – June 24, 1943, the 6th Group of the RCAF lost 100 bombers in air raids over Germany, suffering a 7% loss ratio; altogether, 9,980 Canadians were killed in bombing raids against German cities between 1940 and 1945, making the strategic bombing offensive one of the most costly operations for Canada in World War II.
883:
it together; you eat together and you sleep together.". Like other
Chinese Canadian veterans, Wong argued for equality of treatment, asking why he should be treated as a second-class citizen despite his war services. Wong stated his reasons for enlisting were: "I decided maybe if I joined the armed forces, after the war they would give me the right to vote". Peggy Lee of Toronto by contrast stated her reasons for enlisting in 1942 with the Women's Ambulance Corps was "do my bit" for Canada. Roy Mah who served with the SOE behind Japanese lines in Burma stated: "We thought that serving in the armed forces would be an opportunity for us to prove to the general public that we are loyal Canadians, that in time of need, they would see that we have no hesitation to don the King's uniform and go overseas to fight for our country, fight to preserve democracy." The Canadian historian Henry Yu stated about the efforts of Chinese-Canadian veterans: "They had to accept that they had fought this war—a good war in everyone's estimation—and they were still coming back to places built around white supremacy. So for some of them, they began vocally to argue: Why can't we vote still?"
897:
contravened the UN Charter. The same year, 1947, Chinese
Canadians were finally granted the right to vote in federal elections. Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King was opposed to granting the franchise to Chinese Canadians, but Chinese-Canadian veterans led a coalition of churches, unions, civic groups and veterans' associations into pressuring the King government to end the exclusion of Chinese Canadians from the franchise. Friedman stated about Chinese-Canadian enfranchisement: "Canada has this great spot on the world stage—as just, fair and level-headed country—but the reason it is that way is because Chinese residents forced that issue and made it more just." One Second World War veteran, Ronald Lee, remembered when he learned that Chinese Canadians could now vote together with repeal of the Exclusion Act: "Down in Chinatown, we celebrated because we were Canadians! We were able to bring our families from China. It was quite the jubilation." Arguing that it was unjust to discriminate against veterans, professions such as the law, medicine and engineering were opened for Chinese Canadians for the first time after 1945.
893:, then it was hypocritical for so many white Canadians to support attitudes of white supremacy back home. Chinese-Canadian veteran Frank Wong described the situation as being unable to "live outside Chinatown, and professional jobs were not available to . I wasn't even allowed to go swimming in a public pool." The contributions of Chinese Canadians toward the eventual allied victory did not spell an end to discrimination for them in Canada, although these attitudes did eventually start to dissipate. According to Chinese-Canadian veteran George Chow, after being treated "like a second-class citizen" in youth, during his service he was treated "just like an equal", elaborating on his service as such: "you have your uniform, you're in it together; you eat together and you sleep together." Catherine Clement, the curator of Chinese Canadian Military Museum in Vancouver stated: "It's called a double victory because they not only helped Canada win the war, but they also helped propel the civil rights movement for the Chinese-Canadians."
1128:
Chinese
Canadians faced disrespect and harassment, with over 60% reporting disrespectful treatment and more than 30% experiencing threats or harassment. This rise in racism has also increased mental health concerns in the community. In response, Chinese Canadian groups have been actively working to track and combat this discrimination, providing ongoing support as the community navigates these challenges. As of September 2021, statistics from Project 1907 revealed a concerning 2,265 incidents of anti-Asian racism within Canada, surpassing the United States on a per capita basis by over 100%. This alarming trend, largely fueled by misplaced blame on the Asian community for the COVID-19 pandemic, has highlighted the urgent need for systemic change. In response to this challenging environment, the federal public service saw the formation of the Network of Asian Federal Employees (NAFE), an initiative aimed at addressing these issues and promote inclusivity.
1037:
2260:
526:
1119:, its economic growth sparked even greater immigration opportunities to mainland Chinese. A 2011 survey shown that 60% of Chinese millionaires plan to immigrate, where 37% of the respondents wanted to immigrate to Canada. Many foreign countries such as Canada hold very large attraction for rich Chinese, because of their better social welfare system, higher quality of education and a greater opportunity for investment. The main reasons Chinese businesspeople want to move abroad was for some educational opportunities for their children, advanced medical treatment, worsening pollution back home (especially urban air quality) and food safety concerns. The Canadian Federal Investor Immigrant Program (FIIP) as a cash-for-visa scheme allows many powerful Chinese to seek for a
901:
2810:
active in
Canadian society; 64% of Chinese Canadians who were eligible to vote reported doing so in the 2000 federal election, while 60% said they voted in the 1996 provincial election. About 35% reported that they had participated in an organization such as a sports team or community association in the 12 months preceding the survey. 34% of Chinese Canadians also reported that in the past five years, or since they came to Canada, they have suffered discrimination, prejudice or unfair treatment, mainly from Anglo-Saxons. Most people who have experienced discrimination said that they thought it was based on Anglo-Saxon malice, while 42% believed that discrimination occurred at work or when applying for a job or promotion.
2248:
573:, mediating disputes within the communities and providing for leaders who negotiated with Canadian politicians. As many Chinese immigrants knew little or no English, and most white Canadians did not welcome them, the Chinatowns tended to be cut off from the wider Canadian communities, functioning as "islands". The Canadian media in the late 19th and early 20th centuries depicted the Chinatowns in lurid and sensationalist terms as centres of "filth"; using the very poverty of the Chinese against them, Canadian newspapers frequently claimed that the Chinese immigrants were an innately dirty people who carried infectious diseases and were prone to criminality. Reflecting the popularity of "
2187:
839:
surviving
Canadian POWs, who had been held in barbaric conditions by the Japanese since surrendering on Christmas Day in 1941, being reduced down to "human skeletons", that they were now free men. Kam Hem Douglas Sam of the Royal Canadian Air Force, who had been serving on a Halifax bomber was shot down over France on June 28, 1944, and joined the French resistance, being awarded the Croix de Guerre from France after the war for his work with the resistance. Sam, who came from Victoria and could remember some French from high school, was able to pass himself off as a Vietnamese student in Reims. Sam first served with as a liaison with the
723:, although numerous exemptions for businessmen, clergy, students and others did not end immigration entirely. With this act, the Chinese received similar legal treatment to blacks before them who Canada also had specifically excluded from immigration on the basis of race. (This was formalised in 1911 by Prime Minister Sir Wilfrid Laurier who in Sub-section (c) of Section 38 of the Immigration Act called blacks "unsuitable" for Canada.) During the next 25 years, more and more laws against the Chinese were passed. Most jobs were closed to Chinese men and women. Many Chinese opened their own restaurants and laundry businesses. In
2851:
1028:
emphasizing hard work, scholarship, self-discipline and learning has meant the
Chinese Canadians families have strongly aspired for higher education and the 2001 census reported that over a quarter of Chinese Canadians had a university degree. As it was the Liberal government of Lester Pearson that liberalized the immigration system in 1967, Chinese Canadians tended to vote for the Liberals in the late 20th and early 21st centuries. In 1993, Raymond Chan became the first Chinese Canadian cabinet minister, and in 1999, Adrienne Clarkson became the first Chinese Canadian governor general.
803:
641:, which concerned a supposed gigantic mountain made of pure gold located somewhere in the Rockies, was not taken literally, but instead was a metaphor for the hopes of Chinese immigrants for greater wealth in Canada. Almost all of the Chinese immigrants in the 19th century were young men, with women staying behind in China with the hope of marrying a "Gold mountain guest" as those who made money in Canada usually returned to China. Unable to marry white women, many Chinese men in Canada married First Nations women as the Indian peoples were more willingly to accept them.
743:
1528:
1507:
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760:, for example, Chinese Canadians received relief payments of less than half the amount paid to other Canadians. And because the Chinese Exclusion Act prohibited any additional immigration from China, the Chinese men who had arrived earlier had to face these hardships alone, without the companionship of their wives and children. Census data from 1931 shows that there were 1,240 men to every 100 women in Chinese Canadian communities. To protest the Chinese Exclusion Act, Chinese Canadians closed their businesses and boycotted
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2814:
born overseas and immigrated to Canada later in life primarily identify as a mixture of both
Chinese and Canadian. In Canada, strong feelings of ethnic heritage are bolstered by the clustering of immigrant communities in large urban centres, especially because new immigrants tend to associate almost exclusively with people of the same culture due to unfamiliarity to the new mainstream culture. Canadians of Chinese origin, particularly the second generation and beyond, tend to have more liberal and Western style beliefs.
1612:
1697:
823:" in a 1942 editorial, urging black Americans to work for victory over fascism abroad and racism at home. Though originally intended for black Americans, the slogan of "double victory" was taken up by Asian-American groups as well. The same slogan of "double victory" came to be embraced by Chinese Canadians. Despite not being allowed to vote or hold office, about 600 Chinese Canadians enlisted as "active" members to fight overseas (until late 1944 all Canadians serving abroad were volunteers). The prime minister,
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847:
1444:
691:
791:
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843:(SOE) to organize landings of arms to the resistance from Britain. Sam later fought with the resistance, ambushing German troops on their way to Normandy. Flying Officer Quan Jil Louie of the RCAF was killed in early 1945 when his bomber was shot down over Germany. As Louie came from one of the more wealthier families of Vancouver's Chinatown, his death in action attracted much attention in Vancouver, and with it commentary he was not allowed to vote or hold office.
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1728:
2893:
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1570:
1423:
565:) by insisting the project cut costs by employing Chinese immigrants to build the railway, and summarized the situation this way to Parliament in 1882: "It is simply a question of alternatives: either you must have this labour or you can't have the railway." (British Columbian politicians had wanted a settlement-immigration plan for workers from the British Isles, but Canadian politicians and investors said it would be too expensive).
6881:
1633:
59:
1675:
879:
to call for the repeal of the 1895 law which forbade all Asian
Canadians to vote or hold offices. The Canadian historian Brereton Greenhous wrote of the efforts of the men of Force 136: "Several of them were decorated for their actions, and their service was a major factor in influencing the Canadian government to grant Chinese and Japanese Canadians full rights as Canadian citizens several years later".
5491:
782:
supporting China. Starting in 1937, a boycott was organized of
Japanese goods, and Canadian businesses that sold war materials to Japan were subject of demonstrations. One of the main slogans used at the demonstrations was "Don't Kill Babies", a reference to the Imperial Japanese Army's habit of using Chinese infants for "bayonet practice".
2223:(CANIIP) allows many powerful Chinese to qualify for Canadian citizenship: among the 700 applicants to this program in 2011, 697 (99.6%) were mainland Chinese. In addition, many Chinese immigrants to Canada apply through the provincial nominee program, which requires immigrants to invest in a business in the province in which they settle.
1359:(60,200). The Chinese are the largest visible minority group in Alberta and British Columbia, and are the second largest in Ontario. The highest concentration of Chinese Canadians is in Vancouver and Richmond (British Columbia), where they constitute the largest ethnic group by country, and one in five residents are Chinese.
870:, the much feared Japanese military police, would give no mercy to any Allied agent whom they captured. Those serving with the Force 136 were given cyanide pills to take if faced with capture by the Japanese as it was known that any SOE agent captured by the Japanese would be tortured and killed. Another Chinese Canadian,
4982:
597:
order to support their families that stayed in China. Their willingness to endure hardship for low wages enraged fellow non-Chinese workers who thought they were unnecessarily complicating the labour market situations. Most of the
Chinese immigrants in the 19th century spoke Cantonese and their term for Canada was
1943:
In 2001, 87% of Chinese reported having a conversational knowledge of at least one official language, while 15% reported that they could speak neither English nor French. Of those who could not speak an official language, 50% immigrated to Canada in the 1990s, while 22% immigrated in the 1980s. These
1078:
indicates that since 2000, the People's Republic of China (PRC) has been the largest source of Canadian immigrants. On average, over 30,000 immigrants from China have arrived annually, accounting for about 15% of all immigrants to Canada. This pattern continued to rise, reaching a peak of over 40,000
995:
and Toronto were the major destinations of these Chinese. During those years, immigrants from Hong Kong alone made up to 46% of all Chinese immigrants to Canada. After 1997, a significant portion of Chinese immigrants chose to move back to Hong Kong, some of a more permanent nature, after the dust of
913:
was elected as a Progressive Conservative for the riding of Vancouver Centre, becoming the first Chinese Canadian elected to the House of Commons. Jung's election, which proved that white voters would vote for a Chinese Canadian, marked the beginning of a trend where Chinese Canadians cease to depend
882:
Frank Wong of Vancouver who served with the Royal Canadian Electrical and Mechanical Engineers in Northwestern Europe in 1944–1945 recalled that his service with the Army was the first time he had been treated as an equal, stating: "They treated me just like an equal. You have your uniform, you're in
764:
celebrations every July 1, which became known as "Humiliation Day" by the Chinese Canadians. The film-maker Melinda Friedman stated about her interviews with Chinese Canadian veterans of World War II: "The thing that was the most shocking to me was hearing from the veterans ... describe what life was
798:
The Second World War became the turning point in history of Chinese Canadians. To show support for the war, fund-raising events were held from September 1939 to raise money for the Canadian war effort, and by 1945, Chinese Canadians had purchased some $ 10 million worth of Victory Bonds. The Chinese
772:
asked for the overseas Chinese communities to support the homeland. From 1937 onward, the Chinese Canadian community regularly organized fund-raising events to raise money for China. By 1945, the Chinese Canadians had contributed $ 5 million Canadian dollars to China. Following the Xi'an Incident of
2238:
Chinese who immigrated to Canada in the 1990s and were of prime working-age in 2001 had an employment rate of 61%, which was lower than the national average of 80%. Many reported that the recognition of foreign qualifications was a major issue. However, the employment rate for Canadian-born Chinese
2234:
Of prime working-age Chinese in Canada, about 20% were in sales and services; 20% in business, finance, and administration; 16% in natural and applied sciences; 13% in management; and 11% in processing, manufacturing, and utilities. However, there is a trend that Chinese move toward small towns and
1323:
During the 2011 census in Canada, it was estimated that 1,324,700 individuals of pure Chinese origin resided in Canada. This number increased to 1,487,000 individuals, when including those of both pure Chinese origin and people of partial Chinese ancestry (meaning, individuals with both Chinese and
1123:
citizenship, and recent reports show that 697 of the 700 (99.6%) of the applicants to this visa in 2011 were mainland Chinese. However, Canada—along with other English-speaking countries such as the United States and Australia—has increased its immigration requirements, forcing Chinese millionaires
878:
in Hong Kong and southern China, smuggling out POWs to Free China (i.e. not occupied by the Japanese) and delivering aid to resistance groups. The willingness of Chinese Canadians to fight and if necessary die for Canada in the war changed public perceptions, and for the first time newspapers began
596:
in the 19th century as did Chinese veterans of the gold rushes. These workers accepted the terms offered by the Chinese labour contractors who were engaged by the railway construction company to hire them—low pay, long hours, lower wages than non-Chinese workers and dangerous working conditions, in
2813:
Most Canadian-born Chinese during the 1970s and 1980s were descended from immigrants of Hong Kong, while more recent Canadian-born Chinese come from mainland Chinese immigrants. Most Chinese Canadians born in Canada who have assimilated into Canadian society identify as solely Canadian while those
2289:
reached its peak of popularity in the early 1960s, with the 1961 census still reporting that 60% of the Chinese declared themselves Christians. Over the following 40 years Christianity has been steadily declining both among Canadian-born Chinese and new immigrants. Religiousy, the Chinese-Canadian
946:
From 1947 to the early 1970s, Chinese immigrants to Canada came mostly from Hong Kong, Taiwan, or Southeast Asia. Chinese from the mainland who were eligible in the family reunification program had to visit the Canadian High Commission in Hong Kong, since Canada and the PRC did not have diplomatic
896:
Canada was slow to lift the restrictions against the Chinese Canadians and grant them full rights as Canadian citizens. Because Canada signed the United Nations Charter of Human Rights at the conclusion of the Second World War, the Canadian government had to repeal the Chinese Exclusion Act, which
552:
in British Columbia. When British Columbia agreed to join Confederation in 1871, one of the conditions was that the Dominion government build a railway linking B.C. with eastern Canada within 10 years. British Columbian politicians and their electorate agitated for an immigration program from the
4636:
2809:
According to the Canadian Ethnic Diversity Survey conducted in 2002, 76% of Canadians of Chinese origin said they had a strong sense of belonging to Canada; at the same time, 58% said that they had a strong sense of belonging to their ethnic or cultural group. Canadians of Chinese origin are also
2297:
In 2001, 56% of Chinese Canadians aged 15 and over said that they did not have any religious affiliation, compared with the national average of 17%. As a result, Chinese Canadians make up 13% of all Canadians who did not report a religious affiliation despite making up 4% of the population. Among
755:
and societies in undesirable sections of the cities, such as Dupont Street (now East Pender) in Vancouver, which had been the focus of the early city's red-light district until Chinese merchants took over the area from the 1890s onwards. During the Great Depression, life was even tougher for the
677:
to $ 500, which temporarily caused Chinese immigration to Canada to stop. However, those Chinese wishing to go to Canada began to save up money to pay the head tax, which led to agitation, especially in British Columbia for the Dominion government to ban Asian immigration. Between September 7–9,
2218:
since the turn of the 21st century has sparked even greater emigration opportunities for mainland Chinese. A 2011 survey showed that 60% of Chinese millionaires planned to emigrate, where 37% of the respondents wanted to emigrate to Canada. The main reasons Chinese businesspeople wanted to move
1127:
The COVID-19 pandemic beginning in March 2020 led to a sharp increase in anti-Chinese sentiment worldwide, with Chinese people wrongly blamed for the virus. This resulted in widespread prejudice, evidenced by derogatory terms and hashtags in various countries. In Canada, a significant number of
568:
Chinese communities in Canada in the 19th and well into the 20th centuries were organized around the traditional kinship systems linking people belonging to the same clans together. As not everyone in the Chinese communities necessarily belonged to the same clans, "voluntary" associations that
838:
was commissioned as a lieutenant commander in the Royal Canadian Navy, becoming the first person of Chinese descent to be given an officer's commission in any of the Commonwealth navies. Lore was the first Allied officer to land in Hong Kong on August 30, 1945, and it he who announced to the
1027:
all winning acclaim. In the world of film-making, Christina Wong, William Dere, Colleen Leung, Richard Fung, Dora Nipp, Tony Chan, Yung Chang Julia Kwan, Karin Lee, Mina Shum, Michelle Wong, Paul Wong, and Keith Lock have worked as directors and/or as script writers. The Confucian tradition
781:
had been formed to resist Japanese aggression, which was soon put to the test when Japan invaded China in July 1937. Within the Chinese Canadian communities, a "United Front" atmosphere prevailed from the summer of 1937 on as various community leaders put aside their differences to focus on
1385:
According to the 2011 census by Statistics Canada, the Chinese Canadian population was approximately 1.4 million. In the 2016 census, individuals identifying as of Chinese ethnic origin comprised approximately 4.6% of the Canadian population, totaling to around 1.57 million people. By the
799:
community of Victoria was praised in a parliamentary resolution for being especially active in holding events to encourage people to buy Victory Bonds. In December 1941, Canada declared war on Japan, and from time onward, China was an ally, which helped to change white Canadian views.
672:
appointed a Royal Commission on Chinese and Japanese Immigration, whose report stated that the Asians were "unfit for full citizenship ... obnoxious to a free community and dangerous to the state." Following the Royal Commission's report, Parliament voted to increase the Chinese
4227:
Lou, Nigel Mantou; Noels, Kimberly A.; Kurl, Shachi; Zhang, Ying Shan Doris; Young-Leslie, Heather (December 23, 2021). "Chinese Canadians' Experiences of the Dual Pandemics of COVID-19 and Racism: Implications for Identity, Negative Emotion, and Anti-Racism Incident Reporting".
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functioned in many ways like guilds that provided social welfare, community events and a forum for politics became very important in Chinese-Canadian communities. Linking together all of the voluntary associations were Benevolent Associations that in effect ran the various
1319:
projects by 2031, the Chinese Canadian population is projected to reach between 2.4 and 3.0 million, constituting approximately 6 percent of the Canadian population. Much of the growth will be bolstered by sustained immigration as well as creating a younger age structure.
925:
Some educated Chinese arrived in Canada during the war as refugees. Since the mid-20th century, most new Chinese Canadians come from university-educated families, who of still consider quality education an essential value. These newcomers are a major part of the
536:
Before 1885 and the completion of the Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR), access to British Columbia from other parts of Canada was difficult. The creation of a better transportation system was essential to integration of British Columbia into the new Confederation.
4633:
1314:
In 2001, 25% of Chinese in Canada were Canadian-born. During the same year, the Chinese population stood at 1,094,700 accounted for 3.5% of Canada's total population. By 2006 the population stood at 1,346,510 comprising 4.3% of the Canadian population.
2211:. The Chinese population was 17% in Vancouver and 9% in Toronto. More than 50% of the Chinese immigrants who just arrived in 2000/2001 reported that their reason for settling in a given region was because their family and friends already lived there.
914:
upon the Benevolent Associations to negotiate with the politicians and instead Chinese Canadians became politically active themselves. After many years of organized calls for an official Canadian government public apology and redress to the historic
750:
Some of those Chinese-Canadian workers settled in Canada after the railway was constructed. Most could not bring the rest of their families, including immediate relatives, due to government restrictions and enormous processing fees. They established
686:
organized attacks against homes and businesses owned by Chinese, Japanese, Korean and Indian immigrants under the slogan "White Canada Forever!"; though no one was killed, much property damage was done and numerous Asian-Canadians were beaten.
4771:
908:
However, it took another 20 years, until the points system was adopted for selecting immigrants, for the Chinese to begin to be admitted under the same criteria as any other applicants. In the 1957 election, the Second World War veteran
3185:
702:
The 1907 pogrom was merely the most dramatic expression of the continuous agitation in Canada, especially in western Canada and among the working class, for the total exclusion of Asian immigration to Canada. In 1922, the feminist
4379:
2282:
Among Toronto's early Chinese immigrants especially, the church body was an important structure serving as a meeting place, hall and leisure club. Even today, over 30 churches in Toronto continue to hold Chinese congregations.
2219:
abroad was for greater educational opportunities for their children, advanced medical treatment, worsening pollution back home (especially urban air quality), concerns of political instability and food safety concerns. The
735:, Chinese employers were not allowed to hire white females. Ernest Chewant Mark, an immigrant who arrived in Canada in 1908, emerged as one of the leading critics of the 1923 Exclusion Act, and worked closely with Senator
1073:
has taken over from Hong Kong and Taiwan as the largest source of Chinese immigration. The PRC has also taken over from all countries and regions as the country sending the most immigrants to Canada. The 2002 report from
517:. This was then an increasingly important but disputed European outpost on the Pacific coast, which, after Spanish seizure, was abandoned by Meares, leaving the eventual whereabouts of the carpenters largely unknown.
827:, did not want Chinese Canadians to serve in the military as he knew that veterans would demand the right to vote just as Chinese Canadian veterans had done after World War I, but strong pressure from the British
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men of prime working-age was 86%, the same as the national average. The employment rate for Canadian-born Chinese women of prime working-age was 83%, which was higher than the national average of 76%.
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4383:
5513:
5005:
7384:
577:" stereotypes, the media blamed Chinese immigrants for all the crime in Canada, depicting the Chinese as luring innocent white Canadians into gambling, prostitution and drug addiction.
1382:, and established businesses within this district. Riversdale is currently home to many Chinese restaurants and stores. Chinese are the largest visible minority group in Saskatchewan.
3467:
1975:. However, only about 790,500 people reported speaking Chinese at home on a regular basis, 81,900 fewer than those who reported having a Chinese mother tongue. This suggests some
1959:. Of these people, 44% were born in Hong Kong, 27% were born in Guangdong Province in China, and 18% were Canadian-born. The second-most common reported Chinese mother tongue was
4054:
4114:
4700:
3430:
449:
Canadians who identify themselves as being of Chinese ethnic origin make up about 5.1% of the Canadian population, or about 1.77 million people according to the 2016 census.
4724:
4323:
4556:
5677:
858:
A number of Chinese Canadians were recruited by the SOE to serve in Japanese-occupied regions of China and Southeast Asia. About 150 Chinese Canadians served with the SOE
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3859:
3207:
452:
While other Asian groups are growing rapidly in the country, the Chinese Canadian community fell slightly to 1.71 million, or 4.63% of the Canadian population, in the
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918:, the minority Conservative government of Stephen Harper announced, as part of their pre-election campaign, an official apology. On June 22, 2006, Prime Minister
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has occurred, mainly among the Canadian-born who learned Chinese as a child, but who may not speak it regularly or do not use it as their main language at home.
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5354:
5321:
5263:
5230:
3098:
1150:
At the turn of the 20th century, the Chinese population in Canada was 17,312. From the years 1988 to 1993, 166,487 Hong Kong immigrants had settled in Canada.
562:
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4423:
866:, who later become the first Chinese-Canadian MP, served as a SOE agent in Japanese-occupied Malaya in 1944–45, which was highly dangerous work as the
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652:
for each Chinese person trying to immigrate to Canada. The Chinese were the only ethnic group that had to pay such a tax. Owing to the fear of the "
1938:
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5638:
5012:
4853:. Note that the Canadian Census data on religion reflect nominal preference or identification with a religion, not a count of church membership.
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4443:
3040:
3014:
2231:
In 2001, 31% of Chinese in Canada, both foreign-born and Canadian-born, had a university education, compared with the national average of 18%.
1944:
immigrants tended to be in the older age groups. Of prime working-age Chinese immigrants, 89% reported knowing at least one official language.
3141:
1036:
987:(PRC). Canada was a preferred location, in part because investment visas were significantly easier to obtain than visas to the United States.
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The Chinese Community in Canada, Profiles of Ethnic Communities in Canada, 2001, Social and Aboriginal Statistics Division, Statistics Canada
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neighbourhood of Saskatoon has a historical Chinese settlement dating back to the early 1900s, where Chinese immigrants were employed by the
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2259:
1951:
are the third-most common reported mother tongue, after English and French. 3% of the Canadian population, or 872,000 people, reported the
1047:
In the 21st century, Chinese immigration from Hong Kong has dropped sharply and the largest source of Chinese immigration are now from the
4380:"Immigration and Ethnocultural Diversity Highlight Tables – Ethnic Origin, both sexes, age (Total), Canada, 2016 Census – 25% Sample data"
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4721:
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1081:
Data from the 2006 census reveals that approximately 70% of Chinese Canadians reside in the Greater Vancouver or Greater Toronto areas.
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7914:
7173:
4947:"Expectations of Chinese Immigrant Parents for Their Children's Education: The Interplay of Chinese Tradition and the Canadian Context"
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like in Vancouver as late as 1940, with the Ku Klux Klan living in Vancouver who were targeting, quite often, the Chinese community."
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blaming Chinese and black immigrants for allegedly causing the problems of drug addiction among white Canadians. In 1923, the federal
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2198:
1145:
480:
4608:
4307:
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as their mother tongue—the language that they learned as a child and still understand. The most common Chinese mother tongue is
999:
Starting in the late 20th century, Chinese Canadians have become active in the cultural scene in Canada, with the writers such
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8010:
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7506:
5737:
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980:
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Many Chinese Canadians argued that if Canada was fighting against not only Nazi Germany but her racist ideologies such as the
7502:
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Lost Years: A People's Struggle for Justice – International Award-Winning epic documentary on the Chinese Canadian Community
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459:
The Chinese Canadian community is the second largest ethnic group of Asian Canadians, constituting approximately 30% of the
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8307:
8065:
7465:
6053:
3579:
2774:
1721:
1336:
5628:
5132:
3790:
525:
8377:
6810:
2220:
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community is different from the broader Canadian population in that about half of Chinese Canadians reportedly practise
8137:
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7455:
5713:
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1075:
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7999:
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5125:
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Generational differences are also evident regarding religious practice and affiliation within this population group.
1100:
once paid by Chinese immigrants. Survivors or their spouses will be paid approximately $ 20,000 CAD in compensation.
769:
3090:
5109:
Pon, Gordon. "Antiracism in the Cosmopolis: Race, Class, and Gender in the Lives of Elite Chinese Canadian Women",
2990:
1731:
900:
5568:
4685:
4177:"Anti-Chinese stigma in the Greater Toronto Area during COVID-19: Aiming the spotlight towards community capacity"
3822:
3270:
3062:
8243:
5457:
2975:
2907:
2247:
720:
679:
645:
545:
3994:
8192:
7801:
7166:
6786:
4846:
4144:
3940:
622:
369:
299:
276:
206:
5659:
8248:
8122:
7519:
7135:
6403:
5697:
5476:
3937:"CIC Canada "Recent Immigrants in Metropolitan Areas: Canada—A Comparative Profile Based on the 2001 Census""
3004:
2985:
2980:
984:
549:
318:
225:
4420:
7868:
7713:
7654:
7649:
7561:
7357:
7352:
7342:
7234:
5727:
5207:
Journal of International Migration and Integration/Revue de l'integration et de la migration internationale
5085:
4080:
2628:
1987:
Some varieties may be underreported due to respondents simply responding "Chinese" rather than specifying:
1356:
840:
828:
4708:
540:
Chinese railway workers made up the labour force for construction of two one-hundred mile sections of the
8016:
7883:
5654:
5643:
5195:
1379:
824:
716:
5651:– Documentary "In The Shadow of Gold Mountain", detailing the history of abuse against Chinese Canadians
2186:
904:
Lila Gee, playground monitor, with Chinese children playing basketball at McLean Park in Vancouver, 1951
8167:
8060:
8039:
7977:
7972:
7878:
7873:
7680:
7396:
7332:
7301:
7280:
7270:
5191:
4953:
2970:
2912:
2672:
1883:
1111:
In December 2008, the Philippines passed China as Canada's leading source of immigrants. In 2010, when
1097:
1089:
992:
968:
674:
5602:
3353:
8268:
8185:
7994:
7984:
7967:
7946:
7941:
7762:
7617:
7362:
7337:
7306:
7254:
7249:
7218:
7203:
7159:
6280:
3358:
2823:
1512:
5579:
5562:
5553:
4439:
490:
The first record of Chinese in what is known as Canada today can be dated back to 1788. The British
216:
8258:
8085:
8080:
8075:
7951:
7909:
7904:
7696:
7571:
7425:
7391:
7347:
7327:
7285:
5911:
5690:
5557:
5521:
5517:
5501:
4839:
After Migration and Religious Affiliation: Religions, Chinese Identities and Transnational Networks
4440:"The Daily, Tuesday, March 9, 2010. Study: Projections of the diversity of the Canadian population"
3137:
3009:
2931:
2922:
2688:
2619:
media outlets in Canada operate in the Canadian media scene targeting Canadians of Chinese origin.
1741:
683:
593:
541:
530:
4919:
8044:
8034:
7675:
7670:
7597:
7275:
7239:
7213:
7208:
6759:
6265:
5932:
5732:
2939:
2917:
2680:
2641:
774:
712:
4979:"York Events: CERIS presentation: Chinese Immigrant Parents' Communication with School Teachers"
4885:
3823:"The Role Played by Chinese-Canadians in WWII with reference to the life of Kam Hem Douglas Sam"
8132:
7899:
7379:
7244:
6802:
6710:
6236:
6048:
5597:
3019:
2264:
1141:
875:
158:
8278:
5205:
Guo, Shibao, and Don J. DeVoretz. (2006) "The changing face of Chinese immigrants in Canada."
4850:
3522:
8327:
8312:
8110:
7115:
7076:
6996:
6988:
6968:
6791:
6747:
6614:
6393:
6361:
6313:
6226:
6218:
5771:
5588:
4495:
4346:
2927:
2291:
1533:
1375:
150:
4469:
8332:
8289:
7796:
7041:
7021:
6978:
6953:
6889:
6842:
6781:
6655:
6609:
6568:
6500:
6333:
6323:
6298:
6270:
6168:
6109:
6099:
6089:
5937:
5810:
5509:
5168:
3486:
2945:
1948:
1617:
1387:
1371:
1340:
996:
the handover was settled and fears of a "Communist takeover" turned out to be unnecessary.
802:
570:
453:
411:
138:
86:
7368:
5216:
The silent spikes : Chinese laborers and the construction of North American railroads
887:
306:
8:
8347:
8337:
8317:
8159:
8105:
7718:
7622:
7566:
7537:
7530:
7496:
7489:
7120:
7062:
7011:
6963:
6943:
6922:
6917:
6902:
6594:
6546:
6541:
6510:
6464:
6351:
6308:
6288:
6253:
6203:
6198:
6181:
6104:
6084:
6074:
6069:
6028:
6018:
5840:
5648:
4517:
3034:
3029:
2994:
807:
178:
174:
6880:
5471:
3743:, edited by David Yoo & Eiichiro Azuma, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016 p. 121
3717:, edited by David Yoo & Eiichiro Azuma, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016 p. 146
3417:, edited by David Yoo & Eiichiro Azuma, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016 p. 127
3404:, edited by David Yoo & Eiichiro Azuma, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016 p. 126
3391:, edited by David Yoo & Eiichiro Azuma, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016 p. 119
922:
delivered a message of redress in the House of Commons, calling it a "grave injustice".
8342:
8302:
8233:
8228:
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7830:
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7592:
7587:
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7110:
7105:
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7006:
6948:
6907:
6773:
6715:
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6619:
6599:
6584:
6558:
6449:
6434:
6388:
6383:
6356:
6293:
6248:
6188:
6094:
6043:
6033:
5997:
5958:
5953:
5916:
5893:
5881:
5876:
5866:
5835:
5788:
5756:
4722:
If China is an Economic Miracle, Why Are Their Millionaires Leaving? – Business Insider
4612:
4201:
4176:
4175:
Mamuji, Aaida A.; Lee, Charlotte; Rozdilsky, Jack; D'Souza, Jayesh; Chu, Terri (2021).
3123:
term is ambiguous between "Chinese" (Han) culture and "Chinese" (PRC) nationality, the
2935:
2012:
2002:
1976:
1899:
1366:
has a growing Chinese community, at over one percent as of 2006, mainly in the city of
1093:
952:
814:
463:
population. Most Canadians of Chinese descent are concentrated within the provinces of
154:
24:
5749:
5029:
742:
739:, a Presbyterian minister, into seeking to pressure the government to repeal the act.
8322:
7745:
7706:
7701:
7607:
7524:
7450:
7417:
7140:
7130:
7125:
7016:
6958:
6927:
6705:
6700:
6695:
6688:
6683:
6660:
6650:
6645:
6624:
6589:
6563:
6551:
6536:
6505:
6479:
6420:
6415:
6408:
6398:
6303:
6258:
6208:
6079:
6038:
6002:
5783:
5778:
5682:
5417:
5377:
5344:
5311:
5253:
5220:
5158:
5121:
4842:
4658:
4549:"Vancouver Sun: Mandarin, Cantonese top immigrant tongues – Chinese Canadian Stories"
4352:
4313:
4206:
3989:[Canadian Prime Minister expresses apology to Chinese workers in Cantonese].
3528:
3299:
3271:"Profile table, Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population – Canada [Country]"
3242:
3063:"Profile table, Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population – Canada [Country]"
2791:
2762:
1915:
1779:
915:
820:
736:
589:
585:
558:
407:
186:
90:
4837:
Religious Preference of Chinese Canadian, from Census 1971–2001. In Tan, Chee-Beng.
8223:
8208:
8147:
8142:
8127:
7784:
7602:
7445:
7440:
7374:
7182:
7097:
7090:
7031:
6912:
6855:
6850:
6742:
6732:
6665:
6531:
6474:
6469:
6459:
6376:
6371:
6193:
6143:
6138:
5968:
5888:
5871:
5861:
5845:
5761:
5055:
4237:
4196:
4188:
2898:
2884:
2616:
2274:
2252:
2215:
2073:
2026:
1960:
1952:
1784:
1751:
1449:
1348:
1328:
1060:
960:
948:
724:
657:
602:
514:
510:
498:
468:
435:
341:
248:
182:
126:
114:
94:
8117:
8004:
7835:
7740:
7723:
7083:
7055:
7026:
6870:
6865:
6860:
6833:
6727:
6720:
6604:
6484:
6454:
6366:
6346:
6241:
6158:
6153:
6148:
6123:
6023:
5820:
5805:
5793:
5371:
4640:
4427:
2659:
2303:
1849:
1344:
669:
460:
415:
118:
47:
7845:
4192:
1103:
1043:
celebrations in Toronto, organized by the National Congress of Chinese Canadians
846:
607:
309:
213:
19:"Canadian Chinese" redirects here. For the Chinese language used in Canada, see
7850:
7430:
7049:
7001:
6973:
6754:
6341:
6318:
6231:
5963:
5800:
4255:
2648:
2116:
1993:
1964:
1352:
1327:
Most of the Chinese Canadian community is concentrated within the provinces of
1112:
1085:
1070:
1048:
919:
439:
419:
98:
7840:
4772:"Chinese Entrepreneurs Transforming the Economy of Prince Edward Island (PEI)"
4662:. 2017. section "The 10 most commonly reported ethnic origins, Canada, 2016".
4344:
3580:"Chinese-Canadian WWII Veterans From Secret Force 136 Honoured in Documentary"
3246:. 2017. section "The 10 most commonly reported ethnic origins, Canada, 2016".
8366:
7767:
7475:
4728:
2870:
2842:
2307:
2138:
1491:
1116:
935:
690:
554:
443:
134:
5655:
CBC Digital Archives – A Tale of Perseverance: Chinese Immigration to Canada
4805:
7813:
5633:
4210:
2856:
2785:
2756:
2286:
2203:
As of 2001, almost 75% of the Chinese population in Canada lived in either
2159:
1659:
1363:
1020:
1008:
910:
863:
835:
790:
761:
728:
704:
653:
649:
574:
506:
348:
255:
8177:
4578:
4017:"Philippines takes over China as number one source of Canadian immigrants"
7755:
3165:
Chinese-Canadians, Canadian-Chinese: Coping and Adapting in North America
2768:
1554:
1064:
1024:
1012:
1000:
931:
494:
404:
400:
130:
63:
Chinese Canadians as a percentage of census divisions' population in 2021
5584:
3480:
1727:
7823:
7806:
7777:
7750:
7728:
5340:
The triumph of citizenship: the Japanese and Chinese in Canada, 1941–67
4241:
2750:
2235:
rural areas for agricultural and agri-food operations in recent years.
1998:
1324:
some other racial and ethnic origin) during the 2011 census in Canada.
1040:
1004:
975:. There was a significant influx of wealthy Chinese entrepreneurs from
927:
871:
778:
4348:
China's Open Door Policy: The Quest for Foreign Technology and Capital
3127:
terms listed here refer specifically to those of Han Chinese descent.
2779:
2702:
2666:
2204:
2052:
1956:
1367:
1120:
988:
976:
972:
956:
859:
851:
752:
695:
581:
491:
427:
396:
362:
269:
122:
5660:
Timeline of Important Events in the History of the Chinese in Canada
5580:
History of the Early Chinese Canadians (Library and Archives Canada)
5404:
From China to Canada: A history of the Chinese communities in Canada
3481:
Cory Toth — Encyclopedia Of Saskatchewan (September 19, 2011).
660:
passed an act forbidding any Asian-Canadian to vote or hold office.
7818:
7151:
6737:
5766:
5520:
external links, and converting useful links where appropriate into
2635:
2299:
1972:
1870:
1865:
1833:
1815:
1470:
1316:
1016:
612:
102:
5444:
Saltwater City: An illustrated history of the Chinese in Vancouver
4281:"Network of Asian Federal Employees (NAFE) will officially launch"
3548:
HEINRICH, JEFF (June 29, 2002). "Chinese mark 'Humiliation Day'".
7789:
7772:
5574:
5413:
Finding Memories, Tracing Routes: Chinese Canadian Family Stories
5307:
Brokering Belonging: Chinese in Canada's Exclusion Era, 1885–1945
3713:
Azuma, Eiichiro "Internment and World II History" p.135-154 from
3524:
Brokering Belonging: Chinese in Canada's Exclusion Era, 1885–1945
2733:
2726:
2715:
2653:
2208:
2094:
1802:
1797:
1766:
1761:
1596:
1575:
1428:
1332:
964:
757:
732:
464:
58:
6832:
5612:
5607:
3468:
In the Sea of Sterile Mountains: The Chinese in British Columbia
3383:
3381:
5006:"Chinese Immigrant Parent's Communication with School Teachers"
3924:
From China to Canada A History of Chinese Communities in Canada
3911:
From China to Canada A History of Chinese Communities in Canada
3689:
From China to Canada A History of Chinese Communities in Canada
3676:
From China to Canada A History of Chinese Communities in Canada
3652:
From China to Canada A History of Chinese Communities in Canada
3639:
From China to Canada A History of Chinese Communities in Canada
3626:
From China to Canada A History of Chinese Communities in Canada
3610:
From China to Canada A History of Chinese Communities in Canada
3509:
From China to Canada A History of Chinese Communities in Canada
2191:
1968:
1820:
1702:
1638:
1052:
648:
in 1885, the Canadian government began to charge a substantial
423:
162:
5613:
Chinese Canadian Stories at the University of British Columbia
5289:
Chinese Community Leadership: Case Study of Victoria in Canada
5249:
Chinese Community Leadership: Case Study of Victoria in Canada
1939:
Language and overseas Chinese communities § North America
5744:
4174:
3378:
2797:
1680:
1370:(2.1%), the province's largest city, and to a lesser extent,
746:
A Chinese man picking watercress in Toronto's High Park, 1920
431:
4699:
Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (February 8, 2017).
3269:
Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (February 9, 2022).
3061:
Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (February 9, 2022).
1390:, the Chinese Canadian community increased to 1.71 million.
5416:. Chinese Canadian Historical Society of British Columbia.
2737:
2722:
2708:
1056:
5139:(Toronto: Multicultural History Society of Ontario, 1999).
4345:
Samuel P S and Ralph Ho; Ralph William Huenemann (1984).
4047:"Might Davos Be a Layover for Chinese 'Migratory Birds'?"
3020:
Taoist Tai Chi Society (Fung Loy Kok Institute of Taoism)
1115:
became the second largest economy in the world after the
934:", i.e., the occurrence of many Canadians leaving to the
374:
281:
5622:
3926:, Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, 1982 pages 200–201.
3756:, Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, 1999 pages 206–207.
3691:, Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, 1982 pages 196–197.
3654:, Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, 1982 pages 189–190.
3641:, Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, 1982 pages 195–196.
3348:
3346:
3344:
3342:
3340:
3338:
3336:
3334:
3332:
947:
relations until 1970. From the late 1980s, an influx of
418:. Demographic research tends to include immigrants from
5623:
Chinese Canadian Historical Society of British Columbia
5569:
Historic Chinese Language Materials in British Columbia
5154:
Coming to Gum San : the story of Chinese Canadians
3330:
3328:
3326:
3324:
3322:
3320:
3318:
3316:
3314:
3312:
2804:
557:
to provide this railway labour, but Prime Minister Sir
410:
and Canadian-born Chinese. They comprise a subgroup of
5712:
5373:
Canadian-Chinese: coping and adapting in North America
5185:
Beyond Silence: Chinese Canadian Literature in English
4776:
Canadian Citizenship & Immigration Resource Center
4609:"The Encyclopedia of Saskatchewan – Chinese Community"
1339:
with the largest Chinese-Canadian populations are the
773:
December 1936, a "United Front" bringing together the
5665:
100 influential Chinese Canadians in British Columbia
5617:
5593:
5157:. Toronto: Multicultural History Society of Ontario.
3085:
3083:
1398:
Data from this section from Statistics Canada, 2021.
353:
260:
4864:
4862:
4698:
4419:"Chinese Canadians: Enriching the cultural mosaic,"
3728:
Orienting Canada: Race, Empire, and the Transpacific
3309:
3268:
3208:"Classification of visible minority – 1.1 – Chinese"
3060:
2832:
806:
Chinese-language poster encouraging the purchase of
497:
hired a group of roughly 70 Chinese carpenters from
446:
into the broadly defined Chinese Canadian category.
5644:
History of the Chinese Head Tax & Exclusion Act
3913:, Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, 1982 page 201.
3678:, Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, 1982 page 200.
3628:, Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, 1982 page 189.
3612:, Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, 1982 page 188.
3511:, Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, 1982 page 199.
3091:"Immigration and Ethnocultural Diversity in Canada"
719:banned Chinese immigration with the passage of the
5585:Richard Charles Lee Canada-Hong Kong Library 利銘澤典宬
3791:"Military Heritage Of Chinese Canadians Displayed"
3739:Yu, Henry "Asian Canadian History" p.116-134 from
3413:Yu, Henry "Asian Canadian History" p.116-134 from
3400:Yu, Henry "Asian Canadian History" p.116-134 from
3387:Yu, Henry "Asian Canadian History" p.116-134 from
3080:
5504:may not follow Knowledge's policies or guidelines
4859:
4226:
4108:
4106:
4074:
4072:
4040:
4038:
3483:"The Encyclopedia of Saskatchewan | Details"
8364:
4468:. 2.statcan.ca. January 31, 2011. Archived from
3955:"PM apologizes in House of Commons for head tax"
3425:
3423:
2251:Cham Shan Temple is a Chinese temple located in
5298:Voices rising: Asian Canadian cultural activism
4952:. Canadian Journal of Education. Archived from
4869:Johnson, Todd M.; Grim, Brian J., eds. (2018).
4643:, National Household Survey (NHS) Profile, 2011
4338:
3704:, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005 p. 768.
3182:"Ethnocultural Portrait of Canada – Data table"
3138:"People Name: Han Chinese, Cantonese of Canada"
23:. For Chinese people of Canadian ancestry, see
5194:Library Cataloger of Far Eastern Materials). "
4920:"Chinese Immigrants' Kids Play Balancing Role"
4510:
4103:
4069:
4035:
3015:Royal Commission on Chinese Immigration (1885)
1401:
8193:
7167:
6818:
5698:
3741:The Oxford Handbook of Asian American History
3715:The Oxford Handbook of Asian American History
3520:
3420:
3415:The Oxford Handbook of Asian American History
3402:The Oxford Handbook of Asian American History
3389:The Oxford Handbook of Asian American History
3184:. 2.statcan.ca. June 10, 2010. Archived from
3176:
3174:
2961:Chinese Canadians in the Greater Toronto Area
2190:Embassy of the People's Republic of China in
1971:, 7% were Canadian-born, and 2% were born in
323:
304:
230:
211:
5563:Chinese-Canadians: Profiles from a Community
5196:The Chinese in Canada: A Select Bibliography
4585:. Riversdale Business Improvement District.
4222:
4220:
3573:
3571:
3569:
3567:
3565:
3563:
3561:
3559:
3431:"How Canada tried to bar the "yellow peril""
2817:
1393:
756:Chinese than it was for other Canadians. In
39:
8207:
5292:. Multicultural History Society of Ontario.
5084:. Canada.com. June 30, 2011. Archived from
4868:
4833:
4831:
4829:
4827:
4825:
4823:
4701:"2011 Census of Population – Data products"
4686:"Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population"
4421:Canadian Social Trends, Spring 2005, no. 76
4170:
4168:
4166:
3041:Lost Years: A People's Struggle for Justice
2685:– Canada edition ceased publication in 2016
1963:. Of these people, 85% were born in either
632:
561:, betrayed the wishes of his constituency (
8200:
8186:
7174:
7160:
6825:
6811:
5705:
5691:
4571:
4415:
4413:
4411:
4409:
4407:
4405:
4403:
4401:
4372:
3828:. Association for Asian American Studies.
3171:
938:, of which Chinese have also been a part.
57:
7751:Peranakan / Baba Nyonya / Straits Chinese
5540:Learn how and when to remove this message
5280:Chinatowns: Towns within cities in Canada
4877:
4742:"Why is Canada keeping out China's rich?"
4217:
4200:
4115:"Why is Canada keeping out China's rich?"
3854:Greenhous, Brereton (November 28, 2017).
3853:
3784:
3782:
3578:Rodriguez, Jeremiah (November 10, 2017).
3577:
3556:
1374:(1.9%), the capital of the province. The
680:anti-Asian pogrom took place in Vancouver
8239:History of Chinese immigration to Canada
5625:Chinese Canadian Women, 1923–1967 – MHSO
4820:
4654:"Focus on Geography Series, 2016 Census"
4163:
4145:"Foreign realty developers target China"
3905:
3903:
3816:
3814:
3812:
3780:
3778:
3776:
3774:
3772:
3770:
3768:
3766:
3764:
3762:
3670:
3668:
3666:
3664:
3662:
3660:
3547:
3527:. Oxford University Press. p. 112.
3238:"Focus on Geography Series, 2016 Census"
3000:History of Chinese immigration to Canada
2273:
2258:
2246:
2199:History of Chinese immigration to Canada
2185:
1726:
1146:List of common Chinese Canadian surnames
1102:
1035:
951:immigrated to Canada forming a group of
899:
845:
801:
789:
768:In 1937, when Japan attacked China, the
741:
689:
668:In 1902, the Liberal Prime Minister Sir
617:
524:
481:History of Chinese immigration to Canada
8162:of France in the western Indian Ocean.
5409:
5082:"A True North guide to Canadian values"
4900:from the original on September 30, 2009
4883:
4802:"- Buy Farm -Chinese immigrant farmers"
4739:
4492:"Canada 2031 – Toward Unique Diversity"
4398:
4151:from the original on September 24, 2012
4112:
3620:
3618:
1124:to seek permanent residency elsewhere.
501:and employed them to build a ship, the
76:4.63% of the Canadian population (2021)
8365:
5150:
5113:, vol. 32 (4): pp. 161–179 (2005)
5062:from the original on November 26, 2015
4559:from the original on November 20, 2012
3366:from the original on November 27, 2020
2966:Chinese Canadians in Greater Vancouver
1088:delivered a message of redress in the
979:in the early and mid-1990s before the
8181:
7155:
6806:
5686:
5212:
5036:from the original on October 28, 2012
4985:from the original on October 17, 2015
4518:"Canada prepares for an Asian future"
4386:from the original on October 27, 2017
4309:"His Dominion" and the "Yellow Peril"
4181:Social Sciences & Humanities Open
4091:from the original on January 13, 2015
4057:from the original on January 30, 2012
4044:
4019:. Visabureau.com. December 31, 2008.
3900:
3809:
3788:
3759:
3657:
2956:Chinese Canadians in British Columbia
1138:Chinese Canadians in British Columbia
1051:. A smaller number have arrived from
663:
637:'golden mountain'). The name
7181:
5678:Alphabetical List of Persons, S to Z
5675:Alphabetical List of Persons: L to S
5671:Alphabetical List of Persons: A to L
5629:Overview of Chinese Canadian History
5484:
5430:from the original on August 17, 2021
5390:from the original on August 17, 2021
5369:
5357:from the original on August 16, 2021
5324:from the original on August 15, 2021
5266:from the original on August 14, 2021
5233:from the original on August 14, 2021
4752:from the original on August 30, 2012
4466:"Chinese New Year... by the numbers"
4446:from the original on August 11, 2011
4326:from the original on August 18, 2021
4305:
4081:"Many Rich Chinese Consider Leaving"
4078:
4023:from the original on August 13, 2009
3856:"Canada and the War in the Far East"
3615:
3162:
2805:Cultural adjustment and assimilation
941:
819:called for the "double victory" or "
81:Regions with significant populations
5336:
5303:
5285:
5245:
4627:
4494:. Karygiannismp.com. Archived from
3882:"Chinese Canadian Veterans of WWII"
3820:
3218:from the original on March 20, 2022
2221:Canadian Immigrant Investor Program
785:
592:peoples) arrived to help build the
485:
13:
8373:Canadian people of Chinese descent
5714:Ethnic origins of people in Canada
5143:
4666:from the original on June 29, 2019
4611:. Esask.uregina.ca. Archived from
4045:Smale, Alison (January 24, 2012).
3862:from the original on June 10, 2018
3789:Adams, Sharon (November 6, 2012).
3485:. Esask.uregina.ca. Archived from
3250:from the original on June 29, 2019
3025:Vancouver anti-Chinese riots, 1886
2775:New Tang Dynasty Television Canada
1076:Citizenship and Immigration Canada
14:
8399:
8264:Chinese Canadian National Council
5618:Chinese Canadian National Council
5451:
5011:. York University. Archived from
4589:from the original on July 6, 2011
4528:from the original on May 29, 2012
4079:Page, Jeremy (November 2, 2011).
3888:from the original on May 19, 2018
3835:from the original on May 19, 2018
3797:from the original on May 18, 2018
3590:from the original on May 19, 2018
3144:from the original on May 12, 2014
3101:from the original on May 27, 2019
2951:Chinese Canadian National Council
2226:
2216:economic growth of mainland China
1084:On June 22, 2006, Prime Minister
529:Chinese labourers working on the
6879:
5608:Asian Canadian Community-Chinese
5489:
5219:. China Intercontinental Press.
5137:Encyclopedia of Canada's Peoples
5003:
4926:from the original on May 8, 2012
3821:Poy, Vivienne (March 29, 2001).
2991:Historical Chinatowns in Nanaimo
2891:
2877:
2863:
2849:
2835:
2278:Cham Shan Temple burning incense
1724:with large Chinese populations:
1695:
1673:
1652:
1631:
1610:
1589:
1568:
1547:
1526:
1505:
1484:
1463:
1442:
1421:
955:. They settled in areas such as
930:", the inverse of the infamous "
862:behind Japanese lines in Burma.
794:World War II veteran George Chow
707:published her best-selling book
8244:Chinese Immigration Act of 1885
5565:– Vancouver Public Library wiki
5406:(McClelland and Stewart, 1982).
5074:
5058:. Vancouver Island University.
5048:
5022:
4997:
4971:
4938:
4912:
4887:The Chinese Community in Canada
4794:
4764:
4733:
4715:
4692:
4678:
4646:
4601:
4546:
4540:
4484:
4458:
4442:. Statcan.gc.ca. July 5, 2011.
4432:
4299:
4273:
4248:
4137:
4009:
3977:
3961:. June 22, 2006. Archived from
3947:
3929:
3916:
3874:
3847:
3746:
3733:
3720:
3707:
3694:
3681:
3644:
3631:
3602:
3541:
3514:
3501:
3474:
3459:
3407:
3394:
3288:
2976:Chinese Immigration Act of 1885
2908:Anti-Oriental riots (Vancouver)
1131:
1031:
854:serving in the Second World War
850:Chinese-Canadian soldiers from
813:The African American newspaper
721:Chinese Immigration Act of 1923
694:Chinese Canadians in Toronto's
627:
520:
414:which is a further subgroup of
375:
282:
5446:(Douglas & McIntyre, 2006)
4944:
4740:Shufelt, Tim (March 3, 2012).
4113:Shufelt, Tim (March 3, 2012).
3552:. Montreal, Que. p. A.17.
3440:. July 1, 1999. Archived from
3262:
3230:
3200:
3156:
3130:
3113:
3054:
2181:
1982:
963:and to the adjacent cities of
403:ancestry, which includes both
354:
324:
305:
261:
231:
212:
1:
8388:East Asian diaspora in Canada
8249:Chinese Immigration Act, 1923
5410:Worrall, Brandy Liên (2006).
4287:(Press release). May 18, 2021
3922:Con, Harry & Con, Ronald
3909:Con, Harry & Con, Ronald
3687:Con, Harry & Con, Ronald
3674:Con, Harry & Con, Ronald
3650:Con, Harry & Con, Ronald
3637:Con, Harry & Con, Ronald
3624:Con, Harry & Con, Ronald
3608:Con, Harry & Con, Ronald
3507:Con, Harry & Con, Ronald
3048:
3005:International Buddhist Temple
2986:Fo Guang Shan Temple, Toronto
2981:Chinese Immigration Act, 1923
2677:– now Today's Commercial News
2018:% of total population (2006)
2008:% of total population (2011)
1107:Canadian Children Immigration
770:government of Chiang Kai-shek
656:", in 1895 the government of
20:
16:Canadians of Chinese ancestry
7307:Democratic Republic of Congo
5639:History of Chinese in Canada
5575:Multicultural Canada website
5477:Resources in other libraries
5402:Wickberg, Edgar, ed. (1982)
5278:Lai, David Chuenyan. (2007)
5246:Lai, David Chuenyan (2010).
4981:. Yorku.ca. March 16, 2012.
4884:Lindsay, Colin, ed. (2001).
3993:(in Chinese). Archived from
3884:. The Memory Project. 2018.
3754:A Military History of Canada
3730:, Vancouver: UBC Press, p.72
3163:Tian, Guang (January 1999).
2298:Chinese Canadians, 14% were
1900:Kitchener-Cambridge-Waterloo
1357:Edmonton Metropolitan Region
1055:and very small numbers from
841:Special Operations Executive
829:Special Operations Executive
7:
8383:Chinese diaspora by country
5310:. Oxford University Press.
4351:. UBC Press. pp. 60–.
4193:10.1016/j.ssaho.2021.100232
3858:. Veterans Affairs Canada.
2828:
2242:
1947:In 2001, collectively, the
1932:
1722:Canadian metropolitan areas
1402:Provinces & territories
1380:Grand Trunk Pacific Railway
1154:Chinese population by year
825:William Lyon Mackenzie King
717:William Lyon Mackenzie King
10:
8404:
8378:Chinese diaspora in Canada
6834:Canadians of Asian descent
6054:Trinidadian and Tobagonian
5554:Chinese Canadian Genealogy
5192:University of Saskatchewan
5103:
4841:. World Scientific, 2014.
4639:December 31, 2017, at the
4306:Wang, Jiwu (May 8, 2006).
2971:Chinese head tax in Canada
2821:
2196:
1936:
1135:
985:People's Republic of China
478:
474:
18:
8298:
8277:
8269:List of Chinese Canadians
8216:
8156:
8098:
8053:
8027:
7960:
7934:
7927:
7892:
7861:
7689:
7663:
7642:
7635:
7580:
7554:
7474:
7416:
7409:
7320:
7294:
7263:
7227:
7196:
7189:
7040:
6987:
6936:
6888:
6877:
6841:
6772:
6676:
6638:
6577:
6519:
6493:
6442:
6433:
6332:
6279:
6217:
6167:
6131:
6122:
6063:Central and South America
6062:
6011:
5990:
5983:
5946:
5925:
5904:
5854:
5828:
5819:
5720:
5472:Resources in your library
5187:(Tsar Publications, 1997)
4634:NHS Profile, Canada, 2011
4147:. Beijing International.
3359:The Canadian Encyclopedia
2824:List of Chinese Canadians
2818:Notable Chinese Canadians
1513:Newfoundland and Labrador
1394:Geographical distribution
1096:and compensation for the
1092:, offering an apology in
606:
438:who have immigrated from
386:
368:
361:
347:
340:
335:
331:
317:
298:
293:
275:
268:
254:
247:
242:
238:
224:
205:
201:
196:
173:
168:
149:
144:
113:
108:
85:
80:
73:
68:
56:
8259:Canadian Chinese cuisine
5594:Chinese Canadian Archive
5558:Vancouver Public Library
3985:
3010:Ling Yen Mountain Temple
2923:Canadian Chinese cuisine
2610:
684:Asiatic Exclusion League
644:From the passage of the
594:Canadian Pacific Railway
542:Canadian Pacific Railway
531:Canadian Pacific Railway
300:Traditional Chinese
294:Alternative Chinese name
207:Traditional Chinese
6527:Nordic and Scandinavian
5304:Mar, Lisa Rose (2010).
5151:Burney, Shehla (1995).
5120:, Catalog #89-621-XIE (
4871:World Religion Database
4133:– via Canada.com.
2918:Canada-Taiwan relations
2031:not otherwise specified
1732:Chinese Cultural Centre
775:Chinese Communist Party
646:Chinese Immigration Act
319:Simplified Chinese
283:Wàhyeuih Gānàdaaih Yàhn
226:Simplified Chinese
5634:Chinese Canadian Women
5598:Toronto Public Library
5376:. Edwin Mellen Press.
5337:Roy, Patricia (2007).
5213:Huang, Annian (2006).
4922:. NPR. July 30, 2009.
3521:Lisa Rose Mar (2010).
2913:Canada–China relations
2646:- Canadian edition of
2633:- Canadian edition of
2555:Chinese folk religion
2379:Not religious / other
2279:
2268:
2265:Niagara Falls, Ontario
2256:
2194:
1735:
1142:Demographics of Canada
1108:
1044:
905:
876:British Army Aid Group
855:
816:The Pittsburgh Courier
810:
795:
747:
699:
533:
151:Chinese folk religions
40:
5589:University of Toronto
5296:Li, Xiaoping. (2011)
5200:The Chinese in Canada
5171:on September 24, 2015
4893:. Statistics Canada.
4727:January 18, 2013, at
4583:Village of Riversdale
4426:May 11, 2008, at the
3943:on November 10, 2006.
3489:on September 25, 2012
3471:, 1976, final chapter
3214:. November 25, 2009.
2928:Chinatowns in Toronto
2652:, joint venture with
2306:and 9% belonged to a
2292:Chinese folk religion
2277:
2262:
2250:
2189:
1730:
1534:Northwest Territories
1106:
1039:
981:handover of Hong Kong
903:
849:
805:
793:
745:
693:
528:
169:Related ethnic groups
8290:Chinatowns in Canada
7915:United Arab Emirates
7807:Straits-Born Chinese
5510:improve this article
5370:Tian, Guang (1999).
5286:Lee, Fatima (2000).
5252:. World Scientific.
5209:(2006) 7#3: 275–300.
5088:on November 28, 2015
4051:New York Times Blogs
3965:on February 20, 2012
3119:Note that while the
2946:Chinatown, Vancouver
2732:Fairchild Radio and
2263:Cham Shan Temple in
1949:varieties of Chinese
1618:Prince Edward Island
1409:Province / Territory
1388:2021 Canadian census
1341:Greater Toronto Area
808:Canada Victory Bonds
571:Chinatowns in Canada
544:from the Pacific to
454:2021 Canadian census
412:East Asian Canadians
139:varieties of Chinese
87:Greater Toronto Area
8283:Chinese communities
8234:Taiwanese Canadians
8229:Hong Kong Canadians
8160:overseas department
7466:Trinidad and Tobago
5649:National Film Board
5522:footnote references
5183:Chao, Lien. (1997)
5056:"Culture of Canada"
5030:"Chinese in Canada"
4711:on August 27, 2011.
4705:www12.statcan.gc.ca
4688:. February 9, 2022.
4472:on February 5, 2011
4230:Canadian Psychology
4085:Wall Street Journal
3447:on October 18, 2015
3354:"Chinese Canadians"
3275:www12.statcan.gc.ca
3067:www12.statcan.gc.ca
3035:Taiwanese Canadians
3030:Hong Kong Canadians
2995:Chinatown, Victoria
2630:Ming Pao Daily News
2255:, north of Toronto.
1155:
953:Taiwanese Canadians
399:of full or partial
179:Taiwanese Canadians
175:Hong Kong Canadians
53:
8168:Hong Kong Diaspora
7436:Dominican Republic
5757:Canadian ethnicity
5442:Yee, Paul. (2006)
5282:(UBC Press, 2007).
5202:. p. 165–173.
5190:Chen, William Y. (
4782:on August 14, 2014
4256:"reporting centre"
4242:10.1037/cap0000305
3997:on January 9, 2014
3188:on August 18, 2016
2280:
2269:
2257:
2195:
1736:
1337:metropolitan areas
1153:
1109:
1045:
906:
874:, served with the
856:
811:
796:
748:
700:
664:Early 20th century
580:Many workers from
534:
503:North West America
408:Chinese immigrants
35:
25:Canadians in China
8360:
8359:
8356:
8355:
8254:Chinese Canadians
8175:
8174:
8114:
8094:
8093:
8013:
7923:
7922:
7802:Chinese nationals
7729:Peranakan Chinese
7631:
7630:
7544:by city and state
7540:
7533:
7499:
7492:
7405:
7404:
7312:Republic of Congo
7149:
7148:
7100:
7093:
7086:
7079:
7072:
7065:
7058:
6836:by area of origin
6800:
6799:
6768:
6767:
6429:
6428:
6118:
6117:
5979:
5978:
5550:
5549:
5542:
5463:Chinese Canadians
5458:Library resources
5423:978-1-84728-184-5
5383:978-0-7734-2253-7
5350:978-0-7748-1380-8
5317:978-0-19-973313-2
5300:(UBC Press, 2011)
5259:978-981-4295-17-8
5226:978-7-5085-0988-4
5164:978-0-669-95470-8
4808:on March 13, 2009
4659:Statistics Canada
4382:. statcan.gc.ca.
4358:978-0-7748-0197-3
4125:on April 11, 2014
3702:Freedom from Fear
3243:Statistics Canada
3212:Statistics Canada
3140:. People Groups.
2792:Talentvision 2 HD
2763:Fairchild TV 2 HD
2608:
2607:
2179:
2178:
1930:
1929:
1888:British Columbia
1854:Ontario / Quebec
1719:
1718:
1355:(89,675) and the
1312:
1311:
942:Late 20th century
821:Double V campaign
737:William Proudfoot
635:
590:Pearl River Delta
586:Taishanese people
584:Province (mainly
559:John A. Macdonald
393:Chinese Canadians
390:
389:
382:
381:
376:Gānàdaaih Wàhyàhn
370:Yale Romanization
342:Standard Mandarin
289:
288:
277:Yale Romanization
262:Huáyì Jiānádà Rén
249:Standard Mandarin
197:Chinese Canadians
192:
191:
187:Chinese Americans
36:Chinese Canadians
8395:
8296:
8295:
8224:Chinese Canadian
8209:Chinese Canadian
8202:
8195:
8188:
8179:
8178:
8138:Papua New Guinea
8108:
8009:
7932:
7931:
7640:
7639:
7536:
7529:
7503:British Columbia
7495:
7488:
7414:
7413:
7194:
7193:
7183:Overseas Chinese
7176:
7169:
7162:
7153:
7152:
7096:
7089:
7082:
7075:
7068:
7061:
7054:
6883:
6827:
6820:
6813:
6804:
6803:
6578:Southeast Europe
6440:
6439:
6129:
6128:
5988:
5987:
5826:
5825:
5762:French Canadians
5707:
5700:
5693:
5684:
5683:
5545:
5538:
5534:
5531:
5525:
5493:
5492:
5485:
5439:
5437:
5435:
5399:
5397:
5395:
5366:
5364:
5362:
5333:
5331:
5329:
5293:
5275:
5273:
5271:
5242:
5240:
5238:
5180:
5178:
5176:
5167:. Archived from
5116:Lindsay, Colin.
5098:
5097:
5095:
5093:
5078:
5072:
5071:
5069:
5067:
5052:
5046:
5045:
5043:
5041:
5026:
5020:
5019:
5017:
5010:
5001:
4995:
4994:
4992:
4990:
4975:
4969:
4968:
4966:
4964:
4958:
4951:
4942:
4936:
4935:
4933:
4931:
4916:
4910:
4909:
4907:
4905:
4899:
4892:
4881:
4875:
4874:
4873:. Leiden: Brill.
4866:
4857:
4835:
4818:
4817:
4815:
4813:
4804:. Archived from
4798:
4792:
4791:
4789:
4787:
4778:. Archived from
4768:
4762:
4761:
4759:
4757:
4737:
4731:
4719:
4713:
4712:
4707:. Archived from
4696:
4690:
4689:
4682:
4676:
4675:
4673:
4671:
4650:
4644:
4631:
4625:
4624:
4622:
4620:
4605:
4599:
4598:
4596:
4594:
4575:
4569:
4568:
4566:
4564:
4544:
4538:
4537:
4535:
4533:
4524:. May 25, 2012.
4514:
4508:
4507:
4505:
4503:
4488:
4482:
4481:
4479:
4477:
4462:
4456:
4455:
4453:
4451:
4436:
4430:
4417:
4396:
4395:
4393:
4391:
4376:
4370:
4369:
4367:
4365:
4342:
4336:
4335:
4333:
4331:
4303:
4297:
4296:
4294:
4292:
4277:
4271:
4270:
4268:
4266:
4252:
4246:
4245:
4224:
4215:
4214:
4204:
4172:
4161:
4160:
4158:
4156:
4141:
4135:
4134:
4132:
4130:
4121:. Archived from
4110:
4101:
4100:
4098:
4096:
4076:
4067:
4066:
4064:
4062:
4042:
4033:
4032:
4030:
4028:
4013:
4007:
4006:
4004:
4002:
3991:RTHK Online News
3981:
3975:
3974:
3972:
3970:
3951:
3945:
3944:
3939:. Archived from
3933:
3927:
3920:
3914:
3907:
3898:
3897:
3895:
3893:
3878:
3872:
3871:
3869:
3867:
3851:
3845:
3844:
3842:
3840:
3834:
3827:
3818:
3807:
3806:
3804:
3802:
3786:
3757:
3752:Morton, Desmond
3750:
3744:
3737:
3731:
3724:
3718:
3711:
3705:
3698:
3692:
3685:
3679:
3672:
3655:
3648:
3642:
3635:
3629:
3622:
3613:
3606:
3600:
3599:
3597:
3595:
3575:
3554:
3553:
3545:
3539:
3538:
3518:
3512:
3505:
3499:
3498:
3496:
3494:
3478:
3472:
3463:
3457:
3456:
3454:
3452:
3446:
3435:
3427:
3418:
3411:
3405:
3398:
3392:
3385:
3376:
3375:
3373:
3371:
3350:
3307:
3292:
3286:
3285:
3283:
3281:
3266:
3260:
3259:
3257:
3255:
3234:
3228:
3227:
3225:
3223:
3204:
3198:
3197:
3195:
3193:
3178:
3169:
3168:
3160:
3154:
3153:
3151:
3149:
3134:
3128:
3117:
3111:
3110:
3108:
3106:
3087:
3078:
3077:
3075:
3073:
3058:
2901:
2899:Hong Kong portal
2896:
2895:
2894:
2887:
2885:Singapore portal
2882:
2881:
2880:
2873:
2868:
2867:
2866:
2859:
2854:
2853:
2852:
2845:
2840:
2839:
2838:
2721:Fairchild Radio
2714:Fairchild Radio
2703:A1 Chinese Radio
2674:Today Daily News
2617:Chinese language
2313:
2312:
1990:
1989:
1953:Chinese language
1785:British Columbia
1738:
1737:
1701:
1699:
1698:
1679:
1677:
1676:
1658:
1656:
1655:
1637:
1635:
1634:
1616:
1614:
1613:
1595:
1593:
1592:
1574:
1572:
1571:
1553:
1551:
1550:
1532:
1530:
1529:
1511:
1509:
1508:
1490:
1488:
1487:
1469:
1467:
1466:
1450:British Columbia
1448:
1446:
1445:
1427:
1425:
1424:
1412:Percent Chinese
1406:
1405:
1362:The province of
1349:Greater Montreal
1329:British Columbia
1156:
1152:
1090:House of Commons
1080:
1061:French Polynesia
961:British Columbia
949:Taiwanese people
786:Second World War
725:British Columbia
709:The Black Candle
658:Mackenzie Bowell
636:
633:
629:
619:
610:
515:British Columbia
511:Vancouver Island
486:Pre-19th century
469:British Columbia
436:overseas Chinese
378:
377:
357:
356:
333:
332:
327:
326:
313:
312:
285:
284:
264:
263:
240:
239:
234:
233:
220:
219:
194:
193:
183:Overseas Chinese
95:Greater Montreal
69:Total population
61:
54:
52:
51:
43:
34:
8403:
8402:
8398:
8397:
8396:
8394:
8393:
8392:
8363:
8362:
8361:
8352:
8294:
8282:
8273:
8212:
8206:
8176:
8171:
8170:
8152:
8090:
8049:
8023:
7956:
7919:
7888:
7857:
7734:Bangka-Belitung
7724:Benteng Chinese
7685:
7659:
7627:
7576:
7550:
7470:
7401:
7316:
7290:
7259:
7223:
7185:
7180:
7150:
7145:
7036:
6983:
6932:
6884:
6875:
6837:
6831:
6801:
6796:
6764:
6672:
6639:Southern Europe
6634:
6573:
6520:Northern Europe
6515:
6489:
6425:
6328:
6275:
6213:
6163:
6114:
6058:
6007:
5975:
5942:
5926:Southern Africa
5921:
5900:
5850:
5815:
5806:Irish Canadians
5716:
5711:
5546:
5535:
5529:
5526:
5507:
5498:This article's
5494:
5490:
5483:
5482:
5481:
5466:
5465:
5461:
5454:
5449:
5433:
5431:
5424:
5393:
5391:
5384:
5360:
5358:
5351:
5327:
5325:
5318:
5269:
5267:
5260:
5236:
5234:
5227:
5174:
5172:
5165:
5146:
5144:Further reading
5106:
5101:
5091:
5089:
5080:
5079:
5075:
5065:
5063:
5054:
5053:
5049:
5039:
5037:
5032:. Asia/Canada.
5028:
5027:
5023:
5018:on May 4, 2012.
5015:
5008:
5002:
4998:
4988:
4986:
4977:
4976:
4972:
4962:
4960:
4959:on May 21, 2013
4956:
4949:
4943:
4939:
4929:
4927:
4918:
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4913:
4903:
4901:
4897:
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4836:
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4811:
4809:
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4799:
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4770:
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4755:
4753:
4738:
4734:
4720:
4716:
4697:
4693:
4684:
4683:
4679:
4669:
4667:
4652:
4651:
4647:
4641:Wayback Machine
4632:
4628:
4618:
4616:
4607:
4606:
4602:
4592:
4590:
4577:
4576:
4572:
4562:
4560:
4547:Yip, Jennifer.
4545:
4541:
4531:
4529:
4516:
4515:
4511:
4501:
4499:
4498:on May 16, 2013
4490:
4489:
4485:
4475:
4473:
4464:
4463:
4459:
4449:
4447:
4438:
4437:
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4428:Wayback Machine
4418:
4399:
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4378:
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4173:
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4104:
4094:
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4015:
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4010:
4000:
3998:
3987:
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3968:
3966:
3953:
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3948:
3935:
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3891:
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3875:
3865:
3863:
3852:
3848:
3838:
3836:
3832:
3825:
3819:
3810:
3800:
3798:
3787:
3760:
3751:
3747:
3738:
3734:
3725:
3721:
3712:
3708:
3700:Kennedy, David
3699:
3695:
3686:
3682:
3673:
3658:
3649:
3645:
3636:
3632:
3623:
3616:
3607:
3603:
3593:
3591:
3584:Huffington Post
3576:
3557:
3546:
3542:
3535:
3519:
3515:
3506:
3502:
3492:
3490:
3479:
3475:
3464:
3460:
3450:
3448:
3444:
3433:
3429:
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3421:
3412:
3408:
3399:
3395:
3386:
3379:
3369:
3367:
3352:
3351:
3310:
3294:Pierre Berton,
3293:
3289:
3279:
3277:
3267:
3263:
3253:
3251:
3236:
3235:
3231:
3221:
3219:
3206:
3205:
3201:
3191:
3189:
3180:
3179:
3172:
3167:. Edwin Mellen.
3161:
3157:
3147:
3145:
3136:
3135:
3131:
3118:
3114:
3104:
3102:
3097:. May 8, 2013.
3089:
3088:
3081:
3071:
3069:
3059:
3055:
3051:
3046:
2932:First Chinatown
2897:
2892:
2890:
2883:
2878:
2876:
2869:
2864:
2862:
2855:
2850:
2848:
2841:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2826:
2820:
2807:
2690:Oriental Weekly
2660:The Epoch Times
2613:
2529:Other religion
2370:
2362:
2354:
2346:
2338:
2330:
2322:
2317:
2245:
2229:
2201:
2184:
1985:
1941:
1935:
1850:Ottawa-Gatineau
1696:
1694:
1674:
1672:
1653:
1651:
1632:
1630:
1611:
1609:
1590:
1588:
1569:
1567:
1548:
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1527:
1525:
1506:
1504:
1485:
1483:
1464:
1462:
1443:
1441:
1422:
1420:
1404:
1396:
1345:Metro Vancouver
1163:
1148:
1134:
1068:
1034:
944:
788:
670:Wilfrid Laurier
666:
523:
488:
483:
477:
416:Asian Canadians
99:Calgary Region
91:Metro Vancouver
75:
64:
45:
38:
37:
33:
28:
21:§ Language
17:
12:
11:
5:
8401:
8391:
8390:
8385:
8380:
8375:
8358:
8357:
8354:
8353:
8351:
8350:
8345:
8340:
8335:
8330:
8325:
8320:
8315:
8310:
8305:
8299:
8293:
8292:
8286:
8284:
8275:
8274:
8272:
8271:
8266:
8261:
8256:
8251:
8246:
8241:
8236:
8231:
8226:
8220:
8218:
8214:
8213:
8205:
8204:
8197:
8190:
8182:
8173:
8172:
8157:
8154:
8153:
8151:
8150:
8145:
8140:
8135:
8130:
8125:
8120:
8115:
8111:from Hong Kong
8102:
8100:
8096:
8095:
8092:
8091:
8089:
8088:
8083:
8078:
8073:
8068:
8066:Czech Republic
8063:
8057:
8055:
8051:
8050:
8048:
8047:
8042:
8037:
8031:
8029:
8025:
8024:
8022:
8021:
8020:
8019:
8014:
8011:from Hong Kong
8005:United Kingdom
8002:
7997:
7992:
7987:
7982:
7981:
7980:
7970:
7964:
7962:
7958:
7957:
7955:
7954:
7949:
7944:
7938:
7936:
7929:
7925:
7924:
7921:
7920:
7918:
7917:
7912:
7907:
7902:
7896:
7894:
7890:
7889:
7887:
7886:
7881:
7876:
7871:
7865:
7863:
7859:
7858:
7856:
7855:
7854:
7853:
7848:
7843:
7838:
7828:
7827:
7826:
7821:
7811:
7810:
7809:
7804:
7794:
7793:
7792:
7782:
7781:
7780:
7775:
7770:
7760:
7759:
7758:
7753:
7743:
7738:
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7736:
7731:
7726:
7716:
7711:
7710:
7709:
7699:
7693:
7691:
7687:
7686:
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7683:
7678:
7673:
7667:
7665:
7661:
7660:
7658:
7657:
7652:
7646:
7644:
7637:
7633:
7632:
7629:
7628:
7626:
7625:
7620:
7615:
7610:
7605:
7600:
7595:
7590:
7584:
7582:
7578:
7577:
7575:
7574:
7569:
7564:
7558:
7556:
7552:
7551:
7549:
7548:
7547:
7546:
7541:
7534:
7531:from Hong Kong
7522:
7517:
7516:
7515:
7510:
7500:
7493:
7490:from Hong Kong
7480:
7478:
7472:
7471:
7469:
7468:
7463:
7458:
7453:
7448:
7443:
7438:
7433:
7428:
7422:
7420:
7411:
7407:
7406:
7403:
7402:
7400:
7399:
7394:
7389:
7388:
7387:
7377:
7372:
7365:
7360:
7355:
7350:
7345:
7340:
7335:
7330:
7324:
7322:
7318:
7317:
7315:
7314:
7309:
7304:
7298:
7296:
7292:
7291:
7289:
7288:
7283:
7278:
7273:
7267:
7265:
7261:
7260:
7258:
7257:
7252:
7247:
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7231:
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7225:
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7211:
7206:
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7186:
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7156:
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7144:
7143:
7138:
7133:
7128:
7123:
7118:
7113:
7108:
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7102:
7101:
7094:
7087:
7080:
7073:
7066:
7059:
7046:
7044:
7038:
7037:
7035:
7034:
7029:
7024:
7019:
7014:
7009:
7004:
6999:
6993:
6991:
6985:
6984:
6982:
6981:
6976:
6971:
6966:
6961:
6956:
6951:
6946:
6940:
6938:
6937:Southeast Asia
6934:
6933:
6931:
6930:
6925:
6920:
6915:
6910:
6905:
6900:
6894:
6892:
6886:
6885:
6878:
6876:
6874:
6873:
6868:
6863:
6858:
6853:
6847:
6845:
6839:
6838:
6830:
6829:
6822:
6815:
6807:
6798:
6797:
6795:
6794:
6789:
6784:
6778:
6776:
6770:
6769:
6766:
6765:
6763:
6762:
6757:
6752:
6751:
6750:
6745:
6740:
6730:
6725:
6724:
6723:
6718:
6713:
6708:
6703:
6693:
6692:
6691:
6680:
6678:
6677:Western Europe
6674:
6673:
6671:
6670:
6669:
6668:
6658:
6653:
6648:
6642:
6640:
6636:
6635:
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6632:
6627:
6622:
6617:
6612:
6607:
6602:
6597:
6592:
6587:
6581:
6579:
6575:
6574:
6572:
6571:
6566:
6561:
6556:
6555:
6554:
6549:
6544:
6539:
6534:
6523:
6521:
6517:
6516:
6514:
6513:
6508:
6503:
6497:
6495:
6494:Eastern Europe
6491:
6490:
6488:
6487:
6482:
6477:
6472:
6467:
6462:
6457:
6452:
6446:
6444:
6443:Central Europe
6437:
6431:
6430:
6427:
6426:
6424:
6423:
6418:
6413:
6412:
6411:
6401:
6396:
6391:
6386:
6381:
6380:
6379:
6374:
6369:
6364:
6359:
6354:
6349:
6338:
6336:
6330:
6329:
6327:
6326:
6321:
6316:
6311:
6306:
6301:
6296:
6291:
6285:
6283:
6281:Southeast Asia
6277:
6276:
6274:
6273:
6268:
6263:
6262:
6261:
6251:
6246:
6245:
6244:
6239:
6229:
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6221:
6215:
6214:
6212:
6211:
6206:
6201:
6196:
6191:
6186:
6185:
6184:
6173:
6171:
6165:
6164:
6162:
6161:
6156:
6151:
6146:
6141:
6135:
6133:
6126:
6120:
6119:
6116:
6115:
6113:
6112:
6107:
6102:
6097:
6092:
6087:
6082:
6077:
6072:
6066:
6064:
6060:
6059:
6057:
6056:
6051:
6046:
6041:
6036:
6031:
6026:
6021:
6015:
6013:
6009:
6008:
6006:
6005:
6000:
5994:
5992:
5985:
5981:
5980:
5977:
5976:
5974:
5973:
5972:
5971:
5966:
5956:
5950:
5948:
5944:
5943:
5941:
5940:
5935:
5929:
5927:
5923:
5922:
5920:
5919:
5914:
5912:South Sudanese
5908:
5906:
5902:
5901:
5899:
5898:
5897:
5896:
5886:
5885:
5884:
5879:
5874:
5869:
5858:
5856:
5852:
5851:
5849:
5848:
5843:
5838:
5832:
5830:
5829:Horn of Africa
5823:
5817:
5816:
5814:
5813:
5811:Black Loyalist
5808:
5803:
5801:Newfoundlander
5798:
5797:
5796:
5791:
5786:
5776:
5775:
5774:
5769:
5759:
5754:
5753:
5752:
5747:
5742:
5741:
5740:
5724:
5722:
5718:
5717:
5710:
5709:
5702:
5695:
5687:
5681:
5680:
5668:
5667:(October 2006)
5662:
5657:
5652:
5646:
5641:
5636:
5631:
5626:
5620:
5615:
5610:
5605:
5600:
5591:
5582:
5577:
5572:
5566:
5560:
5548:
5547:
5502:external links
5497:
5495:
5488:
5480:
5479:
5474:
5468:
5467:
5456:
5455:
5453:
5452:External links
5450:
5448:
5447:
5440:
5422:
5407:
5400:
5382:
5367:
5349:
5334:
5316:
5301:
5294:
5283:
5276:
5258:
5243:
5225:
5210:
5203:
5188:
5181:
5163:
5147:
5145:
5142:
5141:
5140:
5129:
5114:
5111:Social Justice
5105:
5102:
5100:
5099:
5073:
5047:
5021:
5004:Zhou, George.
4996:
4970:
4937:
4911:
4876:
4858:
4819:
4793:
4763:
4746:Financial Post
4732:
4714:
4691:
4677:
4645:
4626:
4615:on May 3, 2008
4600:
4570:
4539:
4509:
4483:
4457:
4431:
4397:
4371:
4357:
4337:
4318:
4298:
4285:The Maple Leaf
4272:
4247:
4236:(3): 279–297.
4216:
4162:
4136:
4102:
4068:
4034:
4008:
3986:加拿大總理用廣東話向華工道歉
3976:
3946:
3928:
3915:
3899:
3873:
3846:
3808:
3793:. The Legion.
3758:
3745:
3732:
3719:
3706:
3693:
3680:
3656:
3643:
3630:
3614:
3601:
3555:
3540:
3533:
3513:
3500:
3473:
3458:
3419:
3406:
3393:
3377:
3308:
3296:The Last Spike
3287:
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3229:
3199:
3170:
3155:
3129:
3112:
3079:
3052:
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3047:
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3002:
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2988:
2983:
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2958:
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2948:
2943:
2940:East Chinatown
2936:West Chinatown
2925:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2904:
2903:
2902:
2888:
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2706:
2694:
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2670:
2663:
2656:
2649:Sing Tao Daily
2643:Sing Tao Daily
2639:
2612:
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2606:
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2599:
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1994:First language
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5394:September 19,
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2020:
2017:
2014:
2010:
2007:
2004:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1991:
1988:
1980:
1978:
1977:language loss
1974:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1954:
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1945:
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1925:
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1837:
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1692:
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1650:
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1629:
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1608:
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1598:
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1519:
1516:
1514:
1503:
1502:
1498:
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1493:
1492:New Brunswick
1482:
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1477:
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1472:
1461:
1460:
1456:
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1451:
1440:
1439:
1435:
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1419:
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1408:
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1399:
1391:
1389:
1383:
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1369:
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1360:
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1162:% of Canadian
1161:
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583:
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555:British Isles
551:
547:
546:Craigellachie
543:
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518:
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512:
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504:
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482:
472:
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457:
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444:South America
441:
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434:, as well as
433:
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67:
60:
55:
49:
42:
30:
26:
22:
8253:
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7483:
7385:Johannesburg
7380:South Africa
7367:
6897:
6843:Central Asia
6760:Luxembourger
6711:Scotch-Irish
6237:Anglo-Indian
6176:
6132:Central Asia
6049:Puerto Rican
5855:North Africa
5536:
5530:January 2023
5527:
5512:by removing
5499:
5462:
5443:
5434:November 25,
5432:. Retrieved
5412:
5403:
5392:. Retrieved
5372:
5361:November 25,
5359:. Retrieved
5339:
5328:November 25,
5326:. Retrieved
5306:
5297:
5288:
5279:
5270:November 25,
5268:. Retrieved
5248:
5237:November 25,
5235:. Retrieved
5215:
5206:
5199:
5184:
5173:. Retrieved
5169:the original
5153:
5136:
5117:
5110:
5090:. Retrieved
5086:the original
5076:
5064:. Retrieved
5050:
5038:. Retrieved
5024:
5013:the original
4999:
4987:. Retrieved
4973:
4961:. Retrieved
4954:the original
4940:
4928:. Retrieved
4914:
4902:. Retrieved
4886:
4879:
4870:
4854:
4838:
4810:. Retrieved
4806:the original
4796:
4786:February 25,
4784:. Retrieved
4780:the original
4775:
4766:
4754:. Retrieved
4745:
4735:
4717:
4709:the original
4704:
4694:
4680:
4668:. Retrieved
4657:
4648:
4629:
4617:. Retrieved
4613:the original
4603:
4593:December 10,
4591:. Retrieved
4582:
4573:
4563:November 18,
4561:. Retrieved
4552:
4542:
4530:. Retrieved
4521:
4512:
4502:February 16,
4500:. Retrieved
4496:the original
4486:
4476:February 16,
4474:. Retrieved
4470:the original
4460:
4450:February 16,
4448:. Retrieved
4434:
4388:. Retrieved
4374:
4362:. Retrieved
4347:
4340:
4330:November 25,
4328:. Retrieved
4308:
4301:
4289:. Retrieved
4284:
4275:
4263:. Retrieved
4260:project 1907
4259:
4250:
4233:
4229:
4184:
4180:
4153:. Retrieved
4139:
4127:. Retrieved
4123:the original
4118:
4093:. Retrieved
4084:
4059:. Retrieved
4050:
4025:. Retrieved
4011:
4001:February 15,
3999:. Retrieved
3995:the original
3990:
3979:
3969:February 16,
3967:. Retrieved
3963:the original
3958:
3949:
3941:the original
3931:
3923:
3918:
3910:
3890:. Retrieved
3876:
3864:. Retrieved
3849:
3837:. Retrieved
3799:. Retrieved
3753:
3748:
3740:
3735:
3727:
3726:Price, John
3722:
3714:
3709:
3701:
3696:
3688:
3683:
3675:
3651:
3646:
3638:
3633:
3625:
3609:
3604:
3592:. Retrieved
3583:
3549:
3543:
3523:
3516:
3508:
3503:
3493:November 22,
3491:. Retrieved
3487:the original
3476:
3466:
3461:
3449:. Retrieved
3442:the original
3437:
3414:
3409:
3401:
3396:
3388:
3370:September 6,
3368:. Retrieved
3357:
3295:
3290:
3278:. Retrieved
3274:
3264:
3252:. Retrieved
3241:
3232:
3220:. Retrieved
3211:
3202:
3190:. Retrieved
3186:the original
3164:
3158:
3146:. Retrieved
3132:
3124:
3120:
3115:
3105:December 29,
3103:. Retrieved
3094:
3070:. Retrieved
3066:
3056:
3039:
2857:China portal
2812:
2808:
2786:Talentvision
2757:Fairchild TV
2744:
2743:
2740:in Vancouver
2711:in Vancouver
2696:
2695:
2689:
2681:
2673:
2665:
2658:
2647:
2642:
2634:
2629:
2622:
2621:
2614:
2581:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2467:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2431:
2372:
2364:
2356:
2348:
2340:
2332:
2324:
2296:
2287:Christianity
2285:
2281:
2270:
2237:
2233:
2230:
2213:
2202:
2160:Shanghainese
2030:
2011:Population (
1986:
1946:
1942:
1720:
1707:
1693:
1660:Saskatchewan
1397:
1384:
1364:Saskatchewan
1361:
1326:
1322:
1313:
1149:
1132:Demographics
1126:
1110:
1083:
1046:
1032:21st century
1021:Jim Wong-Chu
1009:Denise Chong
998:
945:
924:
911:Douglas Jung
907:
895:
888:
885:
881:
867:
864:Douglas Jung
857:
836:William Lore
833:
815:
812:
797:
767:
762:Dominion Day
749:
729:Saskatchewan
708:
705:Emily Murphy
701:
667:
654:Yellow Peril
643:
638:
626:
616:
598:
579:
575:Yellow Peril
567:
539:
535:
521:19th century
507:Nootka Sound
502:
489:
458:
451:
448:
392:
391:
349:Hanyu Pinyin
256:Hanyu Pinyin
159:Christianity
32:Ethnic group
29:
8133:New Zealand
8000:Netherlands
7824:Phuket Baba
7785:Philippines
7756:Sino-Native
7538:from Taiwan
7497:from Taiwan
7456:Puerto Rico
7116:Azerbaijani
7077:Palestinian
6997:Bangladeshi
6969:Singaporean
6615:Montenegrin
6394:Azerbaijani
6362:Palestinian
6314:Singaporean
6227:Bangladeshi
5947:West Africa
5905:East Africa
5092:November 9,
5066:November 5,
4904:October 22,
4291:December 8,
4265:December 8,
3959:CTV.ca News
3550:The Gazette
3465:J. Morton,
3306:, pp249-250
3298:, Penguin,
3280:October 26,
3222:January 23,
2769:LS Times TV
2432:Catholicism
2369:Population
2361:Population
2353:Population
2345:Population
2337:Population
2329:Population
2321:Population
2302:, 14% were
2182:Immigration
2115:"Foochow" (
1983:Census data
1756:Percentage
1555:Nova Scotia
1347:(474,655),
1343:(631,050),
1335:. The five
1164:Population
1065:New Zealand
1025:Vincent Lam
1013:Wayson Choy
1001:Larissa Lai
932:brain drain
495:John Meares
405:naturalized
401:Han Chinese
131:Min Chinese
8367:Categories
8313:Lethbridge
8279:Chinatowns
7869:Bangladesh
7836:Minh Hương
7714:East Timor
7655:Kyrgyzstan
7650:Kazakhstan
7562:Costa Rica
7375:Seychelles
7358:Mozambique
7343:Madagascar
7235:Cape Verde
7022:Sri Lankan
6989:South Asia
6979:Vietnamese
6954:Indonesian
6782:Australian
6656:Portuguese
6610:Macedonian
6569:Lithuanian
6501:Belarusian
6324:Vietnamese
6299:Indonesian
6271:Sri Lankan
6219:South Asia
6110:Venezuelan
6100:Salvadoran
6090:Guatemalan
5938:Zimbabwean
5728:Indigenous
4847:9814590010
4390:January 7,
4364:January 7,
3451:January 4,
3072:January 7,
3049:References
2822:See also:
2753:in Toronto
2751:C Today TV
2745:Television
2729:in Toronto
2718:in Calgary
2705:in Toronto
2623:Newspapers
2604:1,376,137
2582:Population
2308:Protestant
1999:Population
1937:See also:
1734:in Calgary
1715:1,713,870
1376:Riversdale
1351:(89,400),
1136:See also:
1041:Canada Day
1005:Evelyn Lau
928:brain gain
872:Bill Chong
779:Kuomintang
753:Chinatowns
618:gam1 saan1
550:Eagle Pass
492:fur trader
8333:Vancouver
8106:Australia
7884:Sri Lanka
7797:Singapore
7719:Indonesia
7690:Southeast
7623:Venezuela
7588:Argentina
7567:Nicaragua
7507:Vancouver
7418:Caribbean
7353:Mauritius
7063:Jordanian
7042:West Asia
7012:Pakistani
6964:Malaysian
6944:Cambodian
6923:Taiwanese
6918:Mongolian
6903:Hong Kong
6890:East Asia
6748:Québécois
6595:Bulgarian
6547:Norwegian
6542:Icelandic
6511:Ukrainian
6480:Slovenian
6465:Hungarian
6352:Jordanian
6334:West Asia
6309:Malaysian
6289:Cambodian
6254:Pakistani
6204:Taiwanese
6199:Mongolian
6182:Hong Kong
6169:East Asia
6105:Uruguayan
6085:Colombian
6075:Brazilian
6070:Argentine
6029:Dominican
6019:Barbadian
6012:Caribbean
5841:Ethiopian
5772:Québécois
5514:excessive
5133:"Chinese"
4989:April 20,
4963:April 20,
4945:Li, Jun.
4930:April 20,
4579:"History"
3438:Maclean's
3148:March 27,
2780:Omni News
2667:Sept Days
2601:1,094,638
2503:Buddhism
2316:Religious
2205:Vancouver
2053:Cantonese
1957:Cantonese
1780:Vancouver
1368:Saskatoon
1094:Cantonese
989:Vancouver
977:Hong Kong
973:Coquitlam
957:Vancouver
868:Kenpeitai
860:Force 136
852:Vancouver
834:In 1943,
696:High Park
678:1907, an
582:Guangdong
428:Hong Kong
397:Canadians
123:Cantonese
109:Languages
74:1,715,770
8348:Winnipeg
8338:Victoria
8318:Montreal
8308:Edmonton
8164:See also
8061:Bulgaria
8040:Portugal
8028:Southern
7935:Northern
7879:Pakistan
7819:Chin Haw
7814:Thailand
7746:Malaysia
7702:Cambodia
7681:Mongolia
7613:Suriname
7461:Suriname
7410:Americas
7397:Zimbabwe
7333:Botswana
7321:Southern
7302:Cameroon
7281:Tanzania
7271:Ethiopia
7121:Georgian
7111:Assyrian
7106:Armenian
7070:Lebanese
6949:Filipino
6908:Japanese
6787:Hawaiian
6738:Acadians
6716:Scottish
6630:Yugoslav
6620:Romanian
6600:Croatian
6585:Albanian
6559:Estonian
6450:Austrian
6389:Assyrian
6384:Armenian
6357:Lebanese
6294:Filipino
6189:Japanese
6095:Peruvian
6044:Jamaican
6034:Guyanese
5998:American
5984:Americas
5959:Nigerian
5954:Ghanaian
5917:Sudanese
5894:Egyptian
5882:Tunisian
5877:Moroccan
5867:Algerian
5836:Eritrean
5789:Scottish
5767:Acadians
5571:(加華文獻聚珍)
5428:Archived
5388:Archived
5355:Archived
5322:Archived
5264:Archived
5231:Archived
5175:June 16,
5060:Archived
5034:Archived
4983:Archived
4924:Archived
4895:Archived
4750:Archived
4725:Archived
4664:Archived
4637:Archived
4587:Archived
4557:Archived
4532:June 22,
4526:Archived
4522:BBC News
4444:Archived
4424:Archived
4384:Archived
4324:Archived
4211:34841246
4149:Archived
4089:Archived
4055:Archived
4021:Archived
3886:Archived
3860:Archived
3830:Archived
3795:Archived
3588:Archived
3364:Archived
3248:Archived
3216:Archived
3142:Archived
3099:Archived
2829:See also
2636:Ming Pao
2615:Various
2304:Catholic
2300:Buddhist
2243:Religion
2084:170,950
2078:248,705
2074:Mandarin
2063:361,450
2057:372,460
2042:456,705
2036:425,210
1973:Malaysia
1961:Mandarin
1933:Language
1920:Ontario
1916:Hamilton
1904:Ontario
1884:Victoria
1871:Manitoba
1866:Winnipeg
1838:Alberta
1834:Edmonton
1816:Montreal
1789:474,655
1771:631,050
1747:Province
1646:123,985
1604:821,835
1471:Manitoba
1457:517,805
1436:177,990
1317:StatsCan
1121:Canadian
1098:head tax
1079:in 2005.
1017:Paul Yee
1007:,
993:Richmond
969:Richmond
916:Head tax
891:movement
889:Völkisch
777:and the
675:head tax
650:head tax
628:gām sāan
613:Jyutping
563:Victoria
155:Buddhism
145:Religion
137:, other
127:Mandarin
103:Edmonton
8343:Windsor
8328:Toronto
8303:Calgary
8099:Oceania
8071:Romania
8054:Eastern
7995:Ireland
7990:Hungary
7985:Germany
7968:Belgium
7961:Western
7947:Finland
7942:Denmark
7851:San Diu
7831:Vietnam
7790:Sangley
7773:Panthay
7763:Myanmar
7707:Hokkien
7643:Central
7618:Uruguay
7555:Central
7513:Toronto
7451:Jamaica
7369:Réunion
7363:Namibia
7338:Lesotho
7295:Central
7255:Senegal
7250:Nigeria
7219:Morocco
7204:Algeria
7141:Turkish
7131:Israeli
7126:Iranian
7017:Punjabi
6959:Laotian
6928:Tibetan
6898:Chinese
6774:Oceania
6706:English
6701:Cornish
6696:British
6689:Flemish
6684:Belgian
6661:Spanish
6651:Maltese
6646:Italian
6625:Serbian
6590:Bosnian
6564:Latvian
6552:Swedish
6537:Finnish
6506:Russian
6421:Turkish
6416:Kurdish
6409:Israeli
6399:Iranian
6304:Laotian
6259:Punjabi
6209:Tibetan
6177:Chinese
6080:Chilean
6039:Haitian
6003:Mexican
5784:English
5779:British
5738:by band
5587:at the
5556:at the
5508:Please
5500:use of
5198:" (). '
5104:Sources
5040:May 27,
4670:July 4,
4202:8603781
4027:July 7,
3892:May 17,
3866:May 28,
3839:May 17,
3801:May 17,
3594:May 19,
3254:July 4,
3125:Chinese
3121:English
2734:CHKG-FM
2727:CIRV-FM
2716:CHKF-FM
2654:Torstar
2598:633,931
2595:285,800
2592:124,600
2253:Markham
2209:Toronto
2167:0.009%
2095:Hokkien
2027:Chinese
1923:13,790
1907:15,940
1891:16,345
1875:19,885
1857:43,775
1841:60,200
1825:89,400
1807:89,675
1803:Alberta
1798:Calgary
1767:Ontario
1762:Toronto
1752:Chinese
1667:19,965
1597:Ontario
1576:Nunavut
1562:11,515
1478:29,550
1429:Alberta
1333:Ontario
1069:Today,
983:to the
965:Burnaby
758:Alberta
733:Ontario
713:Liberal
639:Gum San
603:Chinese
599:Gum San
548:in the
475:History
465:Ontario
115:English
8323:Ottawa
8217:Topics
8211:topics
8123:Hawaii
8086:Turkey
8081:Serbia
8076:Russia
8017:London
7973:France
7952:Sweden
7928:Europe
7910:Turkey
7905:Israel
7768:Kokang
7697:Brunei
7603:Guyana
7593:Brazil
7572:Panama
7520:Mexico
7484:Canada
7441:Guyana
7426:Belize
7392:Zambia
7348:Malawi
7328:Angola
7286:Uganda
7190:Africa
7136:Jewish
7098:Yemeni
7091:Syrian
7032:Sindhi
7007:Nepali
7002:Indian
6913:Korean
6856:Kazakh
6851:Afghan
6743:Breton
6733:French
6666:Basque
6532:Danish
6475:Slovak
6470:Polish
6460:German
6435:Europe
6404:Jewish
6377:Yemeni
6372:Syrian
6266:Romani
6249:Nepali
6232:Indian
6194:Korean
6144:Kazakh
6139:Afghan
5969:Yoruba
5889:Coptic
5872:Libyan
5862:Berber
5846:Somali
5821:Africa
5721:Canada
5460:about
5420:
5380:
5347:
5314:
5256:
5223:
5161:
5124:
4851:p. 173
4845:
4812:May 1,
4619:May 4,
4553:ubc.ca
4355:
4316:
4209:
4199:
4129:May 2,
4095:May 2,
4061:May 2,
3531:
3302:
3192:May 2,
2993:&
2938:&
2576:47.4%
2524:24.8%
2426:20.9%
2400:49.3%
2318:group
2192:Ottawa
2164:2,920
2146:0.02%
2143:5,115
2125:0.02%
2122:5,925
2108:0.03%
2105:9,620
2102:0.03%
2099:9,635
2021:Notes
1969:Taiwan
1821:Quebec
1792:19.6%
1774:10.8%
1703:Canada
1700:
1678:
1657:
1639:Quebec
1636:
1625:3,050
1615:
1594:
1573:
1552:
1531:
1520:2,265
1510:
1499:4,600
1489:
1468:
1454:10.5%
1447:
1426:
1372:Regina
1144:, and
1063:, and
1053:Taiwan
1023:, and
698:, 1919
682:. The
625::
615::
605::
430:, and
424:Taiwan
232:华裔加拿大人
163:Taoism
119:French
48:French
44:
8148:Tonga
8143:Samoa
8128:Palau
8045:Spain
8035:Italy
7978:Paris
7874:India
7862:South
7778:Pashu
7676:Korea
7671:Japan
7598:Chile
7581:South
7476:North
7446:Haiti
7276:Kenya
7240:Ghana
7214:Libya
7209:Egypt
7197:North
7084:Saudi
7056:Iraqi
7027:Tamil
6871:Uzbek
6866:Tajik
6861:Tatar
6755:Irish
6728:Dutch
6721:Welsh
6605:Greek
6485:Swiss
6455:Czech
6367:Saudi
6347:Iraqi
6242:Tamil
6159:Uzbek
6154:Tatar
6149:Tajik
6024:Cuban
5794:Welsh
5750:Métis
5745:Inuit
5016:(PDF)
5009:(PDF)
4957:(PDF)
4950:(PDF)
4898:(PDF)
4891:(PDF)
4855:ibid.
3833:(PDF)
3826:(PDF)
3445:(PDF)
3434:(PDF)
2798:WOWtv
2697:Radio
2611:Media
2521:14.6%
2518:11.4%
2494:15.4%
2489:16.4%
2484:22.1%
2479:33.5%
2458:13.8%
2453:16.0%
2448:14.2%
2443:12.9%
2423:29.2%
2420:32.4%
2417:36.3%
2414:46.4%
2397:55.6%
2394:55.3%
2391:57.4%
2388:43.7%
2139:Hakka
2087:0.5%
2081:0.8%
2066:1.2%
2060:1.1%
2045:1.5%
2039:1.3%
1926:1.9%
1910:3.1%
1894:4.6%
1878:2.6%
1860:3.4%
1844:4.6%
1828:2.2%
1708:Total
1685:2.1%
1681:Yukon
1664:1.8%
1643:1.5%
1622:2.0%
1601:5.9%
1580:0.3%
1559:1.2%
1538:0.9%
1517:0.5%
1496:0.6%
1475:2.3%
1433:4.3%
1305:2021
505:, at
499:Macau
432:Macau
325:加拿大华人
135:Hakka
8118:Fiji
7900:Iran
7893:West
7846:Nùng
7841:Ngái
7741:Laos
7664:East
7636:Asia
7608:Peru
7431:Cuba
7264:East
7245:Mali
7228:West
7050:Arab
6974:Thai
6342:Arab
6319:Thai
6124:Asia
5964:Igbo
5436:2020
5418:ISBN
5396:2020
5378:ISBN
5363:2020
5345:ISBN
5330:2020
5312:ISBN
5272:2020
5254:ISBN
5239:2020
5221:ISBN
5177:2013
5159:ISBN
5122:ISBN
5094:2015
5068:2015
5042:2012
4991:2012
4965:2012
4932:2012
4906:2011
4843:ISBN
4814:2009
4788:2015
4758:2012
4672:2019
4621:2012
4595:2010
4565:2012
4534:2018
4504:2012
4478:2012
4452:2012
4392:2023
4366:2013
4353:ISBN
4332:2020
4314:ISBN
4293:2023
4267:2023
4207:PMID
4157:2012
4131:2012
4097:2012
4063:2012
4029:2010
4003:2012
3971:2012
3894:2018
3868:2018
3841:2018
3803:2018
3596:2018
3529:ISBN
3495:2011
3453:2015
3372:2019
3300:ISBN
3282:2022
3256:2019
3224:2022
3194:2012
3150:2013
3107:2013
3074:2023
2738:CJVB
2736:and
2725:and
2723:CHKT
2709:CHMB
2541:6.4%
2538:9.9%
2373:2018
2365:2001
2357:1991
2349:1981
2341:1971
2333:1961
2325:1921
2214:The
2173:N/A
2170:N/A
2152:N/A
2149:N/A
2131:N/A
2128:N/A
2013:2006
2003:2011
1742:City
1712:4.7%
1688:835
1583:100
1541:365
1331:and
1308:4.6
1300:5.1
1297:2016
1292:4.5
1289:2011
1284:4.3
1281:2006
1276:3.5
1273:2001
1268:2.3
1265:1991
1260:1.2
1257:1981
1252:0.6
1249:1971
1244:0.3
1241:1961
1236:0.2
1233:1951
1228:0.3
1225:1941
1220:0.4
1217:1931
1212:0.4
1209:1921
1204:0.4
1201:1911
1196:0.3
1193:1901
1188:0.2
1185:1891
1180:0.0
1177:1881
1172:0.0
1169:1871
1159:Year
1057:Fiji
971:and
731:and
634:lit.
588:and
467:and
442:and
395:are
217:加拿大人
8281:and
8158:An
5596:at
5516:or
4238:doi
4197:PMC
4189:doi
2411:60%
2408:10%
2207:or
1967:or
1810:7%
307:加拿大
8369::
8166::
5673:,
5426:.
5386:.
5353:.
5320:.
5262:.
5229:.
5135:.
4861:^
4849:.
4822:^
4774:.
4748:.
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4656:.
4581:.
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4520:.
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4312:.
4283:.
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4232:.
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3957:.
3902:^
3811:^
3761:^
3659:^
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3422:^
3380:^
3362:.
3356:.
3311:^
3273:.
3240:.
3210:.
3173:^
3093:.
3082:^
3065:.
2934:,
2550:–
2498:–
2462:–
2371:%
2363:%
2355:%
2347:%
2339:%
2331:%
2323:%
2294:.
2119:)
2033:)
2015:)
2005:)
1706:—
1140:,
1067:.
1059:,
1019:,
1015:,
1011:,
1003:,
991:,
967:,
959:,
727:,
631:;
621:;
611:;
608:金山
513:,
509:,
471:.
456:.
426:,
422:,
310:華人
214:華裔
185:,
181:,
177:,
161:,
157:,
153:,
133:,
129:,
125:,
121:,
117:,
101:,
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