1831:...the culture also inculcated a great variety of contrary values, norms, and customs in the young, such as hatred and intolerance for different ethnicities, faiths, and sexual orientations; it sanctioned—not to say glorified—murder, slavery, torture, and oppression. The social ethos in fact instilled and promoted a two-sided moral code whereby values could be readily converted into antivalues: the virtues of the individual, family, clan, group, or nation—the insiders—were seen as the vices of the other, the one or ones outside it. The same act as performed by me showed courage; by my enemy, cowardice. And so down the line, creating a jungle of contradictions.
369:, "situationist" philosophers argue that character traits are not stable or consistent and cannot be used to explain why people act as they do. Experimental data shows that much of human behavior is attributable to seemingly trivial features of the situations in which people find themselves. In a typical experiment, seminary students agreed to give a talk on the importance of helping those in need. On the way to the building where their talks were to be given, they encountered a confederate slumped over and groaning. Ironically, those who were told they were already late were much less likely to help than those who were told they had time to spare.
262:
few and easy to satisfy, but socialization creates a plethora of desires for "social goods" such as status, reputation, and pride. These conventional values, because of their comparative nature create attitudes of resentment and anger inciting competition and then violence. The way to social order is for people to eliminate these socialized ambitions through open-minded receptivity to all kinds of voices—particularly those who have run afoul of human authority or seem least authoritative. Each has insights. Indeed, in Taoist moral philosophy, perfection may well look like its opposite to us. One theme of
Zhuangzi's that links Taoism to the
443:
Puritan era, the King James Bible was, nevertheless, a staple of U.S. public schools. Yet, as waves of immigrants from
Ireland, Germany, and Italy came to the country from the mid-nineteenth century forward, they reacted to the Protestant tone and orthodoxy of the schools. Concerned that their children would be weaned from their faith, Catholics developed their own school system. Later in the twentieth century, other religious groups, such as Jews, Muslims, and even various Protestant denominations, formed their own schools. Each group desired, and continues to desire, that its moral education be rooted in its respective faith or code.
254:, means finding a good teacher, who is familiar with the ways of the past and the practices of the ancients, imitating his words and deeds. The result is a heavy scheme of obligations and intricate duties throughout all of one's many social roles. Confucius is said to have sung his sayings and accompanied himself on a 'qin' (a kind of zither). According to Confucius, musical training is the most effective method for molding the moral character of man and keeping society in order. He said: "Let a man be stimulated by poetry, established by the rules of propriety, perfected by music."
501:. Kohlberg rejected the focus on values and virtues, not only due to the lack of consensus on what virtues are to be taught, but also because of the complex nature of practicing such virtues. For example, people often make different decisions yet hold the same basic moral values. Kohlberg believed a better approach to affecting moral behavior should focus on stages of moral development. These stages are critical, as they consider the way a person organizes their understanding of virtues, rules, and norms, and integrates these into a moral choice.
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are adaptations. They exist because this behavior in our ancestors enabled them to survive and reproduce these same traits in their descendants, thereby equipping us with solutions to problems that our ancestors faced during our species' evolutionary history. Ethical topics addressed include altruistic behaviors, deceptive or harmful behaviors, an innate sense of fairness or unfairness, feelings of kindness or love, self-sacrifice, feelings related to competitiveness and moral punishment or retribution, and moral "cheating" or hypocrisy.
173:, although there is a growing tendency to include other professionals in schools and the wider community. Depending on the program, the means of implementation may be by teachers and/or any other adults (faculty, bus drivers, cafeteria workers, maintenance staff, etc.); by storytelling, which can be through books and media; or by embedding into the classroom curriculum. There are many theories about means, but no comparative data and no consensus in the industry as to what, if any, approach may be effective.
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discovery of the "key character ingredient" to success and performance, it soon came under wide criticism and has been exposed, like other character interventions, as suspect as a character construct, and where attempts have been made to implement it in school programs, shows no more than a weak effect, if any. Moreover, the original data was misinterpreted by
Duckworth. Additionally, the construct of grit ability ignores the positive socio-economic pre-requisites necessary to deploy it.
385:, the planned two-week investigation into the psychology of prison life had to be ended after only six days because the college students who were assigned to act as guards became sadistic and those who were the "prisoners" became depressed and showed signs of extreme stress. These and other experiments are taken to show that if humans do have noble tendencies, they are narrow, "local" traits that are not unified with other traits into a wider behavioral pattern of being.
333:, like Marx, also highly regarded development of the rational mind. He argued that seriously unequal societies, by preventing individuals from developing their deliberative powers, affect individuals' character in unhealthy ways and impede their ability to live virtuous lives. In particular, Mill argued that societies that have systematically subordinated women have harmed men and women, and advised that the place of women in families and in societies be reconsidered.
270:, of losing oneself in activity, particularly the absorption in skilled execution of a highly cultivated way. His most famous example concerns a butcher who carves beef with the focus and absorption of a virtuoso dancer in an elegantly choreographed performance. The height of human satisfaction comes in achieving and exercising such skills with the focus and commitment that gets us "outside ourselves" and into such an intimate connection with our inborn nature.
43:, which are memorized or around which themed activities are planned. It is commonly claimed that the values included in any particular list are universally recognized. However, there is no agreement among the competing programs on core values (e.g., honesty, stewardship, kindness, generosity, courage, freedom, justice, equality, and respect) or even how many to list. There is also no common or standard means for assessing, implementing or evaluating programs.
510:"standards" of behavior and good habits are stressed. State and national politicians, as well as local school districts, lobbied by character education organizations, have responded by supporting this sentiment. During his presidency, Bill Clinton hosted five conferences on character education. President George W. Bush expanded on the programs of the previous administration and made character education a major focus of his educational reform agenda.
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subsequent persecution of minority groups, most infamously, justifying
European persecution of Native Americans, the concept of slavery, and the Nazis' persecution of Jews. Though race character continues to be used as a justification for persecution of minorities worldwide, it has been scientifically discredited and is not overtly a component of modern character education in western societies.
472:, and by a growing strict interpretation of the separation of church and state doctrine. This trend increased after World War II and was further intensified by what appeared to be changes in the nation's moral consensus in the late 1960s. Educators and others became wary of using the schools for moral education. More and more this was seen to be the province of the family and the church.
449:, the nineteenth-century champion of the common schools, strongly advocated for moral education. He and his followers were worried by the widespread drunkenness, crime, and poverty during the Jacksonian period they lived in. No less troubling were the waves of immigrants flooding into cities, unprepared for urban life and particularly unprepared to participate in democratic civic life.
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show that actions come from preconscious brain activity patterns and not from people consciously thinking about what they are going to do. A 2011 study conducted by Itzhak Fried found that individual neurons fire 2 seconds before a reported "will" to act (long before EEG activity predicted such a response). This was accomplished with the help of volunteer
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clear, Aristotle emphasizes that the moderate state is not an arithmetic mean, but one relative to the situation: sometimes the mean course is to be angry at, say, injustice or mistreatment, at other times anger is wholly inappropriate. Additionally, because people are different, the mean for one person may be bravery, but for another it is recklessness.
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and relate to one another. By exploring forces within the person (such as traits, attitudes, and goals) as well as forces within the situation (such as social norms and incentives), they seek to provide insight into issues as wide-ranging as prejudice, romantic attraction, persuasion, friendship, helping, aggression, conformity, and group interaction.
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current research on the subject fails to find one peer-reviewed study demonstrating any scientifically validated need for or result from character education programs. Typically, support is attested to by referring to "correlations" (e.g., grades, number of disciplinary referrals, subjective opinion, etc.).
569:) damage, reveal an association between impairments in emotional processing and impairments in moral judgement and behavior. These and other studies conclude that not only are emotions engaged during moral cognition, but that emotions, particularly those mediated by VMPC, are in fact critical for morality.
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The problem of confusing morality with social conformity cannot be ignored. Students in times of slavery, pogroms, or other prejudice would be emulating community values by participating in cruelty and social injustice. We can never assume that our society is free from such injustices, because we may
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was a central figure in Taoist philosophy. He wrote that people develop different moral attitudes from different natural upbringings, each feeling that his own views are obvious and natural, yet all are blinded by this socialization to their true nature. To
Zhuangzi, pre-social desires are relatively
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Character as it relates to character education most often refers to how 'good' a person is. In other words, a person who exhibits personal qualities like those a society considers desirable might be considered to have good character—and developing such personal qualities is often seen as a purpose of
609:
The largest federal study, to-date, a 2010 report released under the auspices of the U.S. Department of
Education found that the vast majority of character education programs have failed to prove their effectiveness, producing no improvements in student behavior or academic performance. Previous and
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is defined as perseverance and commitment to long-term goals. It is a character attribute associated with
University of Pennsylvania professor Angela Duckworth who wrote about her research in a best-selling book and promoted it on a widely watched Ted Talks video. Initially, lauded as a breakthrough
509:
The impetus and energy behind the return of a more didactic character education to
American schools did not come from within the educational community. It continues to be fueled by desire from conservative and religious segments of the population for traditionally orderly schools where conformity to
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Eastern philosophy views the nature of man as initially quiet and calm, but when affected by the external world, it develops desires. When the desires are not properly controlled and the conscious mind is distracted by the material world, we lose our true selves and the principle of reason in Nature
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Since very early times, people have tried to access or "read" the pre-disposition (character) of self and others. Being able to predict and even manipulate human behavior, motivations, and reactions would bestow obvious advantages. Pre-scientific character assessment techniques have included, among
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is a scientific method used by health professionals for researching personal and social motivators in and between the individual and society, as well as applying them to the problems people have in the context of society. Personality and social psychologists study how people think about, influence,
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approach seeks to make virtue into habit using "positive reinforcement". Elements include "catching students being good" and praising them or giving them chits that can be exchanged for privileges or prizes. In this approach, all too often, the real significance of the students' actions is lost, as
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Evaluation and assessment in character and moral education is best described as a work in progress. The field is held back by the lack of an accepted battery of reliable instruments, a lack of wide agreement on individual or schoolwide outcomes, and by the short-term nature of most of the existent
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processes. This science considers how the biological forces of genetics and neurotransmissions in the brain influence unconscious strategies and conscious and proposes that these features of biology have developed through evolution processes. In this view, the cognitive programs of the human brain
324:
To correct these conditions, he proposes that workers perform tasks that are interesting and mentally challenging—and that each worker help decide how, and to what ends, their work should be directed. Marx believes that this, coupled with democratic conditions in the workplace, reduces competitive
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is involved in decision making. According to cognitive neuroscientists, we are conscious of only about 5 percent of our cognitive activity, so most of our decisions, actions, emotions, and behavior depends on the 95 percent of brain activity that goes beyond our conscious awareness. These studies
304:
is perhaps, even today, the most influential of all the early
Western philosophers. His view is often summarized as 'moderation in all things'. For example, courage is worthy, for too little of it makes one defenseless. But too much courage can result in foolhardiness in the face of danger. To be
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wrote that to be virtuous, we must both understand what contributes to our overall good and have our spirited and appetitive desires educated properly and guided by the rational part of the soul. The path he prescribes is that a potentially virtuous person should learn when young to love and take
26:
loosely used to describe the teaching of children and adults in a manner that will help them develop variously as moral, civic, good, mannered, behaved, non-bullying, healthy, critical, successful, traditional, compliant or socially acceptable beings. Concepts that now and in the past have fallen
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9) There are few if any common goals among character education programs. The dissensions in the list of values among character education programs, itself, constitutes a major criticism that there is anything to character education that is either fundamental or universally relevant to students or
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Values change over time in response to changing life experiences. Recognizing these changes and understanding how they affect one's actions and behaviors is the goal of the values clarification process. Values clarification does not tell you what you should have, it simply provides the means to
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As the young republic took shape, schooling was promoted for both secular and moral reasons. By the time of the nineteenth century, however, religion became a problem in the schools. In the United States, the overwhelming dominant religion was
Protestantism. While not as prominent as during the
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applies Aristotle's conclusions in his understanding of work as a place where workers should be able to express their rational powers. But workers subject to capitalist values are characterized primarily by material self-interest. This makes them distrustful of others, viewing them primarily as
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under this term include social and emotional learning, moral reasoning and cognitive development, life skills education, health education, violence prevention, critical thinking, ethical reasoning, and conflict resolution and mediation. Many of these are now considered failed programs, i.e. "
1845:"Reversing the Perceived Moral Decline in American Schools: A Critical Literature Review of America's Attempt at Character Education (Covers the range of critiques from lack of pre-assessment and no evidence of effectiveness, to the damages of rewarding behavior and flaws in implementation)"
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The concept of inherited "race character" has long been used to characterize desirable versus undesirable qualities in members of groups as a whole along national, tribal, ethnic, religious and even class lines. Race character is predominantly used as a justification for the denigration and
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be blinded ourselves by social acceptability. Therefore, true moral education must empower students with the ability to deconstruct social norms in terms of universal values of social justice—in this way moral education can also gain a powerful ally in the multicultural education movement.
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identifies happiness with pleasure and explains the various virtues as instrumental means to pleasure. He teaches, however, that pleasure is to be understood in an overarching sense wherein fleeing battle is a momentary pleasure that detracts from the greater pleasure of acting bravely.
221:. Cries about loss of morals in the succeeding generation, overwhelmingly unsubstantiated, and calls for remediation have been constant in America since before its founding. (It should be expected that—in a free country that supports children's rights—this trend will continue apace.)
34:
Today, there are dozens of character education programs in, and vying for adoption by, schools and businesses. Some are commercial, some non-profit and many are uniquely devised by states, districts and schools, themselves. A common approach of these programs is to provide a list of
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in 1971. In the first of these experiments, the great majority of subjects, when politely though firmly requested by an experimenter, were willing to administer what they thought were increasingly severe electric shocks to a screaming "victim." In the second, the infamous
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There is no common practice in schools in relation to the formation of pupils' character or values education. This is partly due to the many competing programs and the lack of standards in character education, but also because of how and by whom the programs are executed.
358:. Because moral character requires communities where citizens can fully realize their human powers and ties of friendship, there are hard questions of how educational, economic, political, and social institutions should be structured to make that development possible.
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The Teacher Report on Student was a self-administered survey completed by teachers. The survey took approximately 15 minutes. Even then, the study found that the vast majority of character education programs failed to prove their effectiveness over 3 years, some were
166:"These four approaches aim for quick behavioral results, rather than helping students better understand and commit to the values that are core to our society, or helping them develop the skills for putting those values into action in life's complex situations."
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Still, due to a perceived view of academic and moral decline, educators continued to receive mandates to address the moral concerns of students, which they did using primarily two approaches: values clarification and cognitive developmental moral education.
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involves multicolored posters, banners, and bulletin boards featuring a value or virtue of the month; lively morning public-address announcements; occasional motivational assemblies; and possibly a high-profile event such as a fund-raiser for a good cause.
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Particularly in modern liberal republics, social and economic change is rapid and can result in cognitive stress to older generations when each succeeding generation expands on and exhibits their own modes of expressing the freedoms such societies enjoy.
456:, fostering virtues such as thrift honesty, piety, punctuality and industry. McGuffey was a theological and conservative teacher and attempted to give schools a curriculum that would instill Presbyterian Calvinist beliefs and manners in their students.
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A chilling document wherein the conservative ideologies and politics of militarism, retributive war, churches, patriotism, faith, morality and virtue - as opposed to evil - are all conflated with character education for Character Counts!
1785:"Cult of Character: How the 'secular' Character Training Institute is working to build evangelist Bill Gothard's vision of a First-Century Kingdom of God – one city, one state, one school board, one police force and one mind at a time"
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addresses how brain regions associated with emotional processing are involved in moral cognition by studying the biological mechanisms that underlie human choices and behavior. Like social psychology, it seeks to determine, not how we
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focuses on strict, uniform compliance with specific rules of conduct, (i.e., walking in lines, arms at one's sides), or formal forms of address ("yes sir," "no ma'am"), or other procedures deemed to promote order or respect of adults.
824:...too many programs that say they are developing character and call themselves "character education" are aimed mostly at promoting good manners and compliance with rules, not at developing students of strong, independent character.
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The focus on political lobbying has created state and national government imprimaturs that make the program look like a government initiative. The presidential declaration of a National Character Counts! Week is a triumph of
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spread throughout the colonies, the moral education of children was taken for granted. Formal education had a distinctly moral and religion emphasis. In the Christian tradition, it is believed that humans are flawed at birth
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calls on students to memorize a list of values and the definition of each. Students' simple memorization of definitions seems to be equated with their development of the far more complex capacity for making moral decisions.
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In a troubling study conducted by Joan Grusec at the University of Toronto, young children who were frequently praised for displays of generosity tended to be slightly less generous on an everyday basis than other children
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immigrants, creates a situation of a-priori assumption that humans are morally deficient by nature and that preemptive measures are needed to develop children into acceptable members of society: home, church and school.
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behave—though neurologically. For instance, what happens in the brain when we favor one response over another, or when it is difficult to make any decision? Studies of clinical populations, including patients with VMPC
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For Aristotle, the key to finding this balance is to enjoy and recognize the value of developing one's rational powers, and then using this recognition to determine which actions are appropriate in which circumstances.
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Because women and men today may not be well-positioned to fully develop the capacities Aristotle and others considered central to virtuous character, it continues to be a central issue not only in ethics, but also in
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to measure the behavioral predispositions of individuals. With no clinically defined meaning, there is virtually no way to measure if an individual has a deficit of character, or if a school program can improve it.
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America is a prime example. With few traditions, each generation exhibits attitudes and behaviors that conservative segments of preceding generations uneasily assimilate. Individual incidents can also produce a
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No evidence beyond single, small studies has shown that Values Clarification improves student decision-making, alters their existing values, changes choices they make in life, or bolsters academic achievement.
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419:. Besides rudimentary instruction in reading, it was filled with Biblical quotes, prayers, catechisms and religiously charged moral exhortations. Typical is this short verse from the 1777 edition:
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The views of nineteenth-century philosophers were heavily indebted to these early Greeks. Two of them, Karl Marx and John Stuart Mill, had a major influence on approaches to developing character.
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implanted deep in their brain for evaluation and treatment anyway. Similarly to these tests, a 2013 study found that the choice to sum or subtract can be predicted before the subject reports it.
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feelings among workers so they want to exhibit traditional virtues like generosity and trustfulness, and avoid the more traditional vices such as cowardice, stinginess, and self-indulgence.
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education. However, the various proponents of character education are far from agreement as to what "good" is, or what qualities are desirable. Compounding this problem is that there is no
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pleasure in virtuous actions, but he must wait until late in life to develop the understanding of why what he loves is good. An obvious problem is that this reasoning is circular.
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The various terms in the lists of values that character education programs propose—even those few found in common among some programs—suffer from vague definitions. This makes the
1771:
Yu finds unfavorable similarities between the current character education movement in America with his own experience of Chinese cultural education and re-education.
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is his emphasis on tradition and study. He disparages those who have faith in natural understanding or intuition and argues for long and careful study. Study, for
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others: anthropometry, astrology, palmistry, and metoposcopy. These approaches have been scientifically discredited although they continue to be widely practiced.
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During the late-nineteenth-century and twentieth-century period, intellectual leaders and writers were deeply influenced by the ideas of the English naturalist
181:
It has been said that, "character education is as old as education itself". Indeed, the attempt to understand and develop character extends into prehistory.
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find inclusion on lists of core values. Not found, even though they are fundamental to the success of modern democratic societies, are such noted values as
75:." More recently, psychologist Robert McGrath has proposed that character education is less focused on social skill acquisition and more on constructing a
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Was, Christopher A.; Woltz, Dan J.; Drew, Clif (2006). "Evaluating character education programs and missing the target: A critique of existing research".
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407:), requiring salvation through religious means: teaching, guidance and supernatural rituals. This belief in America, originally heavily populated by
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The entire character education movement is a knee-jerk reaction of conservatives in America to the economic situation of poor students in school
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5) Differing standards in methods and objectives. Differing standards for assessing need and evaluating results. Some attempts have been made.
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There is no common practice in relation to the formation of pupils' character or values education in schools in relation to teacher training.
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954:"Efficcacy of Schoolwide Programs to Promote Social and Character Development and Reduce Problem Behavior in Elementary School Children"
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discover what your values are. This approach, although widely practiced, came under strong criticism for, among other things, promoting
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The early Greek philosophers felt that happiness requires virtue and hence that a happy person must have virtuous traits of character.
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competitors. Given these attitudes, workers become prone to a number of vices, including selfishness, cowardice, and intemperance.
758:"The Effects of Values Clarification and Moral Development Curricula on School-Age Subjects: A Critical Review of Recent Research"
1595:"Moral Education - A Brief History of Moral Education, The Return of Character Education, Current Approaches to Moral Education"
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Credé, M.; Tynan, M.C.; Harms, P. D. (September 2017). "Much ado about grit: A meta-analytic synthesis of the grit literature".
837:"Leading Children Beyond Good and Evil (Includes a list of conflicting "pillars" among competing character education programs.)"
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67:—with many competing and conflicting theories. Thomas Lickona defines character education as "the deliberate effort to develop
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is destroyed. From this arise rebellion, disobedience, cunning and deceit, and general immorality. This is the way of chaos.
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There was no measurable differences in character building between those students in the program and those not in it.
1701:"An Exploratory Study of the Impact of the Character Education Program within the Dade County Public School System"
1151:"Stanford Prison Experiment: A Simulation Study of the Psychology of Imprisonment Conducted at Stanford University"
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6) Supportive "studies" that overwhelmingly rely on subjective feedback (usually surveys) from vested participants
1410:"Investigating emotion in moral cognition: a review of evidence from functional neuroimaging and neuropsychology"
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studies. Complicating these limitations is a larger one: the lack of theoretical agreement of what character is.
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654:. "Take chances, make mistakes, get messy!" the famous saying by Ms. Frizzle on the much celebrated TV show,
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Perhaps most damning to the traditional view of character are the results of the experiments conducted by
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1718:"A Critique of Character Counts! as a Curriculum Model for Explicit Moral Instruction in Public Schools"
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components, scientists have long since abandoned use of the term "character" and, instead, use the term
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1472:"Internally Generated Preactivation of Single Neurons in Human Medial Frontal Cortex Predicts Volition"
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4) A conflict between what good character is and the way that character education proposes to teach it
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468:, the German political philosopher Karl Marx, the Austrian neurologist and founder of psychoanalysis
591:, a new science, emerged in the 1990s to focus on explaining human behavior against the backdrop of
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658:, embodies values that would be antithetical to those found on today's character education lists.
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The most successful textbooks during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries were the famed
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Character education rests on three ideological legs: behaviorism, conservatism, and religion.
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independence, inventiveness, curiosity, critical thinking, skepticism, and even moderation
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Generally, the most common practitioners of character education in the United States are
51:"Character" is one of those overarching concepts that is the subject of disciplines from
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Damon, William; Lerner, Richard M.; Renninger, K. Ann; Sigel, Irving E. (2007-07-30).
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Character education in school in the United States began with the circulation of the
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1879:...the movement lacks either a theoretical perspective or a common core of practice.
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Soon, Chun Siong; He, Anna Hanxi; Bode, Stefan; Haynes, John-Dylan (9 April 2013).
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Effects of Rewards on Children's Prosocial Motivation: A Socialization Study
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959:. The Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. 2007.
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have taken new approaches to the understanding of human social behavior.
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10) It might be said that there is agreement in as much as what values
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1) An assumption that "character" is deficient in some or all children
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8) The pervasive problem of confusing morality with social conformity
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The man who shocked the world: the life and legacy of Stanley Milgram
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The Discourse of Character Education - Culture Wars in the Classroom
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1252:"George W, Bush, National Character Counts Week Proclamation, 2001"
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In the Name of Morality: Character Education and Political Control
1804:"A Critique of Research Evaluating Moral Education Interventions"
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Davis, Michael (2003). "What's Wrong with Character Education?".
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7) Programs instituted towards ideological and/or religious ends
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Cognitive-developmental theory of moral education and development
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Umbrella term used to describe a variety of educational systems
906:"Character Education in Schools and the Education of Teachers"
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as two of the great religious/philosophical systems of China.
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1375:"Why teaching kids to have 'grit' isn't always a good thing"
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Handbook of Child Psychology, Child Psychology in Practice
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Benninga, Jacques S.; Berkowitz, Marvin W. (2018-12-01).
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2) Lack of agreement on what constitutes effectiveness
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Fried, Itzhak; Mukamel, Roy; Kreiman, Gabriel j (2011).
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Other neurological research is documenting how much the
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Howard Adelman (Editor), Astri Suhrke (Editor) (2000).
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definition of character. Because such a concept blends
1583:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. 2021.
1111:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. 2019.
1093:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. 2019.
1075:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. 2020.
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820:"What's Right and Wrong In Character Education Today"
1847:. College of William and Mary, School of Education.
1179:"Moral Development and Moral Education: An Overview"
799:"Character Education: Organizations and Initiatives"
1825:Juhasz, Joseph; Shepard, Lester (4 November 2013).
1469:
1295:"Grit! The power of passion and perseverance Talks"
1025:"Character Education After the Bandwagon has Gone?"
746:
257:The theme of Taoism is one of harmony with nature.
1752:
125:cheerleading, praise and reward, define and drill,
1521:"Predicting free choices for abstract intentions"
876:
1928:
1860:
1518:
1397:. Society for Personality and Social Psychology.
1313:"Grit: The key ingredient to your kids' success"
624:3) Lack of evidence that it does what it claims
31:", "moral development", "values clarification".
1329:
668:Lawrence Kohlberg's stages of moral development
525:
493:sprang from the work of the Swiss psychologist
147:the reward or award becomes the primary focus.
111:of character education problematic to measure.
1610:
1608:
389:History of character education in U.S. schools
71:that are good for the individual and good for
1824:
740:"Character Education: An Historical Overview"
1671:
1407:
1332:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
1121:
1019:
1017:
903:
814:
812:
810:
808:
732:
513:
131:. They may be used alone or in combination.
1605:
1408:Young, L.; Koenigs, M. (December 1, 2007).
1271:Grit: The Power of Passion and Perseverance
599:
1395:"What is a Social/Personality Psychology?"
904:Revell, Lynn; Authur, James (March 2007).
880:Journal of Character Education: Vol. 14 #2
184:
123:Programs are generally of four varieties:
1698:
1554:
1544:
1495:
1425:
1268:
1091:Moral Character: Some ancient Greek views
1040:
1014:
805:
505:Character education movement of the 1980s
207:
1861:Smagorinsky, Peter; Taxel, Joel (2005).
1648:
1646:
1465:
1463:
755:
459:
1735:"Character Education Quality Standards"
1653:Fabes, Richard A.; et al. (1989).
1246:
1244:
756:Lockwood, Alan L. (September 1, 1978).
365:Impressed by scientific experiments in
224:
1929:
1165:"The New England Primer: 1777 edition"
393:
1652:
1643:
1614:
1460:
948:
946:
944:
942:
604:
437:
429:No false thing say, Mind little play,
336:
273:
266:branch of Buddhism is the concept of
229:
114:
1801:
1587:
1372:
1241:
1194:
425:Fear God all day, Love Christ alway,
1842:
710:Social cognitive theory of morality
614:Functional and ideological problems
13:
1937:United States educational programs
1750:
1740:. Character Education Partnership.
1214:"Character Counts! Coalition (US)"
939:
14:
1948:
1892:"Magic School Bus Wins NEA Award"
1827:"The Character Education Dilemma"
1782:
1699:Greenburg, Barry; Fain, Stephen.
1269:Duckworth, Angela (May 3, 2016).
546:Personality and social psychology
198:
431:By no sin stray, Make no delay,
246:A hallmark of the philosophy of
1884:
1854:
1836:
1818:
1795:
1776:
1744:
1727:
1710:
1692:
1665:
1571:
1512:
1442:
1401:
1387:
1366:
1323:
1305:
1287:
1262:
1206:
1195:Kohn, Alfie (2 February 1997).
1188:
1171:
1157:
1143:
1115:
1097:
1079:
1061:
1047:. pp. chapter 8, verse 8.
1034:
967:
189:
1109:Moral Character: Marx and Mill
897:
870:
843:
829:
791:
762:Review of Educational Research
567:ventromedial prefrontal cortex
46:
1:
1617:American Journal of Education
720:
497:and was further developed by
427:Parents obey, In secret pray,
1923:, New York: Routledge Falmer
1686:10.1016/j.edurev.2006.08.001
1657:. Developmental Psychology.
1488:10.1016/j.neuron.2010.11.045
526:Modern scientific approaches
7:
1723:. Augusta State University.
1674:Educational Research Review
1373:Rose, Mike (May 14, 2015).
661:
37:principles, pillars, values
10:
1953:
980:. Transaction Publishers.
910:Journal of Moral Education
674:Journal of Moral Education
383:Stanford prison experiment
176:
1843:Whitley, Joseph Garland.
1197:"How Not to Teach Values"
922:10.1080/03057240701194738
856:. John Wiley & Sons.
774:10.3102/00346543048003325
514:21st century developments
79:within a life narrative.
1921:Education with Character
1414:British Medical Bulletin
600:Issues and controversies
356:philosophy of literature
97:psychological motivators
1802:Dune, Jonathan (1997).
1580:Evolutionary Psychology
1546:10.1073/pnas.1212218110
1450:"Unconscious Decisions"
589:Evolutionary psychology
540:evolutionary psychology
530:Today, the sciences of
352:philosophy of education
185:Understanding character
435:
208:Generational character
1751:Yu, Tianlong (2004).
581:patients, who needed
480:Values clarification.
460:Mid-twentieth century
421:
1867:. Psychology Press.
977:The Path of Genocide
656:The Magic School Bus
348:political philosophy
225:Developing character
1919:Arthur, J. (2003).
1537:2013PNAS..110.6217S
1454:Scientific American
1380:The Washington Post
1344:10.1037/pspp0000102
1317:The Washington Post
423:Good children must,
394:The colonial period
29:religious education
20:Character education
1783:Talvi, Silja J.A.
1427:10.1093/bmb/ldm031
1041:Confucius (1999).
1006:has generic name (
605:Scientific studies
438:Nineteenth century
417:New England Primer
378:Philip G. Zimbardo
337:Contemporary views
274:Western philosophy
230:Eastern philosophy
115:In-school programs
1531:(15): 6217–6222.
1105:"Moral Character"
1087:"Moral Character"
695:Moral enhancement
685:Moral development
532:social psychology
499:Lawrence Kohlberg
376:in the 1960s and
367:social psychology
171:school counselors
144:Praise-and-reward
1944:
1907:
1906:
1904:
1903:
1894:. Archived from
1888:
1882:
1881:
1858:
1852:
1851:
1840:
1834:
1833:
1822:
1816:
1815:
1806:. Archived from
1799:
1793:
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1773:
1758:
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1219:. Archived from
1218:
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1203:
1192:
1186:
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827:
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802:
795:
789:
788:
753:
744:
743:
736:
715:Values education
700:Moral psychology
574:unconscious mind
487:among students.
485:moral relativism
454:McGuffey Readers
330:John Stuart Mill
160:Forced-formality
152:Define-and-drill
129:forced formality
1952:
1951:
1947:
1946:
1945:
1943:
1942:
1941:
1927:
1926:
1914:Further reading
1911:
1910:
1901:
1899:
1890:
1889:
1885:
1875:
1859:
1855:
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1837:
1823:
1819:
1810:on 2000-01-09.
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1267:
1263:
1254:. White House.
1250:
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1129:. Basic Books.
1120:
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754:
747:
738:
737:
733:
723:
705:Moral reasoning
680:Moral character
664:
616:
607:
602:
553:Neuropsychology
536:neuropsychology
528:
516:
507:
462:
440:
433:In doing good.
432:
430:
428:
426:
424:
396:
391:
374:Stanley Milgram
364:
339:
276:
232:
227:
210:
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117:
49:
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12:
11:
5:
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1909:
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1853:
1835:
1817:
1794:
1775:
1765:
1759:. Peter Lang.
1743:
1726:
1709:
1691:
1680:(2): 148–156.
1664:
1642:
1629:10.1086/377672
1604:
1586:
1570:
1511:
1459:
1441:
1400:
1386:
1365:
1338:(3): 492–511.
1322:
1304:
1286:
1280:978-1501111105
1279:
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1240:
1205:
1187:
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828:
804:
790:
768:(3): 325–364.
745:
730:
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719:
718:
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707:
702:
697:
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690:Moral emotions
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466:Charles Darwin
461:
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400:common schools
395:
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209:
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199:Race character
197:
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116:
113:
77:moral identity
48:
45:
15:
9:
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3:
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1932:
1922:
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1917:
1916:
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1898:on 2016-04-05
1897:
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1874:9781135608675
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1766:9780820467252
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1482:(3): 548–62.
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1301:. 9 May 2013.
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44:
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25:
24:umbrella term
21:
1920:
1913:
1912:
1900:. Retrieved
1896:the original
1886:
1878:
1863:
1856:
1848:
1838:
1830:
1820:
1811:
1808:the original
1797:
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1420:(1): 69–79.
1417:
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1325:
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1298:
1289:
1273:. Scribner.
1270:
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1228:. Retrieved
1221:the original
1208:
1200:
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1159:
1145:
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1123:Thomas Blass
1117:
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451:
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414:
405:original sin
397:
371:
362:Situationism
361:
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346:philosophy,
340:
328:
327:
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315:
314:
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239:stands with
237:Confucianism
233:
215:
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190:Psychic arts
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159:
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136:Cheerleading
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108:
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50:
40:
36:
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19:
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1789:InTheseTime
495:Jean Piaget
447:Horace Mann
219:moral panic
89:personality
47:Terminology
1902:2019-06-27
1236:marketing.
1230:2009-03-25
721:References
583:electrodes
409:Protestant
93:behavioral
85:scientific
61:psychology
53:philosophy
1637:146338534
1623:(1): 32.
1299:TED Talks
996:cite book
930:144302560
782:145259157
643:society.
593:Darwinian
317:Karl Marx
301:Aristotle
252:Confucius
248:Confucius
65:sociology
1931:Category
1565:23509300
1506:21315264
1436:18029385
1360:24361685
1352:27845531
1125:(2004).
1069:"Daoism"
1044:Analects
662:See also
579:epilepsy
344:feminist
283:Socrates
259:Zhuangzi
57:theology
1556:3625266
1533:Bibcode
1497:3052770
883:. IAP.
177:History
73:society
69:virtues
59:, from
41:virtues
1871:
1763:
1635:
1563:
1553:
1504:
1494:
1476:Neuron
1434:
1358:
1350:
1277:
1133:
1073:Taoism
1051:
984:
928:
887:
860:
780:
648:do not
558:should
354:, and
241:Taoism
22:is an
1738:(PDF)
1721:(PDF)
1660:were.
1633:S2CID
1356:S2CID
1257:week)
1224:(PDF)
1217:(PDF)
1182:(PDF)
1028:(PDF)
957:(PDF)
926:S2CID
778:S2CID
726:Notes
292:Plato
1869:ISBN
1761:ISBN
1561:PMID
1525:PNAS
1502:PMID
1432:PMID
1348:PMID
1275:ISBN
1131:ISBN
1049:ISBN
1008:help
982:ISBN
885:ISBN
858:ISBN
538:and
519:Grit
268:flow
127:and
107:and
105:need
91:and
1682:doi
1625:doi
1621:110
1551:PMC
1541:doi
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