Carolingian Empire

1772:. During the 790s when construction picked up at Aachen Charlemagne's court became more centred compared with the 770s where court so often found itself located in tents during campaigning. Though Aachen was certainly not intended to be a sedentary capital it was built in the political heartland of Charlemagne's realm to act as a meeting place for aristocrats and churchmen so that patronage might be distributed, assemblies held, laws written, and even where scholarly churchmen gathered for the purposes of learning. Aachen was also a centre for information and gossip being pulled in from across the Empire by courtiers and churchmen alike. Of course, despite being the centre of Charlemagne's government, until his later years, his court moved often and made use of other palaces at Frankfurt, Ingelheim and Nijmegen. The use of such structures would signal the beginnings of the palace system of government used by the Carolingian court throughout reigns of many Carolingian rulers. Stuart Airlie has suggested that there were over 150 palaces throughout the Carolingian World which would provide the setting for court activity. 1152:

Charles Martel, and so were a threat as a potential alternative ruling family. Monastic exile was a tactic Louis used heavily in his early reign to strengthen his position and remove potential rivals. In 817 his nephew, King Bernard of Italy, rebelled against him due to discontent with being the vassal of Lothar, Louis' eldest son. The rebellion was quickly put down by Louis, and by 818 Bernard of Italy was captured and punished - the punishment of death was commuted to blinding. However, the trauma of the procedure ending up killing him two days later. Italy was brought back into Imperial control. In 822 Louis' show of penance for Bernard's death greatly reduced his prestige as Emperor to the nobility – some suggest it opened him up to 'clerical domination'. Nonetheless, in 817 Louis had established three new Carolingian kingships for his sons from his first marriage:

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Neustria to Pepin, stripped Lothar of his Imperial title and granted the Kingdom of Italy to Charles. Another partition in 832 completely excluded Pepin and Louis the German, making Lothar and Charles the sole benefactors of the kingdom, which precipitated Pepin and Louis the German revolting in the same year, followed by Lothar in 833, and together they imprisoned Louis the Pious and Charles. Lothar brought Pope Gregory IV from Rome under the guise of mediation, but his true role was to legitimise Lothar and his brothers' rule by deposing and excommunicating Louis. By 835, peace was made within the family, and Louis was restored to the Imperial throne at the church of St. Stephen in Metz. When Pepin died in 838, Louis crowned Charles king of Aquitaine, whilst the nobility elected Pepin's son

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for general assemblies held 'two or three a year in the period 896–28...' and while he was not an immobile ruler, his reign has certainly been described as more static. In this way the palace system can also been seen as a tool of continuity in governance. After the splintering of the Empire the palace system continued to be used by succeeding Carolingian rulers with Charles the Bald centring his power at Compiègne where the palace chapel was dedicated to the Virgin Mary in 877, something remarked on as a sign of continuity with Aachen's Mother of God chapel. For Louis the German, Frankfurt has been deemed his own 'neo-Aachen' and Charles the Fat's palace at Sélestat in Alsace was designed specifically to imitate Aachen.

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was banished to Italy (although it is not known why; The Astronomer simply states that Louis 'dismissed his son Lothar to go back to Italy') and Bernard assumed his place as second in command to the emperor. With Bernard's influence over not only the emperor, but the empress as well, further discord was sowed amongst prominent nobility. Pepin, Louis' second son, too, was disgruntled; he had been implicated in a failed military campaign in 827, and he was tired of his father's overbearing involvement in the ruling of Aquitaine. As such, the angry nobility supported Pepin, civil war broke out during Lent in 830, and the last years of his reign were plagued by civil war.

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take place through the summer as this would ensure there were enough supplies for the fighting force. Charlemagne passed regulations requiring all mustered fighting men to own and bring their own weapons; the wealthy cavalrymen had to bring their own armour, poor men had to bring spears and shields, and those driving the carts had to have bows and arrows in their possession. In regards to provisions, men were instructed not to eat food until a specific location was reached, and carts should carry three months worth of food and six months worth of weapons and clothing along with tools. Preference was shown towards

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the dynastic struggle and resultant civil war, as his epithet states, he was highly interested in matters of religion. One of the first things he did was 'ruling the people by law and with the wealth of his piety', namely by restoring churches. "The Astronomer" stated that, during his kingship of Aquitaine, he 'built up the study of reading and singing, and also the understanding of divine and worldly letters, more quickly than one would believe.' He also made significant effort to restore many monasteries that had disappeared prior to his reign, as well as sponsoring new ones.

1724: 2207: 2237: 1018: 4218: 1700:, which was critical to building and maintaining such a large empire. The importance of horses to the Carolingian military is revealed through the Revised version of the Royal Frankish Annals. The annals mention that whilst Charlemagne was on campaign in 791 "there broke out such a pestilence among the horses that barely a tenth out of so many thousands are said to have survived." Shortage of horses played a role in preventing Carolingian forces from continuing a campaign against the Avars in Pannonia. 1478: 1454: 1436: 1424: 2351: 2259: 4808: 2337: 501: 2293: 4532: 8857: 8244: 5182: 1794:

emperor or the caliph of Baghdad." However, further reading in the works of Carolingian historians such as Matthew Innes, Rosamond McKitterick, and Stuart Airlie suggest that the use of palaces were important in the evolution of Carolingian governance and Janet Nelson has argued that "palaces are places from which power emanates and is exercised..." and the importance of palaces to Carolingian administration, learning, and legitimacy has been widely argued.

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populations expanded steadily from 750 to 850 AD. Figures ranging from 10 to 20 million have been offered, with estimates being devised based on calculations of empire size and theoretical densities. Recently, however, Timothy Newfield challenges the idea of demographic expansion, criticising scholars for relying on the impact of recurring pandemics in the preceding period of 541-750 AD and ignoring the frequency of famines in Carolingian Europe.

8847: 1630: 1007: 4351: 8867: 64: 1196:, in 842, Charles and Louis agreed to declare Lothar unfit for the imperial throne. This marked the east–west division of the Empire between Louis and Charles until the Verdun Treaty. Considered a milestone in European history, the Oaths of Strasbourg symbolize the birth of both France and Germany. The partition of Carolingian Empire was finally settled in 843 by and between Louis the Pious' three sons in the 1136: 1573:

of identification in this period and was a way to show social status and political agency. Many regional and ethnic identities were maintained and would later become significant in a political role. Regarding laws, ethnic identity helped decide which codes applied to which populations, however these systems were not definitive representations of ethnicity as these systems were somewhat fluid.

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pattern of contact between the king and his provinces in the Carolingian period. The contents of capitularies could include a wide range of topics, including royal orders, instructions for specific officials, deliberations of assemblies on both secular and ecclesiastical affairs as well as additions and alterations to the law.

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German king. In 860, Charles the Bald invaded Charles of Burgundy's kingdom but was repulsed. Lothar II ceded lands to Louis II in 862 for support of a divorce from his wife, which caused repeated conflicts with the pope and his uncles. Charles of Burgundy died in 863, and his kingdom was inherited by Louis II.

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Louis the Pious used the palace system much to the same effect as Charlemagne during his reign as king of Aquitaine, rotating his court between four winter palaces throughout the region. During his reign as Emperor he used Aachen, Ingelheim, Frankfurt, and Mainz which were almost always the locations

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Louis the Pious' reign as Emperor was unexpected; as the third son of Charlemagne, he was originally crowned King of Aquitaine at three years old. With the deaths of his older siblings, he went from 'a boy who became a king to a man who would be emperor'. Although his reign was mostly overshadowed by

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reunited all the Carolingian kingdoms for the last time, but he was deposed by the Frankish nobility in 887 and died in 888 and the empire immediately split up. With the only remaining legitimate male of the dynasty a child, the nobility elected regional kings from outside the dynasty or, in the case

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The oath of fidelity was a way for Charles to ensure loyalty from all his subjects. As early as 779 he banned sworn guilds between other men so that everyone took an oath of loyalty only to him. In 789 (in response to the 786 rebellion) he began legislating that everyone should swear fidelity to him

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is a particular example of such symbolism and thus the importance of the palace system in more than mere governance. The palace chapel is written to have been 'lined with images from the Bible' and the hall of the palace 'decorated with a picture cycle celebrating the deeds of great kings' including

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Studies of ethnicity in the Carolingian Empire have been largely limited. However, it is accepted that the empire was inhabited by major ethnic groups such as Franks, Alemanni, Bavarians, Thuringians, Frisians, Lombards, Goths, Romans, Celts, Basques and Slavs. Ethnicity was just one of many systems

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royal agents who would travel around the Carolingian kingdom, usually in pairs of a secular missi and ecclesiastical missi, reading out copied out versions of the latest capitularies to assemblies of people. The missi also had other roles such as handling complex local disputes and can be argued to

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Coinage had a strong association with the Roman Empire, and Charlemagne took up its regulation with his other imperial duties. The Carolingians exercised controls over the silver coinage of the realm, controlling its composition and value. The name of the emperor, not of the minter, appeared on the

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A study using climate proxies such as the Greenland Ice core sample 'GISP2' has indicated that there may have been relatively favourable conditions for the empire's early years, although several harsh winters appear afterwards. Whilst demographic implications are observable in contemporary sources,

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was crowned emperor while Louis III of Saxony and Louis III of Francia died the following year. Saxony and Bavaria were united with Charles the Fat's Kingdom, and Francia and Neustria were granted to Carloman of Aquitaine who also conquered Lower Burgundy. Carloman died in a hunting accident in 884

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into the will was marked by the resistance of his eldest sons. Whilst this was part of the reason for strife amongst Louis' sons, some suggest that it was the appointment of Bernard of Septimania as chamberlain which caused discontent with Lothar, as he was stripped of his co-Emperorship in 829 and

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Louis the Pious' reign lacked security; he often had to struggle to maintain control of the Empire. As soon as he heard of the death of Charlemagne, he hurried to Aachen, where he exiled many of Charlemagne's trusted advisors, such as Wala. Wala and his siblings were children of the youngest son of

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and refers to the way these records were taken and written up, in a chapter by chapter style. They are regarded as being 'amongst the most important sources for the governance of the Frankish Empire in the eight and ninth century' by Sören Kaschke. The use of capitularies represent a change in the

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Almost every year between the accession of Charles Martel and the conclusion of the wars with the Saxons Frankish forces went on campaign or expedition, often into enemy territory. Charlemagne would, for many years, gather an assembly around Easter and launch a military effort that would typically

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legislate for them, and to make judgments. All important men had to go to the meeting and so it was an important way for Charles to make his will known. Originally the meeting worked effectively however later it merely became a forum for discussion and for nobles to express their dissatisfaction.

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infrastructure; captured fortifications were often destroyed so they could not be used to resist Carolingian authority in the future. After 800 and during the reign of Louis the Pious, efforts of expansion dwindled. Tim Reuter has shown that many military efforts during Louis' reign were largely

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against his brother Lothar and his uncle Charles the Bald in 858. Lothar reconciled with his brother and uncle shortly after. Charles was so unpopular that he could not raise an army to fight the invasion and instead fled to Burgundy. He was only saved when the bishops refused to crown Louis the

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Primary evidence shows that capitularies were copied and disseminated all throughout Charlemagne's empire, however there is insufficient evidence to suggest the efficacy of the capitularies and whether they were actually put into practice throughout the realm. As Charlemagne became increasingly

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The palace system as an idea for Carolingian central administration and governance has been challenged by historian F. L. Ganshof, who argued that the palaces of the Carolingians "contained nothing resembling the specialised services and departments available at the same period to the Byzantine

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The government, administration, and organization of the Carolingian Empire were forged in the court of Charlemagne in the decades around the year 800. In this year, Charlemagne was crowned emperor and adapted his existing royal administration to live up to the expectations of his new title. The

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The annual meeting, the Placitum Generalis or Marchfield, was held every year (between March and May) at a place appointed by the king. It was called for three reasons: to gather the Frankish host to go on a campaign, to discuss political and ecclesiastical matters affecting the kingdom and to

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which were under the control of a vicar. At first, they were royal agents sent out by Charles but after c. 802 they were important local magnates. They were responsible for justice, enforcing capitularies, levying soldiers, receiving tolls and dues and maintaining roads and bridges. They could

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Shortly after Easter, his sons attacked Louis' empire and dethroned him in favour of Lothar. The Astronomer stated Louis spent the summer in the custody of his son, 'an emperor in name only'. The following year Louis attacked his sons' kingdoms by drafting new plans for succession. Louis gave

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Chris Wickham suggests that there are currently no reliable calculations for the period regarding the populations of early medieval towns. What is likely, however, is that most cities of the empire did not exceed the 20–25,000 speculated for Rome during this period. On an empire-wide level,

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The royal household was an itinerant body (until c. 802) which moved around the kingdom making sure good government was upheld in the localities. The most important positions were the chaplain (who was responsible for all ecclesiastical affairs in the kingdom), and the count of the palace

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Possibly associated with the chaplain and the royal chapel was the office of the chancellor, head of the chancery, a non-permanent writing office. The charters produced were rudimentary and mostly to do with land deeds. There are 262 surviving from Charles’ reign as opposed to 40 from

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There has been debates over the purpose of capitularies. Some historians argue that the capitularies were nothing more than a 'royal wish-list' while others argue for capitularies representing the basis of a centralised state. Capitularies were implemented through the use of the

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in 795 since Charlemagne was occupied with Saxon revolts. Eventually, the Avar confederation ended in 803 after Charlemagne sent a Bavarian army into Pannonia. He also conquered Saxon territories in wars and rebellions fought from 772 to 804, with such events as the

2156:. Intellectuals such as Alcuin reckoned that the Charlemagne's coronation as emperor on Christmas Day 800 marked the beginning of the seventh and final age of the world. These concerns may explain why Charlemagne aimed to have everyone engage in acts of penance. 1581:

Evidence from Carolingian estate surveys and polyptychs appears to suggest that female life expectancy was lower than that of men in this period, with analyses recording high ratios of males to females. However, it is possible this is due to a recording bias.

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in about 741. Charlemagne's rule began in 768 at Pepin's death. He proceeded to take control of the kingdom following his brother Carloman's death, as the two brothers co-inherited their father's kingdom. Charlemagne was crowned Roman Emperor in the year 800.

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Palaces were not merely locations of administrative government but also stood as important symbols. Under Charlemagne their excellence was a translation of the treasure built up from conquest into a symbolic permanence as well as exclaiming royal authority.

814:, the empire was divided into autonomous kingdoms, with one king still recognised as emperor, but with little authority outside his own kingdom. The unity of the empire and the hereditary right of the Carolingians continued to be acknowledged. In 884, 2363:

Despite the relatively short existence of the Carolingian Empire when compared to other European dynastic empires, its legacy far outlasts the state that had forged it. In historiographical terms, the Carolingian Empire is seen as the beginning of

1276:, the eldest son of Louis the German, his heir. Charles the Bald, supported by the pope, was crowned both king of Italy and emperor. The following year, Louis the German died. Charles tried to annex his realm too, but was defeated decisively at 1867:

technically be dismissed by the king but many offices became hereditary. They were also sometimes corrupt although many were exemplary e.g. Count Eric of Friuli. Provincial governors eventually evolved who supervised several counts.

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suggested the construction of so-called 'public buildings' was a testament to Charlemagne's greatness and likeness to the emperors of antiquity and this connection was certainly capitalised upon by the imagery of palace decorations.

2416:, Ottonians still linked their dynasty to the Carolingians, through direct and indirect means. Further iconography of Charlemagne himself was utilised in later medieval periods, where he is depicted as a model knight and paragon of 1747:

being a typical characteristic of all Western European kingdoms at this time. Some palaces can, however, be distinguished as locations of central administration. In the first year of his reign, Charlemagne went to Aachen

1127:, in 810, and Charles died without heirs in 811. Although Bernard succeeded Pepin as king of Italy, Louis was made co-emperor in 813, and the entire Empire passed to him with Charlemagne's death in the winter of 814. 1321:

The empire, after the death of Charles the Bald, was under attack in the north and west by the Vikings and was facing internal struggles from Italy to the Baltic, from Hungary in the east to Aquitaine in the west.

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were sent out in pairs. One was an ecclesiastic and one secular. Their status as high officials was thought to safeguard them from the temptation of taking bribes. They made four journeys a year in their local

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and the poor. His administration was an attempt to organize the kingdom, church, and nobility around him, however, its efficacy was directly dependent upon the efficiency, loyalty and support of his subjects.

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was not known to the Franks until the late eighth century and soldiers on horseback would therefore have used swords and lances for striking and not charging. Carolingian military success rested primarily on

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force created by Charles Martel in the 730s. However, it is clear that no such "cavalry revolution" took place in the Carolingian period leading up to and during the reign of Charlemagne. This is because the

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had incorporated Berber light horse cavalry with the heavy Arab cavalry to create a formidable army that had almost never been defeated. Christian European forces, meanwhile, lacked the powerful tool of the

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Overall population estimates for the Carolingian empire range today from ten to twenty million, including the Italian territories. The size of the Carolingian empire can be roughly estimated at 1,112,000

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magnified distant ties to the Carolingians to legitimise their dynastic ambitions as 'successors'. Four of the five Ottonian emperors to rule also crowned themselves in Charlemagne's palace in

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The unifying power of Charlemagne and his descendants have been wielded by a succession of European rulers to bolster their own regimes; much in the same vein as Charlemagne echoed elements of

874:, who were eventually defeated and their land incorporated into the empire. In southern Italy, the Carolingians' claims to authority were disputed by the Byzantines and the vestiges of the 1591:

political reforms wrought in Aachen were to have an immense impact on the political definition of Western Europe for the rest of the Middle Ages. The Carolingian improvements on the old

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in 844, making him co-emperor in 850. Lothar died in 855, dividing his kingdom into three parts: the territory already held by Louis remained his, the territory of the former Kingdom of

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as king of the Western Franks, but the title of emperor lapsed. Louis the Stammerer was physically weak and died two years later, his realm being divided between his eldest two sons:

1919:, professional experts on the law. Every count had the help of seven of these scabini, who were supposed to know every national law so that all men could be judged according to it. 1813:) who had supreme control over the household. It also included more minor officials e.g. chamberlain, seneschal, and marshal. The household sometimes led the army (e.g. Seneschal 1929:

was also amended in both 798 and 802, although even Einhard admits in section 29 that this was imperfect). Judges were supposed to have a copy of both the Salic law code and the

1907:. These were the king’s vassals and were usually the sons of powerful men, holding ‘benefices’ and forming a contingent in the royal army. They also went on ad hoc missions. 5886: 1181:, a conflict which was not resolved until 860 with Pepin's death. When Louis the Pious finally died in 840, Lothar claimed the entire empire irrespective of the partitions. 2372:

as founders of feudalism, it is obvious that a Carolingian 'template' lends to the structure of central medieval political culture. Yet some argue against this assumption;

1616:, the right to rule and command, over all of his territories. Also, he had supreme jurisdiction in judicial matters, made legislation, led the army, and protected both the 11655: 2059:

were the written records of decisions made by the Carolingian kings in consultation with assemblies during the eighth and ninth century. The name comes from the Latin

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where Frankish administration rested upon the counts, and outside this was the marcher areas where ruled powerful governors. These marcher lordships were present in

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pronounced Charlemagne responsible for the salvation of his subjects and set out standards of education for the clergy, who previously had been mostly illiterate.

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Newfield, Timothy (2013). "The Contours, Frequency and Causation of Subsistence Crises in Carolingian Europe (750–950)". In I Monclús, Pere Benito (ed.).

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technologies and excellent logistics. However, large numbers of horses were used by the Frankish military during the age of Charlemagne. This was because

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in 774 and annexed it into his own domain by declaring himself 'King of the Lombards'. He later led a failed campaign into Spain in 778, ending with the

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The Frankish kingdom was subdivided by Charlemagne into three separate areas to make administration easier. These were the inner "core" of the kingdom (

1715:, and used armour based on Late Roman and early Byzantine models. Frankish artistic depictions of these bodyguards also mirrored Late Roman traditions. 11403: 5879: 2131:

Charlemagne aimed to convert all those in the Frankish kingdom to Christianity and to expand both his empire and the reach of Christianity. The 789

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after a tumultuous and ineffective reign, and his lands were inherited by Charles the Fat, effectively recreating the empire of Charlemagne.

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The term "Carolingian Empire" is a modern convention and was not used by its contemporaries. The language of official acts in the empire was

4017: 3916: 3898: 2412:, likely to establish a continuity between the Carolingians and themselves. Even with their dynasty originating from Charlemagne's arch-foe 1900:

each lasting a month, and were responsible for making the royal will and capitularies known, judging cases and occasionally raising armies.

1401:, the illegitimate son of King Carloman of Bavaria, raised the standard of rebellion. Instead of fighting the insurrection, Charles fled to 10913: 8402: 5872: 5231: 3853: 4014: 4013: 4009: 4006: 3999: 3994: 3989: 3987: 3983: 3978: 3971: 3968: 3962: 3961: 3945: 3941: 3940: 3930: 3929: 3927: 3919: 3908: 3907: 3906: 3905: 3902: 3894: 3890: 3889: 3888: 3887: 3885: 3876: 4027: 4025: 3939: 3928: 1268:

Lothar II died in 869 with no legitimate heirs, and his kingdom was divided between Charles the Bald and Louis the German in 870 by the

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of 789: One of the most influential Capitularies of Charlemagne's time. Consisted of over 80 chapters, including many laws on religion.

1610:, but historians have come to suspect the depth of the emperor's influence and control. Legally, the Carolingian emperor exercised the 4041: 3936: 3921: 3883: 3874: 11483: 4049: 3824:(freely available database of prosopographical and socio-economic data from Carolingian legal documents, produced and maintained by 2376:

disdained this hunt for feudalism's birth as 'the idol of origins'. A concerted effort can be noted by Carolingian authors, such as

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The Capitulary of Herstal of 779: Dealt with both ecclesiastical and secular topics, placing importance on the importance of paying

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there in the 780s with original plans being thought up perhaps as soon as 768. The palace chapel, constructed in 796, later became

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stationary, the amount of capitularies produced increased, this was particularly noticeable after the General Admonition of 789.

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Charlemagne's reign was one of near-constant warfare, participating in annual campaigns, many led personally. He defeated the

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Rethinking Authority in the Carolingian Empire: Ideals and Expectations During the Reign of Louis the Pious (813-828)

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Louis II, dissatisfied with having received no additional territory upon his father's death, allied with his uncle

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Henning, Joachim, ed. (2007). "Where do trading towns come from? Early medieval Venice and the northern emporia".

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the legitimate Carolingian dynasty was restored in 898 and ruled until 987 with an interruption from 922 to 936.

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Schroeder, Nicholas (2019). "Observations about Climate, Farming, and Peasant Societies in Carolingian Europe".

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resistance and extended his realm to the Elbe more lastingly, influencing events almost to the Russian Steppes.

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as king, however in 802 he expanded the oath greatly and made it so that all men over age 12 swore it to him.

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Charles also created two sub-kingdoms in Aquitaine and Italy, ruled by his sons Louis and Pepin respectively.

1862:. The Carolingian Empire (except Bavaria) was divided up into between 110 and 600 counties, each divided into 1230:

which was the precursor to modern Germany. Charles received all lands west of the Rhone, which was called the

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in the name of Emperor Louis II and Empress Engelberga, showing the expansion of Carolingian authority in

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was finally granted to King Carloman of Bavaria, but a stroke forced him to abdicate Italy to his brother

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The Battle of Lechfeld and its Aftermath, August 955: The End of the Age of Migrations in the Latin West

1139:

Detailed map of the Carolingian Empire at its greatest extension (814) and subsequent partition of 843 (

803:

to Western Europe. The Carolingian Empire is sometimes considered the first phase in the history of the

10750: 10473: 8787: 8777: 8741: 8583: 8485: 7395: 7390: 7004: 6998: 6949: 6939: 6369: 6354: 6217: 4515: 4340: 4028: 3469: 2015: 1922:

Judges were also banned from taking bribes and were supposed to use sworn inquests to establish facts.

964:

Martel cemented his place in history with his defense of Christian Europe against a Muslim army at the

735: 77: 4040: 2936:

Kingship and Politics in the Late Ninth Century: Charles the Fat and the End of the Carolingian Empire

11398: 11358: 10799: 10286: 9434: 8998: 8510: 8273: 8247: 7427: 7334: 7327: 7305: 7140: 7116: 6399: 3918: 3901: 1555:

The study of demographics in the early Middle Ages is a notably difficult task. In his comprehensive

879: 4026: 2084:

have been crucial to the success of both capitularies and the expansion of Charlemagne's influence.

1249:, and the remaining territory for which there was no traditional name was granted to his second son 985:, the historian of Rome and its aftermath, called Charles Martel "the paramount prince of his age". 11498: 11226: 10988: 10948: 10938: 10886: 10244: 10219: 10069: 9728: 9723: 8761: 7467: 7452: 7267: 7252: 7022: 6374: 6227: 6163: 5796: 4201: 4034: 3825: 2434: 1397:

in 886 was perceived by the court as being cowardly and incompetent. The following year his nephew

1185: 1076: 4047: 2971: 830:

The population of the empire was roughly between 10 and 20 million people. Its heartland was

11675: 11276: 11184: 10483: 10478: 10311: 10192: 9733: 9686: 9629: 9328: 9272: 9020: 8465: 8435: 7582: 7472: 7462: 7457: 7277: 7257: 7214: 7110: 6785: 6677: 6639: 6134: 6064: 5265: 4887: 3457: 2429: 2113: 1728: 1600: 1083:, to renounce any claim to his title in 794. His son, Pepin, was ordered to campaign against the 1072: 875: 383: 1564:

the extent of the impact of these findings on the empire's populations is difficult to discern.

11448: 11438: 11027: 10958: 10943: 10424: 10383: 10333: 10234: 10229: 9917: 9865: 9785: 9718: 9622: 9607: 9500: 9267: 9221: 9062: 8949: 8822: 8578: 8352: 7984: 7417: 7412: 7339: 7234: 7070: 7016: 6964: 6954: 6790: 6733: 6404: 5632: 5260: 4139: 3461: 2864:

Charlemagne and Louis the Pious: Lives by Einhard, Notker, Ermoldus, Thegan, and the Astronomer

2165: 1520: 1300: 924: 772: 529: 152: 1048:

The Carolingian Empire during the reign of Charlemagne covered most of Western Europe, as the

882:. In its day, it was known by various Latin names; the term "Carolingian Empire" arose later. 11558: 11533: 11463: 11146: 10874: 10647: 10605: 10575: 10264: 10224: 10037: 9912: 8976: 8966: 8925: 8896: 8641: 8533: 8490: 7282: 7172: 7034: 6878: 6830: 6816: 6644: 6384: 6297: 6247: 5926: 5909: 5622: 5196: 4619: 3227: 3196: 2314: 2033: 1959: 1178: 776: 728: 10152: 851: 11645: 11553: 11308: 11221: 11199: 11122: 11118: 11047: 10963: 10908: 10903: 10726: 10570: 10459: 10357: 10187: 10157: 10032: 9963: 9934: 9853: 9187: 9025: 9015: 8860: 8802: 8598: 8505: 8475: 8460: 8266: 7373: 7344: 7247: 7082: 6959: 6898: 6883: 6806: 6770: 6726: 6716: 6494: 6466: 6272: 6116: 6014: 5958: 5657: 5652: 5617: 5583: 5558: 5548: 5047: 4610: 4596: 3727: 3016:

Post-Roman Towns, Trade and Settlement in Europe and Byzantium: The heirs of the Roman West

2806: 1157: 661: 574: 10137: 1915:

Around 780 Charlemagne reformed the local system of administering justice and created the

1405:

and died the following year in 888, leaving a divided entity and a disorderly succession.

8: 11578: 11443: 11313: 11103: 11032: 10789: 10762: 10745: 10733: 10555: 10511: 10049: 9929: 9895: 9797: 9617: 9612: 9424: 9143: 9079: 8954: 8939: 8746: 8726: 8706: 8671: 8603: 8515: 8382: 8209: 7422: 7104: 6835: 6738: 6721: 6711: 6566: 6489: 6312: 6307: 6242: 6142: 6052: 5783: 5686: 5662: 5642: 5612: 5602: 5563: 5543: 5538: 5518: 5449: 5444: 5400: 5276: 4997: 4987: 4710: 4706: 4644: 4640: 4600: 4520: 4383: 4378: 4313: 4094: 4059: 2385: 2381: 2369: 2133: 2099: 1992: 1936:

Most people in the Carolingian Empire lived under a legal code that directly copied from

1786:

rulers of antiquity as well as Carolingian rulers such as Charles Martel and Pippin III.

1516: 1460: 1398: 1389:

Charles, suffering what is believed to be epilepsy, could not secure the kingdom against

1335: 1331: 1311: 1285: 1273: 1214:

Lothar received the imperial title, the kingship of Italy, and the territory between the

1193: 1104: 1100: 961:

south of the Pyrenees were significant additions to the Frankish realms after his death.

928: 855: 768: 643: 637: 600: 492: 411: 9765: 9755: 5807: 4158: 2109:

The Programmatic Capitulary of 802. This shows an increasing sense of vision in society.

1723: 866:, which was later reduced to a tributary; and to the east it had a long border with the 11298: 11214: 11204: 11037: 11000: 10930: 10869: 10852: 10806: 10716: 10630: 10444: 10162: 10142: 10125: 10076: 9941: 9750: 9701: 9552: 9493: 9488: 9483: 9439: 9409: 9301: 9199: 9067: 9042: 8850: 8686: 8661: 8563: 8440: 8392: 8387: 8315: 7592: 7444: 7383: 7272: 7204: 7180: 7028: 6924: 6919: 6914: 6893: 6858: 6853: 6811: 6775: 6634: 6529: 6451: 6424: 6364: 6267: 6252: 6090: 6070: 5833: 5743: 5706: 5673: 5647: 5578: 5553: 5533: 5528: 5484: 5474: 5469: 4977: 4936: 4816: 4788: 4779: 4720: 4578: 4226: 4189: 4135: 3794: 3749: 3523: 3131: 3088: 2887: 2834: 2405: 2169: 2126: 1782: 1707:, were consciously modelled on Late Roman precedents. These guards were organized into 1596: 1528: 1484: 1269: 1184:

As a result, Charles and Louis the German went to war against Lothar. After losing the

1099:

Prior to the death of Charlemagne, the Empire was divided among various members of the

1089: 792: 580: 523: 178: 3831: 1703:

The Frankish royal bodyguards, the continuation of the Merovingian institution of the

11428: 11330: 11318: 11303: 11283: 11194: 11141: 11113: 11095: 10898: 10774: 10767: 10580: 10528: 10506: 10434: 10271: 10167: 10103: 10098: 10027: 9924: 9639: 9567: 9562: 9404: 9333: 9316: 9311: 9306: 9106: 9057: 8846: 8588: 8558: 8548: 8538: 8455: 8445: 8430: 8297: 7368: 7219: 7194: 6873: 6868: 6801: 6760: 6754: 6595: 6514: 6509: 6504: 6499: 6302: 6282: 6232: 6222: 6203: 5607: 5568: 5523: 5494: 5489: 5479: 4962: 4858: 4849: 4825: 4724: 4666: 4574: 4465: 3801: 3771: 3735: 3715: 3705: 3686: 3663: 3644: 3527: 3515: 3311: 3157: 3147: 3135: 3111: 3108:

The 'Abassid and Carolingian Empires: Comparative Studies in Civilisational Formation

3092: 3044: 3019: 2975: 2939: 2914: 2867: 2842: 2814: 2780:

The Penitential State: Authority and Atonement in the Age of Louis the Pious, 814-840

2713: 2683: 2658: 2633: 2605: 2549: 2267: 2206: 1642: 1512: 1468: 1355: 1281: 1242: 1238: 863: 804: 764: 466: 128: 124: 11573: 2236: 1665:

in June 2014 on the occasion of the exhibition "Charlemagne - power, art, treasures"

11189: 11179: 11005: 10953: 10857: 10721: 10610: 10560: 10538: 10533: 10464: 10120: 9907: 9902: 9858: 9845: 9775: 9743: 9738: 9602: 9597: 9579: 9540: 9473: 9456: 9397: 9387: 9382: 9323: 9279: 9249: 9209: 9192: 9175: 9138: 8889: 8807: 8756: 8751: 8691: 8656: 8568: 8525: 8495: 8417: 8335: 8305: 7791: 7163: 7090: 6672: 6667: 6590: 6524: 6519: 6389: 6359: 6327: 6183: 6128: 6107: 6085: 5864: 5816: 5769: 5697: 5573: 5439: 4982: 4967: 4695: 4629: 4511: 4177: 4166: 3507: 3303: 3139: 3080: 2967: 2573: 2401: 2301: 2116:

of 814, delineating the prohibitions of Jews engaging in commerce or money-lending.

2078: 1884: 1871: 1769: 1757: 1697: 1675: 1671: 1367: 1323: 1261: 1209: 1197: 1169: 1161: 1140: 1124: 1065: 800: 707: 695: 676: 568: 562: 517: 255: 160: 3498:

Kaschke, Sören; Mischke, Britta (2019). "Capitularies in the Carolingian Period".

2106:

The Capitulary of Frankfurt of 794: Speaks out against adoptionism and iconoclasm.

1682:

It had long been held that Carolingian military success was based on the use of a

1192:

and raised a new army, which was inferior to that of the younger brothers. In the

11563: 11503: 11388: 11236: 11231: 11209: 11129: 11083: 10840: 10794: 10692: 10669: 10652: 10625: 10410: 10338: 10306: 10179: 10147: 10130: 10086: 10081: 10059: 10054: 10012: 10005: 9980: 9840: 9835: 9676: 9557: 9451: 9446: 9414: 9239: 9229: 9123: 9116: 9111: 9096: 9052: 8934: 8920: 8817: 8731: 8701: 8425: 8342: 7400: 7378: 7322: 7292: 7176: 6613: 6581: 6576: 6556: 6419: 6379: 6349: 6332: 6292: 6277: 6262: 6193: 6178: 6095: 6075: 5948: 5593: 5459: 5434: 5418: 4992: 4972: 4952: 4684: 4676: 4653: 4648: 4582: 4540: 4393: 4259: 4217: 4131: 3106:

Walter, Pohl (2017). "Ethnicity in the Carolingian Empire". In Tor, D. G. (ed.).

2439: 2323: 2215: 1841:

There are 3 main offices which enforced Carolingian authority in the localities:

1830: 1826: 1749: 1744: 1617: 1540: 1382: 1363: 1289: 1112: 1084: 965: 958: 871: 815: 811: 655: 619: 268: 212: 140: 9760: 6471: 3611:"The paradox of the past in the crisis of the Carolingian Empire – After Empire" 1017: 11593: 11513: 11468: 11408: 11373: 11165: 11078: 10983: 10891: 10682: 10516: 10439: 10281: 10276: 10239: 10214: 10197: 10108: 10093: 10064: 10022: 9870: 9830: 9825: 9780: 9706: 9666: 9656: 9646: 9461: 9340: 9234: 9101: 8983: 8721: 8666: 8620: 8573: 8553: 8397: 8320: 8074: 7858: 7522: 7209: 7096: 6992: 6986: 6586: 6561: 6434: 6429: 6414: 6409: 6344: 6339: 6322: 6287: 6080: 6058: 6002: 5941: 5504: 5365: 5002: 4672: 4555: 4502: 4460: 4388: 4245: 4162: 3763: 3041:

Crisis Alimentarias en la Edad Media: Modelos, Explicaciones y Representaciones

2750: 2492: 2388:, likely where no such groundbreaking difference between the two ever existed. 2350: 1963: 1904: 1875: 1849: 1810: 1662: 1532: 1442: 1371: 1223: 1120: 946: 934: 891: 689: 649: 607: 550: 438: 369: 114: 47: 3084: 2354:

Carolingian Empire superimposed over contemporary European national boundaries

2258: 1219: 11614: 11548: 11433: 11348: 11293: 11153: 11073: 10968: 10818: 10811: 10704: 10657: 10550: 10406: 10362: 10249: 10044: 10017: 9990: 9968: 9946: 9713: 9696: 9681: 9525: 9478: 9466: 9392: 9284: 9158: 9153: 9128: 9010: 8480: 7833: 7796: 7756: 7622: 7351: 7310: 6780: 6618: 6122: 5996: 5968: 5464: 5390: 5355: 5320: 4807: 4401: 4285: 4264: 3519: 3161: 1930: 1683: 1654: 982: 10375: 9790: 9770: 7935: 3719: 1543:, the son of Boso of Arles, King of Lower Burgundy and maternal grandson of 11583: 11383: 11288: 11134: 11108: 11017: 10699: 10687: 10635: 10595: 10590: 10454: 10449: 10254: 9995: 9985: 9951: 9880: 9875: 9802: 9592: 9574: 9535: 9530: 9510: 9505: 9377: 9370: 9360: 9355: 9350: 9244: 9182: 9163: 9148: 9084: 8646: 8543: 8347: 7527: 7517: 7500: 7317: 6153: 6008: 5988: 5842: 5385: 5375: 5370: 5350: 5345: 5290: 4757: 2336: 2056: 1740: 1607: 1496: 1492: 1231: 1227: 1049: 989: 824: 820: 796: 788: 713: 701: 452: 424: 170: 2911:

Struggle for Empire: Kingship and Conflict Under Louis the German, 817–876

2538:"Where do trading towns come from? Early medieval Venice and the northern 1595:

mechanisms of governance have been lauded by historians for the increased

1168:. His attempts in 823 to bring his fourth son (from his second marriage), 1037: 11523: 11271: 11266: 11258: 11243: 11068: 10973: 10784: 10620: 10585: 10565: 10545: 10523: 10488: 9973: 9958: 9807: 9520: 9429: 9419: 9345: 8993: 8988: 8797: 8500: 8407: 8289: 8009: 7967: 7890: 7803: 7671: 7661: 7572: 7356: 6706: 6571: 5778: 5758: 5454: 5428: 5380: 5335: 5325: 5310: 5300: 4947: 4715: 4369: 4296: 2292: 2193: 2141: 1948: 1658: 1592: 1488: 1477: 1464: 1453: 1435: 1429:

Division of Charlemagne's empire in three kingdoms ruled by his grandsons

1423: 1306: 1254: 1093: 1060:

lasted fewer than twenty years before being cut short by the disaster at

1041: 942: 780: 631: 242: 229: 197: 156: 148: 41:

Universum Regnum, Romanorum sive Francorum Imperium, Imperium Christianum

4531: 2602:

The Symbolic Languages of Authority in the Carolingian World (c.751–877)

500: 11054: 11042: 11012: 10978: 10918: 10600: 10000: 9817: 9691: 9651: 9584: 8372: 8258: 8186: 7974: 7957: 7905: 7895: 7880: 7848: 7838: 7716: 7666: 7542: 7537: 7505: 7224: 5732: 5711: 5513: 5423: 5405: 5330: 5315: 5295: 4770: 4658: 4592: 4419: 3511: 3066:"Volcanoes and the Climate Forcing of Carolingian Europe, A.D. 750-950" 2413: 2373: 2145: 1972: 1971:

coins. Charlemagne worked to suppress mints in northern Germany on the

1895: 1704: 1327: 625: 543: 132: 4905: 3821: 1637: 1032: 11488: 11325: 11060: 11022: 10615: 10429: 9890: 9661: 9545: 9515: 9296: 9170: 8961: 8681: 8450: 8181: 8176: 8166: 8099: 8004: 7900: 7863: 7853: 7813: 7766: 7761: 7711: 7651: 7577: 7567: 7547: 7510: 7495: 5973: 5726: 5716: 5637: 5360: 5340: 5209: 4957: 4565: 4359: 4235: 4173: 4149: 4122: 4090: 2365: 2245: 1984: 1937: 1926: 1882:). Originally appointed ad hoc, a reform in 802 led to the office of 1629: 1524: 1402: 1351: 1277: 1250: 1153: 1116: 945:), he was the absolute ruler of virtually all of today's continental 938: 586: 556: 510: 144: 136: 1698:

horses provided a quick, long-distance method of transporting troops

11478: 11174: 10995: 10823: 10738: 10677: 10640: 9291: 9074: 9032: 8971: 8716: 8593: 8470: 8154: 8139: 8119: 8104: 8084: 8059: 8044: 8039: 8019: 7989: 7979: 7930: 7920: 7915: 7746: 7731: 7706: 7686: 7656: 7646: 7641: 7612: 7607: 7597: 7532: 7490: 7199: 7132: 6691: 6173: 5978: 5921: 5752: 5721: 5627: 5409: 5285: 4587: 4350: 3064:

McCormick, Michael; Dutton, Paul Edward; Mayewski, Paul A. (2007).

2866:. Translated by Thomas F. X. Noble. Penn State Press. p. 275. 2417: 2397: 2149: 2029: 2000: 1988: 1954: 1606:

The Carolingian Empire was the largest western territory since the

1375: 1339: 1130: 1108: 1006: 954: 950: 847: 321: 11393: 11248: 11160: 9204: 9133: 9089: 8944: 8357: 8171: 8159: 8149: 8124: 8114: 8109: 8089: 8079: 8054: 7994: 7952: 7925: 7843: 7776: 7771: 7751: 7741: 7696: 7691: 7681: 7676: 7617: 7602: 7552: 5953: 5914: 5305: 2377: 2011: 2004: 1818: 1777: 1688: 1650: 1343: 1315: 1165: 1052:

once had. Unlike the Romans, whose imperial ventures between the

974: 969: 859: 831: 355: 9005: 3578: 3576: 3574: 3425: 3423: 3398: 3396: 3394: 3392: 3390: 2862:

The Astronomer (anonymous) (2009). "The Life of Emperor Louis".

11413: 9037: 8912: 8191: 8144: 8129: 8094: 8069: 8034: 8029: 7962: 7947: 7885: 7823: 7808: 7786: 7736: 7726: 7721: 7634: 7629: 7587: 7557: 6461: 2409: 2277: 2153: 1858: 1814: 1732: 1612: 1390: 1189: 1135: 843: 760: 397: 104: 5201: 3872: 3260: 3207: 3205: 3134:(2013). "Gendering Demographic Change in the Middle Ages". In 2546:

Post-Roman towns, trade and settlement in Europe and Byzantium

1633:

Carolingian dynasty banner according to the osprey men at arms

1547:. The other part of Lotharingia became the duchy of Burgundy. 1511:

The Empire of the Carolingians was divided: Arnulf maintained

953:. Only the remaining Saxon realms, which he partly conquered, 63: 11378: 11368: 11363: 10835: 10830: 9671: 8064: 8049: 8024: 8014: 7999: 7942: 7910: 7875: 7870: 7828: 7818: 7701: 7562: 7405: 6439: 5963: 5936: 4113: 3571: 3420: 3387: 3146:(First ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 181–192. 2092: 1845: 1693: 1646: 1394: 1215: 1053: 867: 839: 835: 3188: 3186: 1280:, and the Kingdom of the eastern Franks was divided between 898:("the whole kingdom", as opposed to the regional kingdoms), 11508: 8134: 7781: 5931: 3683:

The Cambridge Illustrated Atlas of Warfare: the Middle Ages

3272: 3233: 3202: 2514: 2512: 1123:, who received Italy. Pepin died with an illegitimate son, 1057: 810:

After a civil war (840–843) following the death of Emperor

784: 763:-dominated empire in Western and Central Europe during the 100: 8881: 4089: 3144:

The Oxford Handbook of Women and Gender in Medieval Europe

2861: 3408: 4773:

from 888 until 898. It was the last Carolingian kingdom.

3446:. Translated by Sondheimer, Janet. Longman. p. 257. 3173: 3171: 2782:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 20–47. 2630:

Dictionary of World Biography: The Middle Ages, Volume 2

2509: 2087:

Some notable capitularies from Charlemagne's reign are:

11493: 3861: 3250: 3248: 3063: 2747: 1804:

Royal household under the Merovingians and Carolingians

1519:

of Paris was elected King of Western Francia (France),

1203: 27:

Frankish empire in Western and Central Europe (800–887)

2014:

was also under the command of an autonomous governor,

3168: 2839:

Rhetoric and the Discourses of Power in Court Culture

2811:

The Frankish kingdoms under the Carolingians, 751-987

2140:

Intellectuals of the time began to be concerned with

918: 5894: 3546: 3481: 3479: 3310:. University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 70–71. 3245: 68:

The Carolingian Empire at its greatest extent in 814

3284: 3793: 3466:A History of Medieval Political Theory in the West 1925:In 802, all law was written down and amended (the 11656:States and territories disestablished in the 880s 3732:Charlemagne: the formation of a European identity 3476: 2358: 1463:died in 863, his kingdom was partitioned between 1027: 11612: 3534: 1393:raiders, and after buying their withdrawal from 1131:Reign of Louis the Pious and Civil War (814–843) 937:chose not to take the title of king (as his son 7080: 3043:. Lleida: editorial Milenio. pp. 117–172. 1679:defensive and in response to external threats. 11651:States and territories established in the 800s 3497: 3456: 2833: 2737:. Vol. lib. I, 11, 85–91. pp. 10–11. 2712:. Amsterdam University Press. pp. 31–34. 2380:, to establish a shift in continuity from the 1515:, Bavaria, Lorraine and modern Germany; Count 1483:Carolingian successor states in 870 after the 977:. In this victory, Charles earned the surname 862:; to the west it had a short land border with 10405: 10391: 8897: 8274: 7148: 5880: 5225: 4921: 4075: 3847: 3676: 3278: 3266: 3239: 3211: 3192: 3018:. Berlin: Walter De Gruyter. pp. 41–61. 1599:, efficient bureaucracy, accountability, and 1366:and Bavaria to Louis of Saxony. Also in 879, 988:Pepin III accepted the nomination as king by 842:, where the realm's primary royal residence, 779:in Italy from 774. In 800, the Frankish king 736: 10354:"Empire" as a description of foreign policy 6283:Patria del Friuli (Patriarchate of Aquileia) 3822:The Making of Charlemagne's Europe (768–814) 3362:Power and Its Problems in Carolingian Europe 7179:origin primarily identified as speakers of 3791: 3726: 3414: 3338:King and Emperor: A New Life of Charlemagne 3308:Early Carolingian Warfare Prelude to Empire 2805: 2748:Astronumus (the Astronomer). "Chapter 19". 2531: 2529: 2527: 2518: 2391: 846:, was located. In the south it crossed the 290:1,200,000 km (460,000 sq mi) 39: 10398: 10384: 8904: 8890: 8281: 8267: 7155: 7141: 5887: 5873: 5232: 5218: 5202:Articles related to the Carolingian Empire 4928: 4914: 4322: 4082: 4068: 3854: 3840: 3754:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 3657: 3582: 3444:The Carolingians and the Frankish Monarchy 3429: 3402: 2657:. Cambridge University Press. p. 25. 2599: 2484: 2120: 1408: 1310:, an epic poem celebrating the victory of 894:. The empire was referred to variously as 743: 729: 62: 3130: 2994: 2972:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199264490.001.0001 2535: 8288: 3862: 3768:Medieval Polities and Modern Mentalities 3704:. Lambrigg, Kendal, Cumbria: P.D. King. 3340:. London: Allen Lane. pp. 232, 356. 3302: 3110:. Netherlands: BRILL. pp. 102–117. 3038: 2997:The Journal of European Economic History 2966:. Oxford University Press. p. 674. 2908: 2524: 2349: 1947: 1856:). Appointed by Charles to administer a 1722: 1636: 1628: 1299: 1134: 1031: 11666:9th-century disestablishments in Europe 10178: 8220:Christianisation of Anglo-Saxon England 6238:Princely County of Gorizia and Gradisca 4935: 4493: 3800:. New York and London: Academic Press. 3792:Chandler, Tertius; Fox, Gerald (1974). 3441: 3013: 2961: 2933: 2777: 1445:was divided into three kingdoms in 855. 1237:Lothar retired Italy to his eldest son 1156:was made King of Italy and co-Emperor, 1036:The Dorestad Brooch, Carolingian-style 14: 11613: 5239: 3762: 3638: 3359: 3335: 3254: 3223: 3177: 3105: 2707: 2627: 1506: 1064:(9 AD), Charlemagne defeated the 10379: 8885: 8262: 7136: 5868: 5213: 5200: 4909: 4769:West Francia was in the hands of the 4063: 3835: 3702:Charlemagne : translated sources 3594: 3552: 3485: 3382: 3374: 3355: 3353: 3351: 3349: 3347: 3331: 3329: 3327: 2957: 2955: 2794:The Cambridge Medieval History Series 2773: 2771: 2769: 2767: 2765: 2763: 2761: 2677: 2652: 2021: 902:("empire of the Romans and Franks"), 7162: 5853:Debatable or disputed rulers are in 3699: 3540: 3290: 2962:Wickham, Chris (22 September 2005). 2703: 2701: 2699: 2623: 2621: 1416:Partitions of the Carolingian Empire 1295: 1204:After the Treaty of Verdun (843–877) 8866: 8311:Decline of the Western Roman Empire 3863:Divisions of the Carolingian Empire 3597:The Historian's Craft, ed. P. Burke 2796:volumes 1-5, Plantagenet Publishing 1107:, son of Charlemagne, who received 1092:in 782 and the codification of the 941:would) or emperor (as his grandson 24: 8403:Growth of the Eastern Roman Empire 3785: 3344: 3324: 2952: 2841:. University of Washington Press. 2758: 2732: 2574:"Charlemagne | Holy Roman emperor" 2370:Charles Martel and his descendants 1040:jewelry from c. 800. Found in the 919:Rise of the Carolingians (732–768) 25: 11687: 11589:Western European and Others Group 8833:Historiography in the Middle Ages 7047:United Provinces of Central Italy 3815: 2696: 2618: 2548:. Walter de Gruyter. p. 50. 2490:An unknown anonymous author, see 2164:For other Carolingian kings, see 1326:died in 877 crossing the Pass of 900:Romanorum sive Francorum imperium 8865: 8856: 8855: 8845: 8243: 8242: 5896:List of historic states of Italy 5181: 5180: 4806: 4530: 4349: 4216: 2655:Charlemagne's Practice of Empire 2632:. Routledge. pp. 228, 243. 2335: 2313: 2291: 2257: 2235: 2205: 2144:, believing 800 A.D. to be 6000 1476: 1452: 1434: 1422: 1330:, and was succeeded by his son, 1222:Rivers, collectively called the 1188:, Lothar fled to his capital at 1160:was made King of Aquitaine, and 1016: 1005: 499: 471: 457: 443: 429: 404: 390: 376: 362: 348: 8331:Christianity in the Middle Ages 8326:Decline of Hellenistic religion 8225:Christianization of Scandinavia 7029:Provisional Government of Milan 3603: 3588: 3558: 3491: 3450: 3435: 3368: 3296: 3124: 3099: 3057: 3032: 3007: 2988: 2927: 2902: 2880: 2855: 2827: 2799: 2786: 2741: 2726: 2682:. Manchester University Press. 2680:Charlemagne: Empire and Society 2447:List of Carolingian monasteries 2051: 1910: 1550: 1441:Carolingian successor state of 885: 858:; to the north it bordered the 8609:Crisis of the late Middle Ages 8215:Christianization of the Franks 7288:Continental Germanic mythology 6228:City of Fiume and its District 3770:. Cambridge University Press. 3662:. Cambridge University Press. 3632: 2938:. Cambridge University Press. 2909:Goldberg, Eric Joseph (2006). 2792:"Revolt of Bernard of Italy", 2671: 2646: 2593: 2579:Encyclopædia Britannica Online 2566: 2459: 2359:Carolingians in historiography 2168:. For the later emperors, see 1978: 1888:becoming a permanent one. The 1661:in the Coronation Hall of the 1557:Framing the Early Middle Ages, 1028:Reign of Charlemagne (768–814) 13: 1: 8783:Disability in the Middle Ages 8456:Rise of the Republic of Genoa 8388:Rise of the Venetian Republic 6663:County of Apulia and Calabria 6169:Campagna e Marittima Province 3599:. Manchester. pp. 24–29. 2964:Framing the Early Middle Ages 2600:Garipzanov, Ildar H. (2008). 2544:. In Henning, Joachim (ed.). 2404:which succeeded the title of 1585: 1245:was granted to his third son 685:Lothair I, Holy Roman Emperor 2913:. Cornell University Press. 2502: 2181:Date of imperial coronation 1836: 1797: 1567: 1081:Tassilo III, Duke of Bavaria 7: 11631:Former monarchies of Europe 8911: 8230:Christianization of Iceland 7065:Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia 7059:Kingdom of the Two Sicilies 7011:Duchy of Parma and Piacenza 6189:Duchy of Parma and Piacenza 3639:Bowlus, Charles R. (2006). 3468:. Vol. II. Edinburgh: 2890:. Dw-world.de. 21 July 2009 2536:McCormick, Michael (2007). 2423: 2159: 2148:based on calculations from 1743:existed in the empire, the 1624: 10: 11692: 8584:Rise of the Ottoman Empire 7005:Duchy of Modena and Reggio 6999:Duchy of Massa and Carrara 6400:Prince-Bishopric of Trento 6370:Duchy of Modena and Reggio 6355:Duchy of Massa and Carrara 4516:Pepin, Count of Vermandois 3796:3000 Years of Urban Growth 3658:Costambeys, Mario (2011). 3470:William Blackwood and Sons 2187:Contemporary coin or seal 2124: 2027: 1943: 1801: 1718: 1645:(8th - 10th century) with 1207: 922: 913: 906:("Roman empire"), or even 254:• Division after the 76: Frankish realms and 11359:Anglo-Portuguese Alliance 11339: 11257: 11094: 10929: 10800:Standard Average European 10668: 10497: 10417: 10347: 10299: 9816: 9220: 8919: 8841: 8770: 8629: 8524: 8511:Mongol invasion of Europe 8416: 8296: 8238: 8200: 7481: 7443: 7233: 7187: 7170: 7117:Free Territory of Trieste 6977: 6907: 6846: 6829: 6753: 6690: 6653: 6635:Principality of Benevento 6627: 6604: 6549: 6538: 6480: 6450: 6202: 6152: 6106: 6037: 6024: 5987: 5902: 5851: 5832: 5806: 5768: 5742: 5696: 5671: 5592: 5503: 5399: 5275: 5245: 5207: 5176: 4943: 4872: 4848: 4815: 4804: 4778: 4767: 4756: 4694: 4628: 4609: 4564: 4551: 4539: 4528: 4501: 4492: 4481: 4450: 4435: 4418: 4368: 4358: 4347: 4330: 4321: 4310: 4284: 4244: 4225: 4214: 4188: 4157: 4148: 4121: 4101: 3869: 3364:. Ashgate. pp. 4–11. 3279:Hooper & Bennett 1996 3267:Hooper & Bennett 1996 3240:Hooper & Bennett 1996 3212:Hooper & Bennett 1996 3193:Hooper & Bennett 1996 3085:10.1017/S0038713400011325 2400:in his rising years. The 2345: 1641:Carolingian warrior on a 1576: 1312:Louis III of West Francia 880:Principality of Benevento 327: 317: 313: 303: 299: 294: 287: 282: 278: 265: 252: 239: 235: 225: 221: 206: 191: 187: 177: 166: 120: 110: 96: 61: 56: 34: 11499:Lancaster House Treaties 10989:Christian existentialism 10949:Ancient Roman philosophy 10939:Ancient Greek philosophy 7468:North Germanic languages 7453:Germanic parent language 7023:Italian United Provinces 6375:Principality of Piombino 6164:Patrimony of Saint Peter 4106:Legend: → ≡ "father of", 3458:Carlyle, Alexander James 3377:Charlemagne's Government 2837:; Vance, Eugene (2005). 2653:Davis, Jennifer (2015). 2452: 2435:Carolingian architecture 2392:Symbolism of the dynasty 2042: 1539:, and Lower Burgundy to 1253:, whose realm was named 1077:Battle of Roncevaux Pass 11277:Equality before the law 10484:Romano-Germanic culture 8466:Investiture Controversy 8436:Second Bulgarian Empire 7473:West Germanic languages 7463:East Germanic languages 7458:Proto-Germanic language 7278:Proto-Germanic folklore 7215:Romano-Germanic culture 7111:Italian Social Republic 6786:Principality of Taranto 6678:Principality of Taranto 6640:Principality of Salerno 6395:Bishopric of Tarantasia 6218:Bishopric of Bressanone 6135:Duchy of the Pentapolis 5266:List of French monarchs 3568:. Darmstadt 1996, p. 89 3462:Carlyle, Robert Warrand 3442:Ganshof, F. L. (1971). 3375:Innes, Matthew (2005). 3360:Airlie, Stuart (2012). 2934:MacLean, Simon (2003). 2778:De Jong, Mayke (2009). 2708:Kramer, Rutger (2019). 2430:Carolingian Renaissance 2121:Religion and the Church 2114:Capitulary for the Jews 1764:). He began to build a 1409:Divisions of the Empire 1370:founded the Kingdom of 999:Expansion of the Franks 834:, the land between the 783:was crowned emperor in 384:Kingdom of the Lombards 111:Official languages 11439:Eastern European Group 11028:Continental philosophy 10959:Judeo-Christian ethics 10944:Hellenistic philosophy 10425:Cradle of civilization 8823:Post-classical history 8579:Fall of Constantinople 8486:Capet–Plantagenet feud 8353:First Bulgarian Empire 7017:Grand Duchy of Tuscany 6791:Terra Sancti Benedicti 6695:(from the 9th century) 6405:Grand Duchy of Tuscany 5772:(1814–1815; 1815–1830) 5261:List of Frankish kings 5256:Simplified family tree 4324:Sons of Charles Martel 4140:Childebert the Adopted 3643:. Ashgate Publishing. 3336:Nelson, Janet (2019). 2678:Story, Joanna (2005). 2628:Magill, Frank (1998). 2355: 2166:List of Frankish kings 1967: 1879: 1853: 1761: 1753: 1736: 1666: 1634: 1527:, Italy went to Count 1318: 1232:Western Frankish Realm 1228:Eastern Frankish Realm 1224:Central Frankish Realm 1144: 1103:. These included King 1045: 925:List of Frankish kings 910:("Christian empire"). 767:. It was ruled by the 530:Childebert the Adopted 153:Gallo-Italic languages 87: Tributary states 40: 11671:888 disestablishments 11641:9th century in Europe 11636:8th century in Europe 11559:Three Seas Initiative 11534:Pacific Islands Forum 11399:British–Irish Council 11147:Greek Orthodox Church 10606:Industrial Revolution 10576:Scientific Revolution 10324:Medieval great powers 7283:Anglo-Saxon mythology 7173:Ethnolinguistic group 7035:Republic of San Marco 6817:Crown Colony of Malta 6645:Principality of Capua 6385:Marquisate of Saluzzo 6248:County of Santa Fiora 5910:Etruscan civilization 4091:Pippinids, Arnulfings 3826:King's College London 3728:McKitterick, Rosamond 3660:The Carolingian World 3615:arts.st-andrews.ac.uk 2807:McKitterick, Rosamond 2353: 2034:Marchfield (assembly) 1960:Adelchis of Benevento 1951: 1726: 1640: 1632: 1303: 1138: 1035: 777:kings of the Lombards 771:, which had ruled as 309:10,000,000–20,000,000 267:• Deposition of 241:• Coronation of 121:Common languages 11554:Special Relationship 10964:Christian philosophy 10909:Western Christianity 10571:Age of Enlightenment 10445:Hellenistic Kingdoms 10334:European colonialism 10319:Ancient great powers 8803:Medieval reenactment 8599:Renaissance Humanism 8506:Medieval Warm Period 8476:Republic of Florence 8290:European Middle Ages 6831:French Revolutionary 6771:State of the Presidi 6495:Republic of Florence 6467:Domini di Terraferma 6117:Exarchate of Ravenna 6015:Western Roman Empire 5959:Nuragic civilization 5251:Detailed family tree 4521:Counts of Vermandois 3700:King, P. D. (1987). 3595:Bloch, Marc (1992). 3304:Bachrach, Bernard S. 2473:(of the Romans) and 1966:which Louis achieved 1880:dominical emissaries 1601:cultural renaissance 968:in 732. The Iberian 908:imperium christianum 860:kingdom of the Danes 854:and, after 824, the 662:Pepin I of Aquitaine 11579:West Nordic Council 11444:Eastern Partnership 11033:Analytic philosophy 10734:Classical tradition 10556:Early modern period 10512:Classical antiquity 10507:European Bronze Age 10329:Modern great powers 8516:Kingdom of Portugal 8383:Old Church Slavonic 8368:Anglo-Saxon England 8210:Gothic Christianity 7105:Free State of Fiume 7053:Kingdom of Sardinia 6796:Neapolitan Republic 6744:Kingdom of Sardinia 6739:Republic of Sassari 6567:Catepanate of Italy 6490:Republic of Cospaia 6313:Duchy of Montferrat 6308:March of Montferrat 6243:County of Guastalla 6143:Exarchate of Africa 5687:Henry VI of England 4937:Holy Roman emperors 4874:Charles of Lorraine 4837:Charles of Lorraine 4707:Louis the Stammerer 4495:Sons of Charlemagne 4384:Charles the Younger 4379:Pepin the Hunchback 3585:, pp. 428–435. 3432:, pp. 410–411. 3405:, pp. 173–177. 3132:Kowaleski, Maryanne 2835:Knechtges, David R. 2134:Admonitio Generalis 2100:Admonitio Generalis 1507:Divisions in 887–88 1461:Charles of Provence 1399:Arnulf of Carinthia 1332:Louis the Stammerer 1286:Carloman of Bavaria 1247:Charles of Burgundy 1194:Oaths of Strasbourg 1105:Charles the Younger 1101:Carolingian dynasty 929:Carolingian Dynasty 856:Kingdom of Pamplona 773:kings of the Franks 769:Carolingian dynasty 644:Charles the Younger 638:Pepin the Hunchback 493:Carolingian dynasty 412:Merovingian dynasty 11661:800 establishments 11626:Carolingian period 11621:Carolingian Empire 11038:Post-structuralism 11001:Christian humanism 10631:Universal suffrage 8697:In popular culture 8662:Crusading movement 8534:Hundred Years' War 8393:Civitas Schinesghe 8378:Carolingian Empire 8363:Kingdom of Croatia 8316:Barbarian kingdoms 7593:Germani cisrhenani 7301:Funerary practices 7205:Pre-Roman Iron Age 7181:Germanic languages 6935:Lucca and Piombino 6812:Malta Protectorate 6776:Duke of San Donato 6530:Republic of Ancona 6452:Republic of Venice 6365:Duchy of Mirandola 6253:Duchy of Guastalla 6091:Duchy of Tridentum 6071:Duchy of Benevento 6038:Barbarian kingdoms 5834:House of Bonaparte 5744:House of Bonaparte 5674:House of Lancaster 5240:Monarchs of France 4780:Charles the Simple 4721:Charles the Simple 3677:Hooper, Nicholas; 3512:10.1111/hic3.12592 2469:(Roman) replacing 2406:Holy Roman Emperor 2356: 2224:: 11 September 813 2170:Holy Roman Emperor 2127:Carolingian church 2023:Placitum generalis 1968: 1737: 1667: 1635: 1529:Berengar of Friuli 1319: 1270:Treaty of Meerssen 1186:Battle of Fontenay 1145: 1090:Massacre of Verden 1046: 852:Emirate of Córdoba 757:Carolingian Empire 581:Drogo of Champagne 36:Carolingian Empire 11608: 11607: 11602: 11601: 11429:Council of Europe 11331:International law 11284:Constitutionalism 11142:Eastern Orthodoxy 10648:Post–Cold War era 10581:Age of Revolution 10435:Greco-Roman world 10373: 10372: 10295: 10294: 10260:Polish–Lithuanian 9435:Gurjara-Pratihara 8879: 8878: 8788:Basic topics list 8589:Swiss mercenaries 8539:Wars of the Roses 8446:Kingdom of Poland 8431:Holy Roman Empire 8298:Early Middle Ages 8256: 8255: 7428:Gothic and Vandal 7220:Germanic Iron Age 7195:Nordic Bronze Age 7177:Northern European 7130: 7129: 7126: 7125: 6973: 6972: 6940:Massa and Carrara 6825: 6824: 6802:Hospitaller Malta 6761:Kingdom of Naples 6755:Kingdom of Sicily 6686: 6685: 6596:Duchy of Sorrento 6515:Republic of Genoa 6510:Republic of Siena 6505:Republic of Massa 6500:Republic of Lucca 6233:County of Gorizia 6223:Corsican Republic 6204:Holy Roman Empire 5862: 5861: 5823:Louis Philippe II 5746:(1804–1814; 1815) 5194: 5193: 4903: 4902: 4899: 4898: 4752: 4751: 4748: 4747: 4725:Charles the Child 4667:Louis the Younger 4575:Louis II of Italy 4477: 4476: 4446: 4445: 4306: 4305: 4202:Hugh of Champagne 4057: 4056: 3807:978-0-1278-5109-9 3777:978-1-1394-5954-9 3741:978-0-5218-8672-7 3692:978-0-5214-4049-3 3669:978-0-5215-6366-6 3650:978-0-7546-5470-4 3566:Ludwig der Fromme 3317:978-0-8122-2144-2 3269:, pp. 12–13. 3153:978-0-1995-8217-4 3140:Karras, Ruth Mazo 3136:Benett, Judith M. 3117:978-9-0043-5304-6 3050:978-8-4974-3491-1 3025:978-3-1101-8356-6 2981:978-0-1992-6449-0 2945:978-0-5218-1945-9 2920:978-0-8014-3890-5 2873:978-0-2710-3715-8 2848:978-0-2959-8450-6 2820:978-0-5824-9005-5 2719:978-9-0485-3268-1 2689:978-0-7190-7089-1 2664:978-1-3163-6859-6 2639:978-1-5795-8041-4 2611:978-9-0474-3340-8 2555:978-3-1101-8356-6 2343: 2342: 2254:29 September 855 1958:minted by Prince 1296:Decline (877–888) 1282:Louis the Younger 1164:was made King of 850:and bordered the 805:Holy Roman Empire 775:since 751 and as 765:Early Middle Ages 753: 752: 487: 486: 483: 482: 479: 478: 467:Holy Roman Empire 417: 416: 129:Old Gallo-Romance 16:(Redirected from 11683: 11474:EU Customs Union 11006:Secular humanism 10954:Christian ethics 10904:East–West Schism 10887:Physical culture 10611:Great Divergence 10561:Age of Discovery 10400: 10393: 10386: 10377: 10376: 10176: 10175: 9841:Austro-Hungarian 9541:Chagatai Khanate 8906: 8899: 8892: 8883: 8882: 8869: 8868: 8859: 8858: 8849: 8808:Medieval studies 8652:Church and State 8526:Late Middle Ages 8418:High Middle Ages 8336:Christianization 8306:Migration Period 8283: 8276: 8269: 8260: 8259: 8246: 8245: 8202:Christianization 7792:Ripuarian Franks 7164:Germanic peoples 7157: 7150: 7143: 7134: 7133: 7091:Kingdom of Italy 7078: 7077: 6844: 6843: 6673:County of Sicily 6668:County of Aversa 6591:Byzantine Sicily 6577:Theme of Lucania 6547: 6546: 6525:Republic of Pisa 6520:Republic of Noli 6390:Duchy of Spoleto 6360:Duchy of Merania 6258:Kingdom of Italy 6184:Duchy of Ferrara 6129:Duchy of Perugia 6108:Byzantine Empire 6086:Duchy of Spoleto 6053:Ostrogothic rule 6035: 6034: 5903:Pre-Roman period 5889: 5882: 5875: 5866: 5865: 5817:Louis Philippe I 5808:House of Orléans 5770:House of Bourbon 5698:House of Bourbon 5234: 5227: 5220: 5211: 5210: 5198: 5197: 5184: 5183: 4930: 4923: 4916: 4907: 4906: 4810: 4765: 4764: 4732:Lothair the Lame 4696:Charles the Bald 4630:Louis the German 4549: 4548: 4534: 4490: 4489: 4366: 4365: 4353: 4319: 4318: 4220: 4167:Chlodulf of Metz 4155: 4154: 4109:* ≡ "brother of" 4084: 4077: 4070: 4061: 4060: 3856: 3849: 3842: 3833: 3832: 3811: 3799: 3781: 3759: 3753: 3745: 3723: 3696: 3679:Bennett, Matthew 3673: 3654: 3626: 3625: 3623: 3621: 3607: 3601: 3600: 3592: 3586: 3580: 3569: 3562: 3556: 3550: 3544: 3538: 3532: 3531: 3495: 3489: 3483: 3474: 3473: 3454: 3448: 3447: 3439: 3433: 3427: 3418: 3415:McKitterick 1983 3412: 3406: 3400: 3385: 3380: 3372: 3366: 3365: 3357: 3342: 3341: 3333: 3322: 3321: 3300: 3294: 3288: 3282: 3276: 3270: 3264: 3258: 3252: 3243: 3237: 3231: 3221: 3215: 3209: 3200: 3190: 3181: 3175: 3166: 3165: 3128: 3122: 3121: 3103: 3097: 3096: 3070: 3061: 3055: 3054: 3036: 3030: 3029: 3011: 3005: 3004: 2992: 2986: 2985: 2959: 2950: 2949: 2931: 2925: 2924: 2906: 2900: 2899: 2897: 2895: 2884: 2878: 2877: 2859: 2853: 2852: 2831: 2825: 2824: 2803: 2797: 2790: 2784: 2783: 2775: 2756: 2755: 2745: 2739: 2738: 2730: 2724: 2723: 2705: 2694: 2693: 2675: 2669: 2668: 2650: 2644: 2643: 2625: 2616: 2615: 2597: 2591: 2590: 2588: 2586: 2570: 2564: 2563: 2533: 2522: 2519:McKitterick 2008 2516: 2496: 2488: 2482: 2477:(and) replacing 2463: 2402:Ottonian dynasty 2339: 2329:12 February 881 2317: 2307:29 December 875 2302:Charles the Bald 2295: 2261: 2239: 2229:: 5 October 816 2209: 2199:25 December 800 2175: 2174: 1885:missus dominicus 1829:’s and 350 from 1770:Aachen Cathedral 1727:Interior of the 1676:defence-in-depth 1672:mobility warfare 1663:Aachen City Hall 1545:Emperor Louis II 1487:, which divided 1485:Treaty of Mersen 1480: 1456: 1438: 1426: 1360:Kingdom of Italy 1324:Charles the Bald 1262:Louis the German 1210:Treaty of Verdun 1198:Treaty of Verdun 1170:Charles the Bald 1162:Louis the German 1141:Treaty of Verdun 1062:Teutoburg Forest 1020: 1009: 981:("the Hammer"). 904:Romanum imperium 896:universum regnum 801:Byzantine Empire 791:in an effort to 759:(800–887) was a 745: 738: 731: 708:Louis the German 696:Charles the Bald 677:Treaty of Verdun 569:Pepin of Herstal 563:Chlodulf of Metz 518:Pippin the Elder 503: 489: 488: 475: 474: 461: 460: 447: 446: 433: 432: 421: 420: 408: 407: 394: 393: 380: 379: 366: 365: 352: 351: 345: 344: 329: 328: 256:Treaty of Verdun 217: 202: 161:Slavic languages 86: 75: 66: 51: 43: 32: 31: 21: 11691: 11690: 11686: 11685: 11684: 11682: 11681: 11680: 11611: 11610: 11609: 11604: 11603: 11598: 11564:UKUSA Agreement 11504:Lublin Triangle 11389:Baltic Assembly 11341: 11335: 11253: 11090: 10925: 10795:Eurolinguistics 10664: 10653:Information age 10626:Interwar period 10493: 10413: 10404: 10374: 10369: 10358:American Empire 10343: 10339:African empires 10291: 10174: 9866:Central African 9812: 9630:Romano-Germanic 9216: 8950:Middle Assyrian 8923: 8915: 8910: 8880: 8875: 8837: 8818:Neo-medievalism 8766: 8702:Itinerant court 8625: 8520: 8441:Georgian Empire 8426:Norman Conquest 8412: 8358:Frankish Empire 8292: 8287: 8257: 8252: 8234: 8196: 7477: 7439: 7401:Gothic alphabet 7293:Norse mythology 7229: 7183: 7166: 7161: 7131: 7122: 7076: 6979: 6978:Post-Napoleonic 6969: 6903: 6839: 6833: 6821: 6763: 6759: 6758:(1130–1816) and 6757: 6749: 6694: 6682: 6649: 6623: 6614:Emirate of Bari 6600: 6587:Theme of Sicily 6582:Duchy of Naples 6557:Duchy of Amalfi 6542: 6534: 6482: 6481:Other Republics 6476: 6454: 6446: 6440:County of Tenda 6420:County of Savoy 6380:Duchy of Reggio 6350:Duchy of Mantua 6278:March of Friuli 6210: 6208: 6206: 6198: 6194:Duchy of Urbino 6179:Duchy of Castro 6156: 6148: 6102: 6096:Duchy of Tuscia 6076:Duchy of Friuli 6039: 6030: 6028: 6026: 6020: 5999:(753 BC–509 BC) 5983: 5898: 5893: 5863: 5858: 5847: 5828: 5802: 5764: 5738: 5692: 5667: 5594:House of Valois 5588: 5499: 5460:Charles the Fat 5419:Pepin the Short 5404: 5395: 5271: 5270: 5241: 5238: 5203: 5195: 5190: 5172: 4939: 4934: 4904: 4895: 4868: 4844: 4811: 4802: 4774: 4759: 4744: 4731: 4727: 4723: 4699: 4690: 4683: 4677:Charles the Fat 4675: 4665: 4649:Louis the Child 4633: 4624: 4605: 4599: 4591: 4583:Louis the Blind 4560: 4544: 4541:Louis the Pious 4535: 4526: 4497: 4484: 4473: 4442: 4431: 4414: 4394:Louis the Pious 4354: 4345: 4326: 4312: 4302: 4280: 4240: 4221: 4212: 4184: 4144: 4117: 4112: 4097: 4088: 4058: 4053: 4052: 4050: 3865: 3860: 3818: 3808: 3788: 3786:Further reading 3778: 3764:Reuter, Timothy 3747: 3746: 3742: 3712: 3693: 3670: 3651: 3635: 3630: 3629: 3619: 3617: 3609: 3608: 3604: 3593: 3589: 3583:Costambeys 2011 3581: 3572: 3563: 3559: 3551: 3547: 3539: 3535: 3500:History Compass 3496: 3492: 3484: 3477: 3455: 3451: 3440: 3436: 3430:Costambeys 2011 3428: 3421: 3413: 3409: 3403:Costambeys 2011 3401: 3388: 3373: 3369: 3358: 3345: 3334: 3325: 3318: 3301: 3297: 3289: 3285: 3277: 3273: 3265: 3261: 3253: 3246: 3238: 3234: 3222: 3218: 3210: 3203: 3191: 3184: 3176: 3169: 3154: 3129: 3125: 3118: 3104: 3100: 3068: 3062: 3058: 3051: 3037: 3033: 3026: 3012: 3008: 2993: 2989: 2982: 2960: 2953: 2946: 2932: 2928: 2921: 2907: 2903: 2893: 2891: 2886: 2885: 2881: 2874: 2860: 2856: 2849: 2832: 2828: 2821: 2804: 2800: 2791: 2787: 2776: 2759: 2746: 2742: 2731: 2727: 2720: 2706: 2697: 2690: 2676: 2672: 2665: 2651: 2647: 2640: 2626: 2619: 2612: 2598: 2594: 2584: 2582: 2572: 2571: 2567: 2556: 2534: 2525: 2517: 2510: 2505: 2500: 2499: 2489: 2485: 2465:Sometimes with 2464: 2460: 2455: 2440:Carolingian art 2426: 2394: 2361: 2348: 2332:13 January 888 2324:Charles the Fat 2281: 2225: 2216:Louis the Pious 2202:28 January 814 2162: 2129: 2123: 2054: 2045: 2036: 2028:Main articles: 2026: 1981: 1946: 1913: 1839: 1831:Louis the Pious 1806: 1800: 1754:Aix-la-Chapelle 1745:itinerant court 1729:Palatine Chapel 1721: 1627: 1597:central control 1588: 1579: 1570: 1553: 1541:Louis the Blind 1523:became King of 1509: 1504: 1503: 1502: 1501: 1500: 1481: 1473: 1472: 1457: 1448: 1447: 1446: 1439: 1431: 1430: 1427: 1418: 1417: 1411: 1383:Charles the Fat 1364:Charles the Fat 1298: 1290:Charles the Fat 1212: 1206: 1133: 1115:, who received 1113:Louis the Pious 1073:Lombard Kingdom 1030: 1025: 1024: 1023: 1022: 1021: 1012: 1011: 1010: 1001: 1000: 966:Battle of Tours 959:Marca Hispanica 931: 921: 916: 888: 876:Lombard kingdom 825:western kingdom 821:eastern kingdom 816:Charles the Fat 812:Louis the Pious 749: 720: 719: 711: 699: 687: 680: 668: 667: 656:Louis the Pious 620:Pepin the Short 603: 593: 592: 565:(d. 696 or 697) 559:(d. 662 or 679) 546: 536: 535: 513: 472: 458: 444: 430: 405: 391: 377: 363: 349: 306: 274:17 November 887 271: 269:Charles the Fat 258: 248:25 December 800 245: 215: 213:Charles the Fat 209: 208:• 881–887 200: 194: 193:• 800–814 159: 155: 151: 147: 143: 141:Old High German 139: 135: 131: 127: 92: 91: 88: 84: 80: 73: 52: 45: 37: 28: 23: 22: 18:Carolingian era 15: 12: 11: 5: 11689: 11679: 11678: 11676:Former empires 11673: 11668: 11663: 11658: 11653: 11648: 11643: 11638: 11633: 11628: 11623: 11606: 11605: 11600: 11599: 11597: 11596: 11594:Westernization 11591: 11586: 11581: 11576: 11574:Visegrád Group 11571: 11566: 11561: 11556: 11551: 11546: 11541: 11536: 11531: 11526: 11521: 11516: 11514:Nordic Council 11511: 11506: 11501: 11496: 11491: 11486: 11481: 11476: 11471: 11466: 11461: 11456: 11451: 11446: 11441: 11436: 11431: 11426: 11421: 11416: 11411: 11409:Bucharest Nine 11406: 11401: 11396: 11391: 11386: 11381: 11376: 11374:Arctic Council 11371: 11366: 11361: 11356: 11351: 11345: 11343: 11337: 11336: 11334: 11333: 11328: 11323: 11322: 11321: 11316: 11311: 11306: 11301: 11296: 11286: 11281: 11280: 11279: 11269: 11263: 11261: 11255: 11254: 11252: 11251: 11246: 11241: 11240: 11239: 11234: 11229: 11224: 11219: 11218: 11217: 11212: 11207: 11202: 11192: 11187: 11182: 11172: 11171: 11170: 11169: 11168: 11158: 11157: 11156: 11151: 11150: 11149: 11139: 11138: 11137: 11127: 11126: 11125: 11100: 11098: 11092: 11091: 11089: 11088: 11087: 11086: 11076: 11071: 11066: 11065: 11064: 11052: 11051: 11050: 11040: 11035: 11030: 11025: 11020: 11015: 11010: 11009: 11008: 11003: 10993: 10992: 10991: 10984:Existentialism 10981: 10976: 10971: 10966: 10961: 10956: 10951: 10946: 10941: 10935: 10933: 10927: 10926: 10924: 10923: 10922: 10921: 10916: 10911: 10906: 10896: 10895: 10894: 10884: 10883: 10882: 10877: 10867: 10866: 10865: 10855: 10850: 10849: 10848: 10843: 10838: 10828: 10827: 10826: 10816: 10815: 10814: 10804: 10803: 10802: 10797: 10787: 10782: 10777: 10772: 10771: 10770: 10760: 10755: 10754: 10753: 10743: 10742: 10741: 10731: 10730: 10729: 10719: 10714: 10713: 10712: 10702: 10697: 10696: 10695: 10690: 10685: 10674: 10672: 10666: 10665: 10663: 10662: 10661: 10660: 10655: 10645: 10644: 10643: 10638: 10633: 10628: 10623: 10618: 10613: 10608: 10603: 10598: 10593: 10588: 10583: 10578: 10573: 10568: 10563: 10558: 10548: 10543: 10542: 10541: 10536: 10531: 10521: 10520: 10519: 10517:Late antiquity 10509: 10503: 10501: 10495: 10494: 10492: 10491: 10486: 10481: 10476: 10471: 10470: 10469: 10468: 10467: 10462: 10452: 10447: 10442: 10432: 10427: 10421: 10419: 10415: 10414: 10403: 10402: 10395: 10388: 10380: 10371: 10370: 10368: 10367: 10366: 10365: 10360: 10351: 10349: 10345: 10344: 10342: 10341: 10336: 10331: 10326: 10321: 10316: 10315: 10314: 10303: 10301: 10297: 10296: 10293: 10292: 10290: 10289: 10284: 10279: 10274: 10269: 10268: 10267: 10257: 10252: 10247: 10242: 10237: 10232: 10227: 10222: 10217: 10212: 10211: 10210: 10205: 10195: 10190: 10184: 10182: 10173: 10172: 10171: 10170: 10165: 10160: 10155: 10150: 10140: 10135: 10134: 10133: 10123: 10118: 10117: 10116: 10111: 10106: 10096: 10091: 10090: 10089: 10084: 10074: 10073: 10072: 10067: 10062: 10057: 10052: 10042: 10041: 10040: 10035: 10025: 10020: 10015: 10010: 10009: 10008: 10003: 9998: 9993: 9988: 9978: 9977: 9976: 9971: 9961: 9956: 9955: 9954: 9949: 9939: 9938: 9937: 9932: 9922: 9921: 9920: 9915: 9905: 9900: 9899: 9898: 9893: 9888: 9883: 9878: 9868: 9863: 9862: 9861: 9856: 9848: 9843: 9838: 9833: 9828: 9822: 9820: 9814: 9813: 9811: 9810: 9805: 9800: 9795: 9794: 9793: 9788: 9783: 9778: 9773: 9768: 9763: 9753: 9748: 9747: 9746: 9741: 9736: 9731: 9726: 9721: 9711: 9710: 9709: 9704: 9699: 9694: 9684: 9679: 9674: 9669: 9664: 9659: 9654: 9649: 9644: 9643: 9642: 9637: 9627: 9626: 9625: 9620: 9615: 9610: 9605: 9600: 9587: 9582: 9577: 9572: 9571: 9570: 9565: 9560: 9550: 9549: 9548: 9543: 9538: 9533: 9523: 9518: 9513: 9508: 9503: 9498: 9497: 9496: 9491: 9486: 9481: 9471: 9470: 9469: 9464: 9459: 9454: 9444: 9443: 9442: 9437: 9432: 9422: 9417: 9412: 9407: 9402: 9401: 9400: 9395: 9390: 9380: 9375: 9374: 9373: 9368: 9363: 9358: 9353: 9348: 9338: 9337: 9336: 9331: 9321: 9320: 9319: 9314: 9309: 9304: 9294: 9289: 9288: 9287: 9277: 9276: 9275: 9270: 9262: 9257: 9252: 9247: 9242: 9237: 9232: 9226: 9224: 9222:Post-classical 9218: 9217: 9215: 9214: 9213: 9212: 9202: 9197: 9196: 9195: 9190: 9180: 9179: 9178: 9168: 9167: 9166: 9161: 9156: 9151: 9146: 9141: 9131: 9126: 9121: 9120: 9119: 9114: 9109: 9104: 9094: 9093: 9092: 9087: 9077: 9072: 9071: 9070: 9065: 9060: 9055: 9050: 9040: 9035: 9030: 9029: 9028: 9023: 9021:Middle Kingdom 9018: 9008: 9003: 9002: 9001: 8996: 8991: 8981: 8980: 8979: 8977:Neo-Babylonian 8974: 8969: 8967:Old Babylonian 8959: 8958: 8957: 8952: 8942: 8937: 8931: 8929: 8917: 8916: 8909: 8908: 8901: 8894: 8886: 8877: 8876: 8874: 8873: 8863: 8853: 8842: 8839: 8838: 8836: 8835: 8830: 8825: 8820: 8815: 8813:Misconceptions 8810: 8805: 8800: 8795: 8790: 8785: 8780: 8774: 8772: 8768: 8767: 8765: 8764: 8759: 8754: 8749: 8744: 8739: 8734: 8729: 8724: 8719: 8714: 8709: 8704: 8699: 8694: 8689: 8684: 8679: 8674: 8669: 8664: 8659: 8654: 8649: 8644: 8639: 8633: 8631: 8627: 8626: 8624: 8623: 8621:Little Ice Age 8618: 8617: 8616: 8606: 8601: 8596: 8591: 8586: 8581: 8576: 8574:Western Schism 8571: 8566: 8561: 8556: 8551: 8546: 8541: 8536: 8530: 8528: 8522: 8521: 8519: 8518: 8513: 8508: 8503: 8498: 8493: 8488: 8483: 8478: 8473: 8468: 8463: 8458: 8453: 8448: 8443: 8438: 8433: 8428: 8422: 8420: 8414: 8413: 8411: 8410: 8405: 8400: 8395: 8390: 8385: 8380: 8375: 8370: 8365: 8360: 8355: 8350: 8345: 8340: 8339: 8338: 8328: 8323: 8321:Late antiquity 8318: 8313: 8308: 8302: 8300: 8294: 8293: 8286: 8285: 8278: 8271: 8263: 8254: 8253: 8251: 8250: 8239: 8236: 8235: 8233: 8232: 8227: 8222: 8217: 8212: 8206: 8204: 8198: 8197: 8195: 8194: 8189: 8184: 8179: 8174: 8169: 8164: 8163: 8162: 8157: 8147: 8142: 8137: 8132: 8127: 8122: 8117: 8112: 8107: 8102: 8097: 8092: 8087: 8082: 8077: 8072: 8067: 8062: 8057: 8052: 8047: 8042: 8037: 8032: 8027: 8022: 8017: 8012: 8007: 8002: 7997: 7992: 7987: 7982: 7977: 7972: 7971: 7970: 7965: 7960: 7955: 7950: 7940: 7939: 7938: 7928: 7923: 7918: 7913: 7908: 7903: 7898: 7893: 7888: 7883: 7878: 7873: 7868: 7867: 7866: 7861: 7859:Thracian Goths 7856: 7851: 7846: 7841: 7836: 7826: 7821: 7816: 7811: 7806: 7801: 7800: 7799: 7794: 7784: 7779: 7774: 7769: 7764: 7759: 7754: 7749: 7744: 7739: 7734: 7729: 7724: 7719: 7714: 7709: 7704: 7699: 7694: 7689: 7684: 7679: 7674: 7669: 7664: 7659: 7654: 7649: 7644: 7639: 7638: 7637: 7632: 7627: 7626: 7625: 7620: 7615: 7610: 7605: 7600: 7585: 7580: 7575: 7570: 7565: 7560: 7555: 7550: 7545: 7540: 7535: 7530: 7525: 7520: 7515: 7514: 7513: 7508: 7503: 7498: 7487: 7485: 7479: 7478: 7476: 7475: 7470: 7465: 7460: 7455: 7449: 7447: 7441: 7440: 7438: 7437: 7436: 7435: 7430: 7425: 7415: 7410: 7409: 7408: 7403: 7393: 7388: 7387: 7386: 7381: 7376: 7366: 7361: 7360: 7359: 7349: 7348: 7347: 7342: 7332: 7331: 7330: 7325: 7315: 7314: 7313: 7308: 7298: 7297: 7296: 7290: 7285: 7280: 7270: 7265: 7260: 7255: 7250: 7245: 7239: 7237: 7231: 7230: 7228: 7227: 7222: 7217: 7212: 7210:Roman Iron Age 7207: 7202: 7197: 7191: 7189: 7185: 7184: 7171: 7168: 7167: 7160: 7159: 7152: 7145: 7137: 7128: 7127: 7124: 7123: 7121: 7120: 7114: 7108: 7102: 7101: 7100: 7097:Italian Empire 7087: 7085: 7075: 7074: 7068: 7062: 7056: 7050: 7044: 7041:Roman Republic 7038: 7032: 7026: 7020: 7014: 7008: 7002: 6996: 6993:Duchy of Lucca 6990: 6987:Duchy of Genoa 6983: 6981: 6975: 6974: 6971: 6970: 6968: 6967: 6962: 6957: 6952: 6947: 6942: 6937: 6932: 6927: 6922: 6917: 6911: 6909: 6905: 6904: 6902: 6901: 6896: 6891: 6886: 6881: 6876: 6871: 6866: 6861: 6856: 6850: 6848: 6841: 6827: 6826: 6823: 6822: 6820: 6819: 6814: 6809: 6804: 6799: 6793: 6788: 6783: 6778: 6773: 6767: 6765: 6751: 6750: 6748: 6747: 6741: 6736: 6731: 6730: 6729: 6724: 6719: 6714: 6709: 6698: 6696: 6688: 6687: 6684: 6683: 6681: 6680: 6675: 6670: 6665: 6659: 6657: 6651: 6650: 6648: 6647: 6642: 6637: 6631: 6629: 6625: 6624: 6622: 6621: 6616: 6610: 6608: 6602: 6601: 6599: 6598: 6593: 6584: 6579: 6574: 6569: 6564: 6562:Duchy of Gaeta 6559: 6553: 6551: 6544: 6540:Southern Italy 6536: 6535: 6533: 6532: 6527: 6522: 6517: 6512: 6507: 6502: 6497: 6492: 6486: 6484: 6483:(c. 1000–1797) 6478: 6477: 6475: 6474: 6469: 6464: 6458: 6456: 6448: 6447: 6445: 6444: 6443: 6442: 6437: 6435:County of Nice 6432: 6430:Duchy of Aosta 6427: 6422: 6417: 6410:Savoyard state 6407: 6402: 6397: 6392: 6387: 6382: 6377: 6372: 6367: 6362: 6357: 6352: 6347: 6345:Duchy of Milan 6342: 6340:Duchy of Ivrea 6337: 6336: 6335: 6330: 6325: 6320: 6315: 6310: 6305: 6300: 6295: 6290: 6285: 6280: 6275: 6270: 6265: 6255: 6250: 6245: 6240: 6235: 6230: 6225: 6220: 6214: 6212: 6200: 6199: 6197: 6196: 6191: 6186: 6181: 6176: 6171: 6166: 6160: 6158: 6150: 6149: 6147: 6146: 6140: 6139: 6138: 6132: 6126: 6113: 6111: 6104: 6103: 6101: 6100: 6099: 6098: 6093: 6088: 6083: 6081:Duchy of Ivrea 6078: 6073: 6062: 6056: 6050: 6047:Odoacer's rule 6043: 6041: 6032: 6022: 6021: 6019: 6018: 6012: 6011:(27 BC–395 AD) 6006: 6005:(509 BC–27 BC) 6003:Roman Republic 6000: 5993: 5991: 5985: 5984: 5982: 5981: 5976: 5971: 5966: 5961: 5956: 5951: 5946: 5945: 5944: 5942:Cisalpine Gaul 5934: 5929: 5924: 5919: 5918: 5917: 5906: 5904: 5900: 5899: 5892: 5891: 5884: 5877: 5869: 5860: 5859: 5852: 5849: 5848: 5846: 5845: 5839: 5837: 5830: 5829: 5827: 5826: 5819: 5813: 5811: 5804: 5803: 5801: 5800: 5793: 5786: 5781: 5775: 5773: 5766: 5765: 5763: 5762: 5755: 5749: 5747: 5740: 5739: 5737: 5736: 5729: 5724: 5719: 5714: 5709: 5703: 5701: 5694: 5693: 5691: 5690: 5682: 5680: 5669: 5668: 5666: 5665: 5660: 5655: 5650: 5645: 5640: 5635: 5630: 5625: 5620: 5615: 5610: 5605: 5599: 5597: 5590: 5589: 5587: 5586: 5581: 5576: 5571: 5566: 5561: 5556: 5551: 5546: 5541: 5536: 5531: 5526: 5521: 5516: 5510: 5508: 5505:House of Capet 5501: 5500: 5498: 5497: 5492: 5487: 5482: 5477: 5472: 5467: 5462: 5457: 5452: 5447: 5442: 5437: 5432: 5426: 5421: 5415: 5413: 5397: 5396: 5394: 5393: 5388: 5383: 5378: 5373: 5368: 5366:Childebert III 5363: 5358: 5353: 5348: 5343: 5338: 5333: 5328: 5323: 5318: 5313: 5308: 5303: 5298: 5293: 5288: 5282: 5280: 5273: 5272: 5269: 5268: 5263: 5258: 5253: 5247: 5246: 5243: 5242: 5237: 5236: 5229: 5222: 5214: 5208: 5205: 5204: 5192: 5191: 5189: 5188: 5177: 5174: 5173: 5171: 5170: 5165: 5160: 5155: 5150: 5145: 5140: 5135: 5130: 5125: 5120: 5115: 5110: 5105: 5100: 5095: 5090: 5085: 5080: 5075: 5070: 5065: 5060: 5055: 5050: 5045: 5040: 5035: 5030: 5025: 5020: 5015: 5010: 5005: 5000: 4995: 4990: 4985: 4980: 4975: 4970: 4965: 4960: 4955: 4950: 4944: 4941: 4940: 4933: 4932: 4925: 4918: 4910: 4901: 4900: 4897: 4896: 4894: 4893: 4890: 4885: 4879: 4877: 4870: 4869: 4867: 4866: 4861: 4855: 4853: 4846: 4845: 4843: 4842: 4839: 4834: 4831: 4828: 4822: 4820: 4813: 4812: 4805: 4803: 4801: 4800: 4797: 4794: 4791: 4785: 4783: 4776: 4775: 4762: 4754: 4753: 4750: 4749: 4746: 4745: 4743: 4742: 4739: 4736: 4733: 4718: 4713: 4703: 4701: 4692: 4691: 4689: 4688: 4670: 4662: 4656: 4651: 4637: 4635: 4626: 4625: 4623: 4622: 4616: 4614: 4607: 4606: 4604: 4603: 4571: 4569: 4562: 4561: 4559: 4558: 4556:Arnulf of Sens 4552: 4546: 4537: 4536: 4529: 4527: 4525: 4524: 4508: 4506: 4499: 4498: 4487: 4479: 4478: 4475: 4474: 4472: 4471: 4468: 4463: 4457: 4455: 4448: 4447: 4444: 4443: 4441: 4440: 4436: 4433: 4432: 4430: 4429: 4425: 4423: 4416: 4415: 4413: 4412: 4409: 4404: 4399: 4396: 4391: 4386: 4381: 4375: 4373: 4363: 4356: 4355: 4348: 4346: 4344: 4343: 4337: 4335: 4328: 4327: 4316: 4308: 4307: 4304: 4303: 4301: 4300: 4291: 4289: 4282: 4281: 4279: 4278: 4275: 4272: 4267: 4262: 4257: 4251: 4249: 4246:Charles Martel 4242: 4241: 4239: 4238: 4232: 4230: 4223: 4222: 4215: 4213: 4211: 4210: 4207: 4204: 4199: 4195: 4193: 4186: 4185: 4183: 4182: 4170: 4163:Arnulf of Metz 4152: 4146: 4145: 4143: 4142: 4127: 4125: 4119: 4118: 4111: 4110: 4107: 4103: 4102: 4099: 4098: 4087: 4086: 4079: 4072: 4064: 4055: 4054: 3871: 3870: 3867: 3866: 3859: 3858: 3851: 3844: 3836: 3830: 3829: 3817: 3816:External links 3814: 3813: 3812: 3806: 3787: 3784: 3783: 3782: 3776: 3760: 3740: 3724: 3710: 3697: 3691: 3674: 3668: 3655: 3649: 3634: 3631: 3628: 3627: 3602: 3587: 3570: 3557: 3555:, p. 105. 3545: 3533: 3490: 3475: 3449: 3434: 3419: 3407: 3386: 3367: 3343: 3323: 3316: 3295: 3293:, p. 124. 3283: 3271: 3259: 3244: 3232: 3216: 3201: 3182: 3180:, p. 252. 3167: 3152: 3123: 3116: 3098: 3079:(4): 865–895. 3056: 3049: 3031: 3024: 3006: 2987: 2980: 2951: 2944: 2926: 2919: 2901: 2879: 2872: 2854: 2847: 2826: 2819: 2798: 2785: 2757: 2754:. p. 336. 2751:Vita Hludowici 2740: 2725: 2718: 2695: 2688: 2670: 2663: 2645: 2638: 2617: 2610: 2592: 2565: 2554: 2523: 2507: 2506: 2504: 2501: 2498: 2497: 2493:Vita Hludovici 2483: 2457: 2456: 2454: 2451: 2450: 2449: 2444: 2443: 2442: 2437: 2425: 2422: 2393: 2390: 2360: 2357: 2347: 2344: 2341: 2340: 2333: 2330: 2327: 2319: 2318: 2311: 2310:6 October 877 2308: 2305: 2297: 2296: 2289: 2288:12 August 875 2286: 2271: 2263: 2262: 2255: 2252: 2249: 2241: 2240: 2233: 2230: 2219: 2211: 2210: 2203: 2200: 2197: 2189: 2188: 2185: 2184:Date of death 2182: 2179: 2161: 2158: 2125:Main article: 2122: 2119: 2118: 2117: 2110: 2107: 2104: 2096: 2053: 2050: 2044: 2041: 2025: 2020: 1980: 1977: 1964:southern Italy 1945: 1942: 1912: 1909: 1905:Vassi Dominici 1890:Missi Dominici 1872:Missi Dominici 1838: 1835: 1811:Count palatine 1799: 1796: 1720: 1717: 1626: 1623: 1587: 1584: 1578: 1575: 1569: 1566: 1552: 1549: 1533:Upper Burgundy 1508: 1505: 1482: 1475: 1474: 1458: 1451: 1450: 1449: 1443:Middle Francia 1440: 1433: 1432: 1428: 1421: 1420: 1419: 1415: 1414: 1413: 1412: 1410: 1407: 1372:Lower Burgundy 1368:Boso of Vienne 1297: 1294: 1208:Main article: 1205: 1202: 1132: 1129: 1029: 1026: 1015: 1014: 1013: 1004: 1003: 1002: 998: 997: 996: 995: 947:Western Europe 935:Charles Martel 920: 917: 915: 912: 887: 884: 751: 750: 748: 747: 740: 733: 725: 722: 721: 718: 717: 705: 693: 690:Middle Francia 681: 674: 673: 670: 669: 666: 665: 659: 653: 650:Pepin of Italy 647: 641: 635: 629: 623: 617: 611: 608:Charles Martel 604: 599: 598: 595: 594: 591: 590: 584: 578: 572: 566: 560: 554: 551:Arnulf of Metz 547: 542: 541: 538: 537: 534: 533: 527: 521: 514: 509: 508: 505: 504: 496: 495: 485: 484: 481: 480: 477: 476: 469: 463: 462: 455: 449: 448: 441: 439:Middle Francia 435: 434: 427: 418: 415: 414: 409: 401: 400: 395: 387: 386: 381: 373: 372: 370:Avar Khaganate 367: 359: 358: 353: 341: 340: 335: 325: 324: 319: 315: 314: 311: 310: 307: 304: 301: 300: 297: 296: 292: 291: 288: 285: 284: 280: 279: 276: 275: 272: 266: 263: 262: 259: 253: 250: 249: 246: 240: 237: 236: 233: 232: 227: 226:Historical era 223: 222: 219: 218: 210: 207: 204: 203: 195: 192: 189: 188: 185: 184: 181: 175: 174: 168: 164: 163: 122: 118: 117: 115:Medieval Latin 112: 108: 107: 98: 94: 93: 90: 89: 83: 81: 72: 69: 67: 59: 58: 54: 53: 38: 35: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 11688: 11677: 11674: 11672: 11669: 11667: 11664: 11662: 11659: 11657: 11654: 11652: 11649: 11647: 11644: 11642: 11639: 11637: 11634: 11632: 11629: 11627: 11624: 11622: 11619: 11618: 11616: 11595: 11592: 11590: 11587: 11585: 11582: 11580: 11577: 11575: 11572: 11570: 11567: 11565: 11562: 11560: 11557: 11555: 11552: 11550: 11547: 11545: 11542: 11540: 11539:PROSUR/PROSUL 11537: 11535: 11532: 11530: 11527: 11525: 11522: 11520: 11517: 11515: 11512: 11510: 11507: 11505: 11502: 11500: 11497: 11495: 11492: 11490: 11487: 11485: 11482: 11480: 11477: 11475: 11472: 11470: 11467: 11465: 11462: 11460: 11457: 11455: 11452: 11450: 11447: 11445: 11442: 11440: 11437: 11435: 11434:Craiova Group 11432: 11430: 11427: 11425: 11422: 11420: 11417: 11415: 11412: 11410: 11407: 11405: 11402: 11400: 11397: 11395: 11392: 11390: 11387: 11385: 11382: 11380: 11377: 11375: 11372: 11370: 11367: 11365: 11362: 11360: 11357: 11355: 11352: 11350: 11349:ABCANZ Armies 11347: 11346: 11344: 11338: 11332: 11329: 11327: 11324: 11320: 11317: 11315: 11312: 11310: 11307: 11305: 11302: 11300: 11297: 11295: 11292: 11291: 11290: 11287: 11285: 11282: 11278: 11275: 11274: 11273: 11270: 11268: 11265: 11264: 11262: 11260: 11256: 11250: 11247: 11245: 11242: 11238: 11235: 11233: 11230: 11228: 11225: 11223: 11220: 11216: 11213: 11211: 11208: 11206: 11203: 11201: 11198: 11197: 11196: 11193: 11191: 11188: 11186: 11183: 11181: 11178: 11177: 11176: 11173: 11167: 11164: 11163: 11162: 11159: 11155: 11154:Protestantism 11152: 11148: 11145: 11144: 11143: 11140: 11136: 11133: 11132: 11131: 11128: 11124: 11120: 11117: 11116: 11115: 11112: 11111: 11110: 11107: 11106: 11105: 11102: 11101: 11099: 11097: 11093: 11085: 11082: 11081: 11080: 11077: 11075: 11074:Sovereigntism 11072: 11070: 11067: 11063: 11062: 11058: 11057: 11056: 11053: 11049: 11046: 11045: 11044: 11041: 11039: 11036: 11034: 11031: 11029: 11026: 11024: 11021: 11019: 11016: 11014: 11011: 11007: 11004: 11002: 10999: 10998: 10997: 10994: 10990: 10987: 10986: 10985: 10982: 10980: 10977: 10975: 10972: 10970: 10969:Scholasticism 10967: 10965: 10962: 10960: 10957: 10955: 10952: 10950: 10947: 10945: 10942: 10940: 10937: 10936: 10934: 10932: 10928: 10920: 10917: 10915: 10912: 10910: 10907: 10905: 10902: 10901: 10900: 10897: 10893: 10890: 10889: 10888: 10885: 10881: 10878: 10876: 10873: 10872: 10871: 10868: 10864: 10861: 10860: 10859: 10856: 10854: 10851: 10847: 10844: 10842: 10839: 10837: 10834: 10833: 10832: 10829: 10825: 10822: 10821: 10820: 10817: 10813: 10810: 10809: 10808: 10805: 10801: 10798: 10796: 10793: 10792: 10791: 10788: 10786: 10783: 10781: 10778: 10776: 10773: 10769: 10766: 10765: 10764: 10761: 10759: 10756: 10752: 10749: 10748: 10747: 10744: 10740: 10737: 10736: 10735: 10732: 10728: 10725: 10724: 10723: 10720: 10718: 10715: 10711: 10708: 10707: 10706: 10703: 10701: 10698: 10694: 10691: 10689: 10686: 10684: 10681: 10680: 10679: 10676: 10675: 10673: 10671: 10667: 10659: 10658:War on terror 10656: 10654: 10651: 10650: 10649: 10646: 10642: 10639: 10637: 10634: 10632: 10629: 10627: 10624: 10622: 10619: 10617: 10614: 10612: 10609: 10607: 10604: 10602: 10599: 10597: 10594: 10592: 10589: 10587: 10584: 10582: 10579: 10577: 10574: 10572: 10569: 10567: 10564: 10562: 10559: 10557: 10554: 10553: 10552: 10551:Modern period 10549: 10547: 10544: 10540: 10537: 10535: 10532: 10530: 10527: 10526: 10525: 10522: 10518: 10515: 10514: 10513: 10510: 10508: 10505: 10504: 10502: 10500: 10496: 10490: 10487: 10485: 10482: 10480: 10477: 10475: 10472: 10466: 10463: 10461: 10458: 10457: 10456: 10453: 10451: 10448: 10446: 10443: 10441: 10438: 10437: 10436: 10433: 10431: 10428: 10426: 10423: 10422: 10420: 10416: 10412: 10408: 10407:Western world 10401: 10396: 10394: 10389: 10387: 10382: 10381: 10378: 10364: 10363:Soviet empire 10361: 10359: 10356: 10355: 10353: 10352: 10350: 10348:Miscellaneous 10346: 10340: 10337: 10335: 10332: 10330: 10327: 10325: 10322: 10320: 10317: 10313: 10310: 10309: 10308: 10305: 10304: 10302: 10298: 10288: 10285: 10283: 10280: 10278: 10275: 10273: 10270: 10266: 10263: 10262: 10261: 10258: 10256: 10253: 10251: 10248: 10246: 10243: 10241: 10238: 10236: 10233: 10231: 10228: 10226: 10223: 10221: 10218: 10216: 10213: 10209: 10206: 10204: 10201: 10200: 10199: 10196: 10194: 10191: 10189: 10186: 10185: 10183: 10181: 10177: 10169: 10166: 10164: 10161: 10159: 10156: 10154: 10151: 10149: 10146: 10145: 10144: 10141: 10139: 10136: 10132: 10129: 10128: 10127: 10124: 10122: 10119: 10115: 10112: 10110: 10107: 10105: 10102: 10101: 10100: 10097: 10095: 10092: 10088: 10085: 10083: 10080: 10079: 10078: 10075: 10071: 10068: 10066: 10063: 10061: 10058: 10056: 10053: 10051: 10048: 10047: 10046: 10043: 10039: 10036: 10034: 10031: 10030: 10029: 10026: 10024: 10021: 10019: 10016: 10014: 10011: 10007: 10004: 10002: 9999: 9997: 9994: 9992: 9989: 9987: 9984: 9983: 9982: 9979: 9975: 9972: 9970: 9967: 9966: 9965: 9962: 9960: 9957: 9953: 9950: 9948: 9947:German Empire 9945: 9944: 9943: 9940: 9936: 9933: 9931: 9928: 9927: 9926: 9923: 9919: 9916: 9914: 9911: 9910: 9909: 9906: 9904: 9901: 9897: 9894: 9892: 9889: 9887: 9884: 9882: 9879: 9877: 9874: 9873: 9872: 9869: 9867: 9864: 9860: 9857: 9855: 9852: 9851: 9849: 9847: 9844: 9842: 9839: 9837: 9834: 9832: 9829: 9827: 9824: 9823: 9821: 9819: 9815: 9809: 9806: 9804: 9801: 9799: 9796: 9792: 9789: 9787: 9784: 9782: 9779: 9777: 9774: 9772: 9769: 9767: 9764: 9762: 9759: 9758: 9757: 9754: 9752: 9749: 9745: 9742: 9740: 9737: 9735: 9732: 9730: 9727: 9725: 9722: 9720: 9717: 9716: 9715: 9712: 9708: 9705: 9703: 9700: 9698: 9695: 9693: 9690: 9689: 9688: 9687:Turco-Persian 9685: 9683: 9680: 9678: 9675: 9673: 9670: 9668: 9665: 9663: 9660: 9658: 9655: 9653: 9650: 9648: 9645: 9641: 9638: 9636: 9633: 9632: 9631: 9628: 9624: 9621: 9619: 9616: 9614: 9611: 9609: 9606: 9604: 9601: 9599: 9596: 9595: 9594: 9591: 9588: 9586: 9583: 9581: 9578: 9576: 9573: 9569: 9566: 9564: 9561: 9559: 9556: 9555: 9554: 9551: 9547: 9544: 9542: 9539: 9537: 9534: 9532: 9529: 9528: 9527: 9524: 9522: 9519: 9517: 9514: 9512: 9509: 9507: 9504: 9502: 9499: 9495: 9492: 9490: 9487: 9485: 9482: 9480: 9477: 9476: 9475: 9472: 9468: 9465: 9463: 9460: 9458: 9455: 9453: 9450: 9449: 9448: 9445: 9441: 9438: 9436: 9433: 9431: 9428: 9427: 9426: 9423: 9421: 9418: 9416: 9413: 9411: 9408: 9406: 9403: 9399: 9396: 9394: 9391: 9389: 9386: 9385: 9384: 9381: 9379: 9376: 9372: 9369: 9367: 9364: 9362: 9359: 9357: 9354: 9352: 9349: 9347: 9344: 9343: 9342: 9339: 9335: 9332: 9330: 9327: 9326: 9325: 9322: 9318: 9315: 9313: 9310: 9308: 9305: 9303: 9300: 9299: 9298: 9295: 9293: 9290: 9286: 9283: 9282: 9281: 9278: 9274: 9271: 9269: 9266: 9265: 9263: 9261: 9258: 9256: 9253: 9251: 9248: 9246: 9243: 9241: 9238: 9236: 9233: 9231: 9228: 9227: 9225: 9223: 9219: 9211: 9208: 9207: 9206: 9203: 9201: 9198: 9194: 9191: 9189: 9186: 9185: 9184: 9181: 9177: 9174: 9173: 9172: 9169: 9165: 9162: 9160: 9157: 9155: 9152: 9150: 9147: 9145: 9142: 9140: 9137: 9136: 9135: 9132: 9130: 9127: 9125: 9122: 9118: 9115: 9113: 9110: 9108: 9105: 9103: 9100: 9099: 9098: 9095: 9091: 9088: 9086: 9083: 9082: 9081: 9078: 9076: 9073: 9069: 9066: 9064: 9061: 9059: 9056: 9054: 9051: 9049: 9046: 9045: 9044: 9041: 9039: 9036: 9034: 9031: 9027: 9024: 9022: 9019: 9017: 9014: 9013: 9012: 9009: 9007: 9004: 9000: 8997: 8995: 8992: 8990: 8987: 8986: 8985: 8982: 8978: 8975: 8973: 8970: 8968: 8965: 8964: 8963: 8960: 8956: 8953: 8951: 8948: 8947: 8946: 8943: 8941: 8938: 8936: 8933: 8932: 8930: 8927: 8922: 8918: 8914: 8907: 8902: 8900: 8895: 8893: 8888: 8887: 8884: 8872: 8864: 8862: 8854: 8852: 8848: 8844: 8843: 8840: 8834: 8831: 8829: 8826: 8824: 8821: 8819: 8816: 8814: 8811: 8809: 8806: 8804: 8801: 8799: 8796: 8794: 8791: 8789: 8786: 8784: 8781: 8779: 8776: 8775: 8773: 8769: 8763: 8760: 8758: 8755: 8753: 8750: 8748: 8745: 8743: 8740: 8738: 8735: 8733: 8730: 8728: 8725: 8723: 8720: 8718: 8715: 8713: 8710: 8708: 8705: 8703: 8700: 8698: 8695: 8693: 8690: 8688: 8685: 8683: 8680: 8678: 8675: 8673: 8670: 8668: 8665: 8663: 8660: 8658: 8655: 8653: 8650: 8648: 8645: 8643: 8640: 8638: 8635: 8634: 8632: 8628: 8622: 8619: 8615: 8612: 8611: 8610: 8607: 8605: 8602: 8600: 8597: 8595: 8592: 8590: 8587: 8585: 8582: 8580: 8577: 8575: 8572: 8570: 8567: 8565: 8562: 8560: 8557: 8555: 8552: 8550: 8547: 8545: 8542: 8540: 8537: 8535: 8532: 8531: 8529: 8527: 8523: 8517: 8514: 8512: 8509: 8507: 8504: 8502: 8499: 8497: 8494: 8492: 8489: 8487: 8484: 8482: 8481:Scholasticism 8479: 8477: 8474: 8472: 8469: 8467: 8464: 8462: 8459: 8457: 8454: 8452: 8449: 8447: 8444: 8442: 8439: 8437: 8434: 8432: 8429: 8427: 8424: 8423: 8421: 8419: 8415: 8409: 8406: 8404: 8401: 8399: 8396: 8394: 8391: 8389: 8386: 8384: 8381: 8379: 8376: 8374: 8371: 8369: 8366: 8364: 8361: 8359: 8356: 8354: 8351: 8349: 8346: 8344: 8343:Rise of Islam 8341: 8337: 8334: 8333: 8332: 8329: 8327: 8324: 8322: 8319: 8317: 8314: 8312: 8309: 8307: 8304: 8303: 8301: 8299: 8295: 8291: 8284: 8279: 8277: 8272: 8270: 8265: 8264: 8261: 8249: 8241: 8240: 8237: 8231: 8228: 8226: 8223: 8221: 8218: 8216: 8213: 8211: 8208: 8207: 8205: 8203: 8199: 8193: 8190: 8188: 8185: 8183: 8180: 8178: 8175: 8173: 8170: 8168: 8165: 8161: 8158: 8156: 8153: 8152: 8151: 8148: 8146: 8143: 8141: 8138: 8136: 8133: 8131: 8128: 8126: 8123: 8121: 8118: 8116: 8113: 8111: 8108: 8106: 8103: 8101: 8098: 8096: 8093: 8091: 8088: 8086: 8083: 8081: 8078: 8076: 8073: 8071: 8068: 8066: 8063: 8061: 8058: 8056: 8053: 8051: 8048: 8046: 8043: 8041: 8038: 8036: 8033: 8031: 8028: 8026: 8023: 8021: 8018: 8016: 8013: 8011: 8008: 8006: 8003: 8001: 7998: 7996: 7993: 7991: 7988: 7986: 7983: 7981: 7978: 7976: 7973: 7969: 7966: 7964: 7961: 7959: 7956: 7954: 7951: 7949: 7946: 7945: 7944: 7941: 7937: 7934: 7933: 7932: 7929: 7927: 7924: 7922: 7919: 7917: 7914: 7912: 7909: 7907: 7904: 7902: 7899: 7897: 7894: 7892: 7889: 7887: 7884: 7882: 7879: 7877: 7874: 7872: 7869: 7865: 7862: 7860: 7857: 7855: 7852: 7850: 7847: 7845: 7842: 7840: 7837: 7835: 7834:Crimean Goths 7832: 7831: 7830: 7827: 7825: 7822: 7820: 7817: 7815: 7812: 7810: 7807: 7805: 7802: 7798: 7797:Salian Franks 7795: 7793: 7790: 7789: 7788: 7785: 7783: 7780: 7778: 7775: 7773: 7770: 7768: 7765: 7763: 7760: 7758: 7755: 7753: 7750: 7748: 7745: 7743: 7740: 7738: 7735: 7733: 7730: 7728: 7725: 7723: 7720: 7718: 7715: 7713: 7710: 7708: 7705: 7703: 7700: 7698: 7695: 7693: 7690: 7688: 7685: 7683: 7680: 7678: 7675: 7673: 7670: 7668: 7665: 7663: 7660: 7658: 7655: 7653: 7650: 7648: 7645: 7643: 7640: 7636: 7633: 7631: 7628: 7624: 7621: 7619: 7616: 7614: 7611: 7609: 7606: 7604: 7601: 7599: 7596: 7595: 7594: 7591: 7590: 7589: 7586: 7584: 7581: 7579: 7576: 7574: 7571: 7569: 7566: 7564: 7561: 7559: 7556: 7554: 7551: 7549: 7546: 7544: 7541: 7539: 7536: 7534: 7531: 7529: 7526: 7524: 7521: 7519: 7516: 7512: 7509: 7507: 7504: 7502: 7499: 7497: 7494: 7493: 7492: 7489: 7488: 7486: 7484: 7480: 7474: 7471: 7469: 7466: 7464: 7461: 7459: 7456: 7454: 7451: 7450: 7448: 7446: 7442: 7434: 7431: 7429: 7426: 7424: 7421: 7420: 7419: 7416: 7414: 7411: 7407: 7404: 7402: 7399: 7398: 7397: 7394: 7392: 7389: 7385: 7382: 7380: 7377: 7375: 7372: 7371: 7370: 7367: 7365: 7362: 7358: 7355: 7354: 7353: 7350: 7346: 7343: 7341: 7338: 7337: 7336: 7333: 7329: 7326: 7324: 7321: 7320: 7319: 7316: 7312: 7309: 7307: 7304: 7303: 7302: 7299: 7294: 7291: 7289: 7286: 7284: 7281: 7279: 7276: 7275: 7274: 7271: 7269: 7266: 7264: 7261: 7259: 7256: 7254: 7251: 7249: 7246: 7244: 7241: 7240: 7238: 7236: 7235:Early culture 7232: 7226: 7223: 7221: 7218: 7216: 7213: 7211: 7208: 7206: 7203: 7201: 7198: 7196: 7193: 7192: 7190: 7186: 7182: 7178: 7174: 7169: 7165: 7158: 7153: 7151: 7146: 7144: 7139: 7138: 7135: 7118: 7115: 7112: 7109: 7106: 7103: 7098: 7095: 7094: 7092: 7089: 7088: 7086: 7084: 7079: 7072: 7069: 7066: 7063: 7060: 7057: 7054: 7051: 7048: 7045: 7042: 7039: 7036: 7033: 7030: 7027: 7024: 7021: 7018: 7015: 7012: 7009: 7006: 7003: 7000: 6997: 6994: 6991: 6988: 6985: 6984: 6982: 6976: 6966: 6963: 6961: 6958: 6956: 6953: 6951: 6948: 6946: 6943: 6941: 6938: 6936: 6933: 6931: 6928: 6926: 6923: 6921: 6918: 6916: 6913: 6912: 6910: 6906: 6900: 6897: 6895: 6892: 6890: 6887: 6885: 6882: 6880: 6877: 6875: 6872: 6870: 6867: 6865: 6862: 6860: 6857: 6855: 6852: 6851: 6849: 6845: 6842: 6837: 6832: 6828: 6818: 6815: 6813: 6810: 6808: 6805: 6803: 6800: 6797: 6794: 6792: 6789: 6787: 6784: 6782: 6781:Duchy of Sora 6779: 6777: 6774: 6772: 6769: 6768: 6766: 6762: 6756: 6752: 6745: 6742: 6740: 6737: 6735: 6732: 6728: 6725: 6723: 6720: 6718: 6715: 6713: 6710: 6708: 6705: 6704: 6703: 6700: 6699: 6697: 6693: 6689: 6679: 6676: 6674: 6671: 6669: 6666: 6664: 6661: 6660: 6658: 6656: 6652: 6646: 6643: 6641: 6638: 6636: 6633: 6632: 6630: 6626: 6620: 6619:Muslim Sicily 6617: 6615: 6612: 6611: 6609: 6607: 6603: 6597: 6594: 6592: 6588: 6585: 6583: 6580: 6578: 6575: 6573: 6570: 6568: 6565: 6563: 6560: 6558: 6555: 6554: 6552: 6548: 6545: 6541: 6537: 6531: 6528: 6526: 6523: 6521: 6518: 6516: 6513: 6511: 6508: 6506: 6503: 6501: 6498: 6496: 6493: 6491: 6488: 6487: 6485: 6479: 6473: 6470: 6468: 6465: 6463: 6460: 6459: 6457: 6453: 6449: 6441: 6438: 6436: 6433: 6431: 6428: 6426: 6423: 6421: 6418: 6416: 6413: 6412: 6411: 6408: 6406: 6403: 6401: 6398: 6396: 6393: 6391: 6388: 6386: 6383: 6381: 6378: 6376: 6373: 6371: 6368: 6366: 6363: 6361: 6358: 6356: 6353: 6351: 6348: 6346: 6343: 6341: 6338: 6334: 6331: 6329: 6326: 6324: 6321: 6319: 6316: 6314: 6311: 6309: 6306: 6304: 6301: 6299: 6296: 6294: 6291: 6289: 6286: 6284: 6281: 6279: 6276: 6274: 6271: 6269: 6266: 6264: 6261: 6260: 6259: 6256: 6254: 6251: 6249: 6246: 6244: 6241: 6239: 6236: 6234: 6231: 6229: 6226: 6224: 6221: 6219: 6216: 6215: 6213: 6205: 6201: 6195: 6192: 6190: 6187: 6185: 6182: 6180: 6177: 6175: 6172: 6170: 6167: 6165: 6162: 6161: 6159: 6155: 6151: 6144: 6141: 6136: 6133: 6130: 6127: 6124: 6123:Duchy of Rome 6121: 6120: 6118: 6115: 6114: 6112: 6109: 6105: 6097: 6094: 6092: 6089: 6087: 6084: 6082: 6079: 6077: 6074: 6072: 6069: 6068: 6066: 6063: 6060: 6057: 6054: 6051: 6048: 6045: 6044: 6042: 6036: 6033: 6023: 6016: 6013: 6010: 6007: 6004: 6001: 5998: 5997:Roman Kingdom 5995: 5994: 5992: 5990: 5986: 5980: 5977: 5975: 5972: 5970: 5969:Magna Graecia 5967: 5965: 5962: 5960: 5957: 5955: 5952: 5950: 5947: 5943: 5940: 5939: 5938: 5935: 5933: 5930: 5928: 5925: 5923: 5920: 5916: 5913: 5912: 5911: 5908: 5907: 5905: 5901: 5897: 5890: 5885: 5883: 5878: 5876: 5871: 5870: 5867: 5856: 5850: 5844: 5841: 5840: 5838: 5835: 5831: 5825: 5824: 5820: 5818: 5815: 5814: 5812: 5809: 5805: 5799: 5798: 5794: 5792: 5791: 5787: 5785: 5782: 5780: 5777: 5776: 5774: 5771: 5767: 5761: 5760: 5756: 5754: 5751: 5750: 5748: 5745: 5741: 5735: 5734: 5730: 5728: 5725: 5723: 5720: 5718: 5715: 5713: 5710: 5708: 5705: 5704: 5702: 5699: 5695: 5689: 5688: 5684: 5683: 5681: 5679: 5676: 5675: 5670: 5664: 5661: 5659: 5656: 5654: 5651: 5649: 5646: 5644: 5641: 5639: 5636: 5634: 5631: 5629: 5626: 5624: 5621: 5619: 5616: 5614: 5611: 5609: 5606: 5604: 5601: 5600: 5598: 5595: 5591: 5585: 5582: 5580: 5577: 5575: 5572: 5570: 5567: 5565: 5562: 5560: 5557: 5555: 5552: 5550: 5547: 5545: 5542: 5540: 5537: 5535: 5532: 5530: 5527: 5525: 5522: 5520: 5517: 5515: 5512: 5511: 5509: 5506: 5502: 5496: 5493: 5491: 5488: 5486: 5483: 5481: 5478: 5476: 5473: 5471: 5468: 5466: 5463: 5461: 5458: 5456: 5453: 5451: 5448: 5446: 5443: 5441: 5438: 5436: 5433: 5430: 5427: 5425: 5422: 5420: 5417: 5416: 5414: 5411: 5407: 5402: 5398: 5392: 5391:Childeric III 5389: 5387: 5384: 5382: 5379: 5377: 5374: 5372: 5369: 5367: 5364: 5362: 5359: 5357: 5356:Theuderic III 5354: 5352: 5349: 5347: 5344: 5342: 5339: 5337: 5334: 5332: 5329: 5327: 5324: 5322: 5321:Childebert II 5319: 5317: 5314: 5312: 5309: 5307: 5304: 5302: 5299: 5297: 5294: 5292: 5289: 5287: 5284: 5283: 5281: 5278: 5274: 5267: 5264: 5262: 5259: 5257: 5254: 5252: 5249: 5248: 5244: 5235: 5230: 5228: 5223: 5221: 5216: 5215: 5212: 5206: 5199: 5187: 5179: 5178: 5175: 5169: 5166: 5164: 5161: 5159: 5156: 5154: 5151: 5149: 5146: 5144: 5141: 5139: 5136: 5134: 5131: 5129: 5128:Ferdinand III 5126: 5124: 5121: 5119: 5116: 5114: 5111: 5109: 5108:Maximilian II 5106: 5104: 5101: 5099: 5096: 5094: 5091: 5089: 5088:Frederick III 5086: 5084: 5081: 5079: 5076: 5074: 5071: 5069: 5066: 5064: 5061: 5059: 5056: 5054: 5051: 5049: 5046: 5044: 5041: 5039: 5036: 5034: 5031: 5029: 5026: 5024: 5021: 5019: 5016: 5014: 5011: 5009: 5006: 5004: 5001: 4999: 4996: 4994: 4991: 4989: 4986: 4984: 4981: 4979: 4976: 4974: 4971: 4969: 4966: 4964: 4961: 4959: 4956: 4954: 4951: 4949: 4946: 4945: 4942: 4938: 4931: 4926: 4924: 4919: 4917: 4912: 4911: 4908: 4891: 4889: 4886: 4884: 4881: 4880: 4878: 4875: 4871: 4865: 4862: 4860: 4857: 4856: 4854: 4851: 4847: 4840: 4838: 4835: 4832: 4829: 4827: 4824: 4823: 4821: 4818: 4814: 4809: 4798: 4795: 4792: 4790: 4787: 4786: 4784: 4781: 4777: 4772: 4766: 4763: 4761: 4755: 4740: 4737: 4734: 4730: 4726: 4722: 4719: 4717: 4714: 4712: 4708: 4705: 4704: 4702: 4697: 4693: 4686: 4682: 4678: 4674: 4671: 4668: 4663: 4660: 4657: 4655: 4652: 4650: 4646: 4642: 4639: 4638: 4636: 4631: 4627: 4621: 4618: 4617: 4615: 4612: 4608: 4602: 4598: 4594: 4590: 4589: 4584: 4580: 4576: 4573: 4572: 4570: 4567: 4563: 4557: 4554: 4553: 4550: 4547: 4542: 4538: 4533: 4523: 4522: 4517: 4513: 4510: 4509: 4507: 4504: 4500: 4496: 4491: 4488: 4486: 4480: 4469: 4467: 4464: 4462: 4459: 4458: 4456: 4453: 4449: 4438: 4437: 4434: 4427: 4426: 4424: 4421: 4417: 4410: 4408: 4405: 4403: 4400: 4397: 4395: 4392: 4390: 4387: 4385: 4382: 4380: 4377: 4376: 4374: 4371: 4367: 4364: 4361: 4357: 4352: 4342: 4339: 4338: 4336: 4333: 4329: 4325: 4320: 4317: 4315: 4309: 4299: 4298: 4294:Nibelung I → 4293: 4292: 4290: 4287: 4286:Childebrand I 4283: 4276: 4273: 4271: 4268: 4266: 4263: 4261: 4258: 4256: 4253: 4252: 4250: 4247: 4243: 4237: 4234: 4233: 4231: 4228: 4224: 4219: 4208: 4205: 4203: 4200: 4197: 4196: 4194: 4191: 4187: 4181: 4179: 4175: 4171: 4169: 4168: 4164: 4160: 4159: 4156: 4153: 4151: 4147: 4141: 4137: 4133: 4129: 4128: 4126: 4124: 4120: 4115: 4108: 4105: 4104: 4100: 4096: 4092: 4085: 4080: 4078: 4073: 4071: 4066: 4065: 4062: 3868: 3864: 3857: 3852: 3850: 3845: 3843: 3838: 3837: 3834: 3827: 3823: 3820: 3819: 3809: 3803: 3798: 3797: 3790: 3789: 3779: 3773: 3769: 3765: 3761: 3757: 3751: 3743: 3737: 3733: 3729: 3725: 3721: 3717: 3713: 3711:0-9511-5030-8 3707: 3703: 3698: 3694: 3688: 3684: 3680: 3675: 3671: 3665: 3661: 3656: 3652: 3646: 3642: 3637: 3636: 3616: 3612: 3606: 3598: 3591: 3584: 3579: 3577: 3575: 3567: 3564:Egon Boshof: 3561: 3554: 3549: 3542: 3537: 3529: 3525: 3521: 3517: 3513: 3509: 3505: 3501: 3494: 3487: 3482: 3480: 3471: 3467: 3463: 3459: 3453: 3445: 3438: 3431: 3426: 3424: 3417:, p. 22. 3416: 3411: 3404: 3399: 3397: 3395: 3393: 3391: 3384: 3378: 3371: 3363: 3356: 3354: 3352: 3350: 3348: 3339: 3332: 3330: 3328: 3319: 3313: 3309: 3305: 3299: 3292: 3287: 3281:, p. 13. 3280: 3275: 3268: 3263: 3257:, p. 49. 3256: 3251: 3249: 3242:, p. 12. 3241: 3236: 3229: 3225: 3220: 3214:, p. 17. 3213: 3208: 3206: 3198: 3194: 3189: 3187: 3179: 3174: 3172: 3163: 3159: 3155: 3149: 3145: 3141: 3137: 3133: 3127: 3119: 3113: 3109: 3102: 3094: 3090: 3086: 3082: 3078: 3074: 3067: 3060: 3052: 3046: 3042: 3035: 3027: 3021: 3017: 3010: 3002: 2998: 2991: 2983: 2977: 2973: 2969: 2965: 2958: 2956: 2947: 2941: 2937: 2930: 2922: 2916: 2912: 2905: 2889: 2883: 2875: 2869: 2865: 2858: 2850: 2844: 2840: 2836: 2830: 2822: 2816: 2812: 2808: 2802: 2795: 2789: 2781: 2774: 2772: 2770: 2768: 2766: 2764: 2762: 2753: 2752: 2744: 2736: 2729: 2721: 2715: 2711: 2704: 2702: 2700: 2691: 2685: 2681: 2674: 2666: 2660: 2656: 2649: 2641: 2635: 2631: 2624: 2622: 2613: 2607: 2603: 2596: 2581: 2580: 2575: 2569: 2562: 2557: 2551: 2547: 2543: 2541: 2532: 2530: 2528: 2521:, p. 23. 2520: 2515: 2513: 2508: 2495: 2494: 2487: 2480: 2476: 2472: 2468: 2462: 2458: 2448: 2445: 2441: 2438: 2436: 2433: 2432: 2431: 2428: 2427: 2421: 2419: 2415: 2411: 2407: 2403: 2399: 2389: 2387: 2383: 2379: 2375: 2371: 2367: 2352: 2338: 2334: 2331: 2328: 2326: 2325: 2321: 2320: 2316: 2312: 2309: 2306: 2304: 2303: 2299: 2298: 2294: 2290: 2287: 2285:: 18 May 872 2284: 2279: 2275: 2272: 2270: 2269: 2265: 2264: 2260: 2256: 2253: 2250: 2248: 2247: 2243: 2242: 2238: 2234: 2231: 2228: 2223: 2220: 2218: 2217: 2213: 2212: 2208: 2204: 2201: 2198: 2196: 2195: 2191: 2190: 2186: 2183: 2180: 2177: 2176: 2173: 2171: 2167: 2157: 2155: 2151: 2147: 2143: 2138: 2136: 2135: 2128: 2115: 2111: 2108: 2105: 2102: 2101: 2097: 2094: 2090: 2089: 2088: 2085: 2082: 2080: 2073: 2069: 2066: 2062: 2058: 2049: 2040: 2035: 2031: 2024: 2019: 2017: 2013: 2008: 2006: 2003:, Spain, and 2002: 1998: 1994: 1990: 1986: 1976: 1974: 1965: 1961: 1957: 1956: 1950: 1941: 1939: 1934: 1932: 1931:Ripuarian law 1928: 1923: 1920: 1918: 1908: 1906: 1901: 1899: 1897: 1891: 1887: 1886: 1881: 1877: 1873: 1868: 1865: 1861: 1860: 1855: 1851: 1847: 1842: 1834: 1832: 1828: 1822: 1820: 1816: 1812: 1805: 1795: 1791: 1787: 1784: 1779: 1773: 1771: 1767: 1763: 1759: 1755: 1751: 1746: 1742: 1739:No permanent 1734: 1730: 1725: 1716: 1714: 1711:and entitled 1710: 1706: 1701: 1699: 1695: 1690: 1685: 1680: 1677: 1673: 1664: 1660: 1656: 1652: 1648: 1644: 1639: 1631: 1622: 1619: 1615: 1614: 1609: 1604: 1602: 1598: 1594: 1583: 1574: 1565: 1561: 1558: 1548: 1546: 1542: 1538: 1534: 1530: 1526: 1522: 1518: 1514: 1498: 1494: 1490: 1486: 1479: 1470: 1466: 1462: 1455: 1444: 1437: 1425: 1406: 1404: 1400: 1396: 1392: 1387: 1384: 1379: 1377: 1373: 1369: 1365: 1361: 1357: 1353: 1349: 1345: 1341: 1337: 1333: 1329: 1325: 1317: 1313: 1309: 1308: 1302: 1293: 1291: 1287: 1283: 1279: 1275: 1271: 1266: 1263: 1258: 1256: 1252: 1248: 1244: 1240: 1235: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1211: 1201: 1199: 1195: 1191: 1187: 1182: 1180: 1174: 1171: 1167: 1163: 1159: 1155: 1149: 1142: 1137: 1128: 1126: 1122: 1118: 1114: 1110: 1106: 1102: 1097: 1095: 1091: 1086: 1082: 1078: 1074: 1069: 1067: 1063: 1059: 1055: 1051: 1043: 1039: 1034: 1019: 1008: 994: 991: 986: 984: 983:Edward Gibbon 980: 976: 971: 967: 962: 960: 956: 952: 949:north of the 948: 944: 940: 936: 930: 926: 911: 909: 905: 901: 897: 893: 883: 881: 877: 873: 869: 865: 861: 857: 853: 849: 845: 841: 837: 833: 828: 826: 822: 817: 813: 808: 806: 802: 798: 794: 790: 786: 782: 778: 774: 770: 766: 762: 758: 746: 741: 739: 734: 732: 727: 726: 724: 723: 715: 709: 706: 703: 697: 694: 691: 686: 683: 682: 678: 672: 671: 663: 660: 657: 654: 651: 648: 645: 642: 639: 636: 633: 630: 627: 624: 621: 618: 615: 612: 609: 606: 605: 602: 597: 596: 588: 585: 582: 579: 576: 573: 570: 567: 564: 561: 558: 555: 552: 549: 548: 545: 540: 539: 531: 528: 525: 522: 519: 516: 515: 512: 507: 506: 502: 498: 497: 494: 491: 490: 470: 468: 465: 464: 456: 454: 451: 450: 442: 440: 437: 436: 428: 426: 423: 422: 419: 413: 410: 403: 402: 399: 396: 389: 388: 385: 382: 375: 374: 371: 368: 361: 360: 357: 354: 347: 346: 343: 342: 339: 336: 334: 331: 330: 326: 323: 320: 316: 312: 308: 302: 298: 293: 289: 286: 281: 277: 273: 270: 264: 261:10 August 843 260: 257: 251: 247: 244: 238: 234: 231: 228: 224: 220: 214: 211: 205: 199: 196: 190: 186: 182: 180: 176: 172: 169: 165: 162: 158: 154: 150: 146: 142: 138: 134: 130: 126: 123: 119: 116: 113: 109: 106: 102: 99: 95: 82: 79: 71: 70: 65: 60: 55: 49: 42: 33: 30: 19: 11584:Western Bloc 11384:AUSCANNZUKUS 11340:Contemporary 11289:Human rights 11135:Latin Church 11109:Christianity 11059: 11018:Conservatism 10863:contemporary 10700:Architecture 10636:World War II 10596:Emancipation 10591:Abolitionism 10479:Romanization 10474:Roman legacy 10455:Roman Empire 10114:Contemporary 9964:Indo-Persian 9952:Nazi Germany 9896:Contemporary 9798:Vijayanagara 9697:Great Seljuk 9634: 9608:Thessalonica 9536:Golden Horde 9176:Carthaginian 8955:Neo-Assyrian 8940:Neo-Sumerian 8642:Architecture 8614:Great Famine 8604:Universities 8544:Hussite Wars 8461:Great Schism 8377: 8348:Papal States 7528:Anglo-Saxons 7518:Adrabaecampi 7501:Bucinobantes 7243:Architecture 7093:(1861–1946) 7071:Papal States 6899:Transpadania 6472:Stato da Màr 6154:Papal States 6065:Lombard rule 6029:Early Modern 6017:(395–476 AD) 6009:Roman Empire 5989:Ancient Rome 5854: 5843:Napoleon III 5821: 5795: 5788: 5757: 5731: 5685: 5677: 5672: 5633:Charles VIII 5401:Carolingians 5386:Theuderic IV 5376:Chilperic II 5371:Dagobert III 5351:Childeric II 5346:Chlothar III 5291:Childebert I 5277:Merovingians 5123:Ferdinand II 5093:Maximilian I 5063:Frederick II 4586: 4519: 4494: 4482: 4323: 4314:Carolingians 4295: 4172: 4161: 4095:Carolingians 3795: 3767: 3731: 3701: 3682: 3659: 3640: 3618:. Retrieved 3614: 3605: 3596: 3590: 3565: 3560: 3548: 3536: 3503: 3499: 3493: 3472:. p. 5. 3465: 3452: 3443: 3437: 3410: 3379:. p. 2. 3376: 3370: 3361: 3337: 3307: 3298: 3286: 3274: 3262: 3235: 3219: 3143: 3126: 3107: 3101: 3076: 3072: 3059: 3040: 3034: 3015: 3009: 3000: 2996: 2990: 2963: 2935: 2929: 2910: 2904: 2892:. Retrieved 2882: 2863: 2857: 2838: 2829: 2810: 2801: 2793: 2788: 2779: 2749: 2743: 2734: 2728: 2709: 2679: 2673: 2654: 2648: 2629: 2601: 2595: 2583:. Retrieved 2577: 2568: 2559: 2545: 2539: 2491: 2486: 2478: 2474: 2470: 2466: 2461: 2395: 2362: 2322: 2300: 2282: 2273: 2266: 2251:5 April 823 2244: 2232:20 June 840 2226: 2221: 2214: 2192: 2163: 2139: 2132: 2130: 2098: 2086: 2077: 2074: 2070: 2064: 2060: 2057:Capitularies 2055: 2052:Capitularies 2046: 2037: 2022: 2009: 1996: 1982: 1969: 1953: 1935: 1924: 1921: 1916: 1914: 1911:Legal system 1902: 1894: 1889: 1883: 1869: 1863: 1857: 1843: 1840: 1823: 1817:against the 1807: 1792: 1788: 1774: 1741:capital city 1738: 1712: 1708: 1702: 1681: 1674:in place of 1668: 1651:round shield 1611: 1608:fall of Rome 1605: 1589: 1580: 1571: 1562: 1556: 1554: 1551:Demographics 1510: 1497:West Francia 1493:East Francia 1469:Louis the II 1388: 1380: 1320: 1305: 1304:Copy of the 1267: 1259: 1236: 1213: 1183: 1175: 1150: 1146: 1098: 1070: 1050:Roman Empire 1047: 990:Pope Zachary 987: 978: 963: 932: 907: 903: 899: 895: 889: 886:Nomenclature 829: 809: 797:Roman Empire 789:Pope Leo III 756: 754: 714:East Francia 702:West Francia 601:Carolingians 520:(c. 580–640) 453:East Francia 425:West Francia 338:Succeeded by 337: 332: 171:Christianity 29: 11646:Christendom 11524:Open Balkan 11342:integration 11272:Rule of law 11267:Natural law 11244:Agnosticism 11222:Hellenistic 11200:Anglo-Saxon 11130:Catholicism 11069:Atlanticism 10974:Rationalism 10780:Immigration 10763:Esotericism 10621:World War I 10586:Romanticism 10566:Reformation 10546:Renaissance 10524:Middle Ages 10489:Christendom 10418:Foundations 9702:Khwarezmian 9635:Carolingian 9440:Rashtrakuta 9144:Shaishunaga 9043:Hellenistic 9026:New Kingdom 9016:Old Kingdom 8871:WikiProject 8798:Medievalism 8637:Agriculture 8501:Manorialism 8496:Communalism 8491:Monasticism 8408:Reconquista 8398:Kievan Rus' 7968:Nahanarvali 7891:Hilleviones 7804:Frisiavones 7672:Cananefates 7662:Burgundians 7573:Banochaemae 7423:Anglo-Saxon 7374:Anglo-Saxon 7340:Anglo-Saxon 7323:Anglo-Saxon 7306:Anglo-Saxon 7119:(1947–1954) 7113:(1943–1945) 7107:(1920–1924) 7099:(1882–1960) 7083:unification 7073:(1814–1870) 7067:(1815–1866) 7061:(1816–1861) 7055:(1814–1860) 7049:(1859–1860) 7043:(1849–1850) 7037:(1848–1849) 7019:(1815–1859) 7013:(1814–1859) 7007:(1814–1859) 7001:(1814–1829) 6995:(1815–1847) 6989:(1815–1848) 6879:Parthenopea 6840:(1792–1815) 6798:(1647–1648) 6764:(1282–1816) 6746:(1324–1861) 6707:Agugliastra 6572:Longobardia 6209:independent 6059:Vandal rule 5836:(1852–1870) 5810:(1830–1848) 5779:Louis XVIII 5759:Napoleon II 5700:(1589–1792) 5678:(1422–1453) 5623:Charles VII 5596:(1328–1589) 5470:Charles III 5455:Carloman II 5431:(Charles I) 5429:Charlemagne 5381:Chlothar IV 5336:Sigebert II 5326:Chlothar II 5311:Chilperic I 5301:Charibert I 5148:Charles VII 5103:Ferdinand I 5048:Frederick I 5043:Lothair III 4973:Charles III 4948:Charlemagne 4716:Carloman II 4483:Carolingian 4370:Charlemagne 4297:Nibelungids 4130:Carloman → 3734:. England. 3633:Works cited 3620:17 February 3255:Bowlus 2006 3224:Bowlus 2006 3178:Reuter 2006 2813:. Longman. 2386:Carolingian 2382:Merovingian 2194:Charlemagne 2142:eschatology 1979:Subdivision 1659:spangenhelm 1593:Merovingian 1489:Lotharingia 1465:Lotharingia 1307:Ludwigslied 1255:Lotharingia 1119:; and King 1094:Lex Saxonum 1042:Netherlands 943:Charlemagne 781:Charlemagne 632:Charlemagne 575:Grimoald II 333:Preceded by 243:Charlemagne 230:Middle Ages 198:Charlemagne 157:Old Occitan 149:Old Frisian 11615:Categories 11544:Rio Treaty 11055:Relativism 11013:Liberalism 10979:Empiricism 10931:Philosophy 10919:Secularism 10870:Philosophy 10807:Literature 10601:Capitalism 10272:Portuguese 10153:Revival Le 10143:Vietnamese 9786:Later Tran 9756:Vietnamese 9652:Singhasari 9640:Holy Roman 9264:Bulgarian 9200:Satavahana 9171:Phoenician 9107:Achaemenid 9068:Indo-Greek 9048:Macedonian 8962:Babylonian 8793:Land terms 8747:Technology 8727:Philosophy 8707:Literature 8672:Demography 8373:Viking Age 8187:Vinoviloth 7975:Marcomanni 7958:Helveconae 7936:Heaðobards 7906:Istvaeones 7896:Ingaevones 7881:Hermunduri 7849:Ostrogoths 7839:Greuthungi 7717:Chattuarii 7543:Angrivarii 7538:Ampsivarii 7506:Lentienses 7335:Literature 7225:Viking Age 6950:Pontecorvo 6908:Monarchies 6894:Subalpinia 6859:Cispadania 6854:Cisalpinia 6836:Napoleonic 6543:(774–1139) 6455:(697–1797) 6157:(754–1870) 6119:(584–751) 6067:(568–774) 5753:Napoleon I 5733:Louis XVII 5712:Louis XIII 5658:Charles IX 5653:Francis II 5618:Charles VI 5584:Charles IV 5559:Philip III 5549:Louis VIII 5514:Hugh Capet 5507:(987–1328) 5440:Charles II 5424:Carloman I 5406:Robertians 5331:Dagobert I 5316:Sigebert I 5296:Chlothar I 5168:Francis II 5163:Leopold II 5143:Charles VI 5113:Rudolph II 5078:Charles IV 4968:Charles II 4850:Lothair IV 4826:Lothair IV 4771:Robertians 4687:→ Adalbert 4659:Zwentibold 4593:Lothair II 4227:Grimoald I 4180:, his sons 4150:Arnulfings 4136:Grimoald I 3553:Story 2005 3486:Story 2005 3383:Story 2005 3226:, p. 3195:, p. 3003:: 189–210. 2585:16 October 2374:Marc Bloch 2065:'Chapters' 2061:'Capitula' 1973:Baltic Sea 1896:missaticum 1802:See also: 1762:Aquisgrana 1705:antrustion 1586:Government 1471:'s Empire. 1328:Mont Cenis 957:, and the 923:See also: 688:(795–855; 675:After the 626:Carloman I 544:Arnulfings 295:Population 173:(official) 133:Old French 11489:Five Eyes 11484:EU–UK TCA 11326:Democracy 11215:Old Norse 11104:Abrahamic 11061:Peritrope 11043:Tolerance 11023:Socialism 10853:Mythology 10841:Classical 10790:Languages 10768:Astrology 10616:Modernism 10430:Old World 10265:Couronian 9903:Ethiopian 9891:Manchukuo 9846:Brazilian 9692:Ghaznavid 9662:Srivijaya 9613:Trebizond 9598:Byzantine 9580:North Sea 9575:Norwegian 9563:Almoravid 9546:Ilkhanate 9516:Majapahit 9489:Muromachi 9398:Solomonic 9383:Ethiopian 9297:Caliphate 9230:Aragonese 9058:Ptolemaic 8778:Dark Ages 8687:Household 8682:Hastilude 8451:Feudalism 8182:Vidivarii 8177:Victohali 8167:Vangiones 8100:Thuringii 8005:Nuithones 7901:Irminones 7864:Visigoths 7854:Thervingi 7814:Gambrivii 7767:Dulgubnii 7762:Dauciones 7712:Chasuarii 7652:Brondings 7578:Bastarnae 7568:Baiuvarii 7548:Armalausi 7511:Raetovari 7445:Languages 7413:Symbology 7273:Folklore 7268:Festivals 6925:Guastalla 6915:Benevento 6847:Republics 6702:Judicates 6550:Byzantine 6207:and other 6145:(585–698) 6137:(554–752) 6131:(554–752) 6125:(533–751) 6110:(584–751) 6061:(435–534) 6055:(493–553) 6049:(476–493) 6040:(476–774) 5974:Iapygians 5790:Louis XIX 5784:Charles X 5727:Louis XVI 5717:Louis XIV 5663:Henry III 5643:Francis I 5638:Louis XII 5613:Charles V 5603:Philip VI 5564:Philip IV 5544:Philip II 5539:Louis VII 5519:Robert II 5450:Louis III 5412:(751–987) 5361:Clovis IV 5341:Clovis II 5279:(509–751) 5158:Joseph II 5153:Francis I 5133:Leopold I 5098:Charles V 5083:Sigismund 5068:Henry VII 5028:Henry III 5023:Conrad II 4993:Louis III 4958:Lothair I 4711:Louis III 4661:→ Godfrey 4579:Ermengard 4566:Lothair I 4411:Theoderic 4360:Pepin III 4260:Pepin III 4236:Theudoald 4174:Ansegisel 4123:Pippinids 3750:cite book 3541:King 1987 3528:203080653 3520:1478-0542 3291:King 1987 3162:829743917 3093:154776670 2604:. BRILL. 2503:Citations 2471:Romanorum 2366:feudalism 2246:Lothair I 1985:Austrasia 1938:Roman law 1927:Salic law 1837:Officials 1821:in 786). 1798:Household 1783:Ingelheim 1735:, Germany 1713:scholares 1655:chainmail 1643:war horse 1568:Ethnicity 1537:Rudolph I 1525:Aquitaine 1521:Ranulf II 1513:Carinthia 1403:Neidingen 1352:Aquitaine 1336:Louis III 1314:over the 1278:Andernach 1251:Lothar II 1117:Aquitaine 1038:cloisonné 939:Pepin III 799:from the 710:(804–876) 698:(823–877) 664:(797–838) 658:(778–840) 652:(773–810) 646:(772–811) 640:(768–811) 634:(742–814) 628:(751–771) 622:(714–768) 610:(686–741) 587:Theudoald 583:(670–708) 571:(635–714) 557:Ansegisel 553:(582–640) 526:(616–656) 511:Pippinids 167:Religion 145:Old Dutch 137:Old Saxon 11549:Schengen 11479:Eurozone 11319:Property 11314:Religion 11205:Frankish 11195:Germanic 11175:Paganism 11096:Religion 11084:European 10996:Humanism 10899:Religion 10858:Painting 10824:Internet 10775:Folklore 10746:Clothing 10717:Calendar 10693:Cyrillic 10678:Alphabet 10641:Cold War 10245:Japanese 10208:Scottish 10188:American 10180:Colonial 10109:Imperial 10077:Moroccan 10013:Japanese 9991:Afsharid 9850:Burmese 9836:Austrian 9791:Later Le 9766:Early Le 9751:Venetian 9677:Tiwanaku 9590:Hellenic 9553:Moroccan 9484:Kamakura 9474:Japanese 9457:Saffarid 9410:Georgian 9324:Chalukya 9302:Rashidun 9292:Calakmul 9260:Bruneian 9139:Haryanka 9117:Sasanian 9112:Parthian 9063:Bactrian 9053:Seleucid 9033:Goguryeo 9011:Egyptian 8945:Assyrian 8935:Akkadian 8926:Colonies 8861:Category 8828:Timeline 8717:Minstrel 8712:Medicine 8594:Chivalry 8549:Burgundy 8471:Crusades 8248:Category 8155:Hasdingi 8140:Usipetes 8120:Tubantes 8105:Toxandri 8085:Tencteri 8060:Suarines 8045:Sicambri 8040:Semnones 8020:Reudigni 7990:Mattiaci 7980:Marsacii 7931:Lombards 7921:Lacringi 7916:Juthungi 7747:Corconti 7732:Cherusci 7707:Charudes 7687:Chaedini 7657:Bructeri 7642:Bateinoi 7613:Eburones 7608:Condrusi 7603:Caeroesi 7598:Atuatuci 7533:Ambrones 7496:Brisgavi 7491:Alemanni 7369:Paganism 7258:Clothing 7253:Calendar 7200:Germania 6884:Piedmont 6734:Oristano 6727:Logudoro 6717:Cagliari 6692:Sardinia 6425:Piedmont 6174:Holy See 6025:Medieval 5979:Picentes 5922:Samnites 5722:Louis XV 5707:Henry IV 5648:Henry II 5628:Louis XI 5579:Philip V 5554:Louis IX 5534:Louis VI 5529:Philip I 5485:Louis IV 5475:Robert I 5445:Louis II 5410:Bosonids 5286:Clovis I 5186:Category 5138:Joseph I 5118:Matthias 5073:Louis IV 5053:Henry VI 5033:Henry IV 5018:Henry II 5013:Otto III 4998:Berengar 4963:Louis II 4817:Louis IV 4789:Louis IV 4729:Carloman 4669:→ Louis 4641:Carloman 4620:Pepin II 4588:Bosonids 4466:Adalhard 4420:Carloman 4332:Carloman 4277:Remigius 4255:Carloman 4178:Pepin II 3766:(2006). 3730:(2008). 3720:21517645 3681:(1996). 3464:(1909). 3306:(2011). 3142:(eds.). 3073:Speculum 2894:26 March 2809:(1983). 2733:Ernold. 2424:See also 2418:chivalry 2398:Augustus 2268:Louis II 2160:Emperors 2150:Eusebius 2030:Placitum 2001:Brittany 1993:Burgundy 1989:Neustria 1955:denarius 1864:centenae 1625:Military 1491:between 1381:In 881, 1376:Provence 1356:Burgundy 1350:gaining 1348:Carloman 1340:Neustria 1338:gaining 1274:Carloman 1243:Burgundy 1239:Louis II 1179:Pepin II 1109:Neustria 1096:in 802. 1066:Germanic 1056:and the 970:Saracens 955:Lombardy 951:Pyrenees 870:and the 864:Brittany 848:Pyrenees 838:and the 793:transfer 761:Frankish 616:(d. 754) 614:Carloman 589:(d. 741) 577:(d. 714) 532:(d. 662) 524:Grimoald 322:Denarius 318:Currency 305:• 125:Frankish 11394:Benelux 11299:Thought 11249:Atheism 11190:Finnish 11166:Culture 11161:Judaism 11123:Eastern 11119:Western 11114:Culture 11048:Paradox 10914:Decline 10875:Science 10751:History 10739:Studies 10722:Cuisine 10710:Periods 10670:Culture 10499:History 10465:Eastern 10460:Western 10411:culture 10312:largest 10307:Empires 10287:Swedish 10282:Spanish 10277:Russian 10240:Italian 10215:Chinese 10203:English 10198:British 10193:Belgian 10168:Vietnam 10158:Tay son 10104:Tsarist 10099:Russian 10094:Ottoman 10060:Dzungar 10055:Khoshut 10028:Mexican 10023:Maratha 10006:Pahlavi 9986:Safavid 9981:Iranian 9908:Haitian 9871:Chinese 9831:Ashanti 9803:Wagadou 9729:Eastern 9724:Western 9707:Timurid 9667:Tibetan 9657:Songhai 9647:Serbian 9568:Almohad 9558:Idrisid 9462:Samanid 9452:Tahirid 9447:Iranian 9425:Kannauj 9405:Genoese 9341:Chinese 9334:Eastern 9329:Western 9317:Fatimid 9312:Abbasid 9307:Umayyad 9280:Burmese 9240:Ayyubid 9235:Angevin 9205:Xianbei 9193:Eastern 9188:Western 9134:Magadha 9097:Iranian 9090:Xiongnu 9075:Hittite 8984:Chinese 8972:Kassite 8921:Ancient 8913:Empires 8771:Related 8757:Warfare 8752:Theatre 8742:Slavery 8737:Science 8692:Hunting 8657:Cuisine 8630:Culture 8569:Castile 8564:England 8172:Varisci 8160:Silingi 8150:Vandals 8125:Tulingi 8115:Triboci 8110:Treveri 8090:Teutons 8080:Taifals 8055:Sitones 7995:Nemetes 7953:Helisii 7926:Lemovii 7844:Gutones 7777:Firaesi 7772:Favonae 7752:Cugerni 7742:Cobandi 7697:Chamavi 7692:Chaemae 7682:Casuari 7677:Caritni 7647:Betasii 7618:Paemani 7553:Auiones 7418:Warfare 7396:Scripts 7364:Numbers 7188:History 6965:Corsica 6955:Tuscany 6920:Etruria 6869:Liguria 6722:Gallura 6712:Arborea 6628:Lombard 6328:Tuscany 6318:Trieste 5954:Ligures 5915:Etruria 5855:italics 5797:Henry V 5608:John II 5569:Louis X 5524:Henry I 5495:Louis V 5490:Lothair 5480:Rudolph 5435:Louis I 5306:Guntram 5058:Otto IV 5038:Henry V 5008:Otto II 4983:Lambert 4953:Louis I 4892:Charles 4859:Louis V 4830:Charles 4760:Francia 4741:Charles 4681:Bernard 4611:Pepin I 4601:Charles 4512:Bernard 4470:Bernhar 4452:Bernard 4398:Lothair 4270:Bernard 4206:Godfrey 4132:Pepin I 2540:emporia 2467:Romanum 2384:to the 2378:Einhard 2012:Bavaria 2005:Bavaria 1944:Coinage 1917:scabini 1819:Bretons 1778:Einhard 1758:Italian 1719:Palaces 1689:stirrup 1684:cavalry 1344:Francia 1316:Vikings 1166:Bavaria 1125:Bernard 1111:; King 1044:, 1969. 975:stirrup 933:Though 914:History 878:in the 832:Francia 819:of the 356:Francia 201:(first) 179:Emperor 97:Capital 78:marches 57:800–887 11414:CANZUK 11304:Speech 11232:Slavic 11210:Gothic 11185:Celtic 11180:Baltic 11079:Values 10880:Values 10440:Greece 10250:Mongol 10235:German 10230:French 10220:Danish 10163:Dainam 10138:Tongan 10126:Somali 10121:Sokoto 10087:'Alawi 10065:Kalmyk 10045:Mongol 10038:Second 10018:Korean 9969:Mughal 9959:Indian 9942:German 9935:Second 9925:French 9918:Second 9854:Second 9826:Afghan 9818:Modern 9744:Kyrgyz 9739:Uighur 9734:Second 9714:Turkic 9682:Toltec 9618:Epirus 9603:Nicaea 9526:Mongol 9479:Yamato 9415:Huetar 9273:Second 9210:Rouran 9159:Shunga 9154:Maurya 9129:Kushan 9102:Median 9080:Hunnic 9038:Harsha 8851:Portal 8732:Poetry 8559:France 8192:Warini 8145:Vagoth 8130:Tungri 8095:Thelir 8075:Swedes 8070:Sunici 8035:Saxons 8030:Rugini 7963:Manimi 7948:Diduni 7886:Heruli 7824:Gepids 7809:Frisii 7787:Franks 7737:Cimbri 7727:Chauci 7722:Chatti 7635:Nervii 7630:Morini 7588:Belgae 7583:Batavi 7558:Avarpi 7523:Angles 7483:Groups 7433:Viking 7379:Gothic 7357:Gothic 7263:Family 7031:(1848) 7025:(1831) 6980:states 6945:Naples 6655:Norman 6462:Dogado 6333:Verona 6298:Mantua 6293:Istria 6273:Finale 6263:Ancona 6211:states 6031:states 5949:Veneti 5927:Latins 5574:John I 5003:Otto I 4988:Arnulf 4876:, sons 4864:Arnulf 4852:, sons 4819:, sons 4799:Rorico 4793:Arnulf 4782:, sons 4685:Ratold 4654:Ratold 4645:Arnulf 4568:, sons 4485:Empire 4454:, sons 4372:, sons 4362:, sons 4274:Jerome 4248:, sons 4198:Arnulf 4192:, sons 3804: 3774: 3738: 3718: 3708: 3689: 3666: 3647: 3526: 3518: 3506:(10). 3314: 3160: 3150: 3114: 3091: 3047: 3022: 2978: 2942: 2917: 2870: 2845: 2817: 2735:Carmen 2716: 2686: 2661: 2636: 2608: 2552: 2414:Saxony 2410:Aachen 2346:Legacy 2278:Easter 2154:Jerome 2093:Tithes 2079:missi' 2016:Gerold 1991:, and 1933:code. 1859:county 1815:Andorf 1766:palace 1750:French 1733:Aachen 1709:schola 1618:Church 1613:bannum 1577:Gender 1391:Viking 1358:. The 1346:, and 1190:Aachen 1154:Lothar 979:Martel 844:Aachen 398:Saxons 216:(last) 183: 105:Aachen 85: 74: 44: 11569:USMCA 11424:CEFTA 11379:AUKUS 11369:ANZUS 11364:ANZUK 11309:Press 11227:Roman 10892:Sport 10836:Chant 10831:Music 10819:Media 10812:Canon 10758:Dance 10688:Latin 10683:Greek 10529:early 10300:Lists 10255:Omani 10225:Dutch 10131:Isaaq 10082:Saadi 10050:Oirat 10033:First 10001:Qajar 9930:First 9913:First 9886:China 9859:Third 9719:First 9672:Tikal 9623:Morea 9593:Roman 9511:Latin 9506:Khmer 9501:Kanem 9467:Buyid 9393:Zagwe 9388:Aksum 9378:Chola 9285:First 9268:First 9255:Bornu 9250:Benin 9245:Aztec 9183:Roman 9164:Gupta 9149:Nanda 9085:White 8762:Women 8722:Music 8677:Domes 8667:Dance 8554:Milan 8065:Suebi 8050:Sciri 8025:Rugii 8015:Quadi 8000:Njars 7985:Marsi 7943:Lugii 7911:Jutes 7876:Harii 7871:Gutes 7829:Goths 7819:Geats 7757:Danes 7702:Chali 7623:Segni 7563:Baemi 7406:Runes 7391:Rings 7384:Norse 7352:Names 7345:Norse 7328:Norse 7311:Norse 7081:Post- 6930:Italy 6874:Lucca 6864:Italy 6415:Savoy 6323:Turin 6303:Milan 6288:Ivrea 5964:Umbri 5937:Celts 4888:Louis 4841:Henry 4833:Louis 4796:Drogo 4738:Pepin 4735:Drogo 4613:, son 4505:, son 4503:Pepin 4439:Pepin 4428:Pepin 4422:, son 4402:Drogo 4389:Pepin 4341:Drogo 4334:, son 4311:Early 4288:, son 4265:Grifo 4229:, son 4209:Pepin 4190:Drogo 4114:Begga 3524:S2CID 3089:S2CID 3069:(PDF) 2481:(or). 2475:atque 2453:Notes 2178:Name 2043:Oaths 1997:regna 1876:Latin 1854:count 1850:Latin 1846:Comes 1827:Pepin 1694:siege 1647:lance 1459:When 1395:Paris 1220:Rhone 1216:Rhine 1158:Pepin 1121:Pepin 1085:Avars 1054:Rhine 892:Latin 872:Avars 868:Slavs 840:Rhine 836:Loire 679:(843) 48:Latin 11529:OSCE 11509:NATO 11454:EFTA 11419:CBSS 11404:BSEC 11294:Life 10846:Folk 10727:Diet 10539:late 10534:high 10450:Rome 10409:and 10070:Bogd 9996:Zand 9974:Sikh 9881:Qing 9876:Ming 9808:Wari 9776:Tran 9761:Dinh 9531:Yuan 9521:Mali 9430:Pala 9420:Inca 9371:Yuan 9361:Song 9356:Liao 9351:Tang 9124:Kush 9006:Dʿmt 8135:Ubii 7782:Fosi 7667:Buri 6960:Elba 6889:Rome 6838:eras 6834:and 6807:Gozo 6606:Arab 6589:and 6268:Ceva 5932:Osci 5408:and 4883:Otto 4758:West 4700:sons 4673:Hugh 4664:Otto 4634:sons 4597:Hugh 4545:sons 4461:Wala 4407:Hugh 4093:and 3802:ISBN 3772:ISBN 3756:link 3736:ISBN 3716:OCLC 3706:ISBN 3687:ISBN 3664:ISBN 3645:ISBN 3622:2020 3516:ISSN 3312:ISBN 3158:OCLC 3148:ISBN 3112:ISBN 3045:ISBN 3020:ISBN 2976:ISBN 2940:ISBN 2915:ISBN 2896:2013 2868:ISBN 2843:ISBN 2815:ISBN 2714:ISBN 2684:ISBN 2659:ISBN 2634:ISBN 2606:ISBN 2587:2023 2550:ISBN 2479:sive 2152:and 2112:The 2063:for 2032:and 1903:The 1870:The 1844:The 1657:and 1495:and 1467:and 1354:and 1342:and 1288:and 1218:and 1058:Elbe 927:and 795:the 785:Rome 755:The 283:Area 101:Metz 11519:OAS 11464:ESA 11459:EPC 11449:EEA 11354:AER 11259:Law 11237:Neo 10785:Law 10705:Art 10148:Mac 9585:Oyo 9494:Edo 9366:Jīn 9346:Sui 8999:Jin 8994:Han 8989:Qin 8647:Art 8010:Osi 7318:Law 7248:Art 7175:of 6027:and 5465:Odo 4978:Guy 3508:doi 3381:in 3081:doi 2968:doi 2283:2nd 2280:850 2274:1st 2227:2nd 2222:1st 1731:in 1535:to 1517:Odo 1374:in 787:by 11617:: 11494:G7 11469:EU 9781:Ho 9771:Ly 4709:→ 4679:→ 4647:→ 4643:→ 4595:→ 4585:→ 4581:→ 4577:→ 4518:→ 4514:→ 4176:→ 4165:→ 4138:→ 4134:→ 3752:}} 3748:{{ 3714:. 3685:. 3613:. 3573:^ 3522:. 3514:. 3504:17 3502:. 3478:^ 3460:; 3422:^ 3389:^ 3346:^ 3326:^ 3247:^ 3228:49 3204:^ 3197:13 3185:^ 3170:^ 3156:. 3138:; 3087:. 3077:82 3075:. 3071:. 2999:. 2974:. 2954:^ 2760:^ 2698:^ 2620:^ 2576:. 2561:km 2558:. 2526:^ 2511:^ 2420:. 2276:: 2172:. 2146:AM 2007:. 1987:, 1975:. 1952:A 1940:. 1878:: 1852:: 1833:. 1760:: 1756:; 1752:: 1653:, 1649:, 1603:. 1531:, 1378:. 1292:. 1284:, 1257:. 1234:. 1200:. 1143:). 807:. 103:, 11121:/ 10399:e 10392:t 10385:v 8928:) 8924:( 8905:e 8898:t 8891:v 8282:e 8275:t 8268:v 7295:) 7156:e 7149:t 7142:v 5888:e 5881:t 5874:v 5857:. 5403:, 5233:e 5226:t 5219:v 4929:e 4922:t 4915:v 4698:, 4632:, 4543:, 4083:e 4076:t 4069:v 3855:e 3848:t 3841:v 3828:) 3810:. 3780:. 3758:) 3744:. 3722:. 3695:. 3672:. 3653:. 3624:. 3543:. 3530:. 3510:: 3488:. 3320:. 3230:. 3199:. 3164:. 3120:. 3095:. 3083:: 3053:. 3028:. 3001:3 2984:. 2970:: 2948:. 2923:. 2898:. 2876:. 2851:. 2823:. 2722:. 2692:. 2667:. 2642:. 2614:. 2589:. 2542:" 2364:' 2081:, 2076:' 1898:, 1874:( 1848:( 1809:( 1748:( 1499:. 744:e 737:t 730:v 716:) 712:( 704:) 700:( 692:) 50:) 46:( 20:)

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