Roman Egypt - Knowledge

7233: 7191: 16046: 5297: 4844: 5513: 5309: 4096: 1491: 7317: 7351: 7147: 15483: 6037: 14623: 2887: 2231: 7030: 13255: 14218: 7099: 3630: 7131: 17710: 7277: 6611: 13927: 1271: 3070: 17340: 279: 7083: 3556: "liberator"), and modelled on the example of Alexander the Great, who was said to have "liberated" Egypt from the old pharaohs. Nevertheless, in 27 BC there was at Memphis, as was traditional, a high priest of Ptah appointed under Augustus's authority as the senior celebrant of the Egyptian ruler cult and referred to as a "priest of Caesar". Augustus had been honoured with a cult in Egypt before his death, and there is evidence that Nero was worshipped while still living, as was Hadrian in particular. While alive however, the emperor was usually honoured with offerings to the various gods "for his health" (Latin: 7257: 2785: 7115: 293: 3149: 7167: 15876: 3401: 13890: 13315: 7045: 14469: 18062: 7211: 16103: 1708: 109: 3813: 4770: 14797: 7297: 2948: 6188: 13665: 18052: 10342: 7064: 13290: 5853: 15068: 3955: 13875: 2308:, an official of the equestrian order, rather than, as in other provinces, a governor of the senatorial class. This distinction was stipulated in a law promulgated by Augustus, and, because it was unthinkable that an equestrian should command a senator, the commanders of the legions in Egypt were themselves, uniquely, of equestrian rank. As a result of these strictures, the governor was rendered unable to build up a rival power base (as Mark Antony had been able to do), while the military 16924: 1966: 16815: 13498: 254: 4898:

position, and that the Council of Chalcedon ruled against them because of political motivations alone. The Church of Alexandria split from the Churches of Rome and Constantinople over this issue, creating what would become the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria, which remains a major force in Egyptian religious life today. Egypt and Syria remained hotbeds of Miaphysite sentiment, and organised resistance to the Chalcedonian view was not suppressed until the 570s.

13065: 10015: 15137: 4198: 13075: 16131: 9967: 6963: 345: 10004: 3951:, and Theadelphia. For instance, temples can be seen supporting each other by asking colleagues to assist when there was a shortage of staff, but also competing with each other for spheres of influence. When temples came into conflict with authorities, then mainly with lower administrative officials, who belonged to the local population themselves; the Roman procurators intervened in these conflicts, if at all, then in a moderating manner. 5020: 10035: 3502: 2392:. Alexandria was the Mediterranean's second city in the early Roman empire, the cultural capital of the Greek East and rival to Rome under Antony and Cleopatra. Because only a few papyri are preserved from the area, little more is known about the legionaries' everyday life than is known from other provinces of the empire, and little evidence exists of the military practices of the prefect and his officers. Most papyri have been found in 6502: 4917: 4655: 746: 3866:. Emperors were sometimes depicted as Serapis, with their portraits bearing Serapis's distinguishing features, who, unlike most native Egyptian gods but in common with Osiris, was never depicted in animal or part-animal form. Caracalla took the title "Philosarapis" to indicate his devotion to the cult. Serapis was distinguished by his Greek-style clothes, long hair, and beard, as well as by his flat-topped crown, known as a 4497: 5045: 17157: 14149: 5006: 13085: 10045: 4354: 1036:, which stabilized the economy. The trend towards private ownership of land became more pronounced in the 5th century and peaked in the 6th century, with large estates built up from many individual plots. Some large estates were owned by Christian churches, and smaller land-holders included those who were themselves both tenant farmers on larger estates and landlords of tenant-farmers working their own land. The 6396: 15245: 13095: 10025: 2161: 14062: 13885: 3560:); usually, only after the emperor's death was he deified and worshipped as a god. A letter of Claudius written to the Alexandrians in 41 AD rejects the offer of a cult of himself, permitting only divine honours such as statues and reserving cult worship for the deified Augustus. For juridical purposes, the imperial oath recalling Ptolemaic precedent had to be sworn in the name or "fortune" ( 15240: 14792: 14464: 14057: 13870: 15357: 14319: 6563: 13302: 7350: 6861: 5596:; this excuse and other defects of the emperor's character were mocked by the Alexandrians as he approached Egypt in 215, angering Caracalla. The emperor massacred Alexandria's welcoming delegation and allowed his army to sack the city; afterwards, he barred Egyptians from entering the place (except where for religious or trade reasons) and increased its security. 4171:, the rate of new temple building and decoration slackened. Commodus was recorded as Pharaonic sponsor of temples at Armant, Esna, Kom Ombo and Philae, the last emperor to be widely honoured in this way in surviving monuments; a general lack of resources and the political turbulence after Commodus's assassination was probably responsible. The name of his successor 3714:), and was responsible mainly for the organization of the imperial cult, since the traditional local cults already had their own priesthoods. Though imposed by the Roman state and overseen from the provincial capital, the imperial cult was locally organized, though direct imperial control is also attested for the cult at Alexandria. Throughout Egypt, sacrificial 2919:. This council of elders did not have a boulai to answer to. All of this Greek organization was a vital part of the metropolis and the Greek institutions provided an elite group of citizens. The Romans looked to these elites to provide municipal officers and well-educated administrators. These elites also paid lower poll-taxes than the local native Egyptians, 5234:(Zeus-Ammon), in the style of the ancient pharaohs, and an incarnation of Serapis in the manner of the Ptolemies. As Pharaonic precedent demanded, Vespasian demonstrated his divine election by the traditional methods of spitting on and trampling a blind and crippled man, thereby miraculously healing him. (This Egyptian tradition of healing is related to the 1795:'). These roles are poorly attested, with often the only surviving information beyond the names of the offices is a few names of the incumbents. In general, the central provincial administration of Egypt is no better-known than the Roman governments of other provinces, since, unlike in the rest of Egypt, the conditions for the preservation of official 2927:

Egypt, it is clear that the other Greek cities, such as Antinoöpolis, enjoyed privileges very similar to the ones seen in Alexandria; for instance, like Alexandrians, Antinoöpolites were exempted from paying poll-taxes. All of these changes amounted to the Greeks being treated as an ally in Egypt and the native Egyptians were treated as a conquered race.

2908:" landowning elites. These landowning elites were put in a position of privilege and power and had more self-administration than the Egyptian population. Within the citizenry, there were gymnasiums that Greek citizens could enter if they showed that both parents were members of the gymnasium based on a list that was compiled by the government in 4–5 AD. 8431:"Trajan was, in fact, quite active in Egypt. Separate scenes of Domitian and Trajan making offerings to the gods appear on reliefs on the propylon of the Temple of Hathor at Dendera. There are cartouches of Domitian and Trajan on the column shafts of the Temple of Knum at Esna, and on the exterior a frieze text mentions Domitian, Trajan, and Hadrian" 7316: 3537:) were now collectively the ruler of Egypt; emperors were never crowned pharaoh in person in the traditional way, and there is no evidence that the emperors were systematically incorporated into the traditional pantheons worshipped by the traditional priesthoods. Instead, the image of Augustus was identified with 4269:'s cartouche was carved into it, the last known instance of this long-established practice of usurping pharaohs' erasure of their predecessors' dynastic legacy. Philip the Arab's reign saw the last Roman inscription found in the Temple of Kalabsha; at some time thereafter the site was abandoned by the Romans. At 2982:

arrangement was developed consisting of dozens of types of land-holding. Land's status was determined by the hydrological, juridical, and function of the property, as well as by the three main categories of ownership held over from the Ptolemaic system: the sacred property belonging to the temples (Koinē Greek:

2923:. It is well documented that Alexandrians in particular were exempted from paying poll-taxes, and were able to enjoy lower tax-rates on land. Egyptian landholders paid about 3 times more than the elites per aroura of land in tax-rates, and about 4-5 times more than Alexandrians per aroura of land in tax-rates. 2146:). Other liturgical officials were responsible for other specific aspects of the economy: a suite of officials was each responsible for arranging supplies of particular necessity in the course of the prefect's official tours. The liturgy system extended to most aspects of Roman administration by the reign of 5334:), an Egyptian revolt was instigated on the occasion of a new Apis bull's identification in 122; this rebellion was soon suppressed. Hadrian himself toured Egypt with his court for eight to ten months in 130–131, embarking on a Nile cruise, hunting lions in the desert, and making the dawn visit to the 6590:

The Eastern Empire became increasingly "oriental" in style as its links with the old Græco-Roman world faded. The Greek system of local government by citizens had now entirely disappeared. Offices, with new Greek-Byzantine names, were almost hereditary in the wealthy land-owning families. Alexandria,

3096:

By the end of the 3rd century, major problems were evident. A series of debasements of the imperial currency had undermined confidence in the coinage, and even the government itself was contributing to this by demanding more and more irregular tax payments in kind, which it channelled directly to the

2824:

One of the routes that many followed to ascend to another caste was through enlistment in the army. Although only Roman citizens could serve in the legions, many Greeks found their way in. The native Egyptians could join the auxiliary forces and attain citizenship upon discharge. The different groups

2780:

The social structure in Aegyptus under the Romans was both unique and complicated. On the one hand, the Romans continued to use many of the same organizational tactics that were in place under the leaders of the Ptolemaic period. At the same time, the Romans saw the Greeks in Aegyptus as "Egyptians",

6578:

as a new capital for the Roman Empire, and in the course of the 4th century, the Empire was divided in two, with Egypt finding itself in the Eastern Empire with its capital at Constantinople. Latin, never well established in Egypt, would play a declining role with Greek continuing to be the dominant

5276:

meant that the Greeks and the Egyptian peasants took up arms in the fight against the Jews, which culminated in their defeat and the effective destruction of the Alexandrian Jewish community, which did not recover until the 3rd century. The city of Oxyrhynchus, by contrast, celebrated their survival

4827:

Christianity eventually spread out west to the Berbers. The Coptic Church was established in Egypt. Since Christianity blended with local traditions, it never truly united the people against Arabian forces in the seventh and eight centuries. Later on in the seventh and eighth centuries, Christianity

3065:

level, was intense. Goods were moved around and exchanged through the medium of coin on a large scale and, in the towns and the larger villages, a high level of industrial and commercial activity developed in close conjunction with the exploitation of the predominant agricultural base. The volume of

2926:

These privileges even extended to corporal punishments. Romans were protected from this type of punishment while native Egyptians were whipped. Alexandrians, on the other hand, had the privilege of merely being beaten with a rod. Although Alexandria enjoyed the greatest status of the Greek cities in

2820:

The Romans began a system of social hierarchy that revolved around ethnicity and place of residence. Other than Roman citizens, a Greek citizen of one of the Greek cities had the highest status, and a rural Egyptian would be in the lowest class. In between those classes was the metropolite, who was

4835:

in the 5th century further isolated the Egyptian Romans from Rome's culture and hastened the growth of Christianity. The success of Christianity led to a virtual abandonment of pharaonic traditions: with the disappearance of the Egyptian priests and priestesses who officiated at the temples, no-one

6383:

enabled a thaw in relations between Alexandria and the eastern imperial capital, but Zeno's recovery of Constantinople the following year resumed the hostility. Zeno's attempt to repair relations between Rome, Constantinople and Alexandria resulted in his own excommunication by the bishop of Rome,

3440:

in the western Nile Delta. In the middle 5th century, the Great Basilica, one of the largest churches in Egypt, was built at Hermopolis Magna at the central crossroads of the city. Unusually, the three-aisled transept basilica had semicircular extensions on the north and south walls. At the Coptic

3057:

of land and the increase of private enterprise in manufacture, commerce, and trade, and low tax rates favored private owners and entrepreneurs. The poorer people gained their livelihood as tenants of state-owned land or of property belonging to the emperor or to wealthy private landlords, and they

6594:

Egypt nevertheless continued to be an important economic center for the Empire supplying much of its agriculture and manufacturing needs as well as continuing to be an important center of scholarship. It would supply the needs of the Byzantine Empire and the Mediterranean as a whole. The reign of

3931:

of candidates was subject to his approval and he mediated disputes involving temples, wielding some judicial powers. As sponsors of temple cults, emperors appeared in traditional pharaonic regalia on carved temple reliefs. Similarly, Egyptian gods were sometimes shown wearing Roman military garb,

2187:

The reforms of the early 4th century had established the basis for another 250 years of comparative prosperity in Aegyptus, at a cost of perhaps greater rigidity and more oppressive state control. Aegyptus was subdivided for administrative purposes into a number of smaller provinces, and separate

4897:

Monophysite belief was not held by the 'miaphysites' as they stated that Jesus was out of two natures in one nature called, the "Incarnate Logos of God". Many of the 'miaphysites' claimed that they were misunderstood, that there was really no difference between their position be the Chalcedonian

4077:

Vespasian, Titus, and Domitian are all known to have been responsible for works at Esna. Both Vespasian and his older son Titus sponsored work at the Dakhla Oasis, with Vespasian also the sponsor of work at Medinet Habu. Vespasian and his younger son Domitian were both credited with patronage of

2878:

Just as under the Ptolemies, Alexandria and its citizens had their own special designations. The capital city enjoyed a higher status and more privileges than the rest of Egypt. Just as it was under the Ptolemies, the primary way of becoming a citizen of Roman Alexandria was through showing when

2981:

For land management and tenure, the Ptolemaic state had retained much of the categorization of land as under the earlier pharaohs, but the Roman Empire introduced a distinction between private and public lands – the earlier system had categorized little land as private property – and a complex

3481:

nearby preserves the most extensive painted decoration from Late Antiquity anywhere and is probably representative of the period's Egyptian churches' interior decoration. Besides the main monumental basilica at Antinoöpolis, there were two other cruciform churches built there in the later 5th

4820:, a form of the Ancient Egyptian language written with the Greek alphabet supplemented by several signs to represent sounds present in Egyptian which were not present in Greek. It was invented to ensure the correct pronunciation of magical words and names in pagan texts, the so-called 2680:

settlements surrounding the army's base at Nicopolis, while only about one eighth were Alexandrian citizens. Egyptians were given Roman-style Latin names on joining the army; unlike in other provinces, indigenous names are nearly unknown among the local soldiers of the Army of Egypt.

5141:

visited Egypt without the permission of Tiberius and caused a rift with his uncle, the emperor. Claudius refused Alexandrian demands for self-government under their own senate, and attempted to quell the unrest between Alexandrian Greek and Jews. Under Nero, perhaps influenced by

4707:

Bishops often named their successors (e.g. Peter, his brother, by Athanasius in 373) or the succession was effected by imposing the hands of a deceased bishop on the one chosen to follow him. By 200 it is clear that Alexandria was one of the great Christian centres. The Christian

3420:

emerged: on the coast of the Mediterranean and throughout the northern part of the country the churches were basilicas of three or five aisles, but in Middle Egypt and Upper Egypt the basilicas were often given a colonnade all the way around the structure, forming a continuous

6953:

to resurface in the open in Egypt, and when imperial rule was restored by Emperor Heraclius in 629, the Miaphysites were persecuted and their patriarch expelled. Egypt was thus in a state of both religious and political alienation from the Empire when a new invader appeared.

7232: 3876:, a mystery cult developed outside Egypt and reimported to the country from Roman territories elsewhere, were increasingly celebrated, and Isis was the supreme female deity and creator-goddess in the pantheon, incorporating the Ptolemaic queen-worship tradition. As Isis 3315:

Vivant Denon made sketches of ruins at Oxyrhynchus, and Edme-François Jomard wrote a description; together with some historical photographs and the few surviving remains, these are the best evidence for the classical architecture of the city, which was dedicated to the

3754:

had administrative functions as well as organizing the local cult of the emperor. Nevertheless, there is scant evidence that the worship of the emperors was common in private settings, and the Alexandrians were frequently hostile to the emperors themselves.

1907:'s financial affairs, including administration of all property, land, land revenues, and temples, and what remains of their record-keeping is unparalleled in the ancient world for its completeness and complexity. The royal scribes could act as proxy for the 5540:

and ordering the statues repaired, which resulted in the natural "singing" phenomenon reported by visitors to the Colossi for centuries ceasing to be heard. A series of administrative reforms, probably intended to improve revenue collection, included a new

2795:

Most inhabitants were peasants, many working as tenant-farmers for high rents in kind, cultivating sacred land belonging to temples or public land formerly belonging to the Egyptian monarchy. The division between the rural life of the villages, where the

2934:

shows the connection between law and status. It lays out the revenues it deals with, mainly fines and confiscation of property, to which only a few groups were apt. The Gnomon also confirms that a freed slave takes his former master's social status. The

2874:

had many papyri remains that contain much information on the subject of social structure in these cities. This city, along with Alexandria, shows the diverse set-up of various institutions that the Romans continued to use after their takeover of Egypt.

2833:. Hellenized inhabitants of the nome capitals paid a low rate of poll tax, while native Egyptians paid a higher rate. Native Egyptians were barred from serving in the army, and there were other defined legal distinctions between the classes. Within the 7190: 6008:

people, who were subsidized by the Romans to defend the frontier, now at Syene (Aswan), from attack by the Blemmyes. Diocletian's second visit to Egypt, in 302, involved distributions of bread to the Alexandrians and actions taken against adherents of

4866:

in March 415 marked a dramatic turn in classical Hellenic culture in Egypt but philosophy thrived in sixth century Alexandria. Another schism in the Church produced prolonged disturbances and may have alienated Egypt from the Empire. The countless

3625:

and the Great Serapis and the one who is responsible for the temples of Egypt and the whole country") indicates that the cult of Serapis was closely connected with the worship of the emperors and that both were overseen by the same Roman official.

6089:

was baptized into Christianity in 313. Constantine may have planned a visit to Egypt in 325, since preparations were made for an imperial reception at Oxyrhynchus, but these plans would have been forestalled by the convocation of the Christian

3396:

had their own churches. The earliest known monumental basilica of which remains survive is that at Antinoöpolis; a five-aisled, apsed basilica facing east and set in a cemetery is 60 metres (200 ft) long and 20 metres (66 ft) wide.

2840:

The social structure in Aegyptus is very closely linked to the governing administration. Elements of centralized rule that were derived from the Ptolemaic period lasted into the 4th century. One element in particular was the appointment of

2816:

of 212, which made all free Egyptians Roman citizens. There was considerable social mobility however, accompanying mass urbanization, and participation in the monetized economy and literacy in Greek by the peasant population was widespread.

6937:

in the spring of 622 shifted the advantage, and the war was brought to an end by the fall of Khosrow on 25 February 628. The Egyptians had no love of the emperor in Constantinople and put up little resistance. Khosrow's son and successor,

4186:. After inscriptions of Commodus, Greek inscriptions are no longer found in the temples of the Faiyum. It is possible that the reform of Septimius Severus at the turn of the 3rd century aggravated the decline of the Egyptian temples; the 2866:(property or income qualification), which was wholly based on social status and power. The Romans also introduced the poll tax which was similar to tax rates that the Ptolemies levied, but the Romans gave special low rates to citizens of 2781:

an idea that both the native Egyptians and Greeks would have rejected. To further compound the whole situation, Jews, who themselves were very Hellenized overall, had their own communities, separate from both Greeks and native Egyptians.

1247:

against Egyptian influences. Some of the previous offices and names of offices under the Hellenistic Ptolemaic rule were kept, some were changed, and some names would have remained but the function and administration would have changed.

3776:, the first instance of a member of the imperial family – besides the emperor himself – being integrated into the Egyptian pantheon. Unlike the royal cult of the Ptolemaic dynasty, whose festivals were celebrated according to the 3758:

The form of the imperial cult established in the reign of Augustus, which may have been largely focused on the deified first emperor himself, continued until the reign of Constantine the Great. The widow of the emperor Trajan, the

4789:

Patristic authorship was dominated by Egyptian contributions: Athanasius, Didymus the Blind and Cyril, and the power of the Alexandrian see embodied in Athanasius, Theophilus, his nephew, Cyril and shortly by Dioscuros.

2861:

later in the 3rd century that these boulai and their officers acquired important administrative responsibilities for their nomes. The Augustan takeover introduced a system of compulsory public service, which was based on

4164:, and Dendera, no further imperial cartouches are known from the regions of Thebes and the western oases. From the reign of Marcus Aurelius, who is recorded as having rededicated an offering to Hathor originally made by 2577:

Besides the main garrison at Alexandrian Nicopolis and the southern border force, the disposition of the rest of the Army of Egypt is not clear, though many soldiers are known to have been stationed at various outposts

1183:. The Ptolemaic institutions were dismantled: the government administration was wholly reformed, as was the social structure, though some bureaucratic elements were maintained. The Graeco-Egyptian legal system of the 3862:. Serapis assumed the role of Osiris in the Egyptian pantheon as god of the afterlife and regeneration, the husband of the fertility goddess Isis, and the father of the child Horus, known to the Hellenistic world as 2472:, and one other legion. The station and identity of this third legion is not known for sure, and it is not known precisely when it was withdrawn from Egypt, though it was certainly before 23 AD, during the reign of 6470:

was in 543 sent to confiscate the cult statues of Philae (which were sent to Constantinople), close the temple, and suppress its priesthood by imprisonment. In 577, during the retirement of Justinian's successor

1882:

were the senior local officials, served as intermediaries between the prefect and the villages, and were legally responsible for the administration and their own conduct while in office for several years. Each

874:

and granted additional privileges. The inhabitants of Roman Egypt were divided by social class along ethnic and cultural lines. Most inhabitants were peasant farmers, who lived in rural villages and spoke the

6465:

but the Noba were persuaded to adopt the monophysitism of the Coptic Church by emissaries of the empress. Newly converted, they assisted the Roman army in its conquest of the pagan Blemmyes, and the general

5766:

attacking the Thebaid, but by August 262 Alexandria was devastated and had lost two thirds of its inhabitants amid street fighting between the loyalists of Aemilianus and Gallienus; Aemilianus was defeated.

2970:

was a hallmark of Roman rule. Taxes in both cash and kind were assessed on land, and a bewildering variety of small taxes in cash, as well as customs dues and the like, was collected by appointed officials.

6220:, who provoked riots by attempting to convert a temple into a church and staging the discovery of Christian relics. These were processed through the streets and the pagans were forced to take refuge in the 16045: 5493:

was appointed emperor on 1 January 193, but this was only officially noticed in Egypt in early March, shortly before Pertinax's murder; news of this did not become known in parts of Egypt until late May.

2072:'), whose term, possibly paid, was usually held for three years. Each, to avoid conflicts of interest, was appointed to a community away from their home village, as they were required to inform the 4862:, convinced the city's governor to expel the Jews from the city in 415 with the aid of the mob, in response to the Jews' alleged night-time massacre of many Christians. The murder of the philosopher 4739:

persisted at its temples into the 6th century. Many Egyptian Jews also became Christians, but many others refused to do so, leaving them as the only sizable religious minority in a Christian country.

3911:. The holy family of Serapis, Isis, and Harpocrates was worshipped throughout the empire; by the 4th century, the cult had become, behind Christianity, the most popular religion in the Roman world. 5953:

becoming its own province. Financial and tax reforms were implemented in Egypt in 297, and Egyptian currency was brought into line with the rest of the empire's monetary reforms. The role of the

1874:

were civilian administrators, without military functions, who performed much of the government of the country in the prefect's name and were themselves drawn from the Egyptian upper classes. The

1441:). Because of these financial responsibilities, the governor's administration had to be closely controlled and organized. The governorship of Egypt was the second-highest office available to the 6340:) arrived at a peace treaty with the Blemmyes which allowed them the use of the temple at Philae annually and permitted them to use (and return) the temples' cult statues for oracular purposes. 899:

culture. However there was considerable social mobility, increasing urbanization, and both the rural and urban population were involved in trade and had high literacy rates. In AD 212, the

4824:. Coptic was soon adopted by early Christians to spread the word of the gospel to native Egyptians and it became the liturgical language of Egyptian Christianity and remains so to this day. 3416:

stood, and in place of the apse was an aedicula or niche embellished with an arch and columns in applied in plaster. In the 5th century, regional styles of monumental church basilica with

4793:

Egypt had an ancient tradition of religious speculation, enabling a variety of controversial religious views to thrive there. Not only did Arianism flourish, but other doctrines, such as

4234:, on the occasion of the imperial tour of Egypt in 199–200. Caracalla's own titles are recorded at Philae, Ombos, in Middle Egypt, and in the Delta. After he murdered his brother and co- 2396:'s villages, and the texts are primarily concerned with local affairs, rarely giving space to high politics and military matters. Not much is known about the military encampments of the 1243:

As Rome overtook the Ptolemaic system in place for areas of Egypt, they made many changes. The effect of the Roman conquest was at first to strengthen the position of the Greeks and of

5505:), who had commanded a garrison at Aswan and the army in Syria, was recognized as the reigning emperor of Egypt by June 193, with Egypt ignoring the claims made in the brief reign of 3477:

on the roof. Unusually for the Coptic churches, the White Monastery's church has two narthexes, perhaps to accommodate worshippers from outside the monastic community. The affiliated

18261: 18256: 2904:

If a common Egyptian wanted to become a Roman citizen he would first have to become an Alexandrian citizen. The Augustan period in Egypt saw the creation of urban communities with "

5475:) was dead. On the emperor's approach, Cassius was deposed and killed after three months' rule, and the clemency of Marcus Aurelius restored peace as he visited Alexandria in 176. 3336:, which is otherwise known from Jomard's work, which also forms the mainstay of knowledge about the architecture of Antinoöpolis, founded by Hadrian in honour of his deified lover 4816:

had to restrict the number of men who could become monks. Egypt exported monasticism to the rest of the Christian world. Another development of this period was the development of

2837:

there was a Hellenic socio-political élite, an urban land-owning aristocracy that dominated Egypt by the 2nd and throughout the 3rd centuries through their large private estates.

6655:, suffragans of the Patriarchate of Alexandria are enumerated in the following. The list here, however, does not cover other provinces such as Augustamnica, Arcadia and Thebais. 4148:; the obelisk was erected in Rome and the cult of Antinous was propagated throughout the provinces. Hadrian also sponsored building work at Philae, and both he and his successor 3425:

by the addition of a transverse fourth aisle to the west of the other three. In eastern Egypt, the columns and colonnade were emphasized, and the sanctuary distinguished with a

3384:

on either side, while a third church was accompanied by a Christian cemetery. All these churches were built on an east-west axis, with the liturgical focus at the east, and the

3412:

In the late 4th century, monastic churches differed from the other churches by building rectangular sanctuaries – rather than semi-circular ones – at their east ends where the

12914: 3388:(side-rooms) were a common mark of churches in the country. Churches were built quickly after the victory of Constantine over Licinius, and in the 4th century even towns like 7029: 4456:'in his country'), Christianity's arrival has been dated to the 1st century, but there is no sure evidence of this, as Apollos may have been converted elsewhere. The 4086:, Armant, Dendera, and Philae. 185 scenes in many temples show Domitian, concentrated in the oases and in Upper Egypt; his name was in some places removed as a result of his 11947: 4600:

beyond Alexandria, there is no evidence at all for Christianity in the 2nd century, excepting some ambiguous letters, besides some papyrus fragments of scriptures among the

821:

Egypt was conquered by Roman forces in 30 BC and became a province of the new Roman Empire upon its formation in 27 BC. Egypt came to serve as a major producer of

3923:

for Alexandria and All Egypt was responsible for the administrative management of the temples, beyond those of the imperial cult, dedicated to Graeco-Roman deities and the

3461:, was also built with this triconch plan and was the first instance of a monastic founder's tomb built in a monastery. Some of the White Monastery's limestone ashlars were 10384: 3140:, this coin suggests that Huvishka had as strong orientation towards Roman Egypt, which may have been an important market for the products coming from the Kushan Empire. 7166: 2084:

system. They were required to be literate and had various duties as official clerks. Other local officials drawn from the liturgy system served for a year in their home

7130: 4562:. Another papyrus from the same period records the names of candidates for liturgy service "supervision of the water-tower and fountains of the metropolis" of Arsinoë ( 4481:

and is the earliest history of Alexandrian Christianity, including the names of the ten bishops who supposedly succeeded Mark before the late 2nd-century episcopate of

2655:, but among the legionaries as well, who were required to have Roman citizenship. An increasing proportion of the Army of Egypt was of local origin in the reign of the 2009:, 'over-general'), each of whom was also a Roman procurator. Soon after the Roman annexation, a new epistrategy was formed, encompassing the area just south of 11942: 11937: 7098: 7044: 7146: 3262:). All these were sacred cities dedicated to particular deities. The ruins of these cities were first methodically surveyed and sketched by intellectuals attached to 13131: 5849:) was overthrown by Probus with the support of the Army of Egypt. The Blemmyes attacked Coptos and Ptolemais with incursions into Upper Egypt; Probus defeated them. 1762: 7114: 5709: 4281:

was added to a since-ruined temple, along with other additions; he is the last Roman emperor known to have been recorded in official hieroglyphic script. The last

2286:

was among the most homogenous Roman structures, and the organization of the army in Egypt differed little from its organization elsewhere in the Roman Empire. The

1770: 1195:

coinage minted at the Ptolemaic capital of Alexandria continued to be the currency of an increasingly monetized economy, but its value was made equal to the Roman

7276: 7256: 1487:, 'providence'). From the early 2nd century, service as the governor of Egypt was frequently the penultimate stage in the career of a praetorian prefect. 18306: 1778: 4762:

rejected Arius's views. The Arian controversy caused years of riots and rebellions throughout most of the 4th century. In the course of one of these, the great

14578: 10760: 4766:, the stronghold of paganism, was destroyed. Athanasius was alternately expelled from Alexandria and reinstated as its Archbishop between five and seven times. 6081:, giving Christianity official recognition among the Romans' other religions. The tax system was reformed, and new fifteen-year cycles (back-dated to 312) of 5489:) overturned his adoptive father's pardon of Avidius Cassius's family by having them all murdered at the beginning of his reign. After Commodus's own murder, 3591:), who was procurator in charge of Egypt's temples and responsible for the worship of the imperial deities and of Serapis throughout the country. As with the 1156:

the defeated Antony and Cleopatra killed themselves. The Ptolemaic Kingdom of Egypt ceased to exist; Egypt was seized by Octavian as his personal possession.

18296: 9316: 5398:. At some time during his reign, Antoninus Pius visited Alexandria and had new gates and a new hippodrome built, but in 153, a riot in Alexandria killed the 2821:

almost certainly of Hellenic origin. Gaining citizenship and moving up in ranks was very difficult and there were not many available options for ascendancy.

2431:

The heart of the Army of Egypt was the Nicopolis garrison at Alexandria, with at least one legion permanently stationed there, along with a strong force of

6224:, with the philosopher Olympius at their head. The Christian mob loyal to Theophilus sacked the Serapeum, and ultimately it was rededicated as a church to 5296: 3389: 1746: 9216:

Tradition and Transformation. Egypt under Roman Rule. Proceedings of the International Conference, Hildesheim, Roemer- and Pelizaeus-Museum, 3–6 July 2008

4746:

and prolonged conflict which at times descended into civil war. Alexandria became the centre of the first great split in the Christian world, between the

1469:(a "ducenarian" post). The prefect was appointed at the emperor's discretion; officially the governors' status and responsibilities mirrored those of the 1435:, the prefect was responsible for the collection of certain taxes and for the organization of the all-important grain shipments from Egypt (including the 4493:

and the other apostles. Christianity probably arrived in Egypt among the Hellenized Alexandrian Jews, from Palestine's communities of Jewish Christians.

4141: 4023: 3340:. The Napoleonic-era evidence is also important for documenting Hermopolis Magna, where more buildings survive and which was dedicated to the worship of 8569:

Brooks Hedstrom, Darlene L. (2019), "Archaeology of Early Christianity in Egypt", in Caraher, William R.; Davis, Thomas W.; Pettegrew, David K. (eds.),

7816: 7210: 7082: 4596:) was likely of higher social status than the other candidates on the list, and is the first named Egyptian Christian for which evidence exists. In the 2520:, increasing somewhat towards the end of the 2nd century, and with some individual formations remaining in Egypt for centuries at a time. Three or four 2483:). In the reign of Tiberius's step-father and predecessor Augustus, the legions had been stationed at Nicopolis and at Egyptian Babylon, and perhaps at 2222:

had by then vanished. The presence of the soldiery was more noticeable, its power and influence more pervasive in the routine of town and village life.

14707: 14583: 10755: 6018: 1786: 4350:) included an Egyptian-themed area known as the Canopus. Hadrian may have been advised on religious matters by Pancrates, a poet and priest of Egypt. 12469: 15000: 10377: 10341: 10081: 4843: 17339: 14622: 5653:) after the former's murder, but even though Severus Alexander may have visited Alexandria, neither emperor is much recorded in Egyptian sources. 4642:. It is not known whether these indicate a Christian presence outside the capital in the 2nd century, whether these papyri, dated subjectively by 3457:

at Dayr as-Suyrān; in the Dakhla Oasis in the Western Desert at Dayr Abū Mattā, and at Dendera. The tomb-chapel of the White Monastery's founder,

2037:, and they had few specific administrative duties, performing a more general function. Their salary was sexagenarian – 60,000 sesterces annually. 1314:). In these first three centuries of Roman Egypt, the whole country came under the central Roman control of single governor, officially called in 18316: 18301: 14438: 11716: 660: 5512: 5203:

onward, Aegyptus enjoyed an era of prosperity which lasted a century. Much trouble was caused by religious conflicts between the Greeks and the

9661: 7296: 6761: 4526:

The earliest evidence of Christianity in Egypt is a letter written in the first half of the 3rd century and mentioning the gymnasiarch and the

3280:

form much of the evidence of these remains, because since the 19th century many of the ruins have themselves disappeared. South of Thebes, the

2594:

maintained order in the Nile Valley, but about their duties little is known, as little evidence survives, though they were, in addition to the

5588:, though citizenship's entitlements were less valuable than in past centuries and carried a tax burden. Caracalla murdered his brother and co- 1595:'dialogue'), during which legal trials were conducted and administrative officials' practices were examined, usually between January ( 15378: 15099: 15010: 14699: 14414: 14356: 14352: 13124: 12338: 6825: 6347:, overturning the conclusions of the Second Council of Ephesus, condemning Dioscorus and sending him into exile. The resultant, and lasting, 5827:, an Alexandrian with connections to the Blemmyes. Aurelian besieged Alexandria and Firmus killed himself. The reign of Aurelian's successor 5419: 4362: 4334:

Caligula allowed the worship of Egyptian gods in Rome, which had been formally forbidden since Augustus's reign. In Rome, and at Beneventum (

1637: 1631: 5308: 5095:, cleared the neglected canals for irrigation, stimulating a revival of agriculture. Petronius even led a campaign into present-day central 14656: 14652: 14360: 9312: 8488: 2443:

against uprisings among the Alexandrians and were poised to march quickly to any point at the prefect's command. At Alexandria too was the

8326: 7962: 7824: 5268:. The uprising that year was defeated, but between 115 and 117 a revolt continued in the countryside in the absence of the armies away on 18065: 15103: 14910: 14481: 14444: 14410: 13985: 13981: 13314: 10370: 9687: 6831: 6712: 6683: 4894:

in 451, which ruled in favour of the position that Christ was "one person in two natures" as opposed to Monophysitism (a single nature).

1643: 5631:

were announced in Alexandria, the Alexandrians rose up, killed the senator, and forced out the prefect. The victor in the civil war was

5410:

epidemic affected Egypt from 165 to 180; evidence of mass graves from that time has been discovered by archaeological excavation in the

2754:, common in the army in other Roman provinces, were also present, and an auxiliary diploma from the Egyptian garrison has been found in 18281: 17709: 14268: 14112: 13977: 13973: 13254: 11964: 11932: 7700: 7641: 6736: 3101:

was careless, recalcitrant, and inefficient; the evident need for firm and purposeful reform had to be squarely faced in the reigns of

2196:. The province was under the supervision of the count of the Orient (i.e. the vicar) of the diocese headquartered in Antioch in Syria. 1534:'), expired as soon as his successor arrived in the provincial capital at Alexandria, who then also took up overall command of the 774: 9276: 8570: 5181:, victor in the Jewish War, emperor at Alexandria in July 69 AD. This prefect was himself of Hellenized Jewish descent and related to 5133:

were mainly peaceful in Egypt, with intermittent civil strife between Greeks and Jews in Alexandria. According to the Latin historian

1070:

by the defection of the governor in 628. Egypt permanently ceased to be a part of the Roman Empire in 641, when it became part of the

14996: 14992: 14906: 14703: 13460: 12793: 12321: 11803: 9759: 6915: 5464:, who then declared himself emperor in 175, being acknowledged by his own armies and the Army of Egypt amid rumours that the emperor 4727:

ended the persecution of Christians. Over the course of the 5th century, paganism was suppressed and lost its following, as the poet

2384:

The Roman garrison was concentrated at Nicopolis, a district of Alexandria, rather than at the strategic heart of the country around

5218:

Vespasian was the first emperor since Augustus to appear in Egypt. At Alexandria he was hailed as pharaoh; recalling the welcome of

1201:. Augustus introduced land reforms that enabled wider entitlement to private ownership of land (previously rare under the Ptolemaic 15107: 14364: 13117: 12805: 12196: 7063: 7054: 4339: 6184:, Theodosius and his imperial colleagues reissued the ban on temple worship and sacrifices for Alexandria and Egypt specifically. 5774:, in 250, the Christians again suffered from persecution, but their religion continued to spread. The prefect of Aegyptus in 260, 12240: 11974: 9988: 9816: 6773: 4646:, are as old as has been proposed, or whether they were in Egypt when newly made or arrived in later times as already old books. 1490: 18276: 14510: 14264: 14244: 11517: 8065: 6629: 4731:

pointedly noted. It lingered underground for many decades: the final edict against paganism was issued in 435, but graffiti at

4208: 4095: 3829: 14217: 13926: 6318:

The Blemmyes continued to attack Roman Egypt, though they were romanticized by pagans for their resistance to the Christians.

4485:. The drive to connect Alexandria with the lives of New Testament characters was part of a desire to establish continuity and 3284:

may have been largely without classical buildings, but near Antinoöpolis the classical influence may have been stronger. Most

2404:

has traditionally taken little interest in Roman sites. Because they supply a record of soldiers' service history, six bronze

18219: 18172: 18142: 13042: 9621: 9586: 9428: 9383: 9356: 9231: 9181: 9127: 9089: 9007: 8721: 8588: 8444: 8388: 8222: 8044: 7720: 7661: 7529: 6995:, to spread Islamic rule to the west. Arabs crossed into Egypt from Palestine in December 639, and advanced rapidly into the 6942:Šêrôe (Šêrôy), who reigned until September, concluded a peace treaty returning territories conquered by the Sassanids to the 5992:, where new gates were constructed for the occasion. Diocletian is also known to have visited Panopolis in 298. He ceded the 5823:), captured Egypt by the end of 271. In 272 however, both Alexandria and Palmyra were again in revolt, at the instigation of 5154:

was undertaken, though possible plans for an invasion of the southern kingdom was forestalled by the military demands of the

3939:: Archaeological evidence, along with lots of written sources on the daily life of the priests, are available from Bakchias, 5394:'s New Year. The emperor's coinage commemorated the good fortune this was expected to portend with images of the millennial 12866: 12520: 12464: 12420: 12233: 11907: 11897: 11857: 10448:

established after 584. After massive territorial losses in the 7th century, the remaining provinces were superseded by the

10074: 9934: 6587:, gradually transformed itself into a thoroughly Christian state whose culture differed significantly from its pagan past. 3529:. After the Roman conquest of Egypt, Augustus instituted a new Roman imperial cult in Egypt. Formally, the "Roman people" ( 963: 12714: 6428:

retreated after they failed to capture Alexandria or make significant gains. In the early 6th century and in the reign of

16466: 13961: 13813: 13670: 12525: 12265: 12151: 10048: 9806: 9801: 9682: 7542: 1298:

The Egyptian provinces of the Ptolemaic Kingdom remained wholly under Roman rule until the administrative reforms of the

962:), who recovered it in 297–298. Diocletian then introduced administrative and economic reforms. These coincided with the 430: 8989: 3935:

The history of Egyptian temples in Roman times can be studied particularly well in some settlements at the edges of the

1368:

of Egypt'. The double title of the governor as prefect "of Alexandria and Egypt" reflects the distinctions between

1255:

introduced important changes in the administrative system, aimed at achieving a high level of efficiency and maximizing

17136: 14815: 12978: 12909: 12788: 12410: 12287: 11954: 11835: 11762: 11750: 11711: 10890: 9654: 9464: 6036: 4566:); among the names is one "Antonios Dioscoros son of Origen, Alexandrian", against whose name is noted in Koinē Greek: 2883:

that both parents were Alexandrian citizens. Alexandrians were the only Egyptians that could obtain Roman citizenship.

2397: 697: 650: 450: 410: 8420: 3184:. In most cases, these have not survived and evidence of them is rare, but it is probable that most were built in the 2612:(inscribed ceramic fragments) which give unprecedently detailed information on the lives of soldiers stationed in the 12513: 12042: 11039: 9771: 9561: 8510: 8350: 7984: 7842: 6549: 4956: 4694: 4257:

Monumental temple-building and decoration among the Egyptian cults ceased altogether in the early 3rd century. After

1614:

To the government at Alexandria besides the prefect of Egypt, the Roman emperors appointed several other subordinate

15482: 6531: 4620:

rather than scrolls, the codex being preferred by Christian scribes. Among the 2nd-century New Testament papyri are

4152:

sponsored work at Armant, Dendera, and Esna. The reign of Antoninus Pius – also patron of building works at Coptos,

3686:. These officials, in place since the mid-1st century AD at latest, was each known as the "high priest of the Lords 3014:, 'royal land') belonging to the state and forming most of its revenue; and the "gifted land" (Koinē Greek: 2978:

and for export to the Roman capital. There were frequent complaints of oppression and extortion from the taxpayers.

12646: 12309: 12032: 9924: 9692: 9211: 6356: 5235: 4375: 4160:– saw the last substantial building work on Egyptian temples. After those of Antoninus Pius found at Medinet Habu, 3840:

god of abundance and the afterlife which united Hellenistic and Egyptian features and which had been instituted by

3611:, was not introduced by Augustus, since as an imperial province Egypt lay beyond the reach of the Senate's powers ( 2939:

demonstrates the social controls that the Romans had in place through monetary means based on status and property.

1836:

were governed by magistrates drawn from the liturgy system; these magistrates, as in other Roman cities, practised

1238: 10362: 7373:

in her right hand and a sceptre in her left hand, with a peacock at her feet and a brilliant star on the left.

3621:

for Alexandria and All Egypt was appointed by the emperor. The high priest's full title ("high priest of the gods

2649:

As in other provinces, many of the Roman soldiers in Egypt were recruited locally, not only among the non-citizen

1913:, but each reported directly to Alexandria, where dedicated financial secretaries – appointed for each individual 17130: 13005: 12973: 12726: 12452: 11862: 11582: 11464: 10715: 10067: 9956: 9902: 9754: 8243: 8152: 6907: 6217: 6209: 4887: 3263: 363: 17: 2886: 825:

for the empire and had a highly developed urban economy. It was by far the wealthiest Roman province outside of

18311: 17203: 16750: 16674: 12574: 12368: 12331: 10783: 10707: 10696: 10028: 9929: 8645: 7489: 7365:), and showing her diademed and draped bust on a crescent. The obverse shows a standing figure of Ivno Regina ( 6999:. The Imperial garrisons retreated into the walled towns, where they successfully held out for a year or more. 6527: 6454: 4938: 4676: 3473:

and seat, and the usual Egyptian western transverse aisle, but its exterior resembles an Egyptian temple, with

3176:

mostly inherited from the Pharaonic and Ptolemaic period, Roman public buildings were erected by the governing

2955: 2951: 1141: 1129: 767: 9401:"Discussion: Porphyry head of emperor ('Justinian'). From Constantinople (now in Venice). Early sixth century" 6363:

was appointed bishop in Dioscorus' stead. When the Alexandrians heard of the accession of Marcian's successor

2558:

stationed at Alexandria, at least three detachments permanently garrisoned the southern border, on the Nile's

2230: 18286: 18271: 18055: 18035: 17317: 17224: 17209: 17047: 16917: 16718: 16417: 16102: 13486: 12861: 12656: 12062: 11587: 11570: 10850: 10484: 9715: 9710: 9647: 6368: 6288:

in the Western Desert. The see of Alexandria's bishop reached the zenith of its influence in 449, when under

5988:" was erected in his honour in the Serapeum of Alexandria. Diocletian then travelled through Egypt as far as 5269: 4423: 4385: 4145: 1538:

of the Egyptian garrison. (Initially, three legions were stationed in Egypt, with only two from the reign of

1259:. The duties of the prefect of Aegyptus combined responsibility for military security through command of the 1098: 390: 30:

This article is about the Roman subdivision which was called "Aegyptus". For Deities in Greek mythology, see

12773: 4403: 3268: 2510:

garrison in the early decades of Roman Egypt, relating to the conquest and pacification of the country, the

17856: 17665: 17641: 17041: 16021: 12837: 12641: 12609: 12425: 12057: 11927: 11850: 11287: 10393: 10286: 9862: 9737: 9705: 6523: 4934: 4878:'s human and divine nature. The issue was whether he had two natures, human and divine, or a combined one ( 4763: 4672: 4407: 3682:

system, these high priests were responsible for the maintenance of the imperial temples and cults in their

1153: 880: 460: 10090: 7247: 2453:

in Egypt. In the 2nd and 3rd centuries, there were around 8,000 soldiers at Alexandria, a fraction of the

1989:

were grouped traditionally into those of Upper and Lower Egypt, the two divisions each being known as an "

17278: 16317: 16116: 15663: 15657: 13904: 13260: 13088: 13000: 12842: 12584: 12474: 12297: 12092: 11959: 11902: 11798: 11673: 10770: 10164: 9946: 9909: 9857: 9776: 9530: 6204: 5985: 5857: 4621: 4100: 1102: 925: 917: 916:

struck in the late 2nd century, but Roman Egypt recovered by the 3rd century. Having escaped much of the

727: 9614:

Gottesdiener und Kamelzüchter: Das Alltags- und Sozialleben der Sobek-Priester im kaiserzeitlichen Fayum

9120:

Gottesdiener und Kamelzüchter: Das Alltags- und Sozialleben der Sobek-Priester im kaiserzeitlichen Fayum

4882:

from his humanity and divinity). In an intensely religious age, it was enough to divide an empire. The

4114:

continued to lend imperial sponsorship to Egyptian cults, with his patronage recorded at Dendera, Esna,

3978:

Tiberius, Caligula, Claudius, and Nero all sponsored religious monuments and institutions at Coptos and

17905: 17761: 17524: 17215: 17025: 16371: 16033: 16001: 15995: 14202: 12995: 12800: 12697: 12680: 12663: 12604: 12430: 12385: 12316: 12255: 12228: 11872: 11731: 11510: 10271: 9796: 7121: 6891: 5529: 5155: 5114:

had previously attacked Roman Egypt. Failing to acquire permanent gains, in 22 BC he razed the city of

3663: 3113: 2806: 1667:'giver of laws'), the senior legal official, were both imperially appointed. From the reign of 1055: 9400: 7014:. 40,000 civilians were evacuated to Constantinople with the imperial fleet, thus ending 975 years of 5754:; they were the acknowledged emperors in Egypt. When they were overthrown, the Alexandrians acclaimed 3058:

were relatively much more heavily burdened by rentals, which tended to remain at a fairly high level.

1704:, 'archpriest'). A procurator could deputize as the prefect's representative where necessary. 18042: 17650: 17536: 17518: 17368: 17030: 16894: 16595: 16410: 15307: 12961: 12904: 12871: 12636: 12546: 12508: 12503: 12491: 12390: 12082: 12052: 12037: 11789: 10967: 10909: 10720: 10194: 9919: 9887: 9872: 9867: 9766: 9720: 9161: 9069: 8701: 7201: 7003: 6927: 6312: 6304: 5977: 5779: 5755: 5174: 5170: 4051: 3193: 2104:, 'executor'), who collected certain taxes, as well as security officers, granary officials ( 1615: 948: 760: 324: 9035: 8436:

Sage and Emperor: Plutarch, Greek Intellectuals, and Roman Power in the Time of Trajan (98-117 A.D.)

8012: 7870: 4719:

both lived part or all of their lives in that city, where they wrote, taught, and debated. With the

3629: 2157:), though constant efforts were made by people eligible for such duties to escape their imposition. 18028: 17673: 17670: 17593: 17563: 17506: 17492: 16898: 15882: 15620: 15037: 14821: 13664: 13037: 13017: 12825: 12651: 12447: 12435: 12272: 12250: 11917: 11867: 11808: 11767: 11643: 11638: 11604: 11565: 11307: 11292: 11116: 10845: 10792: 10788: 10750: 10682: 10503: 10331: 10321: 10204: 10169: 10149: 10129: 10038: 9914: 9835: 9786: 9597:

Landowners and Tenants in Roman Egypt: The social relations of agriculture in the Oxyrhynchite nome

7011: 6971: 6923: 6512: 6111: 6014: 5585: 4783: 3882:, 'suckling Isis', she was an image of motherhood, feeding her infant Harpocrates; as Isis 3679: 2784: 2521: 2081: 1244: 1210: 1206: 1075: 533: 381: 209: 15875: 9525:

Hill, John E. 2003. "Annotated Translation of the Chapter on the Western Regions according to the

6966:

The Mediterranean world in 650, after the Arabs had conquered Egypt and Syria from the Byzantines.

6170:)) banned sacrifices and worship at temples throughout the empire in a decree addressed to Rome's 5196:'key to the grain supply') to Rome helped Vespasian assert control over the whole empire. 4801:, either native or imported, found many followers. Another religious development in Egypt was the 3069: 2962:

The economic resources that this imperial government existed to exploit had not changed since the

1553:

are well known because enough records survive to reconstruct a mostly complete official calendar (

1270: 17688: 17616: 17590: 17566: 17560: 17545: 17457: 17393: 17358: 17302: 17251: 16824: 15301: 15082: 14827: 14135: 13593: 12946: 12569: 12304: 12156: 12129: 12114: 12109: 11845: 11745: 11111: 11058: 10995: 10835: 10825: 10654: 10624: 10276: 10261: 10199: 10114: 10104: 8651: 8494: 7968: 7521: 6516: 6483: 6360: 6091: 5828: 5628: 5574: 5143: 4927: 4859: 4809:, who renounced the material world in order to live a life of poverty in devotion to the Church. 4759: 4724: 4665: 4470: 4433: 4201:

Copper-alloy statuettes of Egyptian gods Anubis (left) and Horus (centre) as Roman officers with

3975: 3466: 3400: 2974:

A massive amount of Aegyptus' grain was shipped downriver (north) both to feed the population of

2812: 2789: 2747: 2713: 2496: 901: 811: 688: 420: 9547: 9320: 8214: 7441: 7416: 6603:

from the barbarians, but these successes left the empire's eastern flank exposed. The Empire's "

3273: 3148: 2768:. Large numbers of recruits mustered in Asia Minor may have supplemented the garrison after the 2584:), including those defending roads and remote natural resources from attack. Roman detachments, 1341: 1209:

system, in which land-owners were required to serve in local government. The priesthoods of the

68: 17851: 17841: 17631: 17626: 17621: 17581: 17572: 17515: 17495: 17489: 17483: 17480: 17471: 17399: 17396: 17387: 17287: 17266: 16880: 16654: 16586: 16496: 16240: 16234: 15715: 15170: 15029: 14594: 14375: 13915: 13889: 13849: 13492: 13265: 13098: 13027: 12956: 12778: 12746: 12440: 12378: 12373: 12087: 11552: 11317: 10644: 10249: 10109: 10059: 10018: 9951: 9791: 6881: 6610: 6591:

the second city of the empire, continued to be a centre of religious controversy and violence.

6319: 6221: 5946: 5872: 5542: 5061: 4527: 4215:

With a carved relief at Esna, Septimius Severus was commemorated, together with his son and co-

4035: 3979: 3908: 3185: 3161: 2531: 2468: 2405: 1957: 1752: 1503: 1264: 1205:

system of allotments under royal ownership) and the local administration reformed into a Roman

18162: 14468: 13497: 10351:

Italy was never constituted as a province, instead retaining a special juridical status until

9286: 8659: 8502: 8378: 8342: 8100:

Alston, Richard (1997). "Philo's In Flaccum: Ethnicity and Social Space in Roman Alexandria".

7976: 7834: 18211:

Israel and the Aramaeans of Damascus: A Study in Archaeological Illumination of Bible History

18132: 18095: 18017: 17894: 17554: 17530: 17486: 17474: 17468: 17465: 17420: 17414: 17390: 17355: 17311: 17299: 17296: 17293: 17281: 17275: 17263: 17257: 17076: 16986: 16983: 16974: 16537: 14614: 13032: 12924: 12894: 12783: 12763: 12709: 12621: 12260: 12218: 12213: 12191: 11999: 11989: 11774: 11653: 11621: 11503: 11332: 11101: 10914: 10840: 10433: 10144: 9983: 9454: 8434: 7223: 7181: 6800: 6571: 6406: 6067: 5430: 5361: 4742:

No sooner had the Egyptian Church achieved freedom and supremacy than it became subject to a

4712: 4586:'he is the Dioscoros (who is a) Christian'. With Alexandrian citizenship and a Roman 4461: 4059: 3924: 3510: 2180: 2174: 1369: 1121: 1037: 1001:

region. This southern frontier was largely peaceful for many centuries, likely garrisoned by

971: 967: 849: 18209: 18061: 13874: 8580: 18266: 17462: 17411: 17320: 17314: 17284: 16886: 16839: 16827: 16651: 16592: 16216: 16110: 15933: 15460: 14608: 14129: 13546: 12899: 12849: 12719: 11823: 11813: 11470: 10987: 10639: 10471: 10441: 10281: 10174: 10008: 9966: 9823: 9732: 9725: 7712: 7653: 6943: 6812: 6580: 6414: 6344: 6241: 6134: 5613:

and, breaking precedent, a senator to govern Egypt. When the deaths of Macrinus and his co-

5536:

Following Hadrian's route, Septimius Severus made a tour of Egypt in 199–200, visiting the

5411: 5223: 4891: 4840:

of Pharaonic Egypt, and its temples were converted to churches or abandoned to the desert.

4837: 4821: 4486: 4482: 4474: 4310: 4165: 3437: 2401: 2269: 2242: 1792: 1707: 1214: 1067: 440: 400: 31: 16923: 5770:

There was a series of revolts, both military and civilian, through the 3rd century. Under

2810:, was the most significant cultural division in Roman Egypt, and was not dissolved by the 2416:

in Egypt; these inscribed certificates rewarded 25 or 26 years of military service in the

8: 17967: 17822: 17527: 17477: 17402: 17352: 17305: 17290: 17269: 16968: 16954: 16842: 16775: 16598: 16489: 16431: 16195: 15868: 15708: 15427: 15232: 15049: 14862: 14178: 13389: 13010: 12990: 12810: 12758: 12753: 12692: 12594: 12277: 12208: 12203: 11922: 11476: 11431: 11249: 11239: 10901: 10730: 10677: 10672: 10445: 10179: 10154: 9828: 9749: 9515:

50 (December 1964): 164–169. Database on-line. JSTOR, GALILEO; accessed October 27, 2008.

7459: 7361: 6787: 6647: 6401: 6263: 6236:) was looted at the same time, becoming first a monastery and then a church dedicated to 6086: 6022: 5973: 5938: 5584:, "Aurelius" (after his imperial predecessor Marcus Aurelius) as their name according to 5444: 5395: 5286: 5219: 5182: 4855: 4613: 4532:(thereby indicating the author and recipient were of the upper class) uses the Christian 4451: 3552: 3522: 3496: 3356: 3349: 3229: 2688:, while others demonstrate that soldiers and centurions from elsewhere retired to Egypt: 2603: 2462: 2324:, rather than politicians whose military experience was limited to youthful service as a 1751:, responsible for state property in the province. Other procurators were responsible for 1716: 1432: 1359: 1324: 1222: 1041: 1020: 944: 807: 630: 165: 8988:(1998). "Egypt under Roman rule: the legacy of ancient Egypt". In Petry, Carl F. (ed.). 7640:

Rathbone, Dominic (2012), Hornblower, Simon; Spawforth, Antony; Eidinow, Esther (eds.),

6922:(582–602) and had achieved a series of early successes, culminating in the conquests of 2659:, with an even higher proportion – as many as three quarters of legionaries – under the 2552:– mixed units of 600 men, with infantry and cavalry in a roughly 4:1 ratio. Besides the 1826:'countryside') outside Alexandria was divided into traditional regions known as 18193: 18007: 17884: 17445: 17384: 17378: 16906: 16870: 16783: 16764: 16660: 16657: 16610: 16576: 16573: 16528: 16219: 16204: 16189: 15865: 15862: 15853: 15612: 14787: 14515: 13788: 13641: 13558: 13361: 12820: 12731: 12631: 12498: 12326: 12292: 12245: 12223: 12119: 12021: 11892: 11779: 11726: 11327: 11302: 11209: 11184: 11073: 10957: 10807: 10619: 10416: 10266: 10224: 10219: 9882: 9845: 9744: 9187: 9095: 9023: 8727: 8268: 8260: 8207: 8169: 8117: 8082: 8000: 7858: 6819: 6364: 6281: 6045: 5783: 5775: 5687: 5657: 5261: 4769: 4601: 4507: 4343: 4318: 4306: 4238:

Geta, his image was removed from their father's monument relief at Esna as part of the

4119: 4063: 4030:, Kom Ombo, and at Philae. Nero is recorded as having sponsored Egyptian elites at the 4011: 3089: 2548: 2234: 2169: 1740: 1521: 1452: 1267:, for the organization of finance and taxation, and for the administration of justice. 1184: 1071: 1045: 978:, derived from earlier forms of Egyptian, emerged among the Christians of Roman Egypt. 707: 670: 542: 286: 16663: 9223: 5801:. Under her control, the Palmyrene state went to war with Rome, holding Egypt against 5068:

over the southern frontier district, which had been abandoned by the later Ptolemies.

4338:), Domitian established new temples to the Egyptian gods Isis and Serapis. A general " 3224:, substantial remains of Roman architecture are known in particular from three of the 18215: 18168: 18138: 17431: 17405: 17381: 17363: 17163: 17084: 16992: 16861: 16833: 16648: 16616: 16607: 16549: 16546: 16543: 16531: 16519: 16434: 16355: 16207: 16201: 16168: 16162: 15733: 15606: 15470: 15292: 15018: 14617: 14611: 14419: 14387: 13932: 13141: 13074: 12968: 12768: 12675: 12626: 12579: 12564: 12479: 12395: 12282: 12180: 12161: 11994: 11668: 11663: 11594: 11577: 11560: 11454: 11161: 11151: 11146: 11050: 11020: 10817: 10667: 10558: 10548: 10523: 10518: 10311: 10306: 10234: 10229: 9840: 9781: 9617: 9582: 9557: 9460: 9424: 9379: 9352: 9227: 9191: 9177: 9123: 9099: 9085: 9003: 8731: 8717: 8584: 8506: 8440: 8384: 8346: 8272: 8218: 8121: 8040: 7980: 7838: 7716: 7657: 7525: 6919: 6665: 6115: 6033:

published by Galerius, the senior emperor in 311, ended the Diocletianic Persecution.

5643: 5580: 5569: 5537: 5415: 5391: 5335: 5243: 5239: 5034: 4985: 4743: 4638: 4587: 4457: 4251: 4088: 3873: 3867: 3777: 3633: 3518: 3506: 3304: 2854: 2797: 2643: 2375:'prefect of the army in Egypt'. Collectively, these forces were known as the 1946: 1329:'prefect of Alexandria and Egypt' and more usually referred to as the Latin: 1168: 1087: 906: 884: 876: 791: 592: 582: 562: 552: 495: 354: 259: 183: 15595: 12830: 9522:. Shire Egyptology 17, ser. ed. Barbara G. Adams. Aylesbury: Shire Publications Ltd. 3812: 2570:), protecting Egypt from enemies to the south and guarding against rebellion in the 2021:

and the Arsinoite nome". In the Nile Delta however, power was wielded by two of the

1160: 18091: 18003: 17949: 17880: 17867: 17846: 17811: 17660: 17448: 17417: 17272: 17248: 17016: 17013: 17007: 16962: 16855: 16836: 16830: 16786: 16769: 16613: 16604: 16601: 16525: 16522: 16360: 16245: 15832: 14922: 14856: 14844: 14537: 14084: 13374: 12929: 12886: 12856: 12704: 12486: 12415: 12357: 12072: 12067: 12047: 11969: 11784: 11685: 11616: 11599: 11540: 11390: 11385: 11342: 11297: 11204: 10949: 10939: 10929: 10877: 10614: 10606: 10392: 10239: 10209: 9897: 9811: 9282: 9219: 9169: 9077: 8995: 8985: 8709: 8655: 8576: 8498: 8338: 8252: 8161: 8109: 8074: 7972: 7830: 7708: 7649: 7366: 7006:. The Byzantines assembled a fleet with the aim of recapturing Egypt, and won back 6899: 6865: 6749: 6584: 6225: 6187: 6099: 6030: 6017:

against Christianity. The persecution was remembered as particularly intense under

5896: 5813: 5794: 5728: 5495: 4879: 4559: 4466: 4327: 4079: 4074: 3944: 3761: 3604: 3600: 3289: 3237: 3217: 3189: 2963: 2734:

from the Balkans, who served throughout the Roman army, also served in Egypt: many

2389: 2325: 2218:) as a counterweight to the power of the church authorities. All pretense of local 2203: 1756: 1679: 1460: 1442: 1403:

rank). The prefect of Egypt had more or less equivalent civil and military powers (

1300: 1149: 1106: 921: 717: 612: 333: 196: 108: 92: 13109: 12741: 9497:

Bowman, Alan K. and Dominic Rathbone. "Cities and Administration in Roman Egypt."

8999: 6371:, whose election was not recognized by either Leo or his successor and son-in-law 6367:, they tore apart the hated Proterius and replaced him with their own nomination, 3066:

trade, both internal and external, reached its peak in the 1st and 2nd centuries.

2947: 1383:

of Egypt was appointed by the emperor for a multi-year term and given the rank of

18012: 17998: 17973: 17926: 17889: 17875: 17699: 17548: 17501: 17408: 17373: 17245: 17240: 17168: 17142: 16998: 16873: 16867: 16852: 16845: 16799: 16789: 16622: 16567: 16561: 16558: 16504: 16452: 16288: 16222: 16210: 16198: 16186: 16171: 16150: 16069: 15973: 15970: 15944: 15859: 15838: 15826: 15793: 15787: 15757: 15679: 15489: 14841: 14796: 14750: 14744: 14734: 14524: 13624: 13602: 13369: 12919: 12736: 12687: 12589: 12405: 12141: 12124: 11755: 11680: 11370: 11360: 11267: 11219: 11174: 11093: 11015: 11000: 10919: 10662: 10566: 10538: 10513: 10495: 10124: 9602: 9592: 9373: 9346: 8641: 8484: 8405: 8330: 8030: 7958: 7820: 7218: 7036: 6895: 6873: 6172: 5904: 5884: 5740: 5713: 5506: 5465: 5453: 5407: 5383: 5273: 5100: 5092: 5053: 4817: 4519: 4502: 4258: 4161: 4110:'s patronage of Egyptian temples is recorded only at Esna. Nerva's adoptive heir 3999: 3841: 3474: 3470: 3442: 3116:

during the period, particularly between Roman Egypt and the Indian subcontinent.

2898: 2769: 2735: 2660: 2656: 2639: 2626: 2602:, the prime local representatives of the Roman state. Archaeological work led by 2501:

arrived, to remain as the main component of the Army of Egypt for two centuries.

2460:

Initially, the legionary garrison of Roman Egypt consisted of three legions: the

2352: 2263: 1724: 1611:. Evidence exists of more than 60 edicts issued by the Roman governors of Egypt. 1495: 1396: 1376:, was not within the then-prevailing traditional geographic boundaries of Egypt. 1218: 1059: 1008: 975: 913: 888: 803: 602: 96: 18051: 13289: 5339: 4871:

finds mark the continuance of Greek culture and institutions at various levels.

4605: 3603:. The official cult in Egypt differed from that in other provinces; the goddess 3599:

of Alexandria and All Egypt was a Roman citizen and probably appointed from the

3241: 974:

gained control of Egypt in AD 324, the emperors promoted Christianity. The

18291: 17910: 17454: 17347: 17236: 17189: 17150: 17093: 16995: 16931: 16849: 16808: 16802: 16792: 16780: 16564: 16552: 16540: 16460: 16349: 16303: 16213: 16183: 16147: 16011: 15856: 15835: 15829: 15820: 15772: 15742: 15724: 15699: 15687: 15599: 15456: 15327: 15178: 15040: 15034: 14937: 14929: 14865: 14838: 14802: 14635: 14402: 14399: 14300: 13708: 13473: 13379: 13356: 13248: 13068: 13022: 12876: 12815: 12599: 12400: 11912: 11840: 11699: 11633: 11380: 11375: 11365: 11312: 11257: 11068: 10962: 10934: 10924: 10802: 10591: 10586: 10543: 10533: 10456:

and parts of Greece they survived under the themes until the early 9th century.

10214: 10134: 9877: 9501:

82 (1992): 107–127. Database on-line. JSTOR, GALILEO; accessed October 27, 2008

9173: 9081: 8713: 8256: 7513: 7429: 7411: 7403: 6981: 6903: 6885: 6575: 6389: 6385: 6372: 6237: 6229: 6149: 6127: 6123: 6078: 5997: 5993: 5942: 5922: 5852: 5592:

Geta not long after their father's death, claiming self-defence and imposing a

5368: 5076: 4806: 4720: 4298: 4278: 4231: 4149: 4003: 3904: 3801: 3768:, was deified after her death by Hadrian. At Dendera, in a temple dedicated to 3655: 3530: 3454: 3426: 3213: 3061:

Overall, the degree of monetization and complexity in the economy, even at the

2905: 2826: 2703: 2631: 2613: 2559: 2385: 2291: 2275: 2010: 1978: 1608: 1447: 1388: 1380: 1315: 1125: 1063: 1032: 998: 986: 815: 515: 485: 272: 170: 99: 78: 54: 5064:, brought Upper Egypt under Roman control by force of arms, and established a 4812:

Egyptian Christians took up monasticism with such enthusiasm that the Emperor

3954: 2408:

dating between 83 and 206 are the main source of documentary evidence for the

18250: 18205: 18128: 18113: 17985: 17917: 17797: 17442: 17439: 17192: 17186: 17146: 17102: 17010: 16971: 16805: 16744: 16645: 16642: 16570: 16555: 16516: 16513: 16456: 16395: 16277: 15983: 15976: 15953: 15847: 15841: 15805: 15727: 15683: 15640: 15432: 15330: 15324: 15282: 15181: 14984: 14946: 14719: 14605: 14519: 14329: 14280: 14035: 14019: 13712: 13638: 13599: 13573: 13567: 13528: 13469: 13440: 13165: 12951: 12939: 12934: 12614: 11704: 11262: 11214: 11179: 11169: 11078: 10778: 10581: 10576: 10528: 10508: 10437: 10421: 10159: 10139: 10119: 9670: 7384: 7197: 6660: 6579:

language of government and scholarship. During the 5th and 6th centuries the

6493:), the defences at Philae had to be rebuilt to repel attacks by the Blemmyes. 6425: 6380: 6352: 6252: 5787: 5265: 5072: 4970: 4381: 4347: 4290: 4043: 3983: 3659: 3478: 3405: 3317: 3220:, the personification of Rome. Besides a few individual stone blocks in some 3216:

and temples dedicated to the worship of the emperor Augustus and the goddess

3205: 3117: 3106: 3073: 3054: 2765: 2590: 2484: 2295: 2287: 1535: 1499: 1180: 1176: 1117: 1113: 845: 640: 15067: 9634: 9492:

Egypt After the Pharaohs: 332 BC–AD 642; From Alexander to the Arab Conquest

6040:

4th-century pendant with portrait of Alexander the Great as Zeus-Ammon with

5452:

and had defeated the Roman garrison of Egypt. Control was re-established by

3927:. He controlled access to the priesthoods of the Egyptian cults: the ritual 3854:) at the beginning of the Ptolemaic period, possibly related to the cult of 2428:. That the army was more Greek-speaking than in other provinces is certain. 2080:

of the names of persons due to perform unpaid public service as part of the

798:

from 30 BC to AD 641. The province encompassed most of modern-day

18158: 17955: 17833: 17767: 17685: 17676: 17607: 17533: 17436: 17180: 17081: 17004: 16858: 16814: 16694: 16619: 16579: 16510: 16507: 16501: 16440: 16392: 16380: 16294: 16271: 16264: 16180: 16174: 16144: 15956: 15928: 15910: 15901: 15850: 15643: 15637: 15631: 15536: 15506: 15312: 15224: 15121: 15058: 15006: 14835: 14560: 14495: 14485: 14396: 14347: 14232: 14212: 14208: 13993: 13857: 13717: 13697: 13650: 13609: 13396: 13351: 13200: 13185: 13078: 12668: 12077: 11736: 11460: 11277: 11272: 11224: 11010: 10977: 10972: 10797: 10571: 10449: 10184: 9939: 9574:, edited by Ian Shaw. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. 422–445 9450: 7307: 7287: 7267: 6950: 6462: 6285: 6095: 5900: 5379: 5356: 5080: 5065: 5030: 4989: 4832: 4773: 4643: 4534: 4398: 4331:(24 August 394), the latest hieroglyphic inscription to be dated securely. 4274: 4203: 4031: 3940: 3928: 3859: 3608: 3393: 3364: 3277: 2846: 2830: 2699: 2393: 2320: 1965: 1827: 1720: 1436: 1400: 1260: 1252: 1172: 866: 795: 750: 82: 8113: 7518:

Contours of the World Economy, 1–2030 AD: Essays in Macro-Economic History

4477:'s narrative of Mark's arrival in Egypt, which conflicts with that of the 4246:, whose patronage is recorded only at Kom Ombo; evidence of his successor 3517:

The worship of Egypt's rulers was interrupted entirely by the fall of the

17970: 17961: 17816: 17770: 17755: 17746: 17740: 17682: 17584: 17542: 17512: 17509: 17451: 17308: 17260: 17171: 17090: 17087: 17070: 16980: 16795: 16738: 16735: 16732: 16707: 16697: 16685: 16534: 16475: 16428: 16404: 16398: 16389: 16383: 16328: 16291: 16274: 16258: 16192: 16177: 16165: 16153: 16124: 16091: 16088: 15950: 15925: 15922: 15916: 15823: 15784: 15781: 15769: 15754: 15751: 15739: 15646: 15634: 15625: 15574: 15568: 15518: 15515: 15503: 15500: 15436: 15413: 15396: 15382: 15373: 15143: 15072: 15062: 14914: 14899: 14893: 14877: 14874: 14777: 14756: 14666: 14629: 14552: 14393: 14183: 14108: 14103: 14096: 14066: 14052: 14015: 13865: 13774: 13689: 13659: 13645: 13414: 13400: 13345: 13280: 13210: 13180: 12097: 11828: 11818: 11483: 11355: 11322: 11234: 11189: 11063: 11005: 10326: 10255: 10189: 7177: 7050: 7015: 6792: 6755: 6741: 6652: 6604: 6600: 6596: 6566:

A map of the Near East in 565, showing Byzantine Egypt and its neighbors.

6440: 6289: 6010: 6001: 5617: 5457: 5087:

coast of Aegyptus was not brought under Roman control until the reign of

4977: 4802: 4798: 4633: 4490: 4428: 4282: 4223: 3863: 3380: 3233: 3181: 2871: 2801: 2764:

diplomas connect Army of Egypt veterans with Syria, including one naming

2719: 2684:

One of the surviving military diplomas lists the soldier's birthplace as

2621: 2454: 2199: 1990: 1974: 1618:

for the province, all of equestrian rank and, at least from the reign of

1564: 1560: 1482: 1192: 1133: 896: 892: 829:. The population of Roman Egypt is unknown, although estimates vary from 826: 15136: 7332:. In the obverse, Egypt is personified as a reclining woman holding the 6248:

both subsequently fled Egypt, for Constantinople and Rome respectively.

6041: 3780:, the imperial cult days, such as the emperors' birthdays (Koinē Greek: 3328:

fish. Two groups of buildings survive at Heracleopolis Magna, sacred to

2029:'s role was mainly to mediate between the prefect in Alexandria and the 17979: 17976: 17958: 17935: 17920: 17914: 17794: 17791: 17749: 17737: 17731: 17716: 17587: 17578: 17575: 17569: 17551: 17521: 17329: 17254: 17195: 17061: 17001: 16864: 16758: 16729: 16726: 16723: 16711: 16703: 16691: 16679: 16425: 16401: 16386: 16322: 16284: 16261: 16255: 16159: 15898: 15730: 15628: 15587: 15577: 15571: 15533: 15530: 15527: 15521: 15509: 15497: 15494: 15464: 15410: 15407: 15220: 15199: 15175: 15151: 14980: 14871: 14868: 14859: 14850: 14769: 14660: 14546: 14501: 14489: 14333: 14171: 14167: 14116: 13937: 13845: 13771: 13767: 13511: 13384: 13334: 13328: 12146: 12104: 11350: 11194: 10596: 10425: 10352: 9978: 9639: 8994:. Vol. 1 (1 ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–33. 8264: 8173: 7069: 7007: 6996: 6911: 6842: 6767: 6677: 6625: 6376: 6308: 5981: 5917: 5861: 5732: 5676: 5632: 5260:), unrest among the Jews of Alexandria broke out after the coming of a 5227: 5208: 5138: 5111: 4941: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 4883: 4794: 4755: 4679: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 4625: 4432:– which suggested Apollos had been converted to Christianity in Egypt ( 4322: 4286: 4247: 4197: 4140:, to whom a death by drowning was sacrosanct. Hadrian commissioned the 3718:

dedicated to the worship of the deified emperor Augustus (Koinē Greek:

3646: 3575: 3526: 3453:

apse, an unusual design also found at Sohag's Dayr Anbā Bishoi; in the

3422: 3201: 3133: 3102: 2975: 2858: 2725: 2517: 2450: 2283: 2018: 1903:, 'royal secretary'). These scribes were responsible for their 1837: 1803: 1736: 1373: 1304: 982: 952: 871: 861: 834: 121: 16130: 9506:

Egypt in the Age of Cleopatra: History and Society under the Ptolemies

8086: 6439:), the Blemmyes again made attacks on Upper Egypt. Justin's successor 5686:) had coins issued in their names at Alexandria. During the reigns of 4144:

to commemorate his late lover's funeral rites, including the Egyptian

3469:

nearby. The main church's interior is a three-aisled basilica with an

2750:; they are predominantly cavalrymen's names, with some infantrymen's. 17988: 17931: 17788: 17758: 17752: 17743: 17728: 17722: 17704: 17679: 17557: 17539: 17326: 17323: 17183: 17110: 17096: 17067: 17055: 16977: 16948: 16688: 16682: 16447: 16377: 16334: 16331: 16280: 16063: 15980: 15966: 15963: 15919: 15913: 15895: 15817: 15808: 15778: 15775: 15766: 15748: 15745: 15583: 15580: 15444: 15440: 15416: 15364: 15351: 15321: 15216: 15212: 15090: 14950: 14687: 14682: 14678: 14647: 14564: 14541: 14505: 14390: 14313: 14236: 14228: 14195: 14092: 14076: 14048: 14011: 13880: 13838: 13655: 13534: 13420: 12985: 12457: 11136: 11025: 10634: 10629: 10244: 8036: 7423: 6939: 6934: 6869: 6724: 6694: 6621: 6472: 6272: 6267: 6212:

standing triumphantly on top of the Serapeum with its bust of Serapis

6082: 5880: 5839: 5698: 5609:), having assassinated Caracalla, assumed power and dispatched a new 5572:

to all Egyptians, in common with the other provincials, with the 212

5558: 5435: 5382:

came to its end, meaning that for the first time in 1,460 years, the

5212: 5178: 4981: 4709: 4393: 4335: 4262: 4219: 4126:'s tour of Egypt in 130–131, the emperor founded the new Hellenistic 4067: 3837: 3769: 3098: 2842: 2751: 2315: 1936: 1930: 1924: 1918: 1908: 1846: 1684: 1597: 1465: 1463:) and one of the highest-paid, receiving an annual salary of 200,000 1414: 1410: 1188: 1003: 943:) successfully besieged Alexandria and recovered Egypt. The usurpers 344: 9214:, in Lembke, Katja; Minas-Nerpel, Martina; Pfeiffer, Stefan (eds.), 8165: 6501: 6270:, bishop of Constantinople, in relation to the title Mother of God ( 5354:

as a city with Hellenic citizenship rights, and he commissioned the

4916: 4654: 3501: 3132:, "Sarapo"). Since Serapis was the supreme deity of the pantheon of 3124:(150–180 CE) incorporated in his coins the Hellenistic-Egyptian god 2206:

in 538 and re-combined civil and military power in the hands of the

1629:) of similar, "ducenarian" salary bracket. The administrator of the 1510:

The governor's powers as prefect, which included the rights to make

17938: 17764: 17725: 17719: 17596: 17177: 17174: 17119: 17116: 17058: 16989: 16939: 16902: 16755: 16297: 16156: 16138: 16121: 16059: 15986: 15960: 15907: 15889: 15799: 15674: 15565: 15556: 15544: 15512: 15476: 15452: 15402: 15370: 15346: 15318: 15288: 15276: 15269: 15255: 15249: 15184: 15094: 15076: 14988: 14966: 14962: 14847: 14773: 14602: 14556: 14533: 14528: 14459: 14454: 14423: 14240: 14164: 14160: 14153: 14031: 13952: 13797: 13629: 13619: 13614: 13605: 13541: 13524: 13295: 13242: 11658: 11482: Affected (i.e. boundaries modified, abolished or renamed) by 11229: 11199: 11121: 10830: 10745: 10453: 9850: 8078: 7243: 6992: 6962: 6706: 6700: 6689: 6429: 6300: 6277: 6245: 6160: 6103: 6056: 5927: 5802: 5763: 5717: 5599: 5490: 5479: 5449: 5343: 5147: 5130: 5126: 5122: 5088: 5019: 4973: 4747: 4728: 4389: 4314: 4294: 4243: 4172: 4133: 4115: 3991: 3948: 3900: 3825: 3821: 3613: 3458: 3450: 3433: 3375: 3337: 3333: 3329: 3324: 3309: 3197: 3121: 3077: 3047: 2916: 2663:. Of these, around one third were themselves the offspring (Latin: 2473: 2424: 2219: 1970: 1732: 1712: 1619: 1539: 1405: 1202: 1197: 1164: 1145: 1137: 1049: 1012: 933: 572: 18167:. Penguin Books Limited. pp. 532–534 (Chronological Tables). 17156: 9275:

Choat, Malcolm (2012). "Christianity". In Riggs, Christina (ed.).

6216:

Unrest was fomented against the pagan inhabitants by the bishop,

5712:

and the unprecedented total defeat and capture of Valerian by the

5668: 5277:

of the rebellion with annual festivals for at least eighty years.

5151: 5044: 4496: 2742:

in the Trajanic period, perhaps connected with the recruitment of

1144:(32–30 BC), Antony (with Cleopatra's support) fought against 17991: 17819: 17800: 17785: 17779: 17773: 17107: 17052: 16945: 16942: 16890: 16741: 16483: 16422: 16343: 16337: 16078: 16072: 15844: 15814: 15669: 15559: 15524: 15315: 15258: 15159: 15128: 14832: 14381: 14324: 14253: 14148: 14140: 14005: 13940: 13747: 13744: 13729: 13725: 13537: 13531: 13515: 13393: 11426: 11282: 11141: 11083: 10846:

Numidia (divided as Cirtensis and Militiana during the Tetrarchy)

10740: 10735: 10725: 10301: 9892: 9544:: A Third Century Chinese Account Composed between 239 and 265 CE 9375:

The Egyptian Hermes: A Historical Approach to the Late Pagan Mind

7356: 7333: 7322: 6837: 6718: 6330: 6233: 5959: 5950: 5937:). Diocletian's reforms subdivided the empire into more numerous 5908: 5798: 5736: 5324: 5134: 5108: 5084: 5026: 4969:

The province was established in 30 BC after Octavian (the future

4868: 4863: 4778: 4617: 4419: 4411: 4153: 4123: 4039: 3817: 3765: 3637: 3566:) of the emperor: "I swear by Caesar Imperator, son of God, Zeus 3252: 3157: 3125: 3081: 3062: 2912: 2755: 2743: 2676: 2635: 2608: 2571: 2411: 2238: 2214: 2189: 1668: 1603: 1531: 1384: 1287: 1256: 1226: 1110: 1016: 929: 855: 15244: 10089: 9332:

See drop-down essay on "Islamic Conquest and the Ottoman Empire"

5418:

from 171 was suppressed only in 175, after much fighting. This "

4473:'s chronology was probably the source of the 4th-century bishop 4353: 3097:

main consumers, the army personnel. Local administration by the

2530:

numbering around 500 horsemen. There were between seven and ten

2400:, since many are underwater or have been built over and because 17782: 17776: 17734: 17645: 17113: 17064: 16639:

Fifth, Sixth, Seventh, Babylonian dynasties ("Period of Chaos")

16437: 16340: 16325: 16309: 16054: 16039: 15904: 15811: 15802: 15736: 15693: 15562: 15553: 15550: 15547: 15448: 15420: 15361: 15252: 15147: 14974: 14853: 14765: 14753: 14384: 14341: 14306: 14287: 14259: 14156: 14088: 14026: 13969: 13921: 13830: 13801: 13757: 13754: 13704: 13634: 13552: 13505: 13455: 13430: 13425: 13404: 13221: 13195: 13170: 11690: 11648: 11495: 11436: 10316: 10296: 10291: 8135:

Lewis, Naphtali (1995). "Greco-Roman Egypt: Fact or Fiction?".

7370: 7337: 7303: 7239: 7157: 7137: 7105: 7089: 7073: 6985: 6918:

on the pretext of retaliation for the assassination of Emperor

6860: 6806: 6730: 6616: 6467: 6395: 6348: 6119: 5989: 5876: 5824: 5771: 5524: 5387: 5250: 5159: 5115: 5005: 4875: 4848: 4813: 4732: 4716: 4563: 4358: 4266: 4183: 4157: 4137: 4111: 4083: 4046:, as well as at Aswan and Kom Ombo. During the short reigns of 4019: 4007: 3967: 3963: 3936: 3889: 3855: 3773: 3715: 3651: 3465:; the stones were likely taken from the pharaonic buildings at 3360: 3345: 3209: 3153: 2966:, but the development of a much more complex and sophisticated 2920: 2853:, or town councils, in Egypt were only formally constituted by 2850: 2685: 2630:. Another Roman outpost, known from an inscription, existed on 2617: 2563: 2310: 2147: 2014: 1888: 1796: 1511: 1365: 1291: 1282: 1163:

in 27 BC, when Octavian was granted the honorific name of

15239: 14791: 14463: 14061: 14056: 13884: 13869: 9508:. Translated by David Lorton. Ithaca: Cornell University Press 9405:

Last Statues of Antiquity (LSA Database), University of Oxford

5984:

captured Alexandria from them after an eight-month siege and "

5215:

in 70 became the world centre of Jewish religion and culture.

2160: 1678:), the financial powers of the prefect and the control of the 17982: 17964: 16479: 16085: 16066: 15132: 15043: 15014: 14941: 14673: 14337: 14224: 14143: 14071: 13948: 13944: 13826: 13764: 13760: 13721: 13508: 13450: 13445: 13435: 13408: 13190: 11721: 11526: 11131: 11126: 11106: 9485:

Byzantium : the bridge from antiquity to the Middle Ages

7283: 7263: 6977: 6671: 6280:, prevailed, and Nestorius, having been denounced at the 431 6195: 6191: 6107: 5518: 5423: 5104: 5096: 4751: 4270: 4128: 4107: 4047: 4015: 3995: 3987: 3959: 3562: 3545: 3446: 3413: 3368: 3341: 3298: 3137: 2825:

had different rates of taxation based on their social class.

2695: 2567: 2258: 1555: 1276: 994: 822: 799: 311: 15356: 14318: 9570:

Peacock, David. 2000. "The Roman Period (30 BC–AD 311)". In

8058: 8056: 4847:

Roman-era Christian-themed wool-and-linen Egyptian textile (

4546: 4444: 3772:, the late empress was identified with the Egyptian goddess 3432:

A transept plan was adopted only in urban environments like

2437:

cavalry. These troops would both guard the residence of the

16936: 16700: 16627: 16471: 16227: 15338: 15193: 15115: 14956: 14884: 14713: 14599: 14430: 14405: 14293: 14274: 14043: 14001: 13956: 13896: 13834: 13781: 13750: 13679: 13579: 13521: 13518: 13465: 13309: 13301: 13271: 13231: 13215: 13205: 13175: 12134: 8236: 8234: 7341: 7010:

in 645. The Muslims retook the city in 646, completing the

6988: 6904:

they incorporated Egypt once again within their territories

6848: 6562: 6458: 6413:

The Sasanian Empire invaded the Nile Delta in the reign of

6110:

and in favour of the doctrines of another Egyptian bishop,

6005: 5231: 5200: 4736: 4250:

in Egypt has not survived, and neither is the patronage of

4190:

now given administrative control over the temples of their

4099:

2nd-century relief of Anubis as a Roman infantryman in the

4055: 4027: 3903:) were found throughout Egypt, with the oldest serapeum at 3641: 3538: 3505:

Possible personification of the province of Egypt from the

3372: 2911:

The candidate for the gymnasium would then be let into the

2880: 2495:

was transferred sometime afterwards, and before 127/8, the

2304:

Egypt was unique in that its garrison was commanded by the

2130: 1152:

was won by Octavian, who then invaded Egypt. Following the

990: 838: 10440:. Empire permanently partitioned after 395. Exarchates of 8640:

Pfeiffer, Stefan (2012). "The Imperial Cult in Egypt". In

7543:"11 Ptolemaic and Roman Egypt: Population and Settlement'" 7136:

2nd-century statuette of Isis–Aphrodite from Lower Egypt (

6599:(527–565) saw the Empire recapture Rome and much of 4392:

to the Egyptians, though Egyptian and Alexandrian Jews in

3308:(east–west) thoroughfares meeting at their centres, as at 3296:, as at Alexandria, with the typical Roman pattern of the 891:

under Roman rule). In each metropolis, the citizens spoke

14933: 9607:

Women and Society in Greek and Roman Egypt: A Sourcebook.

8053: 7490:"Ancient Egypt Population Estimates: Slaves and Citizens" 7452: 7002:

The Arabs sent for reinforcements, and in April 641 they

6085:

were instituted for revenue purposes. The former soldier

5965: 5838:) left no known surviving mark on Egypt, and his brother 5578:. As a consequence, many Egyptians adopted the emperor's 5204: 4574: 4136:

drowned in the Nile and instituted a cult of Antinous as

3788: 3726: 3709: 3697: 3586: 3041: 3022: 3009: 2990: 2967: 2800:

was spoken, and the metropolis, where the citizens spoke

2712:

came from Egypt, with others drawn from the provinces of

2706:) are named. Evidence from the 2nd century suggests most 2504:

After some fluctuations in the size and positions of the

2350: 2208: 2193: 2141: 2123: 2111: 2099: 2063: 2051: 2004: 1956:) granted each metropolis, and the city of Alexandria, a 1898: 1858: 1814: 1655: 1583: 1352: 18262:

States and territories disestablished in the 7th century

18257:

States and territories established in the 1st century BC

18102:. New York: Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich. pp. 48–49. 8231: 8029:

Alston, Richard (2002). "2. The Army and the Province".

5890: 5547:(a local council or senate) for Alexandria, and for the 5230:, Vespasian was proclaimed the son of the creator-deity 4906: 1935:

was responsible for general financial affairs while the

1635:, responsible for special revenues like the proceeds of 1221:

and privileges, and in turn the priests also served the

27:

Roman province that encompassed most of modern-day Egypt

14570: 13226: 8483:

Bailey, Donald M. (2012). "Classical Architecture". In

7104:

1st–4th-century statuette of Horus as a Roman soldier (

5762:

as their new emperor. He enjoyed successes against the

5185:. The importance of the Egyptian grain harvest (Latin: 4758:, who became Archbishop of Alexandria in 326 after the 4026:. Claudius's patronage is recorded at Aswan, Athribis, 3892:-named', she was a goddess of magic and mysteries. 3738:'Venerable') were set up in dedicated temples ( 2849:', the traditional administrative divisions of Egypt. 18081:

Rulers with names in italics are considered fictional.

9162:"Cults, Creeds, and Clergy in a Multicultural Context" 7568:

Souvenirs and the Experience of Empire in Ancient Rome

7340:. Her left elbow rests on a basket of grain, while an 6855: 4465:, of dubious authenticity, is the first text to claim 2314:

commanding the legions were career soldiers, formerly

2116:, 'grain collectors'), public cattle drivers ( 1399:(unlike other Roman provinces, which had governors of 951:

took control of the province in opposition to emperor

920:, Roman Egypt fell under the control of the breakaway 15602:

Ilum-gamil Anam of Uruk Irdanene Rim-Anum Nabi-ilišu

10876: 9554:

The financial markets of Roman Egypt: risk and return

9317:

Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs

6957: 5949:. The old province of Aegyptus was divided, with the 1682:

and priesthoods was devolved to other procurators, a

1395:). Both the governor and the major officials were of 14670:

Anbu, Anba, Bazi, Zizi of Mari, Limer, Sharrum-iter

9487:. 1st US Edition. New York : St. Martin's Press 9348:

Christianity in the Later Roman Empire: A Sourcebook

9122:. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. pp. 52–58, 208–227. 8150:

Bell, Idris H. (1922). "Hellenic Culture in Egypt".

8032:

Soldier and Society in Roman Egypt: A Social History

6872:

had reconquered Syria, Palestine and Egypt from the

5667:) was recognized as emperor; in 253 an embassy from 4265:

was added to the temple wall at Esna, his successor

3982:. Tiberius is known to have patronized monuments at 2915:. There was also the council of elders known as the 852:, with the garrison later reduced to two, alongside 13139: 8327:"Between Water and Sand: Agriculture and Husbandry" 8291:

Alexandrian Citizenship During the Roman Principate

6307:against the positions of Dioscorus' rival bishops, 5976:led a revolt and made himself emperor, assisted by 4489:with the churches supposed to have been founded by 3378:church was built in the Constantinian period, with 2188:civil and military officials were established; the 1520:) and, as the supreme judicial authority, to order 14473:(King of Lagash, Sumer, Akkad, conqueror of Elam) 10470: 9494:. 2nd ed. Berkeley: University of California Press 8572:The Oxford Handbook of Early Christian Archaeology 8206: 7035:Mummy Mask of a Man, early 1st century AD, 72.57, 6894:, beginning in AD 618 or 619, was one of the last 6322:wrote a positive account of them after a visit in 5708:), the empire's instability was compounded by the 4305:, dedicated in 340, is the last of all. Under the 4082:, and Domitian's sponsorship was also recorded at 3899:for Alexandria and All Egypt. Temples of Serapis ( 3895:In Roman Egypt, the cult was superintended by the 3192:in stone buildings. Prominent remains include two 2829:and citizens of Alexandria were exempted from the 9511:El-Abbadi, M.A.H. "The Gerousia in Roman Egypt." 9166:A Companion to Greco-Roman and Late Antique Egypt 9074:A Companion to Greco-Roman and Late Antique Egypt 8706:A Companion to Greco-Roman and Late Antique Egypt 7088:2nd-century statuette of Horus as Roman general ( 6933:A Byzantine counteroffensive launched by Emperor 6029:between 304 and 307 and in 310 respectively. The 4325:commemorated the birthday of Osiris in the 110th 3883: 3800:'venerable days'), fell according to the 3703: 3691: 3580: 3168:In the administrative provincial capitals of the 3053:The Roman government had actively encouraged the 3035: 3003: 2135: 2117: 2105: 2093: 2057: 2045: 1998: 1892: 1699: 1689: 1140:who controlled the eastern Mediterranean. In the 60: 18248: 9159: 6781:Ancient episcopal sees of the Roman province of 6641:Ancient episcopal sees of the Roman province of 6013:; the following year, Diocletian instituted the 5913:Coptos revolted in 293 and was destroyed by the 4242:imposed by Caracalla. Caracalla's successor was 3699:archiereùs tōn kuríōn Sebastōn kaì theōn apántōn 3156:making offerings to Egyptian Gods, on the Roman 2772:, a Jewish uprising in Egypt, Libya and Cyprus. 1011:. Regular units also served in Egypt, including 879:(which evolved from the Demotic Egyptian of the 8568: 8433:Stadter, Philip A.; Stockt, L. Van der (2002). 7699:Keenan, James (2018), Nicholson, Oliver (ed.), 6244:– a priest of Thoth – and the Alexandrian poet 4500:A possible 2nd-century papyrus fragment of the 3525:had been worshipped with an Egypto-Hellenistic 2674:'camp-men') of soldiers, raised in the 1731:Procurators were also appointed from among the 18307:640s disestablishments in the Byzantine Empire 8063:Turner, E. G. (1975). "Oxyrhynchus and Rome". 7262:6th- or 7th-century Christian sandstone grave 6461:to Christianity; envoys of Justinian promoted 5675:carved at Philae. Both Trebonianus Gallus and 4342:" followed Hadrian's tour of the country, and 3693:ἀρχιερεὺς τῶν κυρίων Σεβαστῶν καὶ θεῶν ἁπάντων 1372:and Alexandria, since Alexandria, outside the 13125: 11511: 11463:by the Eastern Empire in 534 as the separate 10378: 10075: 9655: 9281:. Oxford University Press. pp. 475–490. 8575:, Oxford University Press, pp. 664–684, 8432: 8204: 6052:In 313, having defeated their rivals, the co- 5812:); his forces, led by his eventual successor 5075:, made an unsuccessful expedition to conquer 4122:, Kom Ombo, Medinet Habu, and Philae. During 3962:as a Roman cavalryman killing the crocodile, 2546:about 500 hundred strong, although some were 841:and second largest city of the Roman Empire. 768: 18297:1st-century BC establishments in Roman Egypt 18116:. cdli.ox.ac.uk. University of Oxford, CNRS. 18090: 15594:: Alila-hadum Sumu-binasa Naram-Sin of Uruk 14187:"King of Ur and Kish", victorious over Uruk 9616:. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz (Philippika 144). 9160:Vandorpe, Katelijn; Clarysse, Willy (2019), 8403: 8376: 7707:(online ed.), Oxford University Press, 7359:coin reporting her title as queen of Egypt ( 6299:) it successfully defended the doctrines of 4608:and Hipponon (Qarara) in the Heracleopolite 4106:After Domitian's assassination, the emperor 1232: 18126: 17343:Seleukos I Nikator Tetradrachm from Babylon 11486:'s administrative reorganization in 534–536 9398: 9378:. Princeton University Press. p. 183. 9305: 8377:Dani, Ahmad Hasan; Harmatta, János (1999). 8241:Turner, E. G. (1952). "Roman Oxyrhynchus". 7325:coin celebrating Aegyptus Province, struck 6906:, the previous longer time being under the 6898:triumphs in the Roman-Persian Wars against 6530:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 5422:", named for the native "herdsmen" (Greek: 5399: 5191: 4874:The new religious controversy was over the 4581: 4553: 3877: 3807: 3795: 3733: 3573:The official cult was superintended by the 3029: 2997: 2759: 2729: 2707: 2689: 2669: 2650: 2624:road and at the imperial granite quarry at 2579: 2553: 2537: 2511: 2505: 2444: 2438: 2432: 2417: 2409: 2376: 2370: 2359: 2333: 1865: 1821: 1784: 1776: 1768: 1760: 1744: 1662: 1590: 1559:) of the governors' engagements. Yearly in 1525: 1515: 1480: 1474: 1418: 1335: 1187:continued in use, but within the bounds of 853: 42: 13132: 13118: 11518: 11504: 10385: 10371: 10082: 10068: 9662: 9648: 9459:. Cambridge University Press. p. 67. 8407:Coinage in Roman Egypt: The Hoard Evidence 8293:. Atlanta: Scholars Press. pp. 30–31. 5926:(junior co-emperor) and future successor, 5177:and who eventually proclaimed the general 5118:to the ground and retreated to the north. 4890:in 381 and continued until well after the 3449:, the 5th-century church was built with a 1941:likely dealt with matters relating to the 775: 761: 107: 18043:Muslim conquest of Mesopotamia and Persia 14639:"King of the four quarters of the world" 10420:. Provincial administration reformed and 9556:. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press. 9456:Byzantium and the Early Islamic Conquests 9168:(1st ed.), Wiley, pp. 405–427, 9076:(1st ed.), Wiley, pp. 439–447, 8708:(1st ed.), Wiley, pp. 429–438, 8383:. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. p. 326. 8372: 8370: 8368: 7648:(4th ed.), Oxford University Press, 7120:2nd-century statuette of Isis–Aphrodite ( 6550:Learn how and when to remove this message 6262:) saw the unrest generated by the bishop 4957:Learn how and when to remove this message 4695:Learn how and when to remove this message 4426:current by the 5th-century – e.g. in the 3678:; drawn from the local elite through the 3588:archiereùs Alexandrías kaì Aigyptou pásēs 3188:of the Graeco-Roman world, employing the 2526:of cavalry were stationed in Egypt, each 2301:recruited from the non-citizen subjects. 1479:, 'equality') and his foresight ( 18214:. Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 5. 10394:Late Roman and early Byzantine provinces 9669: 8699: 8639: 8635: 8633: 8631: 8629: 8627: 8625: 8380:History of Civilizations of Central Asia 7639: 7581:Studies in Classical History and Society 7302:6th- or 7th-century Christian sandstone 7282:6th- or 7th-century Christian sandstone 7055:National Archaeological Museum, Florence 6961: 6859: 6609: 6561: 6405:, an Egyptian porphyry head on Venice's 6394: 6186: 6035: 5851: 5790:himself, but was defeated by Gallienus. 5511: 5043: 4842: 4768: 4495: 4363:Staatliche Sammlung für Ägyptische Kunst 4352: 4196: 4094: 3953: 3811: 3628: 3582:ἀρχιερεὺς Ἀλεξανδρίας καὶ Αἰγύπτου πάσης 3500: 3399: 3147: 3068: 3046:, 'gifts') leased out under the 2946: 2885: 2783: 2516:contingent was mostly stable during the 2422:with Roman citizenship and the right of 2338:stationed in Egypt was styled in Latin: 2229: 2159: 1964: 1775:), of the warehouses of Alexandria (the 1706: 1489: 1269: 1124:(49–45 BC) and Caesar's subsequent 985:the frontier was moved downriver to the 18059: 9536:The Peoples of the West from the Weilue 9287:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199571451.013.0029 9270: 9268: 9212:"9. Galba's Cartouches at Ain Birbiyeh" 9067: 8980: 8978: 8976: 8974: 8972: 8970: 8968: 8966: 8964: 8962: 8960: 8958: 8956: 8954: 8952: 8950: 8948: 8946: 8660:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199571451.013.0007 8623: 8621: 8619: 8617: 8615: 8613: 8611: 8609: 8607: 8605: 8564: 8562: 8560: 8558: 8556: 8554: 8552: 8550: 8548: 8503:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199571451.001.0001 8439:. Leuven University Press. p. 75. 8343:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199571451.013.0003 8139:. Atlanta: Scholars Press. p. 145. 7977:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199571451.001.0001 7956: 7952: 7950: 7948: 7946: 7944: 7942: 7940: 7938: 7936: 7934: 7932: 7930: 7928: 7926: 7924: 7922: 7920: 7918: 7916: 7914: 7912: 7910: 7908: 7906: 7904: 7902: 7900: 7835:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199571451.001.0001 7815: 7705:The Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity 5963:– a civilian governor – and a military 5793:During the existence of the break-away 5146:– an Egyptian priest and the emperor's 4321:, an inscription at Philae's Temple of 4182:) is recorded at the Temple of Tutu at 4054:after the fall of Nero, images of both 2954:started from Aegyptus according to the 2364:'camp commander', or as Latin: 2332:, the overall commander of legions and 2164:A 2nd-century AD Roman emperor wearing 1694:), the chief financial officer, and an 1274:A 1st-century AD Roman emperor wearing 1132:in 44 BC, Cleopatra aligned Egypt with 870:(administrative region) was known as a 14: 18317:7th-century disestablishments in Egypt 18302:1st-century BC establishments in Egypt 18249: 18188: 18186: 18184: 17924: 17154: 16952: 14732: 14723:(Governor of Umma, King of all Sumer) 14627: 13551: 9449: 9371: 9266: 9264: 9262: 9260: 9258: 9256: 9254: 9252: 9250: 9248: 9117: 8984: 8944: 8942: 8940: 8938: 8936: 8934: 8932: 8930: 8928: 8926: 8924: 8922: 8920: 8918: 8916: 8914: 8912: 8910: 8908: 8906: 8904: 8902: 8900: 8898: 8896: 8894: 8892: 8890: 8888: 8886: 8884: 8882: 8880: 8878: 8876: 8874: 8872: 8870: 8868: 8866: 8864: 8862: 8860: 8858: 8856: 8854: 8852: 8850: 8848: 8846: 8844: 8842: 8840: 8838: 8836: 8834: 8832: 8830: 8828: 8826: 8824: 8822: 8820: 8818: 8816: 8814: 8812: 8810: 8808: 8806: 8804: 8802: 8800: 8798: 8796: 8794: 8792: 8790: 8788: 8786: 8784: 8782: 8780: 8778: 8776: 8774: 8772: 8770: 8768: 8766: 8702:"A Successful Ruler and Imperial Cult" 8695: 8546: 8544: 8542: 8540: 8538: 8536: 8534: 8532: 8530: 8528: 8482: 8478: 8476: 8365: 8324: 8320: 8318: 8284: 8282: 8240: 8099: 8066:Harvard Studies in Classical Philology 8062: 8028: 7898: 7896: 7894: 7892: 7890: 7888: 7886: 7884: 7882: 7880: 7811: 7809: 7807: 7805: 7803: 7801: 7799: 7797: 7795: 7793: 7791: 7789: 7787: 7785: 7783: 7781: 7779: 7777: 7775: 7773: 7771: 7769: 7767: 7765: 7763: 7761: 7759: 7757: 7698: 7487: 6630:National Archaeological Museum, Naples 6144:), in the names of himself and his co- 4754:, and their opponents, represented by 4558:'in the Lord', drawn from the 4209:National Archaeological Museum, Athens 3830:National Archaeological Museum, Naples 3816:Enthroned statue of the syncretic god 3521:, who together with their predecessor 3002:'holy land'); the royal land ( 2366:praefectus exercitu qui est in Aegypto 1799:were very unfavourable at Alexandria. 1783:), and of exports and emigration (the 1494:The first generations of the imperial 806:. It was bordered by the provinces of 18204: 18049: 18016: 18011: 18002: 17954: 17893: 17888: 17879: 17874: 17865: 17855: 17850: 17845: 17840: 17831: 17697: 17669: 17664: 17659: 17649: 17640: 17630: 17625: 17614: 17605: 17499: 17234: 17141: 17039: 17029: 16915: 16763: 16672: 16494: 16487: 16445: 16369: 16347: 16315: 16301: 16270: 16254: 16128: 16100: 16076: 16031: 15992: 15937: 15873: 15706: 15691: 15668: 15655: 15618: 15468: 15425: 15299: 15275: 15267: 15230: 15168: 15157: 15127: 15111: 15080: 15047: 15027: 15005: 14972: 14881: 14813: 14801: 14760: 14672: 14664: 14592: 14373: 14127: 14120: 14082: 14009: 13991: 13960: 13913: 13879: 13864: 13856: 13843: 13824: 13812: 13795: 13779: 13742: 13695: 13669: 13591: 13556: 13484: 13308: 13277: 13270: 13259: 13240: 13113: 12544: 12355: 12178: 12019: 11538: 11499: 11416: 11415: 10875: 10469: 10405: 10366: 10063: 9643: 9551: 9546:Draft annotated English translation. 9416: 9414: 9344: 9340: 9338: 9274: 9209: 9155: 9153: 9151: 9149: 9147: 9145: 9143: 9141: 9139: 9063: 9061: 9059: 9057: 9055: 9053: 9051: 9049: 9047: 9045: 8764: 8762: 8760: 8758: 8756: 8754: 8752: 8750: 8748: 8746: 8693: 8691: 8689: 8687: 8685: 8683: 8681: 8679: 8677: 8675: 8581:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199369041.013.21 8474: 8472: 8470: 8468: 8466: 8464: 8462: 8460: 8458: 8456: 8288: 8134: 8024: 8022: 7755: 7753: 7751: 7749: 7747: 7745: 7743: 7741: 7739: 7737: 7635: 7633: 7631: 7629: 7627: 7625: 7623: 7621: 7619: 7617: 7615: 7613: 7611: 7609: 7483: 7481: 7428: 7410: 6266:; he was opposed to the doctrines of 5891:Later Roman Egypt (4th–7th centuries) 5784:usurpers during the rule of Gallienus 5367:In 139, at the start of the reign of 5025:The Roman Empire during the reign of 4907:Early Roman Egypt (30 BC–4th century) 4422:, and because of an interpolation to 4062:, a Pharaonic temple dating from the 3359:in Egypt are at the Roman village of 3288:were probably built on the classical 1429:imperium ad similitudinem proconsulis 18157: 13094: 11626: 10091:Provinces of the early Roman Empire 10024: 9351:. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 148. 8602: 8149: 8137:On Government and Law in Roman Egypt 7713:10.1093/acref/9780198662778.001.0001 7694: 7692: 7690: 7688: 7686: 7684: 7682: 7680: 7678: 7654:10.1093/acref/9780199545568.001.0001 7607: 7605: 7603: 7601: 7599: 7597: 7595: 7593: 7591: 7589: 7540: 6528:adding citations to reliable sources 6495: 5516:Granite statue of Caracalla wearing 5052:of G. Cornelius Gallus from Philae ( 5037:of Aegyptus (Egypt) in the year 125. 4939:adding citations to reliable sources 4910: 4677:adding citations to reliable sources 4648: 4058:and Galba were carved in reliefs at 3702:) or the "high priest of the city" ( 1969:Bronze statue of a nude youth, from 1840:and built public buildings. To each 1015:known to have been stationed in the 964:Christianization of the Roman Empire 18181: 13084: 10044: 9572:The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt 9513:The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 9245: 8525: 8425: 8315: 8279: 8213:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. 7877: 6856:Sassanian Persian invasion (619 AD) 6583:, known historiographically as the 5941:; these were grouped into thirteen 5731:. After this humiliation, the army 5323:In the reign of Trajan's successor 4750:, named for the Alexandrian priest 4616:. Many of these are in the form of 4132:of Antinoöpolis at the point where 1030:). Constantine introduced the gold 24: 18137:. Getty Publications. p. 14. 18056:Chronology of the Neolithic period 17708: 17338: 17155: 17137:First Achaemenid conquest of Egypt 16922: 16813: 16129: 16101: 16044: 15874: 15481: 15135: 13496: 9579:The Oxford Handbook of Roman Egypt 9477: 9411: 9335: 9278:The Oxford Handbook of Roman Egypt 9136: 9042: 8743: 8672: 8647:The Oxford Handbook of Roman Egypt 8490:The Oxford Handbook of Roman Egypt 8453: 8335:The Oxford Handbook of Roman Egypt 8019: 7734: 7478: 7152:1st–4th-century statuette of Isis 6958:Arab Islamic conquest (639–646 AD) 6343:Marcian however, convened the 451 6276:). The faction of Cyril, aided by 5448: "cattlemen") was led by one 4384:do not record any missions of the 3367:of the early 4th century, a three- 3272:series. Illustrations produced by 3112:There are numerous indications of 2788:1st-century AD mummy excavated by 2056:) was served by a village scribe ( 1340:'prefect of Egypt' or the 25: 18328: 18282:Provinces of the Byzantine Empire 17713:Coin of Ardashir I, Hamadan mint. 16049:Pharaoh Ahmose I slaying a Hyksos 13860:("made the land of Elam submit") 12465:Role of the Egyptian Armed Forces 9772:Ancient Egyptian race controversy 9628: 9423:(Libreria Editrice Vaticana 2013 9224:10.1163/ej.9789004183353.i-508.38 7675: 7586: 7570:, Cambridge University Press, p61 7344:stands on the column at her feet. 6636: 6624:, found in a Roman necropolis at 6379:seized Zeno's throne in 475, his 6114:. In 330, the Christian monastic 5671:to the Romans is attested from a 5211:, which after the destruction of 4782:carved into older reliefs at the 4735:in Upper Egypt proves worship of 1459:), the commander of the imperial 1320:praefectus Alexandreae et Aegypti 18134:Mesopotamia: Civilization Begins 18060: 18050: 15355: 15243: 15238: 15066: 14795: 14790: 14621: 14467: 14462: 14317: 14216: 14147: 14060: 14055: 13925: 13888: 13883: 13873: 13868: 13663: 13313: 13300: 13288: 13253: 13093: 13083: 13073: 13064: 13063: 12322:Refugees of the Syrian civil war 11525: 10826:Africa proconsularis (Zeugitana) 10452:in c. 640–660, although in 10340: 10043: 10033: 10023: 10014: 10013: 10002: 9965: 9431:), "Sedi titolari", pp. 819-1013 7349: 7315: 7295: 7275: 7255: 7231: 7209: 7189: 7165: 7145: 7129: 7113: 7097: 7081: 7062: 7043: 7028: 7004:besieged and captured Alexandria 6500: 6409:thought to represent Justinian I 6357:state church of the Roman Empire 6133:On 24 February 391, the emperor 6106:promoted by the Egyptian bishop 5307: 5295: 5236:healing the man blind from birth 5018: 5011:Northern Africa under Roman rule 5004: 4915: 4653: 4418:as speaking in the synagogue at 4376:History of Christianity in Egypt 4301:; the cartouche on its funerary 4194:did not prioritize their upkeep. 3490: 1767:), oversight of farm lands (the 1239:List of governors of Roman Egypt 1064:ruled the territory for a decade 744: 343: 291: 277: 252: 18198: 18151: 18120: 18106: 18084: 18075: 17131:Twenty-seventh Dynasty of Egypt 12806:Identification card controversy 10436:established after the death of 10034: 9443: 9434: 9392: 9365: 9293: 9203: 9164:, in Vandorpe, Katelijn (ed.), 9111: 9072:, in Vandorpe, Katelijn (ed.), 8704:, in Vandorpe, Katelijn (ed.), 8414: 8397: 8306: 8297: 8244:Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 8198: 8189: 8180: 8153:Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 8143: 8128: 8093: 7646:The Oxford Classical Dictionary 6949:The Sassanian conquest allowed 6488: 6477: 6445: 6434: 6419: 6335: 6294: 6257: 6165: 6154: 6139: 6072: 6061: 5932: 5866: 5844: 5833: 5818: 5807: 5797:, Egypt came under the rule of 5745: 5722: 5703: 5692: 5681: 5662: 5648: 5637: 5622: 5604: 5563: 5500: 5484: 5470: 5373: 5360:, connecting Antinoöpolis with 5329: 5302:Bronze portrait head of Hadrian 5255: 5173:, who was governor through the 5060:The first prefect of Aegyptus, 4926:needs additional citations for 4888:First Council of Constantinople 4664:needs additional citations for 4469:visited Egypt. The 3rd-century 4369: 4177: 3932:particularly Anubis and Horus. 3849: 3257: 3143: 3080:with seated Roman-Egyptian god 2804:and frequented the Hellenistic 2478: 2268:, white tunic, and red leather 2152: 2134:'), and cargo supervisors ( 1993:" after the chief officer, the 1951: 1711:Statue of an orator, wearing a 1673: 1624: 1549:).) The official duties of the 1544: 1309: 1092: 1025: 957: 938: 837:, its capital, was the largest 18066:Rulers of Ancient Central Asia 17204:Twenty-eighth Dynasty of Egypt 16751:Twenty-fourth Dynasty of Egypt 16675:Twenty-second Dynasty of Egypt 15237:"Kings of Ur, Sumer and Akkad" 11712:Khedivate and Kingdom of Egypt 10784:Flaminia et Picenum Annonarium 10708:Diocese of Suburbicarian Italy 9577:Riggs, Christina, ed. (2012). 7583:, Oxford University Press, p36 7573: 7560: 7534: 7507: 7435: 7397: 5786:, and later, in 261, became a 5338:. Hadrian founded the city of 4604:and among the papyri found at 4050:and of the contestants in the 3958:4th-century relief of the god 3607:, closely associated with the 3579:for Alexandria and All Egypt ( 3266:, eventually published in the 2956:Periplus of the Erythraean Sea 2491:was ordered out of Egypt; the 2449:, the provincial fleet of the 1962:(a Hellenistic town council). 1563:, and once every two years in 1142:last war of the Roman Republic 848:garrisoned Egypt in the early 113:Province of Aegyptus in AD 125 13: 1: 18277:Provinces of the Roman Empire 18036:Muslim conquest of the Levant 17282:Cleopatra II Philometor Soter 17225:Thirty-first Dynasty of Egypt 17210:Twenty-ninth Dynasty of Egypt 17048:Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt 16918:Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt 16719:Twenty-third Dynasty of Egypt 16418:Twenty-first Dynasty of Egypt 12020: 10851:Tripolitania (Roman province) 10429: 9000:10.1017/chol9780521471374.002 8205:Sherwin-White, A. N. (1973). 7826:Government, Taxation, and Law 7471: 7326: 7176:: the mother goddess suckles 7053:from the 3rd or 4th century ( 6457:, both sought to convert the 6323: 6284:, was banished in 435 to the 6176:. On 16 June, writing to the 6118:established his monastery at 4634:Oxyrhynchus Papyrus LXIV 4404 4309:, during the joint reigns of 4146:opening of the mouth ceremony 3245: 2891: 2246: 1379:From the 1st century BC, the 1229:emperors and their families. 1066:, but it was returned to the 16585:Fourth Babylonian dynasty (" 13319:(Uruk influence or control) 12339:Twin towns and sister cities 12179: 11851:Assassination of Anwar Sadat 9499:The Journal of Roman Studies 9070:"New Deities and New Habits" 7541:Alan, Bowman (24 May 2012). 7453: 7424: 6834:(Tell-El-Faraïn, Côm-Faraïn) 6375:. When Leo's brother-in-law 6251:Arcadius' son and successor 5478:Marcus Aurelius's successor 5436: 5249:In 114, during the reign of 4886:controversy arose after the 4575: 4547: 4445: 3789: 3727: 3710: 3698: 3587: 3355:The oldest known remains of 3292:employed by the Hellenistic 3264:Napoleon's campaign in Egypt 3200:, a temple of Serapis and a 3042: 3023: 3010: 2991: 2351: 2142: 2124: 2112: 2100: 2064: 2052: 2005: 1937: 1931: 1925: 1919: 1909: 1899: 1887:was supplemented by a royal 1859: 1815: 1656: 1584: 1353: 1217:of Egypt kept most of their 1101:) had ruled Egypt since the 1081: 7: 17279:Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator 16318:Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt 16117:Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt 15664:Fourteenth Dynasty of Egypt 15658:Thirteenth Dynasty of Egypt 14918:(Vassals of the Akkadians) 13905:Indus-Mesopotamia relations 13306:(Anonymous "King-priests") 13261:Egypt-Mesopotamia relations 12867:Vehicle registration plates 12545: 12521:Water supply and sanitation 12356: 11539: 11459: Re-established after 10771:Diocese of Annonarian Italy 10406: 9957:Egypt–Mesopotamia relations 9777:Population history of Egypt 9609:Cambridge University Press. 9581:. Oxford University Press. 9218:, BRILL, pp. 181–201, 9068:Naether, Franziska (2019), 8404:Christiansen, Erik (2004). 7378: 6205:Alexandrian World Chronicle 4622:Rylands Library Papyrus P52 4568:ἔστ(ι) ∆ιόσκορος χρηστιανός 4293:) was born in the reign of 4101:Catacombs of Kom El Shoqafa 3485: 2381:, 'Army of Egypt'. 2225: 1917:– oversaw the accounts: an 1423:) granted him "proconsular 1175:. Augustus (and succeeding 1103:Wars of Alexander the Great 966:, especially the growth of 918:Crisis of the Third Century 10: 18333: 18071: 17906:Sasanian conquest of Egypt 17333: 17216:Thirtieth Dynasty of Egypt 17100: 17074: 17026:Assyrian conquest of Egypt 16372:Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt 16137:Third Babylonian dynasty ( 16034:Fifteenth Dynasty of Egypt 15996:Second Intermediate Period 14806:(vassal of the Akkadians) 14194: 13339:Early or legendary kings: 12526:Water resources management 9174:10.1002/9781118428429.ch26 9082:10.1002/9781118428429.ch28 8714:10.1002/9781118428429.ch27 8410:. Aarhus University Press. 8325:Blouin, Katherine (2012). 8257:10.1177/030751335203800110 7445: 7420: 7122:Metropolitan Museum of Art 7021: 6969: 6892:Sasanian conquest of Egypt 6879: 5894: 5530:Alexandria National Museum 5424: 5346:drowned in the river; the 5270:Trajan's Parthian campaign 5169:of Alexandrian origin was 4901: 4833:fall of the Western Empire 4576:ésti Dióskoros chrēstianós 4567: 4539: 4437: 4373: 3914: 3884: 3852: 305/304–282 BC 3781: 3719: 3704: 3692: 3664:Temple of Isis and Serapis 3581: 3546: 3494: 3036: 3015: 3004: 2983: 2942: 2775: 2642:off the west coast of the 2634:, the chief island of the 2343: 2340:praefectus stratopedarches 2136: 2128:, 'cattleherds of the 2118: 2106: 2094: 2058: 2046: 1999: 1945:. In 200/201, the emperor 1893: 1851: 1807: 1700: 1690: 1648: 1576: 1345: 1236: 1044:with the emergence of the 61: 29: 18040: 18033: 18026: 17997: 17947: 17944: 17903: 17862: 17828: 17809: 17651:Parthamaspates of Parthia 17637: 17602: 17461: 17429: 17222: 17201: 17128: 17125: 17031:Assyrian conquest of Elam 17024: 16912: 16878: 16812: 16773: 16637: 16626: 16583: 16411:Third Intermediate Period 16226: 16097: 15941:Second Babylonian dynasty 15886:("Old Babylonian Period") 15652: 15604: 15368: 15336: 15308:Eleventh Dynasty of Egypt 15280: 15264: 15211: 15208: 15191: 15113: 15098: 15057: 15024: 14970: 14954: 14928: 14920: 14891: 14816:First Intermediate Period 14810: 14786: 14742: 14727: 14711: 14686: 14677: 14651: 14646: 14458: 14437: 14418: 14409: 14370: 14345: 14328: 14304: 14291: 14286: 14272: 14257: 14248: 14200: 14176: 14101: 14041: 14024: 13989: 13968: 13962:Early Dynastic Period III 13910: 13894: 13822: 13820: 13809: 13736: 13687: 13677: 13588: 13565: 13481: 13412: 13343: 13326: 13323: 13264: 13237: 13164: 13148: 13059: 12885: 12557: 12553: 12540: 12421:Impact on the environment 12411:Entrepreneurship policies 12364: 12351: 12187: 12174: 12028: 12015: 11983: 11885: 11551: 11547: 11534: 11449: 11432:Quaestura exercitus (536) 11422: 11411: 11341: 11248: 11160: 11092: 11049: 11038: 10986: 10948: 10900: 10889: 10885: 10871: 10816: 10769: 10706: 10695: 10653: 10605: 10557: 10494: 10483: 10479: 10465: 10412: 10401: 10349: 10338: 10100: 9997: 9974: 9963: 9701: 9678: 9599:. Oxford University Press 9490:Bowman, Alan Keir. 1996. 9118:Sippel, Benjamin (2020). 8700:Pfeiffer, Stefan (2019), 7248:Museo della Città, Rimini 7202:Gregorian Egyptian Museum 6574:also saw the founding of 6313:Flavian of Constantinople 6305:Second Council of Ephesus 5860:", a monument erected by 5756:Lucius Mussius Aemilianus 5555:, instituted in 200/201. 5414:. A revolt of the native 5175:Year of the Four Emperors 5171:Tiberius Julius Alexander 5150:tutor – an expedition to 4297:and died in the reign of 4052:Year of the Four Emperors 3919:The imperially-appointed 3662:). Sculpture from Rome's 2932:Gnomon of the Idios Logos 1743:, including the powerful 1233:Roman government in Egypt 1171:of the newly established 864:. The major town of each 506:Roman and Byzantine Egypt 307: 231: 227: 223: 219: 206: 193: 180: 176: 160: 156: 152: 139: 135: 127: 117: 106: 88: 77: 43: 39: 18029:Muslim conquest of Egypt 17493:Antiochus XIII Asiaticus 17324:Cleopatra VII Philopator 16821:Eight Babylonian Dynasty 15883:First Babylonian dynasty 15621:Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt 15125:(vassal of the Gutians) 14822:Seventh Dynasty of Egypt 13814:Early Dynastic Period II 12192:Administrative divisions 11868:2011 Egyptian revolution 11809:1952 Egyptian revolution 11605:Lighthouse of Alexandria 11308:Palaestina III Salutaris 10504:Alpes Poeninae et Graiae 10130:Alpes Graiae et Poeninae 10009:Ancient Egypt portal 9635:Detailed Map of Aegyptus 9612:Sippel, Benjamin. 2020. 9504:Chauveau, Michel. 2000. 9421:Annuario Pontificio 2013 9345:Gwynn, David M. (2015). 7957:Haensch, Rudolf (2012). 7390: 7226:, Egypt, 2nd century CE. 7012:Muslim conquest of Egypt 6972:Muslim conquest of Egypt 6674:(near Desuq? Com-Casir?) 6607:" now lacked protection. 6218:Theophilus of Alexandria 6210:Theophilus of Alexandria 6112:Athanasius of Alexandria 6015:Diocletianic Persecution 5642:), himself succeeded by 5586:Roman naming conventions 5460:and son of an erstwhile 4784:Temple of Isis at Philae 4626:Oxyrhynchus Papyrus 3523 4538:and the Biblical Greek: 4230:, and their younger son 3808:Cult of Serapis and Isis 3034:'land in gift'; 2890:Bust of Roman Nobleman, 2487:. After August 119, the 2318:with the senior rank of 2068:, 'secretary of the 1870:'general'); the 1844:the prefect appointed a 1802:Local government in the 1211:Ancient Egyptian deities 1076:Muslim conquest of Egypt 997:), withdrawing from the 909:to all free Egyptians. 195:• Formation of the 18114:"Rulers of Mesopotamia" 17857:Province of Mesopotamia 17666:Province of Mesopotamia 17642:Province of Mesopotamia 17617:Roman conquest of Egypt 17458:Antigonus II Mattathias 17252:Ptolemy II Philadelphus 16825:Ninurta-kudurri-usur II 15302:Middle Kingdom of Egypt 14828:Eighth Dynasty of Egypt 14136:Fourth Dynasty of Egypt 13671:Early Dynastic Period I 13594:Second Dynasty of Egypt 12396:Egyptian stock exchange 11475: Placed under the 10836:Mauretania Caesariensis 10655:Diocese of the Britains 10277:Mauretania Caesariensis 9552:Kelly, Paul V. (2023). 9483:Angold, Michael. 2001. 9210:Kaper, Olaf E. (2010), 8652:Oxford University Press 8495:Oxford University Press 8035:. London and New York: 7969:Oxford University Press 7964:The Roman Army in Egypt 7522:Oxford University Press 6484:Tiberius II Constantine 6092:First Council of Nicaea 5829:Marcus Claudius Tacitus 5575:Constitutio Antoniniana 5350:joined the other three 5144:Chaeremon of Alexandria 4860:patriarch of Alexandria 4760:First Council of Nicaea 4471:Sextus Julius Africanus 4410:.) An Alexandrian Jew, 3976:Julio-Claudian emperors 3674:existed in each of the 3467:Upper Egyptian Athribis 3269:Description de l'Égypte 2813:Constitutio Antoniniana 2790:William Flinders Petrie 2406:Roman military diplomas 1763:procurator ad Mercurium 1473:himself: his fairness ( 1052:in Roman Egypt in 541. 902:Constitutio Antoniniana 451:3rd Intermediate Period 431:2nd Intermediate Period 411:1st Intermediate Period 17714: 17496:Philip II Philoromaeus 17490:Antiochus XII Dionysus 17484:Demetrius III Eucaerus 17481:Antiochus XI Epiphanes 17472:Antiochus IX Cyzicenus 17344: 17312:Cleopatra VI Tryphaena 17267:Arsinoe III Philopator 17160: 16928: 16818: 16655:Ninurta-kudurri-usur I 16587:Second Dynasty of Isin 16134: 16107: 16050: 15879: 15762:(Non-dynastic usurpers 15486: 15171:Tenth Dynasty of Egypt 15140: 15030:Ninth Dynasty of Egypt 14595:Sixth Dynasty of Egypt 14376:Fifth Dynasty of Egypt 14203:Second kingdom of Mari 13916:Third Dynasty of Egypt 13850:Dumuzid, the Fisherman 13502: 13493:First Dynasty of Egypt 12727:International rankings 11732:Egyptian–Ethiopian War 11318:Phoenice II Libanensis 11021:Macedonia II Salutaris 10434:praetorian prefectures 10396:(4th–7th centuries AD) 10250:Hispania Tarraconensis 9529:." 2nd Draft Edition. 9518:Ellis, Simon P. 1992. 9372:Fowden, Garth (1993). 8991:Islamic Egypt 640–1517 7407: 6967: 6877: 6783:Aegyptus Secundus (II) 6764:(Thaouah? near Ebiar?) 6633: 6567: 6410: 6359:dates from this time. 6329:. In 451, the emperor 6320:Olympiodorus of Thebes 6213: 6049: 5957:was divided between a 5947:praetorian prefectures 5945:, and these into four 5887: 5873:Serapeum of Alexandria 5778:, first supported the 5710:Valerianic Persecution 5533: 5400: 5186: 5156:First Jewish–Roman War 5062:Gaius Cornelius Gallus 5057: 4852: 4786: 4593: 4523: 4366: 4357:5th-century Christian 4212: 4103: 4078:works at Kom Ombo and 4066:, but no monuments to 3971: 3909:Serapeum of Alexandria 3878: 3833: 3667: 3557: 3534: 3514: 3409: 3322:, a sacred species of 3204:at Diospolis Magna at 3186:classical architecture 3165: 3162:Dendera Temple complex 3114:Roman trade with India 3093: 2959: 2952:Roman trade with India 2901: 2792: 2760: 2730: 2708: 2690: 2664: 2651: 2580: 2554: 2538: 2512: 2506: 2469:Legio XXII Deiotariana 2445: 2439: 2433: 2418: 2410: 2377: 2365: 2339: 2334: 2279: 2184: 2017:region and named "the 1982: 1785: 1777: 1771:procurator episkepseos 1769: 1761: 1745: 1728: 1526: 1516: 1507: 1504:Antikensammlung Berlin 1481: 1475: 1456: 1428: 1419: 1392: 1330: 1319: 1295: 1130:Caesar's assassination 854: 141:• 1st century AD 18312:641 disestablishments 18100:The Ancient Near East 18018:Byzantine Mesopotamia 17932:Province of Asoristan 17895:Byzantine Mesopotamia 17712: 17705:Province of Asoristan 17487:Philip I Philadelphus 17475:Seleucus VI Epiphanes 17469:Antiochus VIII Grypus 17466:Seleucus V Philometor 17421:Antiochus VII Sidetes 17415:Antiochus VI Dionysus 17342: 17315:Berenice IV Epiphanea 17276:Ptolemy VI Philometor 17264:Ptolemy IV Philopator 17261:Berenice II Euergetis 17258:Ptolemy III Euergetes 17159: 17077:Neo-Babylonian Empire 16987:Marduk-apla-iddina II 16984:Marduk-zakir-shumi II 16975:Marduk-apla-iddina II 16926: 16881:Humban-Tahrid dynasty 16817: 16538:Ninurta-tukulti-Ashur 16228:Middle Elamite period 16133: 16105: 16048: 15878: 15485: 15139: 14894:Third kingdom of Mari 14615:Merenre Nemtyemsaf II 13690:First kingdom of Mari 13500: 13487:Early Dynastic Period 13329:Proto-Dynastic period 12332:Terrorism and tourism 11790:1948 Arab–Israeli War 11622:Library of Alexandria 11040:Praetorian prefecture 10915:Noricum mediterraneum 10891:Praetorian prefecture 10841:Mauretania Sitifensis 10736:Picenum Suburbicarium 10697:Praetorian prefecture 10485:Praetorian prefecture 10432: 293. Permanent 9683:Glossary of artifacts 9440:Frye, pp. 167–70 8289:Delia, Diana (1991). 8209:The Roman Citizenship 7579:Reinhold, M. (2002), 7520:, p. 55, table 1.14, 7488:Janzen, Mark (2017). 7464:'mother city' 7182:Pio-Clementino Museum 6965: 6863: 6809:(Chahbas-Esch-Choada) 6703:(El-Batanu, El-Batnu) 6613: 6572:Constantine the Great 6565: 6398: 6190: 6178:praefectus augustalis 6068:Constantine the Great 6039: 5895:Further information: 5855: 5515: 5362:Berenice Troglodytica 5091:. The third prefect, 5047: 5033:were deployed in the 4976:) defeated his rival 4846: 4828:spread out to Nubia. 4772: 4713:Clement of Alexandria 4499: 4479:Secret Gospel of Mark 4462:Secret Gospel of Mark 4414:, is recorded in the 4396:are mentioned in the 4388:to Alexandria or any 4356: 4200: 4098: 3957: 3925:ancient Egyptian gods 3907:and the greatest the 3815: 3711:archiereùs tēs póleōs 3632: 3511:National Roman Museum 3504: 3403: 3151: 3072: 2950: 2889: 2857:. It was only under 2787: 2738:names are known from 2398:Roman imperial period 2378:exercitus Aegyptiacus 2233: 2212:with a civil deputy ( 2181:Bad Deutsch-Altenburg 2163: 2125:dēmósioi ktēnotróphoi 1968: 1791:, 'procurator of 1779:procurator Neaspoleos 1710: 1493: 1370:Upper and Lower Egypt 1273: 1237:Further information: 1215:Hellenistic religions 1179:) ruled Egypt as the 1148:. The decisive naval 1095: 305–30 BC 1038:First Plague Pandemic 972:Constantine the Great 968:Christianity in Egypt 850:Roman imperial period 391:Early Dynastic Period 18287:Late Roman provinces 18272:New Testament places 17463:Alexander II Zabinas 17327:Ptolemy XV Caesarion 17303:Ptolemy XI Alexander 17285:Ptolemy VIII Physcon 16840:Marduk-zakir-shumi I 16828:Mar-biti-ahhe-iddina 16652:Eulmash-shakin-shumi 16593:Marduk-kabit-ahheshu 16217:Marduk-apla-iddina I 16111:New Kingdom of Egypt 15934:Early Kassite rulers 15228:(Vassals of Ur III) 15209:(Vassals of UR III) 14609:Merenre Nemtyemsaf I 14579:Mesh-ki-ang-Nanna II 14130:Old Kingdom of Egypt 13043:World Heritage Sites 12862:Units of measurement 12317:Proposed new capital 12063:Environmental issues 11824:United Arab Republic 11717:Muhammad Ali dynasty 11471:Diocese of Illyricum 11465:Prefecture of Africa 11220:Galatia II Salutaris 10988:Diocese of Macedonia 10878:Eastern Roman Empire 10640:Mauretania Tingitana 10472:Western Roman Empire 10282:Mauretania Tingitana 10175:Corsica and Sardinia 10115:Africa proconsularis 9534:Hill, John E. 2004. 9399:Yuri Marano (2012). 7412:[ae̯ˈɡʏptʊs] 6944:Eastern Roman Empire 6813:Cynopolis in Aegypto 6752:(Hagar-En-Nauatiyeh) 6581:Eastern Roman Empire 6524:improve this section 6450:) and his wife, the 6388:, and beginning the 6345:Council of Chalcedon 6242:Ammonius Grammaticus 6148:(his brother-in-law 6135:Theodosius the Great 5939:late Roman provinces 5412:Valley of the Queens 5283:Hadrian and Antinous 5224:Oracle of Zeus-Ammon 5071:The second prefect, 4935:improve this article 4892:Council of Chalcedon 4822:Greek Magical Papyri 4673:improve this article 4487:apostolic succession 4483:Julian of Alexandria 4475:Eusebius of Caesarea 4311:Theodosius the Great 4156:, Medinet Habu, and 3705:ἀρχιερεὺς τῆς πόλεως 3274:Edme-François Jomard 2748:Trajan's Dacian Wars 2457:'s huge population. 2402:Egyptian archaeology 2290:were recruited from 2243:Fayum mummy portrait 2119:δημόσιοι kτηνοτρόφοι 2088:; they included the 1900:basilikós grammateús 1894:βασιλικός γραμματεύς 1547: 14–37 AD 1457:praefectus praetorio 1433:senatorial provinces 1167:and Egypt became an 1154:Battle of Alexandria 1099:Thirty-first Dynasty 1068:Eastern Roman Empire 932:in 269. The emperor 926:an invasion of Egypt 661:Muhammad Ali dynasty 32:Aegyptus (mythology) 17968:Shapur-i Shahrvaraz 17478:Antiochus X Eusebes 17306:Ptolemy XII Auletes 17297:Ptolemy X Alexander 17291:Ptolemy IX Lathyros 17270:Ptolemy V Epiphanes 16955:Neo-Assyrian Empire 16843:Marduk-balassu-iqbi 16776:Neo-Assyrian Empire 16599:Ninurta-nadin-shumi 16490:Syro-Hittite states 16196:Shagarakti-Shuriash 15869:Ashur-nadin-ahhe II 14863:Neferkare Pepiseneb 14762:Akkadian Governors: 13266:Pre-Dynastic period 12715:Freedom of religion 12610:Mass sexual assault 11975:Timekeeping devices 11873:2013 Rabaa massacre 11846:Egyptian–Libyan War 11477:Quaestura exercitus 11250:Diocese of the East 11240:Pontus Polemoniacus 10902:Diocese of Pannonia 10731:Lucania et Bruttium 10678:Maxima Caesariensis 10673:Flavia Caesariensis 10180:Crete and Cyrenaica 10155:Bithynia and Pontus 9829:Cursive hieroglyphs 9299:Kevin Shillington, 8654:. pp. 84–101. 8650:(online ed.). 8493:(online ed.). 8337:(online ed.). 8114:10.1093/gr/44.2.165 7967:(online ed.). 7829:(online ed.). 7566:Popkin, M. (2022), 7430:[ɛ́ːɡyptos] 6902:. From 619 to 628, 6788:Annuario Pontificio 6648:Annuario Pontificio 6643:Aegyptus Primus (I) 6482:) and the start of 6264:Cyril of Alexandria 6200:Golenischev papyrus 6098:united most of the 6087:Pachomius the Great 6023:Sossianus Hierocles 5974:Domitius Domitianus 5875:, represented in a 5656:After Decius died, 5401:praefectus Aegypti. 5390:coincided with the 5287:Graeco-Roman Museum 5220:Alexander the Great 5183:Philo of Alexandria 4998:Maps of Roman Egypt 4628:– fragments of the 4614:Heracleopolis Magna 4592:, Antonios (Latin: 4380:The authors of the 4277:, the cartouche of 3690:and all the gods" ( 3523:Alexander the Great 3497:Roman imperial cult 3357:church architecture 3230:Heracleopolis Magna 2463:Legio III Cyrenaica 2446:Classis Alexandrina 2245:of a Roman officer 1717:Heracleopolis Magna 1451:(after that of the 1223:Roman imperial cult 1056:Egypt was conquered 1042:Mediterranean Basin 1021:Justinian the Great 945:Domitius Domitianus 808:Crete and Cyrenaica 496:Ptolemaic dynasties 182:• Conquest of 166:Classical antiquity 18194:Sumerian King List 18008:Palaestina Secunda 17885:Palaestina Secunda 17715: 17446:Alexander Jannaeus 17345: 17335:Hellenistic Period 17161: 16929: 16907:Humban-haltash III 16871:Nabu-shuma-ukin II 16819: 16784:Tukulti-Ninurta II 16765:Kingdom of Samaria 16661:Mar-biti-apla-usur 16658:Shirikti-shuqamuna 16628:Neo-Elamite period 16611:Marduk-shapik-zeri 16596:Itti-Marduk-balatu 16577:Tiglath-Pileser II 16574:Ashur-resh-ishi II 16529:Enlil-kudurri-usur 16220:Zababa-shuma-iddin 16205:Kadashman-Harbe II 16190:Kadashman-Enlil II 16135: 16108: 16051: 15880: 15866:Ashur-rim-nisheshu 15863:Ashur-bel-nisheshu 15854:Ashur-nadin-ahhe I 15613:Siwe-Palar-Khuppak 15487: 15141: 14516:Lugal-kinishe-dudu 13897:Old Elamite period 13789:Mesh-ki-ang-gasher 13642:Sekhemib-Perenmaat 13559:Jemdet Nasr period 13503: 12905:Art (contemporary) 12585:Capital punishment 12475:Telecommunications 12152:Towns and villages 12120:Qattara Depression 11933:Muslim Brotherhood 11903:Cigarette industry 11763:British occupation 11674:Crusader invasions 11644:Rashidun Caliphate 11328:Syria II Salutaris 11185:Armenian Satrapies 10958:Dacia Mediterranea 10880:(395–c. 640) 10808:Venetia et Histria 10716:Apulia et Calabria 10417:Notitia Dignitatum 10267:Lycia et Pamphylia 10245:Hispania Lusitania 10225:Gallia Narbonensis 10220:Gallia Lugdunensis 9802:Funerary practices 9520:Graeco-Roman Egypt 8039:. pp. 13–39. 7549:. pp. 317–358 7200:statue of Anubis ( 6968: 6882:Roman–Persian Wars 6878: 6822:(*Tell el-Balamun) 6820:Diospolis Inferior 6634: 6568: 6411: 6407:St Mark's Basilica 6297: 444–454/458 6282:Council of Ephesus 6228:. The Serapeum of 6214: 6159:) and his own son 6050: 6046:Walters Art Museum 5996:, upstream of the 5955:praefectus Aegypti 5888: 5776:Mussius Aemilianus 5760:praefectus Aegypti 5658:Trebonianus Gallus 5611:praefectus Aegypti 5534: 5462:praefectus Aegypti 5456:, the governor of 5364:, on the Red Sea. 5207:, particularly in 5199:From the reign of 5167:praefectus Aegypti 5058: 4984:, and annexed the 4980:, deposed Pharaoh 4853: 4787: 4636:a fragment of the 4602:Oxyrhynchus Papyri 4524: 4508:Oxyrhynchus Papyri 4367: 4307:Theodosian dynasty 4213: 4104: 4064:Eighteenth Dynasty 3972: 3834: 3668: 3593:praefectus Aegypti 3515: 3410: 3404:North apse of the 3312:and Antinoöpolis. 3302:(north–south) and 3240:– as well as from 3166: 3094: 2960: 2902: 2895: 30 BC–50 AD 2879:registering for a 2793: 2606:has revealed many 2549:cohortes equitatae 2440:praefectus Aegypti 2342:, from the Greek: 2330:praefectus Aegypti 2306:praefectus Aegypti 2280: 2185: 2170:Museum Carnuntinum 1983: 1747:procurator usiacus 1741:imperial household 1729: 1641:property, and the 1569:praefectus Aegypti 1551:praefectus Aegypti 1522:capital punishment 1508: 1453:praetorian prefect 1331:praefectus Aegypti 1296: 1185:Hellenistic period 1126:Roman dictatorship 1122:Caesar's Civil War 1072:Rashidun Caliphate 1046:Justinianic Plague 860:formations of the 708:Sultanate of Egypt 698:British occupation 671:Khedivate of Egypt 543:Rashidun caliphate 364:Predynastic Period 287:Rashidun Caliphate 18244: 18243: 18238: 18237: 18234: 18233: 18221:978-1-62564-606-4 18206:Unger, Merrill F. 18174:978-0-14-193825-7 18144:978-1-60606-649-2 17911:Province of Egypt 17842:Province of Egypt 17622:Province of Egypt 17364:Antigonid dynasty 17164:Achaemenid Empire 17085:Nebuchadnezzar II 16993:Ashur-nadin-shumi 16862:Nabu-shuma-ishkun 16834:Nabu-shuma-ukin I 16649:Kashshu-nadin-ahi 16617:Marduk-ahhe-eriba 16608:Marduk-nadin-ahhe 16550:Asharid-apal-Ekur 16547:Tiglath-Pileser I 16544:Ashur-resh-ishi I 16532:Ninurta-apal-Ekur 16520:Tukulti-Ninurta I 16467:Kingdom of Israel 16435:Osorkon the Elder 16356:Shutrukid dynasty 16241:Igehalkid dynasty 16208:Adad-shuma-iddina 16202:Enlil-nadin-shumi 16169:Kadashman-Enlil I 16163:Kadashman-harbe I 15607:Sukkalmah dynasty 15471:Isin-Larsa period 15293:Shimashki Dynasty 15019:Puzur-Inshushinak 14618:Netjerkare Siptah 14388:Neferirkare Kakai 13933:Egyptian pyramids 13142:Ancient Near East 13107: 13106: 13055: 13054: 13051: 13050: 12979:Football stadiums 12910:Botanical gardens 12789:Catholic dioceses 12681:Gender inequality 12605:Human trafficking 12536: 12535: 12470:Tallest buildings 12431:Military industry 12347: 12346: 12288:Political parties 12241:Islamic extremism 12229:Foreign relations 12170: 12169: 12011: 12010: 12007: 12006: 11751:French occupation 11669:Fatimid Caliphate 11664:Ikhshidid dynasty 11493: 11492: 11455:Septem Provinciae 11445: 11444: 11417:Other territories 11407: 11406: 11403: 11402: 11399: 11398: 11190:Armenia III (536) 11162:Diocese of Pontus 11152:Phrygia Salutaris 11147:Phrygia Pacatiana 11051:Diocese of Thrace 11034: 11033: 10867: 10866: 10863: 10862: 10859: 10858: 10818:Diocese of Africa 10691: 10690: 10559:Diocese of Vienne 10549:Maxima Sequanorum 10461: 10460: 10360: 10359: 10312:Pannonia Superior 10307:Pannonia Inferior 10235:Germania Superior 10230:Germania Inferior 10094: 10057: 10056: 9812:Great Royal Wives 9782:Prehistoric Egypt 9622:978-3-447-11485-1 9587:978-0-19-957145-1 9429:978-88-209-9070-1 9385:978-0-691-02498-1 9358:978-1-4411-0626-1 9301:History of Africa 9233:978-90-04-18335-3 9183:978-1-118-42847-4 9129:978-3-447-11485-1 9091:978-1-118-42847-4 9009:978-1-139-05337-2 8986:Ritner, Robert K. 8723:978-1-118-42847-4 8590:978-0-19-936904-1 8446:978-90-5867-239-1 8390:978-81-208-1408-0 8224:978-0-19-814813-5 8160:(3/4): 139–155 . 8104:. Second Series. 8046:978-1-134-66476-4 7722:978-0-19-866277-8 7663:978-0-19-954556-8 7530:978-0-19-922721-1 7463: 7451: 7018:rule over Egypt. 6976:An army of 4,000 6914:Parvêz had begun 6828:(Kom el-Khanziri) 6560: 6559: 6552: 6116:Macarius of Egypt 5644:Severus Alexander 5629:Battle of Antioch 5594:damnatio memoriae 5581:nomen gentilicium 5570:Roman citizenship 5538:Colossi of Memnon 5528:cobra headdress ( 5447: 5433: 5392:Egyptian calendar 5336:Colossi of Memnon 5264:was announced at 5244:Jesus of Nazareth 5195: 5035:imperial province 4986:Ptolemaic Kingdom 4967: 4966: 4959: 4764:temple of Serapis 4705: 4704: 4697: 4639:Gospel of Matthew 4585: 4573: 4557: 4545: 4458:pseudepigraphical 4455: 4443: 4252:Severus Alexander 4240:damnatio memoriae 4142:Barberini obelisk 4089:damnatio memoriae 4024:Temple of Shenhur 3874:Mysteries of Isis 3799: 3787: 3778:Egyptian calendar 3737: 3725: 3555: 3519:Ptolemaic dynasty 3507:Temple of Hadrian 3305:Decumanus Maximus 3244:, a city founded 3033: 3021: 3001: 2989: 2855:Septimius Severus 2798:Egyptian language 2746:during and after 2724:, and from Roman 2673: 2644:Arabian Peninsula 2374: 2363: 2349: 2200:Emperor Justinian 1947:Septimius Severus 1938:graphon ton nomon 1926:graphon ton nomon 1869: 1857: 1825: 1813: 1666: 1654: 1594: 1582: 1498:depicted on the " 1363: 1354:eparchos Aigyptou 1351: 1339: 1328: 1169:imperial province 1159:The legal status 1088:Ptolemaic Kingdom 907:Roman citizenship 877:Egyptian language 792:imperial province 785: 784: 736: 735: 689:Late Modern Egypt 679: 678: 651:French occupation 621: 620: 583:Ikhshidid dynasty 553:Umayyad caliphate 524: 523: 478:Greco-Roman Egypt 469: 468: 372: 371: 355:Prehistoric Egypt 317: 316: 303: 302: 299: 298: 265: 264: 260:Ptolemaic Kingdom 184:Ptolemaic Kingdom 46:Provincia Aegypti 40:Province of Egypt 16:(Redirected from 18324: 18226: 18225: 18202: 18196: 18190: 18179: 18178: 18155: 18149: 18148: 18127:Thomas, Ariane; 18124: 18118: 18117: 18110: 18104: 18103: 18088: 18082: 18079: 18064: 18054: 18004:Palaestina Prima 17950:Byzantine Empire 17881:Palaestina Prima 17868:Byzantine Empire 17847:Syria Palaestina 17812:Palmyrene Empire 17798:Bahram VI Chobin 17661:Syria Palaestina 17449:Salome Alexandra 17432:Kingdom of Judea 17418:Diodotus Tryphon 17273:Cleopatra I Syra 17249:Ptolemy Keraunos 17017:Ashur-uballit II 17014:Sin-shumu-lishir 17008:Ashur-etil-ilani 16963:Sargonid dynasty 16856:Marduk-apla-usur 16837:Nabu-apla-iddina 16831:Shamash-mudammiq 16787:Ashurnasirpal II 16770:Kingdom of Judah 16614:Adad-apla-iddina 16605:Enlil-nadin-apli 16602:Nebuchadnezzar I 16526:Ashur-nirari III 16523:Ashur-nadin-apli 16361:Shutruk-Nakhunte 16246:Untash-Napirisha 16235:Kidinuid dynasty 15833:Shamshi-Adad III 15541:Dynasty of Larsa 15359: 15247: 15242: 15070: 14923:Shar-Kali-Sharri 14857:Neferkare Tereru 14845:Neferkare Khendu 14799: 14794: 14625: 14584:Kiku-siwe-tempti 14471: 14466: 14321: 14250:Kish III dynasty 14220: 14151: 14064: 14059: 13964:(2600–2340 BCE) 13929: 13892: 13887: 13877: 13872: 13816:(2700–2600 BCE) 13673:(2900–2700 BCE) 13667: 13584:(3100–2700 BCE) 13563:(3100–2900 BCE) 13317: 13304: 13292: 13268:(4000–2900 BCE) 13257: 13156: 13155: 13152: 13151: 13134: 13127: 13120: 13111: 13110: 13097: 13096: 13087: 13086: 13077: 13067: 13066: 12872:Waste management 12637:Academic grading 12555: 12554: 12542: 12541: 12514:Railway stations 12492:Cultural tourism 12391:Economic regions 12353: 12352: 12176: 12175: 12017: 12016: 11686:Mamluk Sultanate 11617:Diocese of Egypt 11600:Battle of Actium 11549: 11548: 11536: 11535: 11520: 11513: 11506: 11497: 11496: 11469: Later the 11453: Later the 11413: 11412: 11391:Thebais Inferior 11386:Thebais Superior 11343:Diocese of Egypt 11333:Theodorias (528) 11195:Armenia IV (536) 11047: 11046: 10950:Diocese of Dacia 10940:Valeria ripensis 10898: 10897: 10887: 10886: 10873: 10872: 10756:Tuscia et Umbria 10704: 10703: 10607:Diocese of Spain 10492: 10491: 10481: 10480: 10467: 10466: 10431: 10414:As found in the 10403: 10402: 10387: 10380: 10373: 10364: 10363: 10344: 10240:Hispania Baetica 10210:Gallia Aquitania 10092: 10084: 10077: 10070: 10061: 10060: 10047: 10046: 10037: 10036: 10027: 10026: 10017: 10016: 10007: 10006: 10005: 9969: 9664: 9657: 9650: 9641: 9640: 9603:Rowlandson, Jane 9593:Rowlandson, Jane 9567: 9471: 9470: 9447: 9441: 9438: 9432: 9418: 9409: 9408: 9396: 9390: 9389: 9369: 9363: 9362: 9342: 9333: 9331: 9329: 9328: 9319:. Archived from 9309: 9303: 9297: 9291: 9290: 9272: 9243: 9242: 9241: 9240: 9207: 9201: 9200: 9199: 9198: 9157: 9134: 9133: 9115: 9109: 9108: 9107: 9106: 9065: 9040: 9039: 9033: 9029: 9027: 9019: 9017: 9016: 8982: 8741: 8740: 8739: 8738: 8697: 8670: 8669: 8667: 8666: 8642:Riggs, Christina 8637: 8600: 8599: 8598: 8597: 8566: 8523: 8522: 8520: 8519: 8485:Riggs, Christina 8480: 8451: 8450: 8429: 8423: 8418: 8412: 8411: 8401: 8395: 8394: 8374: 8363: 8362: 8360: 8359: 8331:Riggs, Christina 8322: 8313: 8310: 8304: 8301: 8295: 8294: 8286: 8277: 8276: 8238: 8229: 8228: 8212: 8202: 8196: 8193: 8187: 8184: 8178: 8177: 8147: 8141: 8140: 8132: 8126: 8125: 8097: 8091: 8090: 8060: 8051: 8050: 8026: 8017: 8016: 8010: 8006: 8004: 7996: 7994: 7993: 7959:Riggs, Christina 7954: 7875: 7874: 7868: 7864: 7862: 7854: 7852: 7851: 7821:Riggs, Christina 7813: 7732: 7731: 7730: 7729: 7696: 7673: 7672: 7671: 7670: 7637: 7584: 7577: 7571: 7564: 7558: 7557: 7555: 7554: 7547:academic.oup.com 7538: 7532: 7511: 7505: 7504: 7502: 7500: 7485: 7465: 7458: 7456: 7450:romanized: 7449: 7447: 7439: 7433: 7432: 7427: 7422: 7414: 7401: 7353: 7331: 7328: 7319: 7299: 7279: 7259: 7238:2nd/3rd-century 7235: 7222:, discovered in 7213: 7196:1st/2nd-century 7193: 7169: 7149: 7133: 7117: 7101: 7085: 7066: 7047: 7032: 6984:was sent by the 6866:Byzantine Empire 6750:Petra in Aegypto 6745: 6690:Hermopolis Parva 6585:Byzantine Empire 6555: 6548: 6544: 6541: 6535: 6504: 6496: 6492: 6490: 6481: 6479: 6449: 6447: 6438: 6436: 6423: 6421: 6339: 6337: 6328: 6325: 6298: 6296: 6261: 6259: 6226:John the Baptist 6169: 6167: 6158: 6156: 6143: 6141: 6100:Christian Church 6076: 6074: 6065: 6063: 6031:Edict of Serdica 6019:Satrius Arrianus 5936: 5934: 5897:Diocese of Egypt 5870: 5868: 5848: 5846: 5837: 5835: 5822: 5820: 5811: 5809: 5795:Palmyrene Empire 5749: 5747: 5729:Battle of Edessa 5726: 5724: 5707: 5705: 5696: 5694: 5685: 5683: 5666: 5664: 5652: 5650: 5641: 5639: 5626: 5624: 5608: 5606: 5567: 5565: 5504: 5502: 5496:Pescennius Niger 5488: 5486: 5474: 5472: 5443: 5441: 5429: 5427: 5426: 5406:The destructive 5403: 5377: 5375: 5342:where his lover 5333: 5331: 5314:Marble statue of 5311: 5299: 5259: 5257: 5193: 5190: 5187:claustra annonae 5022: 5008: 4962: 4955: 4951: 4948: 4942: 4919: 4911: 4880:hypostatic union 4700: 4693: 4689: 4686: 4680: 4657: 4649: 4583: 4580: 4578: 4572:romanized: 4571: 4569: 4560:Pauline epistles 4555: 4552: 4550: 4544:romanized: 4543: 4541: 4467:Mark the Apostle 4450: 4448: 4442:romanized: 4441: 4439: 4328:anno Diocletiani 4181: 4179: 4075:Flavian emperors 3945:Soknopaiou Nesos 3887: 3886: 3881: 3853: 3851: 3797: 3794: 3792: 3790:hēmérai sebastaí 3786:romanized: 3785: 3783: 3735: 3732: 3730: 3724:romanized: 3723: 3721: 3713: 3707: 3706: 3701: 3695: 3694: 3601:equestrian class 3590: 3584: 3583: 3551: 3549: 3548: 3475:cavetto cornices 3429:in front of it. 3363:; following the 3290:Hippodamian grid 3261: 3259: 3250: 3247: 3238:Hermopolis Magna 3190:classical orders 3128:(under the name 3045: 3039: 3038: 3031: 3028: 3026: 3020:romanized: 3019: 3017: 3013: 3007: 3006: 2999: 2996: 2994: 2988:romanized: 2987: 2985: 2964:Ptolemaic period 2896: 2893: 2763: 2733: 2711: 2693: 2671: 2668: 2654: 2583: 2557: 2541: 2515: 2509: 2498:Legio II Traiana 2493:XXII Deiotariana 2482: 2480: 2448: 2442: 2436: 2421: 2415: 2390:Egyptian Babylon 2380: 2372: 2369: 2361: 2358: 2356: 2348:romanized: 2347: 2345: 2337: 2326:military tribune 2255: 2251: 2248: 2204:Diocese of Egypt 2178: 2156: 2154: 2145: 2139: 2138: 2127: 2121: 2120: 2115: 2109: 2108: 2103: 2097: 2096: 2067: 2061: 2060: 2055: 2049: 2048: 2040:Each village or 2008: 2002: 2001: 1955: 1953: 1940: 1934: 1928: 1922: 1912: 1902: 1896: 1895: 1867: 1864: 1862: 1856:romanized: 1855: 1853: 1823: 1820: 1818: 1812:romanized: 1811: 1809: 1790: 1787:procurator Phari 1782: 1774: 1766: 1757:state monopolies 1750: 1703: 1702: 1693: 1692: 1680:Egyptian temples 1677: 1675: 1664: 1661: 1659: 1653:romanized: 1652: 1650: 1628: 1626: 1592: 1589: 1587: 1581:romanized: 1580: 1578: 1548: 1546: 1530:, 'right of 1529: 1519: 1486: 1478: 1461:Praetorian Guard 1443:equestrian class 1422: 1358: 1356: 1350:romanized: 1349: 1347: 1346:ἔπαρχος Αἰγύπτου 1337: 1334: 1323: 1313: 1311: 1150:Battle of Actium 1109:. The Ptolemaic 1107:Achaemenid Egypt 1096: 1094: 1029: 1027: 961: 959: 942: 940: 922:Palmyrene Empire 859: 832: 810:to the west and 777: 770: 763: 751:Egypt portal 749: 748: 747: 718:Kingdom of Egypt 694: 693: 637: 636: 539: 538: 482: 481: 387: 386: 360: 359: 347: 337: 319: 318: 295: 294: 281: 280: 269: 268: 256: 255: 249: 248: 233: 232: 168: 147: 111: 72: 64: 63: 62:Ἐπαρχία Αἰγύπτου 58: 50: 49: 48: 47: 37: 36: 21: 18332: 18331: 18327: 18326: 18325: 18323: 18322: 18321: 18247: 18246: 18245: 18240: 18239: 18230: 18229: 18222: 18203: 18199: 18191: 18182: 18175: 18156: 18152: 18145: 18125: 18121: 18112: 18111: 18107: 18089: 18085: 18080: 18076: 18013:Byzantine Syria 17999:Byzantine Egypt 17974:Farrukh Hormizd 17934: 17930: 17927:Sasanian Empire 17913: 17909: 17890:Byzantine Syria 17876:Byzantine Egypt 17815: 17707: 17703: 17700:Sasanian Empire 17620: 17525:Mithridates III 17505: 17502:Parthian Empire 17435: 17374:Seleucid Empire 17371: 17361: 17337: 17246:Ptolemy I Soter 17244: 17241:Ptolemaic Egypt 17213: 17207: 17167: 17149: 17145: 17143:Kings of Byblos 17134: 17106: 17080: 17051: 17045: 17019: 16999:Mushezib-Marduk 16969:Tiglath-Pileser 16967: 16958: 16935: 16921: 16905: 16901: 16897: 16893: 16889: 16885: 16884: 16876: 16874:Nabu-mukin-zeri 16868:Nabu-nadin-zeri 16853:Marduk-bel-zeri 16846:Baba-aha-iddina 16823: 16800:Adad-nirari III 16790:Shalmaneser III 16779: 16768: 16767: 16754: 16748: 16747: 16745:Menkheperre Ini 16722: 16715: 16714: 16678: 16664:Nabû-mukin-apli 16641: 16630:(1100–540 BCE) 16623:Nabu-shum-libur 16591: 16568:Ashur-nirari IV 16562:Ashurnasirpal I 16559:Shamshi-Adad IV 16505:Ashur-uballit I 16500: 16482: 16478: 16474: 16470: 16464: 16463: 16459: 16455: 16453:Kings of Byblos 16451: 16421: 16414: 16408: 16407: 16376: 16375: 16359: 16353: 16321: 16308: 16307: 16289:Neferneferuaten 16249: 16248: 16244: 16238: 16232: 16231:(1500–1100 BCE) 16223:Enlil-nadin-ahi 16211:Adad-shuma-usur 16199:Kashtiliashu IV 16187:Kadashman-Turgu 16172:Burnaburiash II 16151:Kashtiliash III 16143: 16120: 16114: 16084: 16083:(1600–1260 BCE) 16082: 16052: 16043: 16037: 16025: 16019: 16015: 16009: 16005: 15999: 15979: 15974:Peshgaldaramesh 15969: 15959: 15949: 15945:Sealand Dynasty 15942: 15939: 15938: 15932: 15931: 15894: 15887: 15885: 15860:Ashur-nirari II 15839:Puzur-Ashur III 15827:Shamshi-Adad II 15798: 15796: 15794:Adaside dynasty 15791: 15790: 15765: 15763: 15761: 15760: 15723: 15721: 15719: 15712: 15703: 15697: 15686: 15682: 15680:Kings of Byblos 15678: 15672: 15661: 15624: 15611: 15610: 15592:Uruk VI dynasty 15590: 15539: 15490:Dynasty of Isin 15480: 15474: 15463: 15459: 15455: 15451: 15447: 15443: 15439: 15435: 15431: 15406: 15400: 15393: 15389: 15388: 15387: 15385: 15381: 15377: 15360: 15354: 15350: 15344: 15341: 15311: 15305: 15287: 15248: 15236: 15227: 15223: 15219: 15215: 15198: 15188: 15174: 15158: 15150: 15146: 15142: 15131: 15124: 15120: 15106: 15102: 15093: 15089: 15088: 15086: 15075: 15071: 15065: 15061: 15052:(2150–2000 BCE) 15033: 15017: 15013: 15009: 15003: 14999: 14995: 14991: 14987: 14983: 14979: 14965: 14961: 14949: 14945: 14921: 14917: 14913: 14909: 14905: 14904: 14902: 14897: 14887: 14842:Djedkare Shemai 14831: 14825: 14819: 14805: 14776: 14772: 14768: 14764: 14751:Sargon of Akkad 14749: 14748: 14745:Akkadian Empire 14737:(2340–2150 BCE) 14735:Akkadian Period 14722: 14718: 14706: 14702: 14681: 14669: 14659: 14655: 14638: 14634: 14620: 14598: 14577: 14575: 14563: 14559: 14555: 14544: 14540: 14536: 14527: 14518: 14504: 14500: 14488: 14484: 14472: 14443: 14440: 14434: 14422: 14413: 14380: 14379: 14363: 14359: 14355: 14351: 14340: 14336: 14332: 14323: 14322: 14316: 14312: 14311: 14299: 14298: 14282: 14279: 14267: 14263: 14252: 14243: 14239: 14235: 14231: 14227: 14223: 14222: 14221: 14215: 14211: 14207: 14206: 14198:(2500-539 BCE) 14186: 14182: 14152: 14146: 14139: 14133: 14115: 14111: 14107: 14095: 14091: 14087: 14075: 14069: 14065: 14051: 14047: 14037: 14034: 14030: 14018: 14014: 14004: 14000: 13998: 13984: 13980: 13976: 13972: 13936: 13930: 13924: 13920: 13919: 13903: 13902: 13901:(2700–1500 BCE) 13900: 13848: 13837: 13800:("conqueror of 13786: 13770: 13763: 13753: 13739: 13720: 13716: 13711: 13702: 13693: 13685: 13682: 13662: 13598: 13597: 13583: 13577: 13571: 13562: 13504: 13490: 13477: 13418: 13349: 13338: 13332: 13318: 13312: 13305: 13299: 13293: 13287: 13286: 13285:(4000–3100 BCE) 13284: 13278: 13252: 13246: 13218: 13199: 13189: 13162: 13160: 13144: 13138: 13108: 13103: 13047: 13038:Public holidays 13028:National anthem 12881: 12794:Coptic Churches 12737:Egyptian Arabic 12647:Medical schools 12549: 12532: 12448:Nuclear program 12360: 12343: 12273:Nationality law 12266:Supreme Council 12251:Law enforcement 12183: 12166: 12142:Sinai Peninsula 12125:Red Sea Riviera 12024: 12003: 11979: 11881: 11768:1919 revolution 11756:Revolt of Cairo 11681:Ayyubid dynasty 11659:Tulunid dynasty 11543: 11530: 11524: 11494: 11489: 11441: 11418: 11395: 11371:Augustamnica II 11337: 11244: 11156: 11094:Diocese of Asia 11088: 11041: 11030: 11016:Macedonia Prima 10982: 10944: 10920:Noricum ripense 10892: 10881: 10855: 10812: 10765: 10698: 10687: 10649: 10601: 10567:Alpes Maritimae 10553: 10539:Lugdunensis III 10496:Diocese of Gaul 10486: 10475: 10474:(395–476) 10457: 10424:established by 10408: 10397: 10391: 10361: 10356: 10345: 10336: 10297:Moesia Superior 10292:Moesia Inferior 10125:Alpes Maritimae 10096: 10088: 10058: 10053: 10003: 10001: 9993: 9970: 9961: 9697: 9674: 9668: 9631: 9564: 9480: 9478:Further reading 9475: 9474: 9467: 9448: 9444: 9439: 9435: 9419: 9412: 9397: 9393: 9386: 9370: 9366: 9359: 9343: 9336: 9326: 9324: 9311: 9310: 9306: 9298: 9294: 9273: 9246: 9238: 9236: 9234: 9208: 9204: 9196: 9194: 9184: 9158: 9137: 9130: 9116: 9112: 9104: 9102: 9092: 9066: 9043: 9031: 9030: 9021: 9020: 9014: 9012: 9010: 8983: 8744: 8736: 8734: 8724: 8698: 8673: 8664: 8662: 8638: 8603: 8595: 8593: 8591: 8567: 8526: 8517: 8515: 8513: 8481: 8454: 8447: 8430: 8426: 8419: 8415: 8402: 8398: 8391: 8375: 8366: 8357: 8355: 8353: 8323: 8316: 8311: 8307: 8303:Delia, pp.31–32 8302: 8298: 8287: 8280: 8239: 8232: 8225: 8203: 8199: 8194: 8190: 8185: 8181: 8166:10.2307/3853691 8148: 8144: 8133: 8129: 8108:(2): 165–175 . 8102:Greece and Rome 8098: 8094: 8061: 8054: 8047: 8027: 8020: 8008: 8007: 7998: 7997: 7991: 7989: 7987: 7955: 7878: 7866: 7865: 7856: 7855: 7849: 7847: 7845: 7817:Jördens, Andrea 7814: 7735: 7727: 7725: 7723: 7697: 7676: 7668: 7666: 7664: 7638: 7587: 7578: 7574: 7565: 7561: 7552: 7550: 7539: 7535: 7514:Maddison, Angus 7512: 7508: 7498: 7496: 7486: 7479: 7474: 7469: 7468: 7440: 7436: 7402: 7398: 7393: 7381: 7374: 7354: 7345: 7329: 7320: 7311: 7300: 7291: 7280: 7271: 7260: 7251: 7242:of Anubis from 7236: 7227: 7219:Berenike Buddha 7214: 7205: 7194: 7185: 7170: 7161: 7150: 7141: 7134: 7125: 7118: 7109: 7102: 7093: 7086: 7077: 7067: 7058: 7048: 7039: 7037:Brooklyn Museum 7033: 7024: 6991:, successor to 6974: 6960: 6888: 6880:Main articles: 6874:Sassanid Empire 6858: 6853: 6779: 6739: 6639: 6556: 6545: 6539: 6536: 6521: 6505: 6487: 6476: 6444: 6433: 6418: 6334: 6326: 6293: 6256: 6255:'s long reign ( 6173:praefectus urbi 6164: 6153: 6138: 6077:) issued their 6071: 6060: 5986:Pompey's Pillar 5931: 5911: 5905:Arcadia Aegypti 5893: 5885:Roman Palestine 5865: 5858:Pompey's Pillar 5843: 5832: 5817: 5806: 5744: 5721: 5714:Sasanian Empire 5702: 5691: 5680: 5661: 5647: 5636: 5621: 5603: 5562: 5507:Didius Julianus 5499: 5483: 5469: 5466:Marcus Aurelius 5454:Avidius Cassius 5408:Antonine Plague 5384:heliacal rising 5372: 5328: 5321: 5320: 5319: 5318: 5317: 5316:Osiris-Antinous 5315: 5312: 5304: 5303: 5300: 5291: 5290: 5284: 5274:Diaspora Revolt 5254: 5101:Kingdom of Kush 5093:Gaius Petronius 5054:Egyptian Museum 5042: 5041: 5040: 5039: 5038: 5029:(117–138). Two 5023: 5014: 5013: 5012: 5009: 5000: 4999: 4963: 4952: 4946: 4943: 4932: 4920: 4909: 4904: 4836:could read the 4701: 4690: 4684: 4681: 4670: 4658: 4520:Sackler Library 4503:Gospel of Peter 4378: 4372: 4344:Hadrian's Villa 4259:Philip the Arab 4176: 4162:Deir el-Shelwit 4000:Diospolis Parva 3917: 3848: 3810: 3782:ἡμέραι σεβασταί 3535:populus Romanus 3499: 3493: 3488: 3443:White Monastery 3344:, equated with 3256: 3251:by the emperor 3248: 3146: 2968:taxation system 2945: 2899:Brooklyn Museum 2894: 2845:to govern the ' 2778: 2770:Diaspora Revolt 2661:Severan dynasty 2657:Flavian dynasty 2640:Farasan Islands 2627:Mons Claudianus 2542:infantry, each 2477: 2353:stratopedárchēs 2256:, with a green 2253: 2249: 2228: 2172: 2151: 1950: 1878:in each of the 1753:revenue farming 1739:slaves) of the 1725:Egyptian Museum 1672: 1623: 1543: 1496:Severan dynasty 1397:equestrian rank 1308: 1241: 1235: 1105:that overthrew 1091: 1084: 1060:Sasanian Empire 1040:arrived in the 1024: 1009:late Roman army 976:Coptic language 956: 937: 914:Antonine Plague 895:and followed a 830: 818:, to the East. 802:except for the 781: 745: 743: 738: 737: 691: 681: 680: 634: 623: 622: 603:Ayyubid dynasty 593:Fatimid dynasty 573:Tulunid dynasty 563:Abbasid dynasty 536: 526: 525: 479: 471: 470: 384: 374: 373: 357: 335: 328: 292: 278: 253: 212: 210:Muslim conquest 199: 186: 169: 164: 145: 142: 112: 90: 73: 66: 59: 52: 45: 44: 35: 28: 23: 22: 18:Byzantine Egypt 15: 12: 11: 5: 18330: 18320: 18319: 18314: 18309: 18304: 18299: 18294: 18289: 18284: 18279: 18274: 18269: 18264: 18259: 18242: 18241: 18236: 18235: 18232: 18231: 18228: 18227: 18220: 18197: 18180: 18173: 18150: 18143: 18129:Potts, Timothy 18119: 18105: 18083: 18073: 18072: 18069: 18068: 18058: 18047: 18046: 18039: 18032: 18025: 18021: 18020: 18015: 18010: 18001: 17995: 17994: 17953: 17946: 17942: 17941: 17923: 17902: 17898: 17897: 17892: 17887: 17878: 17872: 17871: 17864: 17860: 17859: 17854: 17849: 17844: 17838: 17837: 17830: 17826: 17825: 17808: 17804: 17803: 17696: 17692: 17691: 17668: 17663: 17658: 17654: 17653: 17648: 17639: 17635: 17634: 17629: 17624: 17612: 17611: 17604: 17603:30 BCE–116 CE 17600: 17599: 17537:Mithridates IV 17519:Mithridates II 17498: 17460: 17455:Aristobulus II 17428: 17424: 17423: 17348:Argead dynasty 17332: 17237:Argead dynasty 17233: 17229: 17228: 17220: 17219: 17199: 17198: 17190:Artaxerxes III 17153: 17151:Kings of Sidon 17140: 17127: 17123: 17122: 17099: 17094:Labashi-Marduk 17073: 17038: 17034: 17033: 17028: 17022: 17021: 16996:Nergal-ushezib 16951: 16932:Black Pharaohs 16914: 16910: 16909: 16877: 16850:Ninurta-apla-X 16811: 16809:Ashur-nirari V 16803:Shalmaneser IV 16793:Shamshi-Adad V 16781:Adad-nirari II 16772: 16762: 16671: 16667: 16666: 16636: 16632: 16631: 16625: 16582: 16565:Shalmaneser II 16553:Ashur-bel-kala 16541:Mutakkil-Nusku 16497:Middle Assyria 16493: 16486: 16461:Kings of Sidon 16444: 16368: 16367:1155–1025 BCE 16364: 16363: 16350:Elamite Empire 16346: 16313: 16312: 16304:Hittite Empire 16300: 16268: 16267: 16252: 16251: 16225: 16214:Meli-Shipak II 16184:Nazi-Maruttash 16148:Burnaburiash I 16127: 16099: 16098:1531–1155 BCE 16095: 16094: 16075: 16030: 15990: 15989: 15936: 15872: 15857:Enlil-Nasir II 15836:Ashur-nirari I 15830:Ishme-Dagan II 15821:Sharma-Adad II 15773:Ashur-apla-idi 15764:1735–1701 BCE) 15743:Ashur-apla-idi 15725:Shamshi-Adad I 15720:1808–1736 BCE) 15705: 15700:Yamhad dynasty 15690: 15688:Kings of Sidon 15667: 15654: 15653:1800–1595 BCE 15650: 15649: 15616: 15615: 15603: 15467: 15457:Puzur-Ashur II 15424: 15367: 15334: 15333: 15328:Mentuhotep III 15297: 15296: 15279: 15274: 15266: 15265:2025-1763 BCE 15262: 15261: 15233:Ur III dynasty 15229: 15210: 15207: 15203: 15202: 15190: 15179:Neferkare VIII 15167: 15163: 15162: 15155: 15154: 15126: 15112: 15110: 15097: 15083:Gutian dynasty 15079: 15055: 15054: 15046: 15041:Nebkaure Khety 15035:Meryibre Khety 15026: 15022: 15021: 15004: 14971: 14969: 14953: 14926: 14925: 14919: 14890: 14880: 14866:Neferkamin Anu 14839:Neferkare Neby 14812: 14808: 14807: 14803:Lugal-ushumgal 14800: 14785: 14781: 14780: 14759: 14740: 14739: 14731: 14729: 14725: 14724: 14710: 14697: 14695: 14691: 14690: 14685: 14676: 14671: 14663: 14650: 14645: 14641: 14640: 14636:Lugalannemundu 14626: 14591: 14587: 14586: 14581: 14567: 14550: 14531: 14522: 14513: 14508: 14492: 14479: 14475: 14474: 14457: 14452: 14448: 14447: 14436: 14427: 14426: 14417: 14408: 14403:Djedkare Isesi 14400:Menkauhor Kaiu 14372: 14368: 14367: 14344: 14327: 14303: 14301:Pabilgagaltuku 14290: 14285: 14271: 14260:Akshak dynasty 14256: 14247: 14199: 14193: 14189: 14188: 14175: 14126: 14122: 14121: 14119: 14100: 14085:Enun-dara-anna 14080: 14079: 14040: 14023: 14008: 13990: 13988: 13966: 13965: 13959: 13912: 13908: 13907: 13893: 13878: 13862: 13861: 13854: 13853: 13842: 13823: 13821: 13818: 13817: 13811: 13807: 13806: 13793: 13792: 13778: 13741: 13734: 13733: 13709:Kullassina-bel 13694: 13686: 13675: 13674: 13668: 13590: 13586: 13585: 13564: 13555: 13550: 13501:Narmer Palette 13483: 13482:3100–2900 BCE 13479: 13478: 13411: 13341: 13340: 13325: 13324:3200–3100 BCE 13321: 13320: 13307: 13275: 13274: 13269: 13263: 13258: 13239: 13238:4000–3200 BCE 13235: 13234: 13229: 13224: 13219: 13213: 13208: 13203: 13193: 13183: 13178: 13173: 13168: 13163: 13150: 13149: 13146: 13145: 13140:Rulers of the 13137: 13136: 13129: 13122: 13114: 13105: 13104: 13102: 13101: 13091: 13081: 13071: 13060: 13057: 13056: 13053: 13052: 13049: 13048: 13046: 13045: 13040: 13035: 13030: 13025: 13020: 13015: 13014: 13013: 13008: 13003: 12998: 12988: 12983: 12982: 12981: 12976: 12974:Football clubs 12966: 12965: 12964: 12959: 12949: 12944: 12943: 12942: 12937: 12927: 12922: 12917: 12912: 12907: 12902: 12897: 12891: 12889: 12883: 12882: 12880: 12879: 12874: 12869: 12864: 12859: 12854: 12853: 12852: 12847: 12846: 12845: 12835: 12834: 12833: 12828: 12823: 12813: 12808: 12803: 12798: 12797: 12796: 12791: 12781: 12776: 12766: 12761: 12756: 12751: 12750: 12749: 12744: 12739: 12729: 12724: 12723: 12722: 12717: 12707: 12702: 12701: 12700: 12695: 12685: 12684: 12683: 12673: 12672: 12671: 12661: 12660: 12659: 12654: 12649: 12644: 12639: 12629: 12624: 12619: 12618: 12617: 12612: 12607: 12597: 12592: 12587: 12582: 12577: 12572: 12570:Animal welfare 12567: 12561: 12559: 12551: 12550: 12538: 12537: 12534: 12533: 12531: 12530: 12529: 12528: 12518: 12517: 12516: 12511: 12506: 12496: 12495: 12494: 12484: 12483: 12482: 12472: 12467: 12462: 12461: 12460: 12453:Power stations 12450: 12445: 12444: 12443: 12433: 12428: 12423: 12418: 12413: 12408: 12403: 12401:Egyptian pound 12398: 12393: 12388: 12383: 12382: 12381: 12371: 12365: 12362: 12361: 12349: 12348: 12345: 12344: 12342: 12341: 12336: 12335: 12334: 12324: 12319: 12314: 12313: 12312: 12305:Prime Minister 12302: 12301: 12300: 12290: 12285: 12280: 12275: 12270: 12269: 12268: 12258: 12253: 12248: 12243: 12238: 12237: 12236: 12226: 12221: 12216: 12211: 12206: 12201: 12200: 12199: 12188: 12185: 12184: 12172: 12171: 12168: 12167: 12165: 12164: 12159: 12154: 12149: 12144: 12139: 12138: 12137: 12127: 12122: 12117: 12112: 12110:Northern coast 12107: 12102: 12101: 12100: 12090: 12085: 12080: 12075: 12070: 12065: 12060: 12055: 12050: 12045: 12040: 12035: 12029: 12026: 12025: 12013: 12012: 12009: 12008: 12005: 12004: 12002: 11997: 11992: 11987: 11985: 11981: 11980: 11978: 11977: 11972: 11967: 11962: 11957: 11952: 11951: 11950: 11945: 11940: 11930: 11925: 11920: 11915: 11910: 11905: 11900: 11895: 11889: 11887: 11883: 11882: 11880: 11879: 11878: 11877: 11876: 11875: 11870: 11860: 11855: 11854: 11853: 11848: 11843: 11841:Yom Kippur War 11833: 11832: 11831: 11826: 11821: 11816: 11811: 11796: 11795: 11794: 11793: 11792: 11782: 11777: 11772: 11771: 11770: 11760: 11759: 11758: 11743: 11742: 11741: 11740: 11739: 11734: 11724: 11719: 11709: 11708: 11707: 11697: 11696: 11695: 11694: 11693: 11683: 11678: 11677: 11676: 11666: 11661: 11656: 11651: 11646: 11636: 11631: 11630: 11629: 11624: 11619: 11609: 11608: 11607: 11602: 11592: 11591: 11590: 11585: 11575: 11574: 11573: 11563: 11557: 11555: 11545: 11544: 11532: 11531: 11523: 11522: 11515: 11508: 11500: 11491: 11490: 11488: 11487: 11480: 11473: 11467: 11457: 11450: 11447: 11446: 11443: 11442: 11440: 11439: 11434: 11429: 11423: 11420: 11419: 11409: 11408: 11405: 11404: 11401: 11400: 11397: 11396: 11394: 11393: 11388: 11383: 11381:Libya Inferior 11378: 11376:Libya Superior 11373: 11368: 11366:Augustamnica I 11363: 11358: 11353: 11347: 11345: 11339: 11338: 11336: 11335: 11330: 11325: 11320: 11315: 11310: 11305: 11300: 11295: 11290: 11285: 11280: 11275: 11270: 11265: 11260: 11254: 11252: 11246: 11245: 11243: 11242: 11237: 11232: 11227: 11222: 11217: 11212: 11207: 11202: 11197: 11192: 11187: 11182: 11177: 11172: 11166: 11164: 11158: 11157: 11155: 11154: 11149: 11144: 11139: 11134: 11129: 11124: 11122:Lycaonia (370) 11119: 11114: 11109: 11104: 11098: 11096: 11090: 11089: 11087: 11086: 11081: 11076: 11071: 11066: 11061: 11055: 11053: 11044: 11036: 11035: 11032: 11031: 11029: 11028: 11023: 11018: 11013: 11008: 11003: 10998: 10992: 10990: 10984: 10983: 10981: 10980: 10975: 10970: 10965: 10963:Dacia Ripensis 10960: 10954: 10952: 10946: 10945: 10943: 10942: 10937: 10932: 10927: 10922: 10917: 10912: 10906: 10904: 10895: 10883: 10882: 10869: 10868: 10865: 10864: 10861: 10860: 10857: 10856: 10854: 10853: 10848: 10843: 10838: 10833: 10828: 10822: 10820: 10814: 10813: 10811: 10810: 10805: 10800: 10795: 10786: 10781: 10775: 10773: 10767: 10766: 10764: 10763: 10758: 10753: 10748: 10743: 10738: 10733: 10728: 10723: 10718: 10712: 10710: 10701: 10693: 10692: 10689: 10688: 10686: 10685: 10680: 10675: 10670: 10665: 10659: 10657: 10651: 10650: 10648: 10647: 10642: 10637: 10632: 10627: 10625:Carthaginensis 10622: 10617: 10611: 10609: 10603: 10602: 10600: 10599: 10594: 10592:Novempopulania 10589: 10587:Narbonensis II 10584: 10579: 10574: 10569: 10563: 10561: 10555: 10554: 10552: 10551: 10546: 10544:Lugdunensis IV 10541: 10536: 10534:Lugdunensis II 10531: 10526: 10521: 10516: 10511: 10506: 10500: 10498: 10489: 10477: 10476: 10463: 10462: 10459: 10458: 10413: 10410: 10409: 10399: 10398: 10390: 10389: 10382: 10375: 10367: 10358: 10357: 10350: 10347: 10346: 10339: 10337: 10335: 10334: 10329: 10324: 10319: 10314: 10309: 10304: 10299: 10294: 10289: 10284: 10279: 10274: 10269: 10264: 10259: 10252: 10247: 10242: 10237: 10232: 10227: 10222: 10217: 10215:Gallia Belgica 10212: 10207: 10202: 10197: 10192: 10187: 10182: 10177: 10172: 10167: 10162: 10157: 10152: 10147: 10142: 10137: 10135:Arabia Petraea 10132: 10127: 10122: 10117: 10112: 10107: 10101: 10098: 10097: 10087: 10086: 10079: 10072: 10064: 10055: 10054: 10052: 10051: 10041: 10031: 10021: 10011: 9998: 9995: 9994: 9992: 9991: 9986: 9981: 9975: 9972: 9971: 9964: 9962: 9960: 9959: 9954: 9949: 9944: 9943: 9942: 9937: 9927: 9922: 9917: 9912: 9907: 9906: 9905: 9900: 9890: 9885: 9880: 9875: 9870: 9865: 9860: 9855: 9854: 9853: 9848: 9838: 9833: 9832: 9831: 9821: 9820: 9819: 9809: 9804: 9799: 9794: 9789: 9784: 9779: 9774: 9769: 9764: 9763: 9762: 9752: 9747: 9742: 9741: 9740: 9730: 9729: 9728: 9723: 9718: 9708: 9702: 9699: 9698: 9696: 9695: 9690: 9685: 9679: 9676: 9675: 9667: 9666: 9659: 9652: 9644: 9638: 9637: 9630: 9629:External links 9627: 9626: 9625: 9610: 9600: 9590: 9575: 9568: 9562: 9549: 9532: 9523: 9516: 9509: 9502: 9495: 9488: 9479: 9476: 9473: 9472: 9466:978-0521411721 9465: 9442: 9433: 9410: 9391: 9384: 9364: 9357: 9334: 9304: 9292: 9244: 9232: 9202: 9182: 9135: 9128: 9110: 9090: 9041: 9008: 8742: 8722: 8671: 8601: 8589: 8524: 8511: 8452: 8445: 8424: 8413: 8396: 8389: 8364: 8351: 8314: 8305: 8296: 8278: 8230: 8223: 8197: 8188: 8179: 8142: 8127: 8092: 8079:10.2307/311126 8052: 8045: 8018: 7985: 7876: 7843: 7733: 7721: 7674: 7662: 7642:"Egypt: Roman" 7585: 7572: 7559: 7533: 7506: 7476: 7475: 7473: 7470: 7467: 7466: 7434: 7395: 7394: 7392: 7389: 7388: 7387: 7380: 7377: 7376: 7375: 7355: 7348: 7346: 7321: 7314: 7312: 7301: 7294: 7292: 7281: 7274: 7272: 7261: 7254: 7252: 7237: 7230: 7228: 7215: 7208: 7206: 7195: 7188: 7186: 7171: 7164: 7162: 7151: 7144: 7142: 7135: 7128: 7126: 7119: 7112: 7110: 7103: 7096: 7094: 7087: 7080: 7078: 7076:, 1st century. 7070:Funerary masks 7068: 7061: 7059: 7049: 7042: 7040: 7034: 7027: 7023: 7020: 6982:Amr Ibn Al-Aas 6970:Main article: 6959: 6956: 6886:Sasanian Egypt 6857: 6854: 6852: 6851: 6846: 6840: 6835: 6829: 6823: 6816: 6810: 6804: 6797: 6785:listed in the 6778: 6777: 6771: 6765: 6759: 6758:(San Al Hajar) 6753: 6747: 6734: 6733:(Zawyat Razin) 6728: 6722: 6716: 6710: 6709:(Lake Mariout) 6704: 6698: 6692: 6687: 6681: 6675: 6669: 6663: 6657: 6645:listed in the 6638: 6637:Episcopal sees 6635: 6576:Constantinople 6558: 6557: 6508: 6506: 6499: 6491: 574–582 6480: 565–574 6448: 527–565 6437: 518–527 6424:), though the 6422: 491–518 6390:Acacian schism 6338: 450–457 6260: 402–450 6238:Cyrus and John 6168: 383–408 6157: 375–392 6150:Valentinian II 6142: 379–395 6128:Nitrian Desert 6124:Wadi El Natrun 6079:Edict of Milan 6075: 306–337 6064: 308–324 5998:First Cataract 5994:Dodekaschoinos 5943:Roman dioceses 5935: 293–311 5892: 5889: 5869: 284–305 5836: 275–276 5821: 276–282 5810: 270–275 5748: 260–261 5725: 240–270 5706: 253–268 5697:) and his son 5695: 253–260 5665: 251–253 5651: 218–222 5640: 218–222 5607: 217–218 5566: 198–217 5503: 193–194 5487: 176–192 5473: 161–180 5376: 138–161 5369:Antoninus Pius 5332: 117–138 5313: 5306: 5305: 5301: 5294: 5293: 5292: 5282: 5281: 5280: 5279: 5158:, a revolt in 5121:The reigns of 5077:Arabia Petraea 5024: 5017: 5016: 5015: 5010: 5003: 5002: 5001: 4997: 4996: 4995: 4994: 4965: 4964: 4923: 4921: 4914: 4908: 4905: 4903: 4900: 4807:Desert Fathers 4721:Edict of Milan 4703: 4702: 4661: 4659: 4652: 4630:Gospel of John 4446:en tēi patrídi 4434:Biblical Greek 4374:Main article: 4371: 4368: 4299:Constantius II 4279:Maximinus Daza 4150:Antoninus Pius 4036:Western Desert 3916: 3913: 3836:Serapis was a 3809: 3806: 3802:Roman calendar 3650:, wheatsheaf, 3495:Main article: 3492: 3489: 3487: 3484: 3455:Wadi El Natrun 3427:triumphal arch 3390:‘Ain el-Gedida 3260: 117–138 3214:triumphal arch 3194:Roman theatres 3180:and the local 3152:Roman emperor 3145: 3142: 3088:) wearing the 2958:(1st century). 2944: 2941: 2870:. The city of 2827:Roman citizens 2777: 2774: 2694:veterans from 2614:Eastern Desert 2604:Hélène Cuvigny 2560:First Cataract 2344:στρατοπεδάρχης 2328:. Beneath the 2292:Roman citizens 2276:British Museum 2227: 2224: 2202:abolished the 2168:, as pharaoh ( 2065:kōmogrammateús 2059:κωμογραμματεύς 1979:British Museum 1954: 193–211 1850:(Koinē Greek: 1806:(Koinē Greek: 1676: 117–138 1647:(Koinē Greek: 1627: 176–192 1609:Roman calendar 1575:(Koinē Greek: 1502:" from Egypt ( 1448:cursus honorum 1381:Roman governor 1312: 284–305 1234: 1231: 1177:Roman emperors 1083: 1080: 1074:following the 1028: 527–565 999:Dodekaschoinos 987:First Cataract 960: 284–305 941: 270–275 831:4 to 8 million 816:Arabia Petraea 783: 782: 780: 779: 772: 765: 757: 754: 753: 740: 739: 734: 733: 730: 724: 723: 720: 714: 713: 710: 704: 703: 700: 692: 687: 686: 683: 682: 677: 676: 673: 667: 666: 663: 657: 656: 653: 647: 646: 643: 635: 629: 628: 625: 624: 619: 618: 615: 613:Mamluk dynasty 609: 608: 605: 599: 598: 595: 589: 588: 585: 579: 578: 575: 569: 568: 565: 559: 558: 555: 549: 548: 545: 537: 534:Medieval Egypt 532: 531: 528: 527: 522: 521: 518: 516:Sasanian Egypt 512: 511: 508: 502: 501: 498: 492: 491: 488: 486:Argead dynasty 480: 477: 476: 473: 472: 467: 466: 463: 457: 456: 453: 447: 446: 443: 437: 436: 433: 427: 426: 423: 421:Middle Kingdom 417: 416: 413: 407: 406: 403: 397: 396: 393: 385: 380: 379: 376: 375: 370: 369: 366: 358: 353: 352: 349: 348: 340: 339: 330: 329: 322: 315: 314: 309: 305: 304: 301: 300: 297: 296: 289: 283: 282: 275: 273:Sasanian Egypt 266: 263: 262: 257: 245: 244: 239: 229: 228: 225: 224: 221: 220: 217: 216: 213: 207: 204: 203: 200: 194: 191: 190: 187: 181: 178: 177: 174: 173: 171:Late antiquity 162: 161:Historical era 158: 157: 154: 153: 150: 149: 146:4 to 8 million 143: 140: 137: 136: 133: 132: 129: 125: 124: 119: 115: 114: 104: 103: 89:30 BC – 641 AD 86: 85: 75: 74: 41: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 18329: 18318: 18315: 18313: 18310: 18308: 18305: 18303: 18300: 18298: 18295: 18293: 18290: 18288: 18285: 18283: 18280: 18278: 18275: 18273: 18270: 18268: 18265: 18263: 18260: 18258: 18255: 18254: 18252: 18223: 18217: 18213: 18212: 18207: 18201: 18195: 18189: 18187: 18185: 18176: 18170: 18166: 18165: 18160: 18159:Roux, Georges 18154: 18146: 18140: 18136: 18135: 18130: 18123: 18115: 18109: 18101: 18097: 18093: 18087: 18078: 18074: 18070: 18067: 18063: 18057: 18053: 18048: 18045: 18044: 18038: 18037: 18031: 18030: 18023: 18022: 18019: 18014: 18009: 18005: 18000: 17996: 17993: 17990: 17987: 17986:Yazdegerd III 17984: 17981: 17978: 17975: 17972: 17969: 17966: 17963: 17960: 17957: 17952: 17951: 17943: 17940: 17937: 17933: 17929: 17928: 17922: 17919: 17918:Sahralanyozan 17916: 17912: 17907: 17900: 17899: 17896: 17891: 17886: 17882: 17877: 17873: 17870: 17869: 17861: 17858: 17853: 17848: 17843: 17839: 17836: 17835: 17827: 17824: 17821: 17818: 17814: 17813: 17806: 17805: 17802: 17799: 17796: 17793: 17790: 17787: 17784: 17781: 17778: 17775: 17772: 17769: 17766: 17763: 17760: 17757: 17754: 17751: 17748: 17745: 17742: 17739: 17736: 17733: 17730: 17727: 17724: 17721: 17718: 17711: 17706: 17702: 17701: 17694: 17693: 17690: 17687: 17684: 17681: 17678: 17675: 17674:Mithridates V 17672: 17671:Sinatruces II 17667: 17662: 17656: 17655: 17652: 17647: 17643: 17636: 17633: 17628: 17623: 17618: 17613: 17610: 17609: 17601: 17598: 17595: 17594:Artabanus III 17592: 17589: 17586: 17583: 17580: 17577: 17574: 17571: 17568: 17565: 17564:Tiridates III 17562: 17559: 17556: 17553: 17550: 17547: 17544: 17541: 17538: 17535: 17532: 17529: 17526: 17523: 17520: 17517: 17514: 17511: 17508: 17507:Mithridates I 17504: 17503: 17497: 17494: 17491: 17488: 17485: 17482: 17479: 17476: 17473: 17470: 17467: 17464: 17459: 17456: 17453: 17450: 17447: 17444: 17443:Aristobulus I 17441: 17440:John Hyrcanus 17438: 17434: 17433: 17426: 17425: 17422: 17419: 17416: 17413: 17410: 17409:Alexander III 17407: 17404: 17401: 17398: 17395: 17394:Antiochus III 17392: 17389: 17386: 17383: 17380: 17376: 17375: 17370: 17366: 17365: 17360: 17357: 17354: 17353:Alexander III 17350: 17349: 17341: 17336: 17331: 17328: 17325: 17322: 17319: 17316: 17313: 17310: 17307: 17304: 17301: 17298: 17295: 17292: 17289: 17288:Cleopatra III 17286: 17283: 17280: 17277: 17274: 17271: 17268: 17265: 17262: 17259: 17256: 17253: 17250: 17247: 17243: 17242: 17238: 17231: 17230: 17227: 17226: 17221: 17218: 17217: 17212: 17211: 17206: 17205: 17200: 17197: 17194: 17193:Artaxerxes IV 17191: 17188: 17187:Artaxerxes II 17185: 17182: 17179: 17176: 17173: 17170: 17166: 17165: 17158: 17152: 17148: 17147:Kings of Tyre 17144: 17138: 17133: 17132: 17124: 17121: 17118: 17115: 17112: 17109: 17105: 17104: 17103:Median Empire 17098: 17095: 17092: 17089: 17086: 17083: 17079: 17078: 17072: 17069: 17066: 17063: 17060: 17057: 17054: 17050: 17049: 17044: 17043: 17036: 17035: 17032: 17027: 17023: 17020: 17018: 17015: 17012: 17011:Sinsharishkun 17009: 17006: 17003: 17000: 16997: 16994: 16991: 16988: 16985: 16982: 16979: 16976: 16973: 16970: 16966: 16964: 16957: 16956: 16950: 16947: 16944: 16941: 16938: 16933: 16925: 16920: 16919: 16911: 16908: 16904: 16900: 16896: 16892: 16888: 16883: 16882: 16875: 16872: 16869: 16866: 16863: 16860: 16857: 16854: 16851: 16848:(five kings) 16847: 16844: 16841: 16838: 16835: 16832: 16829: 16826: 16822: 16816: 16810: 16807: 16806:Ashur-Dan III 16804: 16801: 16797: 16794: 16791: 16788: 16785: 16782: 16778: 16777: 16771: 16766: 16761: 16760: 16757: 16753: 16752: 16746: 16743: 16740: 16737: 16734: 16731: 16728: 16725: 16721: 16720: 16713: 16710: 16709: 16705: 16702: 16699: 16696: 16693: 16690: 16687: 16684: 16681: 16677: 16676: 16669: 16668: 16665: 16662: 16659: 16656: 16653: 16650: 16647: 16646:Ea-mukin-zeri 16644: 16643:Simbar-shipak 16640: 16635:1025–934 BCE 16634: 16633: 16629: 16624: 16621: 16618: 16615: 16612: 16609: 16606: 16603: 16600: 16597: 16594: 16590: 16588: 16581: 16578: 16575: 16572: 16571:Ashur-rabi II 16569: 16566: 16563: 16560: 16557: 16556:Eriba-Adad II 16554: 16551: 16548: 16545: 16542: 16539: 16536: 16533: 16530: 16527: 16524: 16521: 16518: 16517:Shalmaneser I 16515: 16514:Adad-nirari I 16512: 16509: 16506: 16503: 16499: 16498: 16492: 16491: 16485: 16481: 16477: 16473: 16469: 16468: 16462: 16458: 16457:Kings of Tyre 16454: 16450: 16449: 16443: 16442: 16439: 16436: 16433: 16430: 16427: 16424: 16420: 16419: 16413: 16412: 16406: 16403: 16400: 16397: 16396:Ramesses VIII 16394: 16391: 16388: 16385: 16382: 16379: 16374: 16373: 16366: 16365: 16362: 16358: 16357: 16352: 16351: 16345: 16342: 16339: 16336: 16333: 16330: 16327: 16324: 16320: 16319: 16314: 16311: 16306: 16305: 16299: 16296: 16293: 16290: 16287: 16286: 16282: 16279: 16278:Amenhotep III 16276: 16273: 16269: 16266: 16263: 16260: 16257: 16253: 16250: 16247: 16243: 16242: 16237: 16236: 16229: 16224: 16221: 16218: 16215: 16212: 16209: 16206: 16203: 16200: 16197: 16194: 16191: 16188: 16185: 16182: 16179: 16176: 16173: 16170: 16167: 16164: 16161: 16158: 16155: 16152: 16149: 16146: 16142: 16140: 16132: 16126: 16123: 16119: 16118: 16113: 16112: 16104: 16096: 16093: 16090: 16087: 16081: 16080: 16074: 16071: 16068: 16065: 16062: 16061: 16057: 16056: 16047: 16041: 16036: 16035: 16029: 16028: 16024: 16023: 16018: 16014: 16013: 16008: 16004: 16003: 15998: 15997: 15991: 15988: 15985: 15984:Melamkurkurra 15982: 15978: 15977:Ayadaragalama 15975: 15972: 15968: 15965: 15962: 15958: 15955: 15954:Itti-ili-nibi 15952: 15948: 15946: 15935: 15930: 15927: 15924: 15921: 15918: 15915: 15912: 15909: 15906: 15903: 15900: 15897: 15893: 15891: 15884: 15877: 15871: 15870: 15867: 15864: 15861: 15858: 15855: 15852: 15849: 15848:Ashur-shaduni 15846: 15843: 15842:Enlil-nasir I 15840: 15837: 15834: 15831: 15828: 15825: 15822: 15819: 15816: 15813: 15810: 15807: 15806:Sharma-Adad I 15804: 15801: 15797:1700–722 BCE) 15795: 15789: 15786: 15783: 15780: 15777: 15774: 15771: 15768: 15759: 15756: 15753: 15750: 15747: 15744: 15741: 15738: 15735: 15732: 15729: 15728:Ishme-Dagan I 15726: 15717: 15711: 15710: 15701: 15696: 15695: 15689: 15685: 15684:Kings of Tyre 15681: 15676: 15671: 15666: 15665: 15660: 15659: 15651: 15648: 15645: 15642: 15641:Amenemhat III 15639: 15636: 15633: 15630: 15627: 15623: 15622: 15617: 15614: 15609: 15608: 15601: 15597: 15593: 15589: 15585: 15582: 15579: 15576: 15573: 15570: 15567: 15564: 15561: 15558: 15555: 15552: 15549: 15546: 15542: 15538: 15535: 15532: 15529: 15526: 15523: 15520: 15517: 15514: 15511: 15508: 15505: 15502: 15499: 15496: 15492: 15491: 15484: 15478: 15473: 15472: 15466: 15462: 15458: 15454: 15450: 15446: 15442: 15438: 15434: 15433:Puzur-Ashur I 15430: 15429: 15422: 15418: 15415: 15412: 15409: 15404: 15399: 15398: 15392: 15384: 15380: 15375: 15372: 15366: 15363: 15358: 15353: 15348: 15343: 15340: 15339:Third Eblaite 15335: 15332: 15331:Mentuhotep IV 15329: 15326: 15325:Mentuhotep II 15323: 15320: 15317: 15314: 15310: 15309: 15304: 15303: 15298: 15294: 15290: 15286: 15284: 15278: 15273: 15271: 15263: 15260: 15257: 15254: 15251: 15246: 15241: 15235: 15234: 15226: 15222: 15218: 15214: 15205: 15204: 15201: 15197: 15195: 15189: 15186: 15183: 15182:Wahkare Khety 15180: 15177: 15173: 15172: 15165: 15164: 15161: 15156: 15153: 15149: 15145: 15138: 15134: 15130: 15123: 15119: 15117: 15109: 15105: 15101: 15096: 15092: 15085: 15084: 15078: 15074: 15069: 15064: 15060: 15056: 15053: 15051: 15050:Ur III period 15045: 15042: 15039: 15038:Neferkare VII 15036: 15032: 15031: 15023: 15020: 15016: 15012: 15008: 15002: 14998: 14994: 14990: 14986: 14985:Ur-Ningirsu I 14982: 14978: 14976: 14968: 14964: 14960: 14958: 14952: 14948: 14943: 14939: 14935: 14931: 14927: 14924: 14916: 14912: 14908: 14901: 14896: 14895: 14889: 14886: 14879: 14876: 14873: 14870: 14867: 14864: 14861: 14858: 14855: 14852: 14849: 14846: 14843: 14840: 14837: 14834: 14830: 14829: 14824: 14823: 14818: 14817: 14809: 14804: 14798: 14793: 14789: 14783: 14782: 14779: 14775: 14771: 14767: 14763: 14758: 14755: 14752: 14747: 14746: 14741: 14738: 14736: 14730: 14726: 14721: 14717: 14715: 14709: 14705: 14701: 14698: 14696: 14693: 14692: 14689: 14684: 14680: 14675: 14668: 14662: 14658: 14654: 14649: 14643: 14642: 14637: 14633: 14631: 14624: 14619: 14616: 14613: 14610: 14607: 14604: 14601: 14597: 14596: 14589: 14588: 14585: 14582: 14580: 14574: 14572: 14568: 14566: 14562: 14558: 14554: 14551: 14548: 14543: 14539: 14535: 14532: 14530: 14526: 14523: 14521: 14520:Lugal-kisalsi 14517: 14514: 14512: 14509: 14507: 14503: 14499: 14497: 14493: 14491: 14487: 14483: 14480: 14477: 14476: 14470: 14465: 14461: 14456: 14453: 14450: 14449: 14446: 14442: 14432: 14429: 14428: 14425: 14421: 14416: 14412: 14407: 14404: 14401: 14398: 14395: 14392: 14389: 14386: 14383: 14378: 14377: 14369: 14366: 14362: 14358: 14354: 14350: 14349: 14343: 14339: 14335: 14331: 14326: 14320: 14315: 14310: 14308: 14302: 14297: 14295: 14289: 14284: 14278: 14276: 14270: 14266: 14262: 14261: 14255: 14251: 14246: 14242: 14238: 14234: 14230: 14226: 14219: 14214: 14210: 14205: 14204: 14197: 14191: 14190: 14185: 14181: 14180: 14174: 14173: 14169: 14166: 14163: 14162: 14158: 14155: 14150: 14145: 14142: 14138: 14137: 14132: 14131: 14124: 14123: 14118: 14114: 14110: 14106: 14105: 14099: 14098: 14094: 14090: 14086: 14081: 14078: 14073: 14068: 14063: 14058: 14054: 14050: 14046: 14045: 14039: 14033: 14029: 14028: 14022: 14021: 14017: 14013: 14007: 14003: 13997: 13995: 13987: 13983: 13979: 13975: 13971: 13967: 13963: 13958: 13955: 13954: 13950: 13947: 13946: 13942: 13939: 13934: 13928: 13923: 13918: 13917: 13909: 13906: 13899: 13898: 13891: 13886: 13882: 13876: 13871: 13867: 13863: 13859: 13855: 13852: 13851: 13847: 13841: 13840: 13836: 13832: 13828: 13819: 13815: 13808: 13805: 13803: 13799: 13794: 13791: 13790: 13785: 13783: 13777: 13776: 13773: 13769: 13766: 13762: 13759: 13756: 13752: 13749: 13746: 13740: 13735: 13732: 13731: 13727: 13723: 13719: 13714: 13713:Nangishlishma 13710: 13706: 13701: 13699: 13692: 13691: 13684: 13681: 13680:First Eblaite 13676: 13672: 13666: 13661: 13658: 13657: 13653: 13652: 13648: 13647: 13643: 13640: 13639:Seth-Peribsen 13637: 13636: 13632: 13631: 13627: 13626: 13622: 13621: 13617: 13616: 13612: 13611: 13607: 13604: 13601: 13600:Hotepsekhemwy 13596: 13595: 13587: 13581: 13576: 13575: 13570: 13569: 13568:Proto-Elamite 13561: 13560: 13554: 13549: 13548: 13544: 13543: 13539: 13536: 13533: 13530: 13526: 13523: 13520: 13517: 13513: 13510: 13507: 13499: 13495: 13494: 13489: 13488: 13480: 13476: 13475: 13471: 13470:Double Falcon 13468: 13467: 13463: 13462: 13458: 13457: 13453: 13452: 13448: 13447: 13443: 13442: 13438: 13437: 13433: 13432: 13428: 13427: 13423: 13422: 13417: 13416: 13410: 13406: 13403: 13402: 13398: 13395: 13392: 13391: 13387: 13386: 13382: 13381: 13377: 13376: 13372: 13371: 13367: 13364: 13363: 13359: 13358: 13354: 13353: 13348: 13347: 13342: 13336: 13331: 13330: 13322: 13316: 13311: 13303: 13297: 13291: 13283: 13282: 13276: 13273: 13267: 13262: 13256: 13251: 13250: 13245: 13244: 13236: 13233: 13230: 13228: 13225: 13223: 13220: 13217: 13214: 13212: 13209: 13207: 13204: 13202: 13197: 13194: 13192: 13187: 13184: 13182: 13179: 13177: 13174: 13172: 13169: 13167: 13158: 13157: 13154: 13153: 13147: 13143: 13135: 13130: 13128: 13123: 13121: 13116: 13115: 13112: 13100: 13092: 13090: 13082: 13080: 13076: 13072: 13070: 13062: 13061: 13058: 13044: 13041: 13039: 13036: 13034: 13031: 13029: 13026: 13024: 13021: 13019: 13016: 13012: 13009: 13007: 13004: 13002: 12999: 12997: 12994: 12993: 12992: 12989: 12987: 12984: 12980: 12977: 12975: 12972: 12971: 12970: 12967: 12963: 12960: 12958: 12955: 12954: 12953: 12950: 12948: 12945: 12941: 12938: 12936: 12933: 12932: 12931: 12928: 12926: 12923: 12921: 12918: 12916: 12913: 12911: 12908: 12906: 12903: 12901: 12900:Art (ancient) 12898: 12896: 12893: 12892: 12890: 12888: 12884: 12878: 12875: 12873: 12870: 12868: 12865: 12863: 12860: 12858: 12855: 12851: 12848: 12844: 12841: 12840: 12839: 12836: 12832: 12829: 12827: 12824: 12822: 12819: 12818: 12817: 12814: 12812: 12809: 12807: 12804: 12802: 12799: 12795: 12792: 12790: 12787: 12786: 12785: 12782: 12780: 12779:Blasphemy law 12777: 12775: 12772: 12771: 12770: 12767: 12765: 12762: 12760: 12757: 12755: 12752: 12748: 12747:Sign Language 12745: 12743: 12742:Saʽidi Arabic 12740: 12738: 12735: 12734: 12733: 12730: 12728: 12725: 12721: 12718: 12716: 12713: 12712: 12711: 12708: 12706: 12703: 12699: 12696: 12694: 12691: 12690: 12689: 12686: 12682: 12679: 12678: 12677: 12674: 12670: 12667: 12666: 12665: 12662: 12658: 12655: 12653: 12650: 12648: 12645: 12643: 12640: 12638: 12635: 12634: 12633: 12630: 12628: 12625: 12623: 12620: 12616: 12613: 12611: 12608: 12606: 12603: 12602: 12601: 12598: 12596: 12593: 12591: 12588: 12586: 12583: 12581: 12578: 12576: 12573: 12571: 12568: 12566: 12563: 12562: 12560: 12556: 12552: 12548: 12543: 12539: 12527: 12524: 12523: 12522: 12519: 12515: 12512: 12510: 12507: 12505: 12502: 12501: 12500: 12497: 12493: 12490: 12489: 12488: 12485: 12481: 12478: 12477: 12476: 12473: 12471: 12468: 12466: 12463: 12459: 12456: 12455: 12454: 12451: 12449: 12446: 12442: 12439: 12438: 12437: 12434: 12432: 12429: 12427: 12424: 12422: 12419: 12417: 12414: 12412: 12409: 12407: 12404: 12402: 12399: 12397: 12394: 12392: 12389: 12387: 12384: 12380: 12379:National Bank 12377: 12376: 12375: 12372: 12370: 12367: 12366: 12363: 12359: 12354: 12350: 12340: 12337: 12333: 12330: 12329: 12328: 12325: 12323: 12320: 12318: 12315: 12311: 12308: 12307: 12306: 12303: 12299: 12296: 12295: 12294: 12291: 12289: 12286: 12284: 12281: 12279: 12276: 12274: 12271: 12267: 12264: 12263: 12262: 12259: 12257: 12254: 12252: 12249: 12247: 12244: 12242: 12239: 12235: 12232: 12231: 12230: 12227: 12225: 12222: 12220: 12217: 12215: 12212: 12210: 12207: 12205: 12202: 12198: 12195: 12194: 12193: 12190: 12189: 12186: 12182: 12177: 12173: 12163: 12160: 12158: 12155: 12153: 12150: 12148: 12145: 12143: 12140: 12136: 12133: 12132: 12131: 12128: 12126: 12123: 12121: 12118: 12116: 12113: 12111: 12108: 12106: 12103: 12099: 12096: 12095: 12094: 12091: 12089: 12086: 12084: 12081: 12079: 12076: 12074: 12071: 12069: 12066: 12064: 12061: 12059: 12056: 12054: 12051: 12049: 12046: 12044: 12041: 12039: 12036: 12034: 12031: 12030: 12027: 12023: 12018: 12014: 12001: 11998: 11996: 11993: 11991: 11988: 11986: 11982: 11976: 11973: 11971: 11968: 11966: 11963: 11961: 11958: 11956: 11953: 11949: 11946: 11944: 11941: 11939: 11936: 11935: 11934: 11931: 11929: 11926: 11924: 11921: 11919: 11916: 11914: 11911: 11909: 11906: 11904: 11901: 11899: 11896: 11894: 11891: 11890: 11888: 11884: 11874: 11871: 11869: 11866: 11865: 11864: 11861: 11859: 11856: 11852: 11849: 11847: 11844: 11842: 11839: 11838: 11837: 11834: 11830: 11827: 11825: 11822: 11820: 11817: 11815: 11812: 11810: 11807: 11806: 11805: 11802: 11801: 11800: 11797: 11791: 11788: 11787: 11786: 11783: 11781: 11778: 11776: 11773: 11769: 11766: 11765: 11764: 11761: 11757: 11754: 11753: 11752: 11749: 11748: 11747: 11744: 11738: 11735: 11733: 11730: 11729: 11728: 11725: 11723: 11720: 11718: 11715: 11714: 11713: 11710: 11706: 11705:Ottoman Egypt 11703: 11702: 11701: 11698: 11692: 11689: 11688: 11687: 11684: 11682: 11679: 11675: 11672: 11671: 11670: 11667: 11665: 11662: 11660: 11657: 11655: 11652: 11650: 11647: 11645: 11642: 11641: 11640: 11637: 11635: 11632: 11628: 11625: 11623: 11620: 11618: 11615: 11614: 11613: 11610: 11606: 11603: 11601: 11598: 11597: 11596: 11593: 11589: 11586: 11584: 11581: 11580: 11579: 11576: 11572: 11569: 11568: 11567: 11564: 11562: 11559: 11558: 11556: 11554: 11550: 11546: 11542: 11537: 11533: 11528: 11521: 11516: 11514: 11509: 11507: 11502: 11501: 11498: 11485: 11481: 11478: 11474: 11472: 11468: 11466: 11462: 11458: 11456: 11452: 11451: 11448: 11438: 11435: 11433: 11430: 11428: 11425: 11424: 11421: 11414: 11410: 11392: 11389: 11387: 11384: 11382: 11379: 11377: 11374: 11372: 11369: 11367: 11364: 11362: 11359: 11357: 11354: 11352: 11349: 11348: 11346: 11344: 11340: 11334: 11331: 11329: 11326: 11324: 11321: 11319: 11316: 11314: 11311: 11309: 11306: 11304: 11303:Palaestina II 11301: 11299: 11296: 11294: 11291: 11289: 11286: 11284: 11281: 11279: 11276: 11274: 11271: 11269: 11266: 11264: 11261: 11259: 11256: 11255: 11253: 11251: 11247: 11241: 11238: 11236: 11233: 11231: 11228: 11226: 11223: 11221: 11218: 11216: 11213: 11211: 11210:Cappadocia II 11208: 11206: 11203: 11201: 11198: 11196: 11193: 11191: 11188: 11186: 11183: 11181: 11180:Armenia Maior 11178: 11176: 11173: 11171: 11168: 11167: 11165: 11163: 11159: 11153: 11150: 11148: 11145: 11143: 11140: 11138: 11135: 11133: 11130: 11128: 11125: 11123: 11120: 11118: 11115: 11113: 11110: 11108: 11105: 11103: 11100: 11099: 11097: 11095: 11091: 11085: 11082: 11080: 11077: 11075: 11072: 11070: 11067: 11065: 11062: 11060: 11057: 11056: 11054: 11052: 11048: 11045: 11043: 11037: 11027: 11024: 11022: 11019: 11017: 11014: 11012: 11009: 11007: 11004: 11002: 10999: 10997: 10994: 10993: 10991: 10989: 10985: 10979: 10976: 10974: 10971: 10969: 10966: 10964: 10961: 10959: 10956: 10955: 10953: 10951: 10947: 10941: 10938: 10936: 10933: 10931: 10928: 10926: 10923: 10921: 10918: 10916: 10913: 10911: 10908: 10907: 10905: 10903: 10899: 10896: 10894: 10888: 10884: 10879: 10874: 10870: 10852: 10849: 10847: 10844: 10842: 10839: 10837: 10834: 10832: 10829: 10827: 10824: 10823: 10821: 10819: 10815: 10809: 10806: 10804: 10801: 10799: 10796: 10794: 10790: 10787: 10785: 10782: 10780: 10779:Alpes Cottiae 10777: 10776: 10774: 10772: 10768: 10762: 10759: 10757: 10754: 10752: 10749: 10747: 10744: 10742: 10739: 10737: 10734: 10732: 10729: 10727: 10724: 10722: 10719: 10717: 10714: 10713: 10711: 10709: 10705: 10702: 10700: 10694: 10684: 10681: 10679: 10676: 10674: 10671: 10669: 10666: 10664: 10661: 10660: 10658: 10656: 10652: 10646: 10645:Tarraconensis 10643: 10641: 10638: 10636: 10633: 10631: 10628: 10626: 10623: 10621: 10618: 10616: 10613: 10612: 10610: 10608: 10604: 10598: 10595: 10593: 10590: 10588: 10585: 10583: 10582:Narbonensis I 10580: 10578: 10577:Aquitanica II 10575: 10573: 10570: 10568: 10565: 10564: 10562: 10560: 10556: 10550: 10547: 10545: 10542: 10540: 10537: 10535: 10532: 10530: 10529:Lugdunensis I 10527: 10525: 10522: 10520: 10517: 10515: 10512: 10510: 10507: 10505: 10502: 10501: 10499: 10497: 10493: 10490: 10488: 10482: 10478: 10473: 10468: 10464: 10455: 10451: 10447: 10443: 10439: 10438:Constantine I 10435: 10427: 10423: 10419: 10418: 10411: 10404: 10400: 10395: 10388: 10383: 10381: 10376: 10374: 10369: 10368: 10365: 10354: 10348: 10343: 10333: 10330: 10328: 10325: 10323: 10320: 10318: 10315: 10313: 10310: 10308: 10305: 10303: 10300: 10298: 10295: 10293: 10290: 10288: 10285: 10283: 10280: 10278: 10275: 10273: 10270: 10268: 10265: 10263: 10260: 10258: 10257: 10253: 10251: 10248: 10246: 10243: 10241: 10238: 10236: 10233: 10231: 10228: 10226: 10223: 10221: 10218: 10216: 10213: 10211: 10208: 10206: 10203: 10201: 10198: 10196: 10193: 10191: 10188: 10186: 10183: 10181: 10178: 10176: 10173: 10171: 10168: 10166: 10163: 10161: 10158: 10156: 10153: 10151: 10148: 10146: 10143: 10141: 10138: 10136: 10133: 10131: 10128: 10126: 10123: 10121: 10120:Alpes Cottiae 10118: 10116: 10113: 10111: 10108: 10106: 10103: 10102: 10099: 10095: 10085: 10080: 10078: 10073: 10071: 10066: 10065: 10062: 10050: 10042: 10040: 10032: 10030: 10022: 10020: 10012: 10010: 10000: 9999: 9996: 9990: 9987: 9985: 9984:Egyptologists 9982: 9980: 9977: 9976: 9973: 9968: 9958: 9955: 9953: 9950: 9948: 9945: 9941: 9938: 9936: 9933: 9932: 9931: 9928: 9926: 9923: 9921: 9918: 9916: 9913: 9911: 9908: 9904: 9901: 9899: 9896: 9895: 9894: 9891: 9889: 9886: 9884: 9881: 9879: 9876: 9874: 9871: 9869: 9866: 9864: 9861: 9859: 9856: 9852: 9849: 9847: 9844: 9843: 9842: 9839: 9837: 9834: 9830: 9827: 9826: 9825: 9822: 9818: 9815: 9814: 9813: 9810: 9808: 9805: 9803: 9800: 9798: 9795: 9793: 9790: 9788: 9785: 9783: 9780: 9778: 9775: 9773: 9770: 9768: 9765: 9761: 9758: 9757: 9756: 9753: 9751: 9748: 9746: 9743: 9739: 9736: 9735: 9734: 9731: 9727: 9724: 9722: 9719: 9717: 9714: 9713: 9712: 9709: 9707: 9704: 9703: 9700: 9694: 9691: 9689: 9686: 9684: 9681: 9680: 9677: 9672: 9671:Ancient Egypt 9665: 9660: 9658: 9653: 9651: 9646: 9645: 9642: 9636: 9633: 9632: 9623: 9619: 9615: 9611: 9608: 9605:. 1998. (ed) 9604: 9601: 9598: 9594: 9591: 9588: 9584: 9580: 9576: 9573: 9569: 9565: 9563:9781802078336 9559: 9555: 9550: 9548: 9545: 9541: 9537: 9533: 9531: 9528: 9524: 9521: 9517: 9514: 9510: 9507: 9503: 9500: 9496: 9493: 9489: 9486: 9482: 9481: 9468: 9462: 9458: 9457: 9452: 9451:Walter, Kaegi 9446: 9437: 9430: 9426: 9422: 9417: 9415: 9406: 9402: 9395: 9387: 9381: 9377: 9376: 9368: 9360: 9354: 9350: 9349: 9341: 9339: 9323:on 2011-12-20 9322: 9318: 9314: 9308: 9302: 9296: 9288: 9284: 9280: 9279: 9271: 9269: 9267: 9265: 9263: 9261: 9259: 9257: 9255: 9253: 9251: 9249: 9235: 9229: 9225: 9221: 9217: 9213: 9206: 9193: 9189: 9185: 9179: 9175: 9171: 9167: 9163: 9156: 9154: 9152: 9150: 9148: 9146: 9144: 9142: 9140: 9131: 9125: 9121: 9114: 9101: 9097: 9093: 9087: 9083: 9079: 9075: 9071: 9064: 9062: 9060: 9058: 9056: 9054: 9052: 9050: 9048: 9046: 9037: 9025: 9011: 9005: 9001: 8997: 8993: 8992: 8987: 8981: 8979: 8977: 8975: 8973: 8971: 8969: 8967: 8965: 8963: 8961: 8959: 8957: 8955: 8953: 8951: 8949: 8947: 8945: 8943: 8941: 8939: 8937: 8935: 8933: 8931: 8929: 8927: 8925: 8923: 8921: 8919: 8917: 8915: 8913: 8911: 8909: 8907: 8905: 8903: 8901: 8899: 8897: 8895: 8893: 8891: 8889: 8887: 8885: 8883: 8881: 8879: 8877: 8875: 8873: 8871: 8869: 8867: 8865: 8863: 8861: 8859: 8857: 8855: 8853: 8851: 8849: 8847: 8845: 8843: 8841: 8839: 8837: 8835: 8833: 8831: 8829: 8827: 8825: 8823: 8821: 8819: 8817: 8815: 8813: 8811: 8809: 8807: 8805: 8803: 8801: 8799: 8797: 8795: 8793: 8791: 8789: 8787: 8785: 8783: 8781: 8779: 8777: 8775: 8773: 8771: 8769: 8767: 8765: 8763: 8761: 8759: 8757: 8755: 8753: 8751: 8749: 8747: 8733: 8729: 8725: 8719: 8715: 8711: 8707: 8703: 8696: 8694: 8692: 8690: 8688: 8686: 8684: 8682: 8680: 8678: 8676: 8661: 8657: 8653: 8649: 8648: 8643: 8636: 8634: 8632: 8630: 8628: 8626: 8624: 8622: 8620: 8618: 8616: 8614: 8612: 8610: 8608: 8606: 8592: 8586: 8582: 8578: 8574: 8573: 8565: 8563: 8561: 8559: 8557: 8555: 8553: 8551: 8549: 8547: 8545: 8543: 8541: 8539: 8537: 8535: 8533: 8531: 8529: 8514: 8512:9780199571451 8508: 8504: 8500: 8496: 8492: 8491: 8486: 8479: 8477: 8475: 8473: 8471: 8469: 8467: 8465: 8463: 8461: 8459: 8457: 8448: 8442: 8438: 8437: 8428: 8422: 8417: 8409: 8408: 8400: 8392: 8386: 8382: 8381: 8373: 8371: 8369: 8354: 8352:9780199571451 8348: 8344: 8340: 8336: 8332: 8328: 8321: 8319: 8309: 8300: 8292: 8285: 8283: 8274: 8270: 8266: 8262: 8258: 8254: 8250: 8246: 8245: 8237: 8235: 8226: 8220: 8216: 8211: 8210: 8201: 8192: 8183: 8175: 8171: 8167: 8163: 8159: 8155: 8154: 8146: 8138: 8131: 8123: 8119: 8115: 8111: 8107: 8103: 8096: 8088: 8084: 8080: 8076: 8072: 8068: 8067: 8059: 8057: 8048: 8042: 8038: 8034: 8033: 8025: 8023: 8014: 8002: 7988: 7986:9780199571451 7982: 7978: 7974: 7970: 7966: 7965: 7960: 7953: 7951: 7949: 7947: 7945: 7943: 7941: 7939: 7937: 7935: 7933: 7931: 7929: 7927: 7925: 7923: 7921: 7919: 7917: 7915: 7913: 7911: 7909: 7907: 7905: 7903: 7901: 7899: 7897: 7895: 7893: 7891: 7889: 7887: 7885: 7883: 7881: 7872: 7860: 7846: 7844:9780199571451 7840: 7836: 7832: 7828: 7827: 7822: 7818: 7812: 7810: 7808: 7806: 7804: 7802: 7800: 7798: 7796: 7794: 7792: 7790: 7788: 7786: 7784: 7782: 7780: 7778: 7776: 7774: 7772: 7770: 7768: 7766: 7764: 7762: 7760: 7758: 7756: 7754: 7752: 7750: 7748: 7746: 7744: 7742: 7740: 7738: 7724: 7718: 7714: 7710: 7706: 7702: 7695: 7693: 7691: 7689: 7687: 7685: 7683: 7681: 7679: 7665: 7659: 7655: 7651: 7647: 7643: 7636: 7634: 7632: 7630: 7628: 7626: 7624: 7622: 7620: 7618: 7616: 7614: 7612: 7610: 7608: 7606: 7604: 7602: 7600: 7598: 7596: 7594: 7592: 7590: 7582: 7576: 7569: 7563: 7548: 7544: 7537: 7531: 7527: 7523: 7519: 7515: 7510: 7495: 7491: 7484: 7482: 7477: 7461: 7455: 7443: 7438: 7431: 7426: 7418: 7413: 7409: 7405: 7400: 7396: 7386: 7385:Roman pharaoh 7383: 7382: 7372: 7368: 7364: 7363: 7358: 7352: 7347: 7343: 7339: 7335: 7324: 7318: 7313: 7309: 7305: 7298: 7293: 7289: 7285: 7278: 7273: 7269: 7265: 7258: 7253: 7249: 7245: 7241: 7234: 7229: 7225: 7221: 7220: 7212: 7207: 7203: 7199: 7198:Parian marble 7192: 7187: 7183: 7179: 7175: 7168: 7163: 7159: 7155: 7148: 7143: 7139: 7132: 7127: 7123: 7116: 7111: 7107: 7100: 7095: 7091: 7084: 7079: 7075: 7072:uncovered in 7071: 7065: 7060: 7056: 7052: 7046: 7041: 7038: 7031: 7026: 7025: 7019: 7017: 7013: 7009: 7005: 7000: 6998: 6994: 6990: 6987: 6983: 6979: 6973: 6964: 6955: 6952: 6947: 6945: 6941: 6936: 6931: 6929: 6925: 6921: 6917: 6913: 6909: 6905: 6901: 6897: 6893: 6887: 6883: 6875: 6871: 6868:in 629 after 6867: 6862: 6850: 6847: 6844: 6841: 6839: 6836: 6833: 6830: 6827: 6824: 6821: 6817: 6814: 6811: 6808: 6805: 6802: 6799: 6798: 6796: 6794: 6790: 6789: 6784: 6775: 6772: 6770:(Al Tarranah) 6769: 6766: 6763: 6760: 6757: 6754: 6751: 6748: 6743: 6738: 6735: 6732: 6729: 6726: 6723: 6720: 6717: 6714: 6711: 6708: 6705: 6702: 6699: 6696: 6693: 6691: 6688: 6685: 6682: 6679: 6676: 6673: 6670: 6667: 6664: 6662: 6659: 6658: 6656: 6654: 6650: 6649: 6644: 6631: 6627: 6623: 6619: 6618: 6614:Augustan-era 6612: 6608: 6606: 6602: 6598: 6592: 6588: 6586: 6582: 6577: 6573: 6570:The reign of 6564: 6554: 6551: 6543: 6540:December 2020 6533: 6529: 6525: 6519: 6518: 6514: 6509:This section 6507: 6503: 6498: 6497: 6494: 6485: 6474: 6469: 6464: 6460: 6456: 6453: 6442: 6431: 6427: 6426:Sasanian army 6416: 6408: 6404: 6403: 6397: 6393: 6391: 6387: 6382: 6381:monophysitism 6378: 6374: 6370: 6366: 6362: 6358: 6354: 6353:Coptic Church 6350: 6346: 6341: 6332: 6321: 6316: 6314: 6310: 6306: 6302: 6291: 6287: 6283: 6279: 6275: 6274: 6269: 6265: 6254: 6253:Theodosius II 6249: 6247: 6243: 6239: 6235: 6231: 6227: 6223: 6219: 6211: 6207: 6206: 6201: 6197: 6193: 6189: 6185: 6183: 6182:comes Aegypti 6179: 6175: 6174: 6162: 6151: 6147: 6136: 6131: 6129: 6125: 6121: 6117: 6113: 6109: 6105: 6101: 6097: 6093: 6088: 6084: 6080: 6069: 6058: 6055: 6047: 6043: 6038: 6034: 6032: 6028: 6024: 6020: 6016: 6012: 6007: 6003: 5999: 5995: 5991: 5987: 5983: 5979: 5975: 5970: 5968: 5967: 5962: 5961: 5956: 5952: 5948: 5944: 5940: 5929: 5925: 5924: 5919: 5916: 5910: 5906: 5902: 5898: 5886: 5882: 5878: 5874: 5863: 5859: 5854: 5850: 5841: 5830: 5826: 5815: 5804: 5800: 5796: 5791: 5789: 5785: 5781: 5777: 5773: 5768: 5765: 5761: 5757: 5753: 5742: 5738: 5735:the brothers 5734: 5730: 5727:) at the 260 5719: 5715: 5711: 5700: 5689: 5678: 5674: 5670: 5659: 5654: 5645: 5634: 5630: 5619: 5616: 5612: 5601: 5597: 5595: 5591: 5587: 5583: 5582: 5577: 5576: 5571: 5560: 5556: 5554: 5550: 5546: 5545: 5539: 5531: 5527: 5526: 5521: 5520: 5514: 5510: 5508: 5497: 5492: 5481: 5476: 5467: 5463: 5459: 5455: 5451: 5446: 5440: 5439: 5432: 5421: 5417: 5413: 5409: 5404: 5402: 5397: 5393: 5389: 5385: 5381: 5370: 5365: 5363: 5359: 5358: 5353: 5349: 5345: 5341: 5337: 5326: 5310: 5298: 5288: 5278: 5275: 5271: 5267: 5263: 5258: 98–117 5252: 5247: 5245: 5241: 5238:, one of the 5237: 5233: 5229: 5225: 5221: 5216: 5214: 5210: 5206: 5202: 5197: 5188: 5184: 5180: 5176: 5172: 5168: 5163: 5161: 5157: 5153: 5149: 5145: 5140: 5136: 5132: 5128: 5124: 5119: 5117: 5113: 5110: 5106: 5102: 5098: 5094: 5090: 5086: 5082: 5078: 5074: 5073:Aelius Gallus 5069: 5067: 5063: 5055: 5051: 5046: 5036: 5032: 5028: 5021: 5007: 4993: 4991: 4987: 4983: 4979: 4975: 4972: 4971:Roman emperor 4961: 4958: 4950: 4940: 4936: 4930: 4929: 4924:This section 4922: 4918: 4913: 4912: 4899: 4895: 4893: 4889: 4885: 4881: 4877: 4872: 4870: 4865: 4861: 4857: 4850: 4845: 4841: 4839: 4834: 4829: 4825: 4823: 4819: 4815: 4810: 4808: 4804: 4800: 4796: 4791: 4785: 4781: 4780: 4775: 4771: 4767: 4765: 4761: 4757: 4753: 4749: 4745: 4740: 4738: 4734: 4730: 4726: 4725:Constantine I 4722: 4718: 4714: 4711: 4699: 4696: 4688: 4678: 4674: 4668: 4667: 4662:This section 4660: 4656: 4651: 4650: 4647: 4645: 4641: 4640: 4635: 4631: 4627: 4623: 4619: 4615: 4611: 4607: 4603: 4599: 4595: 4591: 4590: 4577: 4565: 4561: 4549: 4537: 4536: 4531: 4530: 4521: 4517: 4513: 4509: 4505: 4504: 4498: 4494: 4492: 4488: 4484: 4480: 4476: 4472: 4468: 4464: 4463: 4459: 4453: 4447: 4438:ἐν τῇ πατρίδι 4435: 4431: 4430: 4425: 4421: 4417: 4413: 4409: 4405: 4401: 4400: 4395: 4391: 4387: 4383: 4382:New Testament 4377: 4364: 4360: 4355: 4351: 4349: 4345: 4341: 4337: 4332: 4330: 4329: 4324: 4320: 4316: 4313:and his sons 4312: 4308: 4304: 4300: 4296: 4292: 4288: 4284: 4280: 4276: 4272: 4268: 4264: 4260: 4255: 4253: 4249: 4245: 4241: 4237: 4233: 4229: 4225: 4221: 4218: 4210: 4206: 4205: 4199: 4195: 4193: 4189: 4185: 4174: 4170: 4169: 4166:Ptolemy VIII 4163: 4159: 4155: 4151: 4147: 4143: 4139: 4135: 4131: 4130: 4125: 4121: 4117: 4113: 4109: 4102: 4097: 4093: 4091: 4090: 4085: 4081: 4076: 4071: 4069: 4065: 4061: 4057: 4053: 4049: 4045: 4041: 4037: 4033: 4029: 4025: 4021: 4017: 4013: 4009: 4005: 4001: 3997: 3993: 3989: 3985: 3981: 3977: 3969: 3965: 3961: 3956: 3952: 3950: 3946: 3942: 3938: 3933: 3930: 3926: 3922: 3912: 3910: 3906: 3902: 3898: 3893: 3891: 3880: 3875: 3871: 3870: 3865: 3861: 3857: 3846: 3845: 3839: 3831: 3827: 3823: 3819: 3814: 3805: 3803: 3791: 3779: 3775: 3771: 3767: 3764: 3763: 3756: 3753: 3749: 3745: 3741: 3729: 3717: 3712: 3700: 3689: 3685: 3681: 3677: 3673: 3665: 3661: 3660:Braccio Nuovo 3657: 3653: 3649: 3648: 3643: 3639: 3635: 3631: 3627: 3624: 3620: 3616: 3615: 3610: 3606: 3602: 3598: 3594: 3589: 3578: 3577: 3571: 3570:, Augustus". 3569: 3565: 3564: 3559: 3554: 3543: 3540: 3536: 3532: 3528: 3524: 3520: 3512: 3508: 3503: 3498: 3491:Imperial cult 3483: 3480: 3479:Red Monastery 3476: 3472: 3468: 3464: 3460: 3456: 3452: 3448: 3444: 3439: 3435: 3430: 3428: 3424: 3419: 3415: 3407: 3406:Red Monastery 3402: 3398: 3395: 3391: 3387: 3383: 3382: 3377: 3374: 3370: 3366: 3362: 3358: 3353: 3351: 3347: 3343: 3339: 3335: 3331: 3327: 3326: 3321: 3320: 3313: 3311: 3307: 3306: 3301: 3300: 3295: 3291: 3287: 3283: 3279: 3275: 3271: 3270: 3265: 3254: 3243: 3239: 3235: 3231: 3227: 3223: 3219: 3215: 3211: 3207: 3203: 3199: 3195: 3191: 3187: 3183: 3179: 3175: 3171: 3163: 3159: 3155: 3150: 3141: 3139: 3135: 3131: 3127: 3123: 3119: 3118:Kushan Empire 3115: 3110: 3108: 3107:Constantine I 3104: 3100: 3091: 3087: 3083: 3079: 3075: 3071: 3067: 3064: 3059: 3056: 3055:privatization 3051: 3049: 3044: 3025: 3012: 2993: 2979: 2977: 2972: 2969: 2965: 2957: 2953: 2949: 2940: 2938: 2933: 2928: 2924: 2922: 2918: 2914: 2909: 2907: 2900: 2888: 2884: 2882: 2876: 2873: 2869: 2865: 2860: 2856: 2852: 2848: 2844: 2838: 2836: 2832: 2828: 2822: 2818: 2815: 2814: 2809: 2808: 2803: 2799: 2791: 2786: 2782: 2773: 2771: 2767: 2762: 2757: 2753: 2749: 2745: 2741: 2737: 2732: 2727: 2723: 2722: 2717: 2716: 2710: 2705: 2701: 2697: 2692: 2687: 2682: 2679: 2678: 2666: 2662: 2658: 2653: 2647: 2645: 2641: 2637: 2633: 2629: 2628: 2623: 2619: 2615: 2611: 2610: 2605: 2601: 2597: 2593: 2592: 2587: 2582: 2575: 2573: 2569: 2565: 2561: 2556: 2551: 2550: 2545: 2540: 2535: 2534: 2529: 2525: 2524: 2519: 2514: 2508: 2502: 2500: 2499: 2494: 2490: 2489:III Cyrenaica 2486: 2475: 2471: 2470: 2465: 2464: 2458: 2456: 2452: 2447: 2441: 2435: 2429: 2427: 2426: 2420: 2414: 2413: 2407: 2403: 2399: 2395: 2391: 2387: 2382: 2379: 2367: 2355: 2354: 2341: 2336: 2331: 2327: 2323: 2322: 2317: 2313: 2312: 2307: 2302: 2300: 2299: 2293: 2289: 2288:Roman legions 2285: 2277: 2273: 2272: 2267: 2266: 2261: 2260: 2244: 2240: 2236: 2232: 2223: 2221: 2217: 2216: 2211: 2210: 2205: 2201: 2197: 2195: 2191: 2182: 2176: 2171: 2167: 2162: 2158: 2155: 98–117 2149: 2144: 2133: 2132: 2126: 2114: 2102: 2091: 2087: 2083: 2079: 2075: 2071: 2066: 2054: 2043: 2038: 2036: 2032: 2028: 2024: 2020: 2016: 2012: 2007: 1996: 1992: 1988: 1980: 1976: 1972: 1967: 1963: 1961: 1960: 1948: 1944: 1939: 1933: 1927: 1921: 1916: 1911: 1906: 1901: 1890: 1886: 1881: 1877: 1873: 1861: 1849: 1848: 1843: 1839: 1835: 1831: 1830: 1817: 1805: 1800: 1798: 1794: 1789: 1788: 1781: 1780: 1773: 1772: 1765: 1764: 1758: 1754: 1749: 1748: 1742: 1738: 1734: 1726: 1722: 1718: 1714: 1709: 1705: 1697: 1687: 1686: 1681: 1670: 1658: 1646: 1645: 1640: 1639: 1634: 1633: 1621: 1617: 1612: 1610: 1606: 1605: 1601:) and April ( 1600: 1599: 1586: 1574: 1570: 1566: 1562: 1558: 1557: 1552: 1541: 1537: 1536:Roman legions 1533: 1528: 1523: 1518: 1513: 1505: 1501: 1500:Severan Tondo 1497: 1492: 1488: 1485: 1484: 1477: 1472: 1468: 1467: 1462: 1458: 1454: 1450: 1449: 1444: 1440: 1439: 1434: 1431:). Unlike in 1430: 1426: 1421: 1416: 1412: 1408: 1407: 1402: 1398: 1394: 1390: 1386: 1382: 1377: 1375: 1371: 1367: 1361: 1355: 1343: 1332: 1326: 1321: 1317: 1306: 1303: 1302: 1293: 1289: 1285: 1284: 1279: 1278: 1272: 1268: 1266: 1262: 1258: 1254: 1249: 1246: 1240: 1230: 1228: 1224: 1220: 1216: 1212: 1208: 1204: 1200: 1199: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1182: 1181:Roman pharaoh 1178: 1174: 1170: 1166: 1162: 1157: 1155: 1151: 1147: 1143: 1139: 1135: 1131: 1127: 1123: 1119: 1118:Julius Caesar 1115: 1114:Cleopatra VII 1112: 1108: 1104: 1100: 1089: 1079: 1077: 1073: 1069: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1053: 1051: 1047: 1043: 1039: 1035: 1034: 1022: 1018: 1014: 1010: 1006: 1005: 1000: 996: 992: 988: 984: 979: 977: 973: 969: 965: 954: 950: 946: 935: 931: 927: 923: 919: 915: 910: 908: 904: 903: 898: 894: 890: 886: 882: 878: 873: 869: 868: 863: 858: 857: 851: 847: 846:Roman legions 842: 840: 836: 828: 824: 819: 817: 813: 809: 805: 801: 797: 793: 789: 778: 773: 771: 766: 764: 759: 758: 756: 755: 752: 742: 741: 731: 729: 726: 725: 721: 719: 716: 715: 711: 709: 706: 705: 701: 699: 696: 695: 690: 685: 684: 674: 672: 669: 668: 664: 662: 659: 658: 654: 652: 649: 648: 644: 642: 641:Ottoman Egypt 639: 638: 632: 627: 626: 616: 614: 611: 610: 606: 604: 601: 600: 596: 594: 591: 590: 586: 584: 581: 580: 576: 574: 571: 570: 566: 564: 561: 560: 556: 554: 551: 550: 546: 544: 541: 540: 535: 530: 529: 519: 517: 514: 513: 509: 507: 504: 503: 499: 497: 494: 493: 489: 487: 484: 483: 475: 474: 464: 462: 459: 458: 454: 452: 449: 448: 444: 442: 439: 438: 434: 432: 429: 428: 424: 422: 419: 418: 414: 412: 409: 408: 404: 402: 399: 398: 394: 392: 389: 388: 383: 382:Ancient Egypt 378: 377: 367: 365: 362: 361: 356: 351: 350: 346: 342: 341: 338: 332: 331: 326: 321: 320: 313: 310: 308:Today part of 306: 290: 288: 285: 284: 276: 274: 271: 270: 267: 261: 258: 251: 250: 247: 246: 243: 240: 238: 235: 234: 230: 226: 222: 218: 214: 211: 205: 201: 198: 192: 188: 185: 179: 175: 172: 167: 163: 159: 155: 151: 144: 138: 134: 130: 126: 123: 120: 116: 110: 105: 101: 98: 95:rule; 270–273 94: 87: 84: 80: 76: 70: 56: 38: 33: 19: 18210: 18200: 18164:Ancient Iraq 18163: 18153: 18133: 18122: 18108: 18099: 18086: 18077: 18041: 18034: 18027: 17956:Ardashir III 17948: 17925: 17866: 17834:Roman Empire 17832: 17810: 17768:Yazdegerd II 17698: 17689:Artabanus IV 17686:Vologases VI 17677:Vologases IV 17608:Roman Empire 17606: 17591:Vologases II 17567:Artabanus II 17561:Artabanus II 17546:Tiridates II 17534:Phraates III 17500: 17437:Simon Thassi 17430: 17412:Demetrius II 17400:Antiochus IV 17391:Seleucus III 17385:Antiochus II 17372: 17362: 17359:Alexander IV 17346: 17334: 17318:Ptolemy XIII 17300:Berenice III 17294:Cleopatra IV 17235: 17232:331–141 BCE 17223: 17214: 17208: 17202: 17181:Artaxerxes I 17162: 17129: 17126:539–331 BCE 17101: 17082:Nabopolassar 17075: 17046: 17040: 17037:626–539 BCE 17005:Ashurbanipal 16960: 16959: 16953: 16916: 16913:745–609 BCE 16879: 16859:Eriba-Marduk 16820: 16774: 16749: 16717: 16716: 16706: 16695:Shoshenq III 16673: 16670:911–745 BCE 16638: 16620:Marduk-zer-X 16584: 16580:Ashur-dan II 16511:Arik-den-ili 16508:Enlil-nirari 16502:Eriba-Adad I 16495: 16488: 16465: 16446: 16441:Psusennes II 16416: 16415: 16409: 16393:Ramesses VII 16381:Ramesses III 16370: 16354: 16348: 16316: 16302: 16283: 16272:Amenhotep II 16265:Thutmose III 16239: 16233: 16230: 16181:Kurigalzu II 16175:Kara-hardash 16145:Agum-Kakrime 16136: 16115: 16109: 16077: 16060:'Aper-'Anati 16058: 16053: 16032: 16026: 16020: 16016: 16010: 16006: 16000: 15994: 15993: 15957:Damqi-ilishu 15940: 15929:Samsu-Ditana 15911:Sin-muballit 15902:Sin-muballit 15881: 15851:Ashur-rabi I 15716:Shamshi-Adad 15713: 15707: 15692: 15662: 15656: 15644:Amenemhat IV 15638:Senusret III 15632:Amenemhat II 15619: 15605: 15591: 15540: 15537:Damiq-ilishu 15507:Lipit-Eshtar 15488: 15469: 15426: 15394: 15390: 15374:Shakkanakkus 15337: 15313:Mentuhotep I 15306: 15300: 15281: 15268: 15231: 15225:Puzur-Ishtar 15192: 15187: 15169: 15122:Lugalannatum 15114: 15081: 15048: 15028: 15007:Hishep-Ratep 14973: 14955: 14892: 14882: 14836:Neferkare II 14826: 14820: 14814: 14761: 14743: 14733: 14712: 14665:Invasion by 14628: 14593: 14569: 14561:Enannatum II 14525:E-iginimpa'e 14494: 14486:Igrish-Halam 14397:Nyuserre Ini 14374: 14348:Awan dynasty 14346: 14305: 14292: 14273: 14258: 14249: 14233:Ishtup-Ishar 14213:Iku-Shamagan 14209:Ikun-Shamash 14201: 14179:Ur I dynasty 14177: 14170: 14159: 14134: 14128: 14102: 14083: 14042: 14025: 14010: 13992: 13951: 13943: 13914: 13895: 13858:Enmebaragesi 13844: 13825: 13796: 13787: 13780: 13743: 13738: 13718:En-tarah-ana 13703: 13696: 13688: 13678: 13654: 13651:Neferkasokar 13649: 13644: 13633: 13628: 13623: 13618: 13613: 13608: 13592: 13572: 13566: 13557: 13545: 13540: 13491: 13485: 13472: 13464: 13459: 13454: 13449: 13444: 13439: 13434: 13429: 13424: 13419: 13413: 13399: 13388: 13383: 13378: 13373: 13368: 13365: 13360: 13355: 13352:Finger Snail 13350: 13344: 13327: 13296:Anu Ziggurat 13279: 13247: 13241: 13159:Territories/ 12925:Coat of arms 12895:Architecture 12784:Christianity 12764:Prostitution 12710:Human rights 12669:Abaza family 12657:Universities 12622:Demographics 12575:Billionaires 12219:Constitution 12214:Conscription 12197:Governorates 12078:Halfaya Pass 11948:1954–present 11908:Constitution 11863:2010s Crisis 11775:World War II 11737:Urabi revolt 11654:Islamization 11611: 11588:31st Dynasty 11583:27th Dynasty 11437:Spania (552) 11298:Palaestina I 11278:Euphratensis 11225:Helenopontus 11205:Cappadocia I 11112:Hellespontus 11011:Epirus Vetus 10978:Praevalitana 10893:of Illyricum 10683:Valentia (?) 10668:Britannia II 10572:Aquitanica I 10450:theme system 10415: 10254: 9711:Architecture 9613: 9606: 9596: 9578: 9571: 9553: 9543: 9539: 9535: 9526: 9519: 9512: 9505: 9498: 9491: 9484: 9455: 9445: 9436: 9420: 9404: 9394: 9374: 9367: 9347: 9325:. Retrieved 9321:the original 9307: 9300: 9295: 9277: 9237:, retrieved 9215: 9205: 9195:, retrieved 9165: 9119: 9113: 9103:, retrieved 9073: 9013:. Retrieved 8990: 8735:, retrieved 8705: 8663:. Retrieved 8646: 8594:, retrieved 8571: 8516:. Retrieved 8489: 8435: 8427: 8421:Serapis coin 8416: 8406: 8399: 8379: 8356:. Retrieved 8334: 8308: 8299: 8290: 8248: 8242: 8208: 8200: 8195:Lewis, p.141 8191: 8182: 8157: 8151: 8145: 8136: 8130: 8105: 8101: 8095: 8070: 8064: 8031: 7990:. Retrieved 7963: 7848:. Retrieved 7825: 7726:, retrieved 7704: 7667:, retrieved 7645: 7580: 7575: 7567: 7562: 7551:. Retrieved 7546: 7536: 7517: 7509: 7497:. Retrieved 7494:TheTorah.com 7493: 7437: 7399: 7369:) holding a 7360: 7308:Luxor Museum 7288:Luxor Museum 7268:Luxor Museum 7217: 7173: 7153: 7001: 6975: 6951:Miaphysitism 6948: 6932: 6900:Roman Empire 6889: 6845:(Sebennytos) 6815:(Banâm Benâ) 6793:titular sees 6786: 6782: 6780: 6727:(An Nuqrash) 6653:titular sees 6646: 6642: 6640: 6620:in Egyptian 6615: 6605:bread basket 6593: 6589: 6569: 6546: 6537: 6522:Please help 6510: 6463:dyophysitism 6451: 6415:Anastasius I 6412: 6400: 6351:between the 6342: 6317: 6311:of Rome and 6286:Kharga Oasis 6271: 6250: 6215: 6203: 6199: 6181: 6177: 6171: 6145: 6132: 6102:against the 6096:Nicene Creed 6053: 6051: 6026: 5971: 5964: 5958: 5954: 5921: 5914: 5912: 5901:Augustamnica 5792: 5769: 5759: 5751: 5672: 5655: 5627:) after the 5614: 5610: 5598: 5593: 5589: 5579: 5573: 5557: 5552: 5548: 5543: 5535: 5523: 5517: 5477: 5461: 5437: 5405: 5380:Sothic cycle 5366: 5357:Via Hadriana 5355: 5351: 5347: 5340:Antinoöpolis 5322: 5248: 5217: 5198: 5166: 5164: 5120: 5099:against the 5081:Arabia Felix 5070: 5066:protectorate 5059: 5049: 4990:Roman Empire 4968: 4953: 4947:January 2021 4944: 4933:Please help 4928:verification 4925: 4896: 4873: 4854: 4830: 4826: 4811: 4792: 4788: 4777: 4774:Coptic cross 4741: 4706: 4691: 4685:January 2021 4682: 4671:Please help 4666:verification 4663: 4644:palaeography 4637: 4629: 4609: 4606:Antinoöpolis 4597: 4588: 4535:nomina sacra 4533: 4528: 4525: 4515: 4511: 4501: 4478: 4460: 4427: 4416:Book of Acts 4415: 4399:Book of Acts 4397: 4379: 4370:Christianity 4333: 4326: 4302: 4275:Middle Egypt 4256: 4239: 4235: 4227: 4216: 4214: 4204:contrapposto 4202: 4191: 4187: 4167: 4127: 4105: 4087: 4072: 4060:Medinet Habu 4032:Dakhla Oasis 3973: 3934: 3929:circumcision 3920: 3918: 3896: 3894: 3868: 3843: 3835: 3760: 3757: 3751: 3747: 3743: 3739: 3687: 3683: 3675: 3671: 3669: 3645: 3622: 3618: 3612: 3609:Roman Senate 3596: 3592: 3574: 3572: 3567: 3561: 3541: 3516: 3462: 3431: 3417: 3411: 3394:Dakhla Oasis 3385: 3379: 3365:house church 3354: 3323: 3318: 3314: 3303: 3297: 3293: 3285: 3281: 3278:Vivant Denon 3267: 3242:Antinoöpolis 3225: 3221: 3177: 3173: 3169: 3167: 3144:Architecture 3129: 3111: 3095: 3085: 3060: 3052: 2980: 2973: 2961: 2936: 2931: 2929: 2925: 2910: 2903: 2877: 2867: 2863: 2839: 2834: 2823: 2819: 2811: 2805: 2794: 2779: 2739: 2720: 2714: 2700:Hippo Regius 2683: 2675: 2648: 2625: 2607: 2599: 2595: 2591:beneficiarii 2589: 2585: 2576: 2547: 2543: 2532: 2527: 2522: 2503: 2497: 2492: 2488: 2481: 14–37 2467: 2461: 2459: 2430: 2423: 2394:Middle Egypt 2383: 2329: 2321:primus pilus 2319: 2309: 2305: 2303: 2297: 2281: 2270: 2264: 2257: 2213: 2207: 2198: 2186: 2165: 2129: 2089: 2085: 2078:epistrategoi 2077: 2073: 2069: 2041: 2039: 2034: 2030: 2027:epistrategos 2026: 2023:epistrategoi 2022: 2006:epistratēgós 2000:ἐπιστράτηγος 1995:epistrategos 1994: 1986: 1984: 1958: 1942: 1914: 1904: 1884: 1879: 1875: 1871: 1845: 1841: 1833: 1828: 1801: 1730: 1721:Middle Egypt 1695: 1683: 1642: 1636: 1630: 1613: 1602: 1596: 1572: 1568: 1554: 1550: 1517:ius edicendi 1509: 1470: 1464: 1446: 1437: 1424: 1404: 1378: 1299: 1297: 1281: 1275: 1250: 1242: 1196: 1173:Roman empire 1158: 1136:, the Roman 1085: 1062:in 618, who 1054: 1033:solidus coin 1031: 1002: 980: 911: 900: 865: 843: 820: 796:Roman Empire 787: 786: 732:1953–present 631:Early modern 510:30 BC–641 AD 505: 445:1550–1069 BC 435:1650–1550 BC 425:2055–1650 BC 415:2181–2055 BC 405:2686–2181 BC 395:3150–2686 BC 368:6000–3000 BC 242:Succeeded by 241: 236: 83:Roman Empire 18267:Roman Egypt 18096:Simpson, W. 18024:639–651 CE 17971:Azarmidokht 17962:Khosrow III 17945:628–641 CE 17901:618–628 CE 17863:395–618 CE 17829:273–395 CE 17817:Vaballathus 17807:270–273 CE 17771:Hormizd III 17756:Yazdegerd I 17747:Ardashir II 17741:Adur Narseh 17695:224–270 CE 17683:Vologases V 17657:117–224 CE 17638:116–117 CE 17585:Vardanes II 17582:Vologases I 17573:Gotarzes II 17543:Phraates IV 17513:Hyspaosines 17452:Hyrcanus II 17427:141–30 BCE 17406:Demetrius I 17403:Antiochus V 17397:Seleucus IV 17388:Seleucus II 17382:Antiochus I 17369:Antigonus I 17321:Ptolemy XIV 17309:Cleopatra V 17091:Neriglissar 17088:Amel-Marduk 17071:Psamtik III 17042:Late Period 16981:Sennacherib 16972:Shalmaneser 16899:Tammaritu I 16796:Shammuramat 16739:Takelot III 16736:Osorkon III 16733:Shoshenq VI 16708:Pedubast II 16698:Shoshenq IV 16686:Shoshenq II 16535:Ashur-dan I 16476:Ish-bosheth 16429:Psusennes I 16405:Ramesses XI 16399:Ramesses IX 16390:Ramesses VI 16384:Ramesses IV 16329:Ramesses II 16292:Tutankhamun 16275:Thutmose IV 16259:Thutmose II 16193:Kudur-Enlil 16178:Nazi-Bugash 16166:Kurigalzu I 16154:Ulamburiash 16125:Amenhotep I 16106:Tutankhamun 16092:Parshatatar 16089:Shuttarna I 16022:Seventeenth 15951:Ilum-ma-ili 15926:Ammi-saduqa 15923:Ammi-ditana 15917:Samsu-iluna 15824:Erishum III 15785:Adad-salulu 15782:Ipqi-Ishtar 15770:Ashur-dugul 15755:Adad-salulu 15752:Ipqi-Ishtar 15740:Ashur-dugul 15709:Old Assyria 15704:(Amorites) 15647:Sobekneferu 15635:Senusret II 15626:Amenemhat I 15598:Sîn-iribam 15575:Sin-Iqisham 15569:Sin-Iddinam 15519:Erra-imitti 15516:Lipit-Enlil 15504:Ishme-Dagan 15501:Iddin-Dagan 15437:Shalim-ahum 15428:Old Assyria 15414:Yasmah-Adad 15391:Lim Dynasty 15383:Hanun-Dagan 15379:Hitial-Erra 15144:Ur-Ningirsu 15100:Kuda (Uruk) 15073:Ishgum-Addu 15063:Ishtup-Ilum 14915:Ishma-Dagan 14900:Shakkanakku 14878:Neferirkare 14875:Neferkauhor 14778:Ili-ishmani 14757:Manishtushu 14720:Lugalzagesi 14716:III dynasty 14700:Puzur-Nirah 14415:Ishar-Malik 14394:Shepseskare 14184:Mesannepada 14109:Nin-kisalsi 14097:Lugal-kitun 14067:Meskalamdug 14053:Ur-Pabilsag 13866:Aga of Kish 13775:Barsal-nuna 13660:Khasekhemwy 13646:Neferkara I 13625:Weneg-Nebty 13603:Nebra/Raneb 13415:Lower Egypt 13401:Scorpion II 13346:Upper Egypt 13298:, 4000 BCE) 13281:Uruk period 13089:WikiProject 12850:Scientology 12720:LGBT rights 12642:Law schools 12426:Lighthouses 12369:Agriculture 12098:Mount Sinai 12058:Earthquakes 11858:Mubarak era 11829:Six-Day War 11819:Suez Crisis 11814:Land reform 11561:Prehistoric 11484:Justinian I 11356:Aegyptus II 11288:Mesopotamia 11235:Paphlagonia 11064:Haemimontus 11042:of the East 11006:Epirus Nova 10930:Pannonia II 10663:Britannia I 10524:Germania II 10355:'s reforms. 10287:Mesopotamia 10049:WikiProject 9863:Mathematics 9824:Hieroglyphs 9738:Portraiture 9706:Agriculture 9693:Main topics 9032:|work= 8312:Delia, p.33 8186:Bell, p.148 8009:|work= 7867:|work= 7442:Koinē Greek 7417:Koinē Greek 7178:Harpocrates 7051:Canopic jar 7016:Greco-Roman 6908:Achaemenids 6826:Pachnemunis 6740: [ 6441:Justinian I 6290:Dioscorus I 6011:Manichaeism 6002:Lower Nubia 5618:Diadumenian 5458:Roman Syria 5420:Bucolic War 5048:Trilingual 4978:Mark Antony 4838:hieroglyphs 4803:monasticism 4799:Manichaeism 4518:. LX 4009, 4506:, from the 4491:Saint Peter 4429:Codex Bezae 4340:Egyptomania 4283:Buchis bull 4224:Julia Domna 4222:, his wife 4188:mētropoleis 4070:are known. 4022:and at the 3888:, 'the 3864:Harpocrates 3684:mētropoleis 3640:of Egypt's 3568:Eleutherios 3542:Eleutherios 3418:pastaphoria 3386:pastaphoria 3381:pastaphoria 3286:mētropoleis 3282:mētropoleis 3234:Oxyrhynchus 3226:mētropoleis 3222:mētropoleis 3182:gymnasiarch 3174:mētropoleis 3024:gḗ en dōreá 3016:γή εν δωρεά 3011:Basilikḗ gē 3005:Βασιλική γη 2872:Oxyrhynchus 2868:mētropoleis 2835:mētropoleis 2802:Koine Greek 2622:Myos Hormos 2586:centuriones 2566:and Syene ( 2455:megalopolis 2173: [ 2035:mētropoleis 1991:epistrategy 1975:Lower Egypt 1943:Idios Logos 1880:mētropoleis 1834:mētropoleis 1657:dikaiodotes 1649:δικαιοδότης 1638:bona caduca 1632:Idios Logos 1616:procurators 1585:dialogismos 1577:διαλογισμός 1565:Upper Egypt 1561:Lower Egypt 1483:providentia 1342:Koinē Greek 1193:tetradrachm 1161:was settled 1134:Mark Antony 1116:sided with 897:Hellenistic 893:Koine Greek 887:periods to 788:Roman Egypt 461:Late Period 455:1069–664 BC 441:New Kingdom 401:Old Kingdom 334:History of 237:Preceded by 69:Koinē Greek 18251:Categories 17980:Khosrow IV 17977:Hormizd VI 17959:Shahrbaraz 17936:Khosrow II 17921:Shahrbaraz 17915:Shahrbaraz 17795:Khosrow II 17792:Hormizd IV 17750:Shapur III 17738:Hormizd II 17732:Bahram III 17717:Ardashir I 17588:Pacorus II 17579:Vonones II 17576:Meherdates 17570:Vardanes I 17555:Orodes III 17552:Phraates V 17531:Sinatruces 17379:Seleucus I 17356:Philip III 17330:Arsinoe IV 17255:Arsinoe II 17196:Darius III 17062:Psamtik II 17002:Esarhaddon 16895:Ummanigash 16865:Nabonassar 16759:Bakenranef 16730:Pedubast I 16727:Takelot II 16724:Harsiese A 16712:Osorkon IV 16704:Shoshenq V 16692:Osorkon II 16680:Shoshenq I 16426:Amenemnisu 16402:Ramesses X 16387:Ramesses V 16335:Amenmesses 16323:Ramesses I 16285:Smenkhkare 16262:Hatshepsut 16256:Thutmose I 16160:Karaindash 15899:Sumu-la-El 15731:Mut-Ashkur 15722:(Amorites) 15629:Senusret I 15588:Rim-Sin II 15578:Silli-Adad 15572:Sin-Eribam 15534:Suen-magir 15531:Ur-du-kuga 15528:Iter-pisha 15522:Enlil-bani 15510:Ur-Ninurta 15498:Shu-Ilishu 15495:Ishbi-Erra 15465:Erishum II 15411:Yahdun-Lim 15408:Yaggid-Lim 15221:Tura-Dagan 15200:Utu-hengal 15176:Meryhathor 15152:Nam-mahani 15118:II dynasty 15087:(21 kings) 14981:Puzer-Mama 14977:II dynasty 14959:IV dynasty 14872:Neferkaure 14869:Qakare Ibi 14860:Neferkahor 14851:Neferkamin 14770:Ilshu-rabi 14661:Ishqi-Mari 14657:Ikun-Ishar 14653:Enna-Dagan 14573:II dynasty 14547:Bara-irnun 14502:Puzur-Suen 14498:IV dynasty 14490:Irkab-Damu 14435:(3 kings) 14361:Ukkutahesh 14334:Meskiagnun 14330:A'annepada 14277:II dynasty 14172:Thamphthis 14168:Shepseskaf 14117:Lugal-dalu 14016:Udulkalama 13996:II dynasty 13938:Sekhemkhet 13846:Lugalbanda 13772:Melem-Kish 13768:En-me-nuna 13553:Canaanites 13547:Horus Bird 13512:Neithhotep 13385:Scorpion I 13335:Naqada III 13001:Newspapers 12991:Mass media 12843:Synagogues 12811:Irreligion 12759:Literature 12754:Liberalism 12693:Healthcare 12595:Corruption 12278:Parliament 12209:Corruption 12204:Civil Code 12147:Suez Canal 12105:Nile Delta 11990:Alexandria 11960:Population 11955:Parliament 11923:Healthcare 11804:Nasser era 11578:Achaemenid 11553:Chronology 11461:reconquest 11351:Aegyptus I 11313:Phoenice I 11268:Cilicia II 11175:Armenia II 10925:Pannonia I 10597:Viennensis 10519:Germania I 10514:Belgica II 10454:Asia Minor 10426:Diocletian 10353:Diocletian 10165:Cappadocia 9979:Egyptology 9947:Technology 9910:Philosophy 9858:Literature 9750:Chronology 9540:by Yu Huan 9527:Hou Hanshu 9327:2011-12-14 9239:2021-02-11 9197:2021-01-31 9105:2021-01-31 9015:2021-01-26 8737:2021-01-31 8665:2021-01-22 8596:2021-02-07 8518:2021-01-17 8358:2021-02-20 8251:: 78–93 . 7992:2021-01-04 7850:2021-01-04 7728:2020-12-30 7669:2020-12-30 7553:2023-10-18 7472:References 7454:mētropolis 7446:μητρόπολις 7330: 135 7008:Alexandria 6997:Nile Delta 6928:Alexandria 6926:(614) and 6912:Khosrow II 6843:Sebennytus 6768:Terenuthis 6678:Cleopatris 6668:(Khirbita) 6666:Andropolis 6626:San Prisco 6486:'s reign ( 6402:Carmagnola 6377:Basiliscus 6369:Timothy II 6327: 425 6208:, showing 6083:indictions 5982:Diocletian 5918:Diocletian 5862:Diocletian 5847: 276 5684: 253 5677:Aemilianus 5633:Elagabalus 5625: 218 5568:) granted 5549:mētropolis 5228:Siwa Oasis 5209:Alexandria 5165:The first 5139:Germanicus 5112:Imanarenat 4884:Miaphysite 4795:Gnosticism 4756:Athanasius 4710:apologists 4424:Acts 18:24 4346:at Tibur ( 4323:Harendotes 4287:Hermonthis 4254:recorded. 4248:Elagabalus 4180: 193 3941:Narmouthis 3921:archiereus 3897:archiereus 3885:myrionymos 3842:Ptolemy I 3748:sebasteion 3672:archiereus 3647:cornucopia 3619:archiereus 3597:archiereus 3576:archiereus 3558:pro salute 3547:Ἐλευθέριος 3527:ruler cult 3423:ambulatory 3249: 130 3208:, and, at 3202:tetrastyle 3134:Alexandria 3103:Diocletian 2976:Alexandria 2859:Diocletian 2726:Asia Minor 2665:castrenses 2616:along the 2518:Principate 2451:Roman Navy 2316:centurions 2284:Roman army 2254: 170 2252: – c. 2250: 160 2019:Heptanomia 1932:eklogistes 1920:eklogistes 1838:euergetism 1804:hinterland 1793:the Pharos 1737:manumitted 1696:archiereus 1527:ius gladii 1427:" (Latin: 1413:, since a 1401:senatorial 1393:praefectus 1374:Nile Delta 1305:Diocletian 1207:liturgical 993:at Syene ( 983:Diocletian 953:Diocletian 872:metropolis 862:Roman army 835:Alexandria 490:332–310 BC 465:664–332 BC 128:Population 122:Alexandria 100:occupation 18092:Hallo, W. 17989:Peroz III 17823:Antiochus 17789:Khosrow I 17759:Shapur IV 17753:Bahram IV 17744:Shapur II 17729:Bahram II 17723:Hormizd I 17680:Osroes II 17558:Vonones I 17540:Orodes II 17516:Artabanus 17184:Darius II 17111:Phraortes 17097:Nabonidus 17068:Ahmose II 17056:Psamtik I 16949:Tanutamun 16798:(regent) 16689:Takelot I 16683:Osorkon I 16448:Phoenicia 16432:Amenemope 16378:Setnakhte 16332:Merneptah 16281:Akhenaten 16064:Sakir-Har 16002:Sixteenth 15981:Akurduana 15967:Gulkishar 15964:Shushushi 15920:Abi-eshuh 15914:Hammurabi 15896:Sumu-abum 15818:Shu-Ninua 15809:Iptar-Sin 15779:Sin-namir 15776:Nasir-Sin 15767:Puzur-Sin 15749:Sin-namir 15746:Nasir-Sin 15600:Sîn-gāmil 15596:Sîn-kāšid 15584:Rim-Sin I 15581:Warad-Sin 15461:Naram-Sin 15445:Erishum I 15441:Ilu-shuma 15417:Zimri-Lim 15365:Indilimma 15352:Ibbit-Lim 15322:Intef III 15285:invasions 15272:invasions 15217:Ili-Ishar 15213:Iddi-ilum 15206:2100 BCE 15196:V dynasty 15166:2125 BCE 15104:Puzur-ili 15091:La-erabum 15025:2150 BCE 14951:Shu-turul 14944:(3 years) 14911:Shu-Dagan 14811:2200 BCE 14788:Naram-Sin 14784:2250 BCE 14728:2340 BCE 14694:2350 BCE 14688:Luh-ishan 14683:Urukagina 14679:Lugalanda 14648:Isar-Damu 14644:2370 BCE 14590:2380 BCE 14565:Enentarzi 14553:Enannatum 14542:Gishakidu 14506:Ur-Zababa 14482:Adub-Damu 14478:2400 BCE 14451:2425 BCE 14445:Napilhush 14433:invasions 14411:Enar-Damu 14391:Neferefre 14371:2450 BCE 14314:Ur-Nanshe 14309:I dynasty 14296:I dynasty 14237:Ikun-Mari 14196:Phoenicia 14192:2500 BCE 14125:2575 BCE 14093:Melamanna 14077:Akalamdug 14049:A-Imdugud 14012:Ur-Nungal 13999:(5 kings) 13986:Baba-Damu 13982:Ibbi-Damu 13911:2600 BCE 13881:Gilgamesh 13839:Iltasadum 13810:2700 BCE 13784:I dynasty 13737:2800 BCE 13700:I dynasty 13656:Hudjefa I 13589:2900 BCE 13535:Semerkhet 13527:(regent) 13514:(regent) 13421:Hedju Hor 13249:Naqada II 12996:Magazines 12986:Egyptians 12821:Ahmadiyya 12732:Languages 12698:Hospitals 12632:Education 12499:Transport 12458:Aswan Dam 12386:Companies 12327:Terrorism 12293:President 12256:Massacres 12246:Judiciary 12224:Elections 12093:Mountains 12022:Geography 12000:Port Said 11943:1939–1954 11938:1928–1938 11893:Anarchism 11836:Sadat era 11780:Sultanate 11727:Khedivate 11627:Christian 11595:Ptolemaic 11263:Cilicia I 11215:Galatia I 11170:Armenia I 11137:Pamphylia 11069:Moesia II 11026:Thessalia 10803:Raetia II 10635:Lusitania 10630:Gallaecia 10620:Balearica 10509:Belgica I 10272:Macedonia 10160:Britannia 9883:Mythology 9807:Geography 9797:Dynasties 9745:Astronomy 9192:151245168 9100:189295877 9034:ignored ( 9024:cite book 8732:193089548 8273:220269251 8122:163149248 8073:: 1–24 . 8037:Routledge 8011:ignored ( 8001:cite book 7869:ignored ( 7859:cite book 7499:18 August 6940:Kavadh II 6935:Heraclius 6924:Jerusalem 6870:Heraclius 6832:Phragonis 6803:(Abu-Sir) 6725:Naucratis 6713:Menelaite 6695:Letopolis 6684:Coprithis 6680:(Seresna) 6628:in 1897 ( 6622:alabaster 6597:Justinian 6511:does not 6473:Justin II 6386:Felix III 6361:Proterius 6273:Theotokos 6268:Nestorius 6198:from the 6126:) in the 6027:praefecti 6004:, to the 5978:Achilleus 5881:Sepphoris 5871:) in the 5840:Florianus 5741:Macrianus 5733:acclaimed 5699:Gallienus 5559:Caracalla 5509:at Rome. 5431:translit. 5416:Egyptians 5213:Jerusalem 5179:Vespasian 5079:and even 4982:Cleopatra 4548:en kyrίōi 4404:Acts 2:10 4394:Jerusalem 4336:Benevento 4263:cartouche 4220:Caracalla 4207:stances ( 4068:Vitellius 4038:, and at 3838:syncretic 3770:Aphrodite 3752:caesareum 3740:sebasteia 3656:crocodile 3638:river god 3509:in Rome ( 3482:century. 3178:strategos 3084:(ϹΑΡΑΠΟ, 2992:Hierā́ gē 2843:strategoi 2752:Thracians 2596:strategoi 2581:praesidia 2235:Encaustic 2113:sitologoi 2107:σιτολόγοι 2074:strategoi 2031:strategoi 1981:, London) 1910:strategoi 1885:strategos 1876:strategoi 1872:strategoi 1860:stratēgós 1852:στρατηγός 1847:strategos 1701:ἀρχιερεύς 1691:διοικητής 1685:dioiketes 1644:iuridicus 1607:) in the 1598:Ianuarius 1573:conventus 1466:sesterces 1415:Roman law 1411:proconsul 1245:Hellenism 1189:Roman law 1082:Formation 1013:Scythians 1004:limitanei 949:Achilleus 885:Ptolemaic 722:1922–1953 712:1914–1922 702:1882–1922 675:1867–1914 665:1805–1953 655:1798–1801 645:1517–1867 617:1250–1517 607:1171–1250 500:310–30 BC 102:; 619–628 93:Palmyrene 18208:(2014). 18161:(1992). 18131:(2020). 18098:(1971). 17939:Kavad II 17765:Bahram V 17726:Bahram I 17720:Shapur I 17597:Osroes I 17528:Orodes I 17522:Gotarzes 17510:Phraates 17175:Darius I 17172:Cambyses 17120:Astyages 17117:Cyaxares 17059:Necho II 16990:Bel-ibni 16940:Shebitku 16903:Indabibi 16756:Tefnakht 16298:Horemheb 16157:Agum III 16139:Kassites 16122:Ahmose I 15987:Ea-gamil 15971:DIŠ+U-EN 15961:Ishkibal 15908:Apil-Sin 15890:Amorites 15800:Bel-bani 15675:Biblical 15566:Nur-Adad 15557:Gungunum 15545:Naplanum 15513:Bur-Suen 15477:Amorites 15453:Sargon I 15403:Amorites 15347:Amorites 15319:Intef II 15289:Kindattu 15277:Ibbi-Sin 15256:Amar-Sin 15250:Ur-Nammu 15185:Merykare 15077:Apil-kin 14989:Pirig-me 14967:Ur-gigir 14963:Ur-nigin 14903:dynasty) 14848:Merenhor 14774:Epirmupi 14603:Userkare 14557:Entemena 14534:Ur-Lumma 14529:Meskigal 14460:Eannatum 14455:Kun-Damu 14439:Shushun- 14424:Enakalle 14283:kushanna 14269:Undalulu 14241:Iblul-Il 14165:Menkaure 14161:Bikheris 14154:Djedefre 14113:Me-durba 14038:shaengur 14032:En-hegal 14020:Labashum 13978:Agur-lim 13974:Abur-lim 13953:Qahedjet 13798:Enmerkar 13630:Wadjenes 13620:Horus Sa 13615:Nubnefer 13606:Nynetjer 13580:Susa III 13542:Sneferka 13525:Merneith 13243:Naqada I 13069:Category 13033:Olympics 12969:Football 12801:Hinduism 12769:Religion 12676:Feminism 12664:Families 12627:Diaspora 12590:Censuses 12580:Cannabis 12565:Abortion 12509:Airports 12504:Airlines 12480:Internet 12283:Passport 12261:Military 12234:Missions 12181:Politics 12162:Wildlife 11886:By topic 11799:Republic 11634:Sassanid 11230:Honorias 11200:Bithynia 10973:Moesia I 10968:Dardania 10910:Dalmatia 10831:Byzacena 10798:Raetia I 10746:Sardinia 10721:Campania 10699:of Italy 10422:dioceses 10195:Dalmatia 10110:Aegyptus 10093:(117 AD) 10019:Category 9940:District 9935:Capitals 9920:Religion 9903:Titulary 9893:Pharaohs 9873:Military 9868:Medicine 9851:Hieratic 9841:Language 9767:Clothing 9721:Obelisks 9595:. 1996. 9453:(1992). 7819:(2012). 7516:(2007), 7425:Aígyptos 7421:Αἴγυπτος 7408:Aegyptus 7379:See also 7244:Ariminum 7224:Berenice 6993:Muhammad 6916:this war 6896:Sassanid 6795: : 6737:Onouphis 6721:(Fuwwah) 6707:Mariotes 6701:Phatanus 6686:(Qabrit) 6455:Theodora 6430:Justin I 6355:and the 6301:Eutyches 6278:Shenoute 6246:Claudian 6222:Serapeum 6180:and the 6161:Arcadius 6104:Arianism 6057:Licinius 6044:border ( 6042:repoussé 5972:In 297, 5928:Galerius 5915:augustus 5803:Aurelian 5780:Macriani 5764:Blemmyes 5718:Shapur I 5688:Valerian 5673:graffito 5615:augustus 5600:Macrinus 5590:augustus 5551:of each 5491:Pertinax 5480:Commodus 5450:Isidorus 5438:Boukóloi 5425:Βουκόλοι 5344:Antinous 5240:miracles 5131:Claudius 5127:Caligula 5123:Tiberius 5107:, whose 5089:Claudius 4974:Augustus 4729:Palladas 4723:in 313, 4594:Antonius 4540:ἐν κυρίῳ 4390:epistles 4386:apostles 4319:Honorius 4315:Arcadius 4295:Licinius 4244:Macrinus 4236:augustus 4217:augustus 4173:Pertinax 4134:Antinous 4120:Kalabsha 4116:Gebelein 4012:Kom Ombo 3992:Athribis 3949:Tebtunis 3869:calathus 3826:Pozzuoli 3822:Cerberus 3746:). Each 3744:caesarea 3728:Sebastós 3720:Σεβαστός 3614:imperium 3544:(Greek: 3486:Religion 3459:Shenoute 3451:triconch 3434:Abu Mena 3408:of Sohag 3376:basilica 3338:Antinous 3334:Hercules 3330:Heracles 3325:Mormyrus 3310:Athribis 3198:Pelusium 3164:, Egypt. 3122:Huvishka 3099:councils 3086:"Sarapo" 3078:Huvishka 3050:system. 3048:cleruchy 2921:fellahin 2917:gerousia 2906:Hellenic 2831:poll tax 2807:gymnasia 2533:cohortes 2474:Tiberius 2425:conubium 2294:and the 2241:painted 2226:Military 2220:autonomy 2192:and the 2143:epiploöi 2137:ἐπίπλοοι 2013:and the 1971:Athribis 1733:freedmen 1727:, Cairo) 1713:himation 1620:Commodus 1540:Tiberius 1476:aequitas 1471:augustus 1455:(Latin: 1425:imperium 1406:imperium 1301:augustus 1203:cleruchy 1198:denarius 1165:Augustus 1146:Octavian 1138:triumvir 1128:. After 1050:Pelusium 970:. After 934:Aurelian 814:, later 728:Republic 597:969–1171 325:a series 323:Part of 97:Sasanian 79:Province 17992:Narsieh 17820:Zenobia 17801:Vistahm 17786:Kavad I 17780:Kavad I 17774:Peroz I 17762:Khosrow 17108:Deioces 17065:Wahibre 17053:Necho I 16946:Taharqa 16943:Shabaka 16927:Taharqa 16891:Teumman 16742:Rudamun 16484:Solomon 16423:Smendes 16344:Twosret 16338:Seti II 16079:Mitanni 16073:Khamudi 16027:Dynasty 16017:Dynasty 16007:Dynasty 15845:Nur-ili 15815:Lullaya 15718:dynasty 15670:Abraham 15560:Abisare 15525:Zambiya 15419:(Queen 15371:Amorite 15342:Kingdom 15316:Intef I 15283:Elamite 15270:Amorite 15259:Shu-Sin 15160:Tirigan 15129:Ur-Baba 15059:Nûr-Mêr 14997:Lu-gula 14993:Lu-Baba 14907:Ididish 14888:Kingdom 14885:Eblaite 14883:Second 14833:Menkare 14708:Shu-Sin 14704:Ishu-Il 14632:dynasty 14612:Pepi II 14545:(Queen 14431:Elamite 14382:Userkaf 14325:Akurgal 14254:Ku-Baba 14070:(Queen 14006:Mesilim 13941:Sanakht 13931:(First 13748:Zuqaqip 13745:Kalumum 13730:Kalibum 13726:Puannum 13683:Kingdom 13532:Anedjib 13516:Hor-Aha 13461:Nat-Hor 13394:Iry-Hor 13390:Shendjw 13362:Pen-Abu 13310:Susa II 13099:Commons 13018:Museums 12962:regions 12930:Cuisine 12915:Castles 12887:Culture 12857:Smoking 12838:Judaism 12826:Mosques 12705:Housing 12652:Schools 12558:General 12547:Society 12487:Tourism 12416:Fishing 12374:Banking 12358:Economy 12083:Islands 12073:Geology 12068:Fossils 12053:Deserts 12048:Climate 12038:Borders 11984:By city 11970:Saladin 11918:Genetic 11898:Capital 11785:Kingdom 11700:Ottoman 11566:Ancient 11541:History 11427:Taurica 11361:Arcadia 11323:Syria I 11293:Osroene 11283:Isauria 11142:Pisidia 11117:Islands 11084:Thracia 11079:Scythia 11074:Rhodope 10793:Aemilia 10789:Liguria 10761:Valeria 10751:Sicilia 10741:Samnium 10726:Corsica 10615:Baetica 10487:of Gaul 10442:Ravenna 10407:History 10332:Thracia 10322:Sicilia 10302:Noricum 10205:Galatia 10170:Cilicia 10150:Assyria 10140:Armenia 10039:Outline 10029:Commons 9989:Museums 9925:Scribes 9915:Pottery 9846:Demotic 9836:History 9787:Cuisine 9716:Revival 9313:"Egypt" 8644:(ed.). 8487:(ed.). 8333:(ed.). 8265:3855498 8174:3853691 7961:(ed.). 7823:(ed.). 7701:"Egypt" 7462: 7362:Augusta 7357:Zenobia 7334:sistrum 7323:Hadrian 7174:lactans 7154:lactans 7022:Gallery 6980:led by 6930:(619). 6920:Maurice 6838:Schedia 6801:Busiris 6776:(Tideh) 6746:(Minuf) 6719:Metelis 6697:(Ausim) 6532:removed 6517:sources 6452:augusta 6331:Marcian 6303:at the 6234:Abu Qir 6230:Canopus 6202:of the 6146:augusti 6054:augusti 5960:praeses 5951:Thebaid 5909:Thebaid 5799:Zenobia 5788:usurper 5752:augusti 5737:Quietus 5396:phoenix 5378:), the 5325:Hadrian 5272:. This 5262:Messiah 5226:of the 5222:at the 5194: 5135:Tacitus 5085:Red Sea 5031:legions 5027:Hadrian 4988:to the 4902:History 4869:papyrus 4864:Hypatia 4805:of the 4779:chi-rho 4632:–, and 4618:codices 4612:around 4584: 4556: 4454: 4420:Ephesus 4412:Apollos 4228:augusta 4168:Physcon 4154:Medamud 4124:Hadrian 4080:Silsila 4040:Karanis 4034:in the 3980:Dendera 3915:Temples 3905:Memphis 3901:serapea 3879:lactans 3824:, from 3818:Serapis 3798: 3766:Plotina 3762:augusta 3736: 3688:Augusti 3680:liturgy 3644:, with 3623:Augusti 3617:). The 3392:in the 3350:Mercury 3253:Hadrian 3160:at the 3158:Mammisi 3126:Serapis 3082:Serapis 3063:village 3032: 3000: 2984:Ἱερά γη 2943:Economy 2913:ephebus 2776:Society 2761:auxilia 2756:Thracia 2744:Dacians 2740:ostraca 2731:Auxilia 2709:auxilia 2691:auxilia 2677:canabae 2672: 2652:auxilia 2636:Red Sea 2632:Farasan 2609:ostraca 2598:of the 2572:Thebaid 2562:around 2555:auxilia 2539:auxilia 2513:auxilia 2507:auxilia 2434:auxilia 2419:auxilia 2412:auxilia 2386:Memphis 2373: 2362: 2335:auxilia 2298:auxilia 2271:balteus 2262:, gold 2239:tempera 2215:praeses 2190:praeses 2101:práktōr 2095:πράκτωρ 2090:practor 2082:liturgy 2033:in the 2011:Memphis 1868: 1824: 1715:, from 1669:Hadrian 1665: 1604:Aprilis 1593: 1571:held a 1445:on the 1409:) to a 1385:prefect 1362: 1338: 1327: 1288:pharaoh 1280:with a 1265:cohorts 1261:legions 1257:revenue 1227:deified 1225:of the 1219:temples 1120:during 1111:pharaoh 1058:by the 1017:Thebaid 1007:of the 989:of the 930:Zenobia 856:auxilia 794:of the 790:was an 587:935–969 577:868–905 567:750–935 557:661–750 547:641–661 520:619–629 208:• 197:Diocese 118:Capital 81:of the 18218: 18171: 18141: 17783:Jamasp 17777:Balash 17735:Narseh 17646:Trajan 17644:under 17178:Xerxes 17114:Madyes 16978:Sargon 16438:Siamun 16341:Siptah 16326:Seti I 16310:Ugarit 16055:Semqen 16040:Hyksos 16012:Abydos 15905:Sabium 15812:Bazaya 15803:Libaya 15737:Asinum 15734:Rimush 15694:Yamhad 15586:(...) 15563:Sumuel 15554:Zabaia 15551:Samium 15548:Emisum 15449:Ikunum 15421:Shibtu 15362:Immeya 15253:Shulgi 15148:Ur-gar 15108:Ur-Utu 14975:Lagash 14854:Nikare 14766:Eshpum 14754:Rimush 14606:Pepi I 14441:tarana 14385:Sahure 14365:Hishur 14342:Balulu 14307:Lagash 14288:Mug-si 14281:Ensha- 14229:Sa'umu 14157:Khafre 14141:Snefru 14089:Mes-he 14036:Lugal- 14027:Lagash 13970:Sagisu 13922:Djoser 13831:Tizqar 13802:Aratta 13758:Arwium 13755:Mashda 13705:Jushur 13635:Senedj 13574:period 13506:Narmer 13456:Wazner 13431:Hsekiu 13426:Ny-Hor 13405:Narmer 13375:Canide 13366:Animal 13272:Susa I 13222:Lagash 13196:Akshak 13171:Canaan 13079:Portal 12920:Cinema 12774:Baháʼí 12688:Health 12436:Mining 12406:Energy 12130:Rivers 12043:Cities 11965:Postal 11746:Modern 11691:Mamluk 11649:Fustat 11639:Muslim 11571:topics 11529:topics 11479:in 536 11273:Cyprus 11258:Arabia 11059:Europa 10996:Achaea 10446:Africa 10317:Raetia 10262:Iudaea 10256:Italia 10200:Epirus 10185:Cyprus 10105:Achaia 9888:People 9755:Cities 9673:topics 9620: 9585: 9560: 9463: 9427: 9382: 9355: 9230: 9190: 9180: 9126: 9098: 9088: 9006: 8730: 8720: 8587: 8509: 8443: 8387: 8349: 8271: 8263: 8221: 8172: 8120: 8087:311126 8085: 8043: 7983: 7841: 7719: 7660: 7528: 7371:patera 7338:Hathor 7304:relief 7240:mosaic 7158:Louvre 7138:Louvre 7106:Louvre 7090:Louvre 7074:Faiyum 6986:Caliph 6807:Cabasa 6731:Nicius 6715:(Idku) 6617:krater 6468:Narses 6349:schism 6120:Scetis 6094:. The 6066:) and 6025:, the 5990:Philae 5923:caesar 5907:, and 5877:mosaic 5825:Firmus 5814:Probus 5772:Decius 5758:, the 5525:uraeus 5434: 5388:Sirius 5352:poleis 5266:Cyrene 5251:Trajan 5160:Judaea 5129:, and 5116:Napata 5083:. The 4876:Christ 4858:, the 4849:Louvre 4818:Coptic 4814:Valens 4748:Arians 4744:schism 4733:Philae 4717:Origen 4564:Faiyum 4359:relief 4348:Tivoli 4291:Armant 4267:Decius 4184:Kellis 4138:Osiris 4112:Trajan 4084:Akhmim 4044:Akoris 4020:Philae 4008:Karnak 3984:Armant 3968:Louvre 3964:Setekh 3937:Faiyum 3890:myriad 3872:. The 3856:Osiris 3774:Hathor 3716:altars 3654:, and 3652:sphinx 3636:, the 3595:, the 3463:spolia 3369:aisled 3361:Kellis 3346:Hermes 3319:medjed 3236:, and 3210:Philae 3206:Thebes 3172:, the 3154:Trajan 3130:ϹΑΡΑΠΟ 3120:ruler 3090:modius 3076:ruler 3074:Kushan 2937:Gnomon 2851:Boulai 2766:Apamea 2758:. Two 2736:Dacian 2715:Africa 2704:Hippos 2686:Coptos 2618:Coptos 2588:, and 2564:Philae 2544:cohors 2485:Thebes 2466:, the 2311:legati 2296:Roman 2265:fibula 2148:Trajan 2025:. The 2015:Faiyum 1929:. The 1923:and a 1889:scribe 1832:. The 1797:papyri 1567:, the 1532:swords 1512:edicts 1438:annona 1366:Eparch 1292:Louvre 1283:uraeus 1253:Romans 1191:. The 1097:, the 981:Under 924:after 889:Coptic 844:Three 812:Judaea 327:on the 131: 91:Under 65: 51: 18292:30 BC 17983:Boran 17965:Boran 17852:Syria 17632:Syria 17627:Judea 17169:Cyrus 16887:Urtak 16480:David 16086:Kirta 16070:Apepi 16067:Khyan 15788:Adasi 15758:Adasi 15386:(...) 15133:Gudea 15095:Si'um 15044:Setut 15015:Khita 15001:Ka-ku 14942:Ilulu 14938:Nanum 14930:Igigi 14674:Ukush 14576:Nanni 14338:Elulu 14225:Ansud 14144:Khufu 14072:Puabi 13949:Khaba 13945:Nebka 13827:Zamug 13765:Balih 13761:Etana 13722:Babum 13509:Menes 13451:Neheb 13446:Thesh 13436:Khayu 13409:Menes 13370:Stork 13201:Akkad 13191:Assur 13166:Egypt 13161:dates 13023:Music 13006:Radio 12947:Films 12877:Women 12831:Niqāb 12816:Islam 12600:Crime 12441:Mines 12157:Wadis 12115:Oases 12088:Lakes 12033:Biota 11995:Cairo 11913:Copts 11722:Nahda 11612:Roman 11527:Egypt 11132:Lydia 11127:Lycia 11107:Caria 11001:Creta 10935:Savia 10327:Syria 10190:Dacia 9952:Trade 9930:Sites 9878:Music 9792:Dance 9726:Pylon 9688:Index 9188:S2CID 9096:S2CID 8728:S2CID 8329:. In 8269:S2CID 8261:JSTOR 8170:JSTOR 8118:S2CID 8083:JSTOR 7404:Latin 7391:Notes 7284:stela 7264:stela 7172:Isis 6978:Arabs 6774:Thois 6744:] 6672:Butus 6661:Agnus 6601:Italy 6365:Leo I 6309:Leo I 6196:verso 6192:Folio 6108:Arius 5879:from 5669:Meroë 5544:boulē 5519:nemes 5348:polis 5152:Meroë 5148:Stoic 5109:queen 5105:Meroe 5097:Sudan 5050:stela 4856:Cyril 4752:Arius 4598:Chora 4589:nomen 4529:boulē 4303:stela 4271:Tahta 4192:nomoi 4129:polis 4108:Nerva 4048:Galba 4016:Luxor 3996:Debod 3988:Aswan 3960:Horus 3844:Soter 3820:with 3676:nomoi 3634:Nilus 3563:tyche 3531:Latin 3471:ambon 3447:Sohag 3438:Marea 3414:altar 3373:apsed 3342:Thoth 3299:Cardo 3294:polis 3170:nomoi 3138:Egypt 3043:Dōreá 3037:Δωρεά 2864:poros 2847:nomes 2721:Syria 2696:Chios 2600:nomoi 2568:Aswan 2259:sagum 2177:] 2166:nemes 2131:demos 1987:nomoi 1959:boulē 1829:nomoi 1816:khṓrā 1759:(the 1719:, in 1556:fasti 1389:Latin 1364:' 1316:Latin 1286:, as 1277:nemes 995:Aswan 905:gave 827:Italy 823:grain 804:Sinai 800:Egypt 633:Egypt 336:Egypt 312:Egypt 189:30 BC 55:Latin 18216:ISBN 18192:Per 18169:ISBN 18139:ISBN 17549:Musa 17239:and 16937:Piye 16701:Pami 16472:Saul 15397:Mari 15194:Uruk 15116:Umma 15011:Helu 14957:Uruk 14947:Dudu 14714:Uruk 14667:Mari 14630:Adab 14600:Teti 14511:Urur 14496:Kish 14406:Unas 14357:Tata 14353:Peli 14294:Umma 14275:Uruk 14265:Unzi 14245:Nizi 14104:Adab 14002:Uhub 13994:Kish 13957:Huni 13835:Ilku 13782:Uruk 13751:Atab 13698:Kish 13538:Qa'a 13522:Djet 13519:Djer 13474:Wash 13466:Mekh 13380:Bull 13357:Fish 13232:Elam 13216:Umma 13211:Adab 13206:Uruk 13186:Kish 13181:Mari 13176:Ebla 12957:list 12952:Flag 12940:Wine 12935:Beer 12615:Rape 12310:list 12298:list 12135:Nile 11928:Jews 11102:Asia 10444:and 10145:Asia 9898:List 9817:List 9760:List 9618:ISBN 9583:ISBN 9558:ISBN 9461:ISBN 9425:ISBN 9380:ISBN 9353:ISBN 9228:ISBN 9178:ISBN 9124:ISBN 9086:ISBN 9036:help 9004:ISBN 8718:ISBN 8585:ISBN 8507:ISBN 8441:ISBN 8385:ISBN 8347:ISBN 8219:ISBN 8041:ISBN 8013:help 7981:ISBN 7871:help 7839:ISBN 7717:ISBN 7658:ISBN 7526:ISBN 7501:2019 7460:lit. 7367:Juno 7342:ibis 7216:The 6989:Umar 6890:The 6884:and 6864:The 6849:Xois 6762:Taua 6756:Sais 6515:any 6513:cite 6459:Noba 6399:The 6373:Zeno 6021:and 6006:Noba 5739:and 5553:nome 5522:and 5445:lit. 5232:Amun 5205:Jews 5201:Nero 5192:lit. 4831:The 4797:and 4776:and 4737:Isis 4715:and 4624:and 4610:nome 4582:lit. 4554:lit. 4452:lit. 4406:and 4317:and 4232:Geta 4226:the 4073:The 4056:Otho 4042:and 4028:Esna 4004:Edfu 3974:The 3860:Apis 3796:lit. 3734:lit. 3642:Nile 3605:Roma 3553:lit. 3539:Zeus 3436:and 3276:and 3218:Roma 3212:, a 3105:and 3030:lit. 2998:lit. 2930:The 2881:deme 2718:and 2702:(or 2698:and 2670:lit. 2523:alae 2388:and 2371:lit. 2360:lit. 2282:The 2237:and 2086:kome 2076:and 2070:kome 2053:kṓmē 2047:κώμη 2042:kome 1985:The 1915:nome 1905:nome 1866:lit. 1842:nome 1822:lit. 1808:χώρα 1663:lit. 1591:lit. 1360:lit. 1336:lit. 1325:lit. 1263:and 1251:The 1213:and 1086:The 991:Nile 947:and 912:The 883:and 881:Late 867:nome 839:port 15395:of 14934:Imi 14420:Ush 13529:Den 13441:Tiu 10791:et 9733:Art 9538:魏略 9283:doi 9220:doi 9170:doi 9078:doi 8996:doi 8710:doi 8656:doi 8577:doi 8499:doi 8339:doi 8253:doi 8215:391 8162:doi 8110:doi 8075:doi 7973:doi 7831:doi 7709:doi 7650:doi 7336:of 6791:as 6651:as 6526:by 6000:in 5966:dux 5920:'s 5883:in 5716:'s 5386:of 5246:.) 5242:of 5103:at 4937:by 4675:by 4516:Oxy 4408:6:9 4402:. ( 4285:of 4273:in 4261:'s 4158:Tod 3750:or 3742:or 3670:An 3445:at 3196:at 3136:in 2638:'s 2536:of 2528:ala 2209:dux 2194:dux 1973:in 1755:of 1420:lex 1417:(a 1048:at 1019:by 928:by 215:641 202:390 18253:: 18183:^ 18094:; 18006:, 17883:, 17377:: 17367:: 17351:: 17139:) 16934:") 16930:(" 16589:") 16295:Ay 16042:") 16038:(" 15947:") 15943:(" 15543:: 15493:: 15423:) 15295:) 14940:, 14936:, 14932:, 14571:Ur 14549:) 14538:Il 14044:Ur 13833:, 13829:, 13804:") 13728:, 13724:, 13707:, 13610:Ba 13407:/ 13397:Ka 13227:Ur 13011:TV 10430:c. 10428:, 9542:魚豢 9413:^ 9403:. 9337:^ 9315:. 9247:^ 9226:, 9186:, 9176:, 9138:^ 9094:, 9084:, 9044:^ 9028:: 9026:}} 9022:{{ 9002:. 8745:^ 8726:, 8716:, 8674:^ 8604:^ 8583:, 8527:^ 8505:. 8497:. 8455:^ 8367:^ 8345:. 8317:^ 8281:^ 8267:. 8259:. 8249:38 8247:. 8233:^ 8217:. 8168:. 8156:. 8116:. 8106:44 8081:. 8071:79 8069:. 8055:^ 8021:^ 8005:: 8003:}} 7999:{{ 7979:. 7971:. 7879:^ 7863:: 7861:}} 7857:{{ 7837:. 7736:^ 7715:, 7703:, 7677:^ 7656:, 7644:, 7588:^ 7545:. 7524:, 7492:. 7480:^ 7457:, 7448:, 7444:: 7419:: 7415:; 7406:: 7327:c. 6946:. 6910:. 6742:de 6489:r. 6478:r. 6446:r. 6435:r. 6420:r. 6392:. 6336:r. 6324:c. 6315:. 6295:r. 6258:r. 6240:. 6194:6 6166:r. 6155:r. 6140:r. 6130:. 6073:r. 6062:r. 5980:. 5969:. 5933:r. 5903:, 5899:, 5867:r. 5845:r. 5834:r. 5819:r. 5808:r. 5782:, 5750:) 5746:r. 5723:r. 5704:r. 5693:r. 5682:r. 5663:r. 5649:r. 5638:r. 5623:r. 5605:r. 5564:r. 5501:r. 5485:r. 5471:r. 5442:, 5428:, 5374:r. 5330:r. 5256:r. 5189:, 5162:. 5137:, 5125:, 4992:. 4579:, 4570:, 4551:, 4542:, 4514:. 4449:, 4440:, 4436:: 4178:r. 4118:, 4018:, 4014:, 4010:, 4006:, 4002:, 3998:, 3994:, 3990:, 3986:, 3947:, 3943:, 3850:r. 3804:. 3793:, 3784:, 3731:, 3722:, 3708:, 3696:, 3585:, 3550:, 3533:: 3371:, 3352:. 3258:r. 3246:c. 3232:, 3228:– 3109:. 3040:, 3027:, 3018:, 3008:, 2995:, 2986:, 2897:, 2892:c. 2728:. 2667:, 2646:. 2574:. 2479:r. 2368:, 2357:, 2346:, 2247:c. 2179:, 2175:de 2153:r. 2140:, 2122:, 2110:, 2098:, 2062:, 2050:, 2003:, 1952:r. 1897:, 1863:, 1854:, 1819:, 1810:, 1674:r. 1660:, 1651:, 1625:r. 1588:, 1579:, 1545:r. 1391:: 1357:, 1348:, 1344:: 1333:, 1322:, 1318:: 1310:r. 1093:r. 1078:. 1026:r. 958:r. 939:r. 833:. 18224:. 18177:. 18147:. 17908:) 17904:( 17619:) 17615:( 17135:( 16965:) 16961:( 16141:) 15892:) 15888:( 15792:( 15714:( 15702:) 15698:( 15677:) 15673:( 15479:) 15475:( 15405:) 15401:( 15376:) 15369:( 15349:) 15345:( 15291:( 14898:( 14074:) 13935:) 13715:, 13582:) 13578:( 13337:) 13333:( 13294:( 13198:/ 13188:/ 13133:e 13126:t 13119:v 11519:e 11512:t 11505:v 10386:e 10379:t 10372:v 10083:e 10076:t 10069:v 9663:e 9656:t 9649:v 9624:. 9589:. 9566:. 9469:. 9407:. 9388:. 9361:. 9330:. 9289:. 9285:: 9222:: 9172:: 9132:. 9080:: 9038:) 9018:. 8998:: 8712:: 8668:. 8658:: 8579:: 8521:. 8501:: 8449:. 8393:. 8361:. 8341:: 8275:. 8255:: 8227:. 8176:. 8164:: 8158:8 8124:. 8112:: 8089:. 8077:: 8049:. 8015:) 7995:. 7975:: 7873:) 7853:. 7833:: 7711:: 7652:: 7556:. 7503:. 7310:) 7306:( 7290:) 7286:( 7270:) 7266:( 7250:) 7246:( 7204:) 7184:) 7180:( 7160:) 7156:( 7140:) 7124:) 7108:) 7092:) 7057:) 6876:. 6818:* 6632:) 6553:) 6547:( 6542:) 6538:( 6534:. 6520:. 6475:( 6443:( 6432:( 6417:( 6333:( 6292:( 6232:( 6163:( 6152:( 6137:( 6122:( 6070:( 6059:( 6048:) 5930:( 5864:( 5856:" 5842:( 5831:( 5816:( 5805:( 5743:( 5720:( 5701:( 5690:( 5679:( 5660:( 5646:( 5635:( 5620:( 5602:( 5561:( 5532:) 5498:( 5482:( 5468:( 5371:( 5327:( 5289:) 5285:( 5253:( 5056:) 4960:) 4954:( 4949:) 4945:( 4931:. 4851:) 4698:) 4692:( 4687:) 4683:( 4669:. 4522:) 4512:P 4510:( 4365:) 4361:( 4289:( 4211:) 4175:( 4092:. 3970:) 3966:( 3858:- 3847:( 3832:) 3828:( 3666:. 3658:( 3513:) 3348:/ 3332:/ 3255:( 3092:. 2620:– 2578:( 2476:( 2278:) 2274:( 2183:) 2150:( 2092:( 2044:( 1997:( 1977:( 1949:( 1891:( 1735:( 1723:( 1698:( 1688:( 1671:( 1622:( 1542:( 1524:( 1514:( 1506:) 1387:( 1307:( 1294:) 1290:( 1090:( 1023:( 955:( 936:( 776:e 769:t 762:v 148:. 71:) 67:( 57:) 53:( 34:. 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.