332:
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of other institutions of a similar nature." Canadian academic
Philippe Lagassé found the crown "acts in various capacities, as such: crown-in-council (executive); crown-in-parliament (legislative); crown-in-court (judicial). It is also an artificial person and office as a corporation sole. At its most basic, "the Crown" is, in the UK and other Commonwealth realms, what in most other countries is "the state"."
2268:
2330:
919:, but, in his role as king of each territory, with the exception of fulfilling the UK's international responsibilities for its territories. To comply with the court's decision, the territorial governors now act on the advice of each territory's executive and the UK government can no longer disallow legislation passed by territorial legislatures.
355:. Though not used this way in all countries that had this system, in England, all rights and privileges were ultimately bestowed by the ruler. Land, for instance, was granted by the Crown to lords in exchange for feudal services and they, in turn, granted the land to lesser lords. One exception to this was common
1535:
as the "symbolic embodiment of the people—not a particular group or interest or party, but the people; the whole people"; his daughter, Helen Forsey, said of his opinion on the Crown, "for him, the essence of the monarchy was its impartial representation of the common interests of the citizenry as a
589:
argued the Crown is a corporation aggregate embracing the government and the "whole political community". J.G. Allen preferred to view the Crown as a corporation sole; one office occupied by a single person, enduring "through generations of incumbents and, historically, lends coherence to a network
3365:
When public land is required by the federal government or one of its departments, or any provincial ministry, the land itself is not transferred. What is transferred is the responsibility to manage the lands on behalf of Her
Majesty the Queen (HMQ). This is accomplished by an Order-in-Council or a
460:
of the Crown. The body of the reigning sovereign thus holds two distinct personas in constant coexistence, an ancient theory of the "King's two bodies"—the body natural (subject to infirmity and death) and the body politic (which never dies). The Crown and the sovereign are "conceptually divisible
636:
each territory vary according to relevant laws, thus making the difference between full sovereignty, semi-sovereignty, dependency, etc. The Lords of Appeal wrote, "the Queen is as much the Queen of New South Wales and
Mauritius and other territories acknowledging her as head of state as she is of
251:
suggested the Crown means "the government all of the ministers and parliamentary secretaries under whose direction the administrative work of the government is carried out by the civil servants employed in the various government departments." This interpretation was supported by section 8 of the
836:
of the
Bailiwick of Guernsey" and that this comprises "the collective governmental and civic institutions, established by and under the authority of the monarch, for the governance of these islands, including the states of Guernsey and legislatures in the other islands, the royal court and other
382:
As such, the physical crown and the property belonging to successive monarchs in perpetuity came to be separated from the person of the monarch and his or her private property. After several centuries of the monarch personally exercising supreme legislative, executive, and judicial power, these
2320:
2258:
632:, 2005)—challenged that view. Today, it is considered separate in every country, province, state, or territory, regardless of its degree of independence, that has the shared monarch as part of the respective country's government; though, limitations on the power of the monarch
4146:
3366:
Minister's Order that transfers management of land either from HMQ in right of
Ontario to HMQ in right of Canada as represented by a department or to HMQ in right of Ontario as represented by another ministry. The Crown does not transfer ownership to itself.
2324:
2262:
6949:
293:, and applies them to the realm and crown of England, is only to assert that our king is equally sovereign and independent within these his dominions, as any emperor is in his empire; and owes no kind of subjection to any other potentate on earth."
1335:, which is why republicans prefer terms like 'the Brits' or 'the Crown Forces', which undermines their authority." Due to the Irish War of Independence, "the phrase 'Crown Forces' came to represent something abhorrent in the Republican narrative".
205:
does not have a single definition. Legal scholars
Maurice Sunkin and Sebastian Payne opined, "the nature of the Crown has been taken for granted, in part because it is fundamental and, in part, because many academics have no idea what the term
1242:
may choose which name to bring the proceeding in. Judges usually refer to the prosecuting party as simply "the prosecution" in the text of judgments. In civil cases where the Crown is a party, it is a customary to list the body politic (e.g.
221:
Warren J. Newman described the Crown is "a useful and convenient means of conveying, in a word, the compendious formal, executive and administrative powers and apparatus attendant upon the modern constitutional and monarchical state."
649:; for example, the Crown in Right of the United Kingdom, the Crown in Right of Canada, the Crown in Right of the Commonwealth of Australia, etc. Because both Canada and Australia are federations, there are also crowns in right of each
3585:
1558:
Gary
Toffoli opined, "the Queen is the legal embodiment of the state at both the national and the provincial levels She is our sovereign and it is the role of the Queen, recognized by the constitutional law of Canada, to embody the
4138:
4159:
The Royal Arms and its constituent parts are protected by perpetual Crown copyright, and may only be re-used by His
Majesty the King, members of the Royal Family, government departments and official holders of the Royal
1266:, news reports will refer to the prosecuting lawyer (often called a Crown prosecutor, as in Canada and the United Kingdom) as representing the Crown; usages such as, "for the Crown, Joe Bloggs argued", being common.
2456:
640:
The Crown in each of the
Commonwealth realms is a similar, but separate, legal concept. To distinguish the institution's role in one jurisdiction from its place in another, Commonwealth law employs the expression
3761:
3618:
3673:
1982:
2400:
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1595:
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614:
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253:
2365:
543:). This is all in his or her position as sovereign, not as an individual; all such property is held by the Crown in perpetuity and cannot be sold by the sovereign without the proper
2500:
1792:
260:
c. 13), which set the terms "permanent civil service of the state", "permanent civil service of Her
Majesty" and "permanent civil service of the Crown" as having the same meaning.
3047:
1568:
As Peter Boyce put it, "the Crown as a concept cannot be disentangled from the person of the monarch, but standard reference to the Crown extends well beyond the Queen's person."
1443:
made an exception for 'any right or privilege of the Crown' not written in an act of parliament, thus preserving the rights of the Crown under the unwritten royal prerogative.
1118:
3311:
3256:
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1096:
is rarely (albeit sometimes) seen on the right hand side of the 'v' in the first instance. To pursue a case against alleged unlawful activity by the government, a case in
387:
then developed into a means by which to differentiate the monarch's official functions from his personal choices and actions. Even within mediaeval England, there was the
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as a separation of the physical crown and property of the kingdom from the person and personal property of the monarch. It spread through English and later
4834:
2014:
406:, the concept extended into the legal lexicons of the United Kingdom and its dependencies and overseas territories and, eventually, all of the independent
3705:
3412:
1251:) or the appropriate government minister as the party, instead. When a case is announced in court, the clerk or bailiff may refer to the Crown orally as
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1953:
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In addition, use of images of the crowns for commercial purposes is specifically restricted in the UK (and in countries which are party to the
1269:
The Crown can also be a plaintiff or defendant in civil actions to which the government of the Commonwealth realm in question is a party. Such
3986:
Because of the events of the War of Independence, the phrase 'Crown Forces' came to represent something abhorrent in the Republican narrative.
3032:
657:. When referring to the Crown in multiple jurisdictions, wording is typically akin to "the Crown in right of , and all its other capacities".
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1360:
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said the Crown serves as the "personal symbol of allegiance, unity, and authority for all Canadians," a concept akin to that expressed by
1424:
800:) is used to mostly mean the authority of government; its meaning changes in different contexts. In the context of people considering the
410:. There are, thus, now many distinct crowns, as a legal concept, "worn by"—or many different offices of monarch occupied by—one person as
7127:
3643:
1607:, but, rather, they are employed by the monarch, who "enjoys a general capacity to contract in accordance with the rule of ordinary law."
1239:
1899:
240:... The term "the Crown" is therefore used in constitutional law to denote the collection of such of those powers as remain extant (the
1712:
1235:
676:
2190:
6477:
3735:
801:
3553:
2081:
Twomey, Anne (17 September 2020), "Royal Succession, Abdication, and Regency in the Realms", in Hazell, Robert; Morris, Bob (eds.),
832:
and the law officers of the Crown of Guernsey submitted that, "the Crown in this context ordinarily means the Crown in right of the
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3491:
2682:
1068:
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3305:
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is sometimes referred to simply as the relevant jurisdiction's name. (In countries using systems of government derived from Roman
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restricts rights to reproduce them. Although Crown Copyright usually expires 50 years after publication, Section 171(b) of the
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of the United Kingdom. The Succession to the Crown (Jersey) Law 2013 defined the Crown, for the purposes of implementing the
5649:
3223:
2833:
2594:
1351:, uniforms, government logos and elsewhere. The heraldic crown is chosen by the reigning monarch. From 1661 to the reign of
601:
504:
includes both the monarch and the government. The institution and powers of the Crown are formally vested in the king, but,
7078:
4869:
225:
1367:
began to be used from the 1860s. In 1901, the Tudor Crown design was standardised and continued in use until the reign of
7058:
6701:
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2499:
Marleau, Robert; Montpetit, Camille (2000), "1. Parliamentary Institutions > Institutional Framework > The Crown",
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281:
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660:
The powers of a realm's crown are exercised either by the monarch, personally, or by his or her representative on the
359:: owners of land held as socage held it subject only to the crown. When such lands become ownerless, they are said to
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to give a false indication that any goods or services are supplied to the monarch or any member of the royal family.
1328:
1077:
1016:
275:... governed by one Supreme Head and King having the dignity and royal estate of the imperial Crown of the same'. In
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2129:
893:
also defines the Crown in Right of the Isle of Man as being separate from the Crown in Right of the United Kingdom.
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3845:
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2221:
1805:
Wade, William, "The Crown, Ministers, and Officials: Legal Status and Liability", in Sunkin, M.; Payne, S. (eds.),
1976:
1636:, which is why republicans prefer terms like 'the Brits' or 'the Crown Forces', which undermines their authority."
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2005:
527:, judges, members of the armed forces, police officers, and parliamentarians), the guardian of foster children (
128:
and is now rooted in the legal lexicon of all 15 Commonwealth realms, their various dependencies, and states in
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are often subject to specific rules and limitations, such as the enforcement of judgments against the Crown.
916:
837:
courts, the lieutenant governor, parish authorities, and the Crown acting in and through the Privy Council".
764:
729:
17:
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5402:
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4804:
4770:
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1455:
983:
912:
215:
74:
3002:
1945:
874:, with all Crown land in the Bailiwick of Jersey belonging to the Crown in Right of Jersey and not to the
781:
in her various capacities as sovereign of different countries, demonstrating the divisibility of the crown
753:
50:
A symbolic representation of the Crown, present on the symbols of many institutions in Commonwealth realms
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3885:
O'Neill, Conor (2004). "Terrorism, insurgency and the military response from South Armagh to Falluja".
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1617:
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744:
320:
6122:
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214:
theorised that the Crown is "an amorphous, abstract concept" and, thus, "impossible to define", while
85:). The term can be used to refer to the office of the monarch or the monarchy as institutions; to the
30:
This article is about the term referring to the state in some nations. For the television series, see
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1941:
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6738:
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5842:
5822:
5787:
5740:
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3310:. Vol. 52. North Ryde: Law Book Co. of Australasia Ltd. 1978. pp. 58, 203, 207. 3910867.
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383:
functions decreased as parliaments, ministries, and courts grew through the 13th century. The term
236:. But it symbolizes the powers of government which were formerly wielded by the wearer of the crown
4703:
4384:
3921:
Tomaney, John (2000). "End of the Empire State? New Labour and Devolution in the United Kingdom".
1554:
stated in 1994, "the Crown is the consecrated spirit of Canada", and past Ontario chairman of the
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by which unowned property, primarily unclaimed inheritances, becomes the property of the Crown.
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509:
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90:
38:
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1789: Lord Morris of Borth-y-Gest, Lord Simon of Glaisdale, Lord Kilbrandon, Lord Edmund-Davies
1226:, prosecutions will be brought in the name of the respective state instead of the Crown (e.g.
1124:
R (on the application of Miller and other) v Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union
523:
Still, the king or queen is the employer of all government officials and staff (including the
244:), together with such other powers as have been expressly conferred by statute on "the Crown".
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31:
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2196:
1451:
1356:
1231:
740:
710:
430:
285:, he explained that "the meaning therefore of the legislature, when it uses these terms of
182:
125:
3784:
Overseas Territories: Seventh Report of Session 2007–08, Vol. 2: Oral and Written Evidence
3731:
1863:
535:), buildings and equipment (Crown property), state-owned companies (Crown corporations or
8:
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in 1965, but this was not recognised internationally. Declared itself a republic in 1970.
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The Queen's Other Realms: The Crown and Its Legacy in Australia, Canada and New Zealand
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3111:
3033:"Paper 143: The execution of deeds and documents by or on behalf of bodies corporate"
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The Queen and the Commonwealth > Queen and Canada > The Queen's role in Canada
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1511:
1383:
856:
654:
578:
559:
344:, Scotland, a privately owned property of Charles III and not property of the Crown
257:
248:
166:
129:
117:
46:
3456:
2393:
Executive Government Processes and Procedures in Saskatchewan: A Procedures Manual
1281:
lawsuits on behalf of the Crown were once common, but have been unusual since the
1130:, a citizen. Until the end of the 20th century, such case titles used the pattern
644:
633:
7407:
7229:
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5001:
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4672:
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4003:
3791:
3440:"The Crown in New Zealand: Anthropological Perspectives on an Imagined Sovereign"
3279:
3207:
3194:
2817:
2578:
1479:
1420:
1308:
879:
686:
668:, legislature, or judges, none of which may advise the Crown in any other realm.
540:
457:
418:
can also mean the pan-national institution shared by all 15 Commonwealth realms.
337:
233:
137:
94:
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4713:
4697:
4662:
4602:
3513:
1831:, Some Observations on the Queen, the Crown, the Constitution, and the Courts,
1541:
1359:
was used. The early part of Victoria's reign depicted the Imperial State Crown
1352:
845:
536:
391:
separating the person of the king from his actions in the capacity of monarch.
162:
58:
3898:
3103:
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723:
177:
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461:
but legally indivisible The office cannot exist without the office-holder".
370:
352:
341:
110:
62:
5571:
4016:(Revised ed.). London and New York: Frederick Warne. pp. 184–185.
3934:
3539:
1820:
Newman, Warren J. (2017), Lagassé, Philippe; MacDonald, Nicholas A. (eds.),
1202:) in criminal cases. If the Crown is the respondent to an appeal, the words
703:
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7234:
7207:
7200:
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6132:
5654:
5616:
5516:
5099:
3517:
2739:
2703:
2580:
Canada's Constitutional Monarchy: An Introduction to Our Form of Government
2125:
1368:
1324:
1304:
1030:
875:
778:
682:
4048:
3212:. Vol. 87. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 286, 713.
3138:
The State, The Crown, and Parliament, lecture given at Carleton University
2708:"Memorandum for Understanding of Cooperation on Addressing Climate Change"
1735:
1473:
232:
The crown as an object is a piece of jewelled headgear under guard at the
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5476:
5067:
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4470:
4304:
3869:
War Zone Language: Linguistic Aspects of the Conflict in Northern Ireland
3378:
2881:"DCBA 414 011759Z Apr 09 MFSI Annual Rates for the Fiscal Year 2009/2010"
2254:
1867:
1487:
1372:
1364:
1263:
1127:
1033:, the state is the prosecuting party; the case is usually designated (in
890:
853:
732:
694:
577:
governance. While the Crown's legal personality is usually regarded as a
570:
426:
312:
98:
86:
3586:"The Unregistered Design Rights (Bailiwick of Guernsey) Ordinance, 2005"
3244:
612:
Historically, the Crown was considered to be indivisible. Two judgments—
7435:
7322:
6939:
6520:
5919:
5857:
5776:
5016:
4981:
4056:
3087:
1515:
1428:
1234:
trials in the original jurisdiction will be brought in the name of the
637:
England and Wales, Scotland, Northern Ireland, or the United Kingdom."
532:
528:
517:
445:
364:
306:
264:
263:
The Crown was first defined as an 'imperial' crown during the reign of
145:
102:
3494:. New Zealand Law Society | Te Kāhui Ture o Aotearoa. 15 November 2019
2321:"Bill 22, Legislative Assembly Oath of Allegiance Act, 1995 > 1620"
2259:"Bill 22, Legislative Assembly Oath of Allegiance Act, 1995 > 1720"
2084:
The Role of Monarchy in Modern Democracy: European Monarchies Compared
7336:
7137:
7088:
7071:
7009:
6991:
6765:
6679:
6278:
6268:
5837:
5144:
5031:
4460:
4165:
3252:
2326:
Committee Transcripts: Standing Committee on the Legislative Assembly
2264:
Committee Transcripts: Standing Committee on the Legislative Assembly
1348:
1214:; if the defendant appeals against the Crown, the case name would be
1187:
1061:. For example, a criminal case against Smith might be referred to as
449:
411:
3251:. Vol. 53. British Institute of International Affairs. Oxford:
932:
7224:
7157:
7093:
6906:
6884:
6780:
6728:
6486:
6415:
6298:
6288:
6107:
5606:
4878:
4759:
4623:
4436:
2390:
Cabinet Secretary and Clerk of the Executive Council (April 2004),
1507:
1344:
1223:
1146:
1133:
1105:
911:, 2005, it is held that the King, in exercising his authority over
574:
453:
106:
2529:
2192:
Ceremonial and Canadian Symbols Promotion > The crown in Canada
7177:
6971:
6964:
6829:
6625:
6308:
6263:
6238:
5792:
5501:
5119:
5072:
5011:
4935:
4889:
4510:
4500:
4041:
3794:. London, UK: The Stationery Office, 6 July 2008, pp. 49, 296–297
2749:. 1. Ottawa: Assembly of First Nations. p. 3. Archived from
1371:
in 1952 when a heraldic St Edward's Crown was restored. In 2022,
1312:
1276:
840:
524:
360:
7152:
7104:
6873:
6390:
6303:
5566:
5466:
5109:
4965:
4592:
4490:
4480:
4055:. London: T. C. & E. C. Jack. pp. 358–359 – via
3522:
The Waitangi Tribunal–Te Roopu Whakamana i te Tiriti o Waitangi
2216:
2134:, Ottawa: Queen's Printer for Canada (published 1 April 2005),
1506:
Jurisdictions in which this prerogative does not apply include
1285:
ended the practice of allowing such suits by common informers.
1081:
356:
316:
4095:
3383:"Retail Leases Comparative Analysis - The Act Binds the Crown"
2464:(2 ed.), Ottawa: Queen's Printer for Canada, p. 51,
1536:
whole, as opposed to those of any particular government." The
1140:
R (Miller) v Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union
1119:
R (Miller) v Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union
602:
Commonwealth realm § The Crown in the Commonwealth realms
7241:
6837:
4847:
3348:, Toronto: Queen's Printer for Ontario, p. 2, at 3.2.B,
3338:
3046:(4 ed.), Lincoln County, Nevada (published 1974), 1206,
812:
themselves—acted through elected parliament and government."
569:
The Crown also represents the legal embodiment of executive,
133:
3444:
Sites: A Journal of Social Anthropology and Cultural Studies
3342:
Disposition of Public Land to Other Governments and Agencies
6455:
6273:
5114:
5104:
5094:
5077:
4333:
2819:
British Government and the Constitution: Text and Materials
2188:
1531:
In the Canadian context, the monarch has been described by
619:
488:, the state is the equivalent concept.) However, the terms
433:), the living embodiment of the state/crown in each of the
4299:
4297:
4209:"Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988: Section 171"
3810:. In the High Court of New Zealand Christchurch Registry.
2878:
1157:) in the name of the Crown. Accordingly, the abbreviation
808:
defines the Crown as "the people of New Zealand—including
7214:
4263:
3371:
2498:
1892:
Johnston, W. Dawson; Johnston, Jean Browne, eds. (1896).
508:, its functions are exercised in the sovereign's name by
7291:
The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State
4232:
3758:"The Air Navigation (Isle of Man) Order 2007 (No. 1115)"
2399:, Regina: Queen's Printer for Saskatchewan, p. 10,
802:
claims and settlements related to the Treaty of Waitangi
581:, it can, at least for some purposes, be described as a
197:
as the institution from which all state authority flows.
4377:
The Nature of the Crown: A Legal and Political Analysis
4294:
2944:(Map). Queen's Printer for Canada. 2006. Archived from
1767:
The Nature of the Crown: A Legal and Political Analysis
1206:
will be spelled out, instead of using the abbreviation
1132:
R v Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union,
271:
which declared that 'this realm of England is an empire
4131:
4047:
2329:, Toronto: Queen's Printer for Ontario, archived from
2267:, Toronto: Queen's Printer for Ontario, archived from
1835:(1), Edmonton: Centre for Constitutional Studies: 56,
1603:
in Canada are not contracted by an abstraction called
1108:. The titles of these cases now follow the pattern of
143:
The term is also found in various expressions such as
132:
with them. It is not to be confused with any physical
4431:
3165:
Saunders, Cheryl (2015). "The Concept of the Crown".
2811:
2809:
2055:
The Theory and Practice of Revolt in Medieval England
1510:, where unowned property becomes the property of the
870:
define the Crown's operation in that jurisdiction as
3923:
International Journal of Urban and Regional Research
3205:
3075:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 418
2859:, Toronto: University of Toronto Press, p. 79,
2645:
Bowden, James; Philippe, Lagassé (6 December 2012),
1930:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 63.
1860:
Town Investments Ltd v Department of the Environment
1469:
1343:
The Crown is represented by the image of a crown in
480:, and similar, are all synonymous and the monarch's
3838:"Saving 'Bobby Sands Street' > Words of Freedom"
2166:. Ottawa: Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives.
1074:
coat of arms of the sovereign of the United Kingdom
957:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
3612:"Review of the Roles of the Jersey Crown officers"
3554:"Review of the Roles of the Jersey Crown officers"
3030:
2913:. Parliamentary Counsel Office. 25 February 2024.
2806:
2713:. Toronto: Queen's Printer for Canada. p. 1.
539:), and the copyright for government publications (
452:, while the sovereign in all realms is the living
3339:Ministry of Natural Resources (24 January 2006),
3245:Royal Institute of International Affairs (1983).
2542:, Ottawa: Queen's Printer for Canada, p. 2,
2364:. Ottawa: Queen's Printer for Canada. p. 1.
2229:, Ottawa: Queen's Printer for Canada, p. 3,
1784:Town Investments v Department for the Environment
1315:. The term was used by various iterations of the
7488:
4375:Sunkin, Maurice; Payne, Sebastian, eds. (1999).
2744:"A First Nations–Federal Crown Political Accord"
1891:
1458:. It is also an offence under Section 12 of the
363:; i.e. return to direct ownership of the Crown (
3998:
3996:
3994:
3438:Shore, Cris; Kawharu, Margaret (17 June 2014).
2423:
896:
826:the Crown in Right of the Bailiwick of Guernsey
3492:"Definition of 'the Crown' a difficult matter"
2644:
1978:Essential 25000 English-Cebuano Law Dictionary
1632:'s words, "he term 'security forces' suggests
1149:, criminal prosecutions are undertaken by the
323:and a property of the Crown in Right of Canada
6471:
4863:
4417:
4341:"Trade Descriptions Act 1968: Section 12"
3844:. Irlandinitiative Heidelberg. Archived from
2816:Turpin, Colin; Tomkins, Adam (28 June 2007).
2815:
2355:Table Research Branch of the House of Commons
2349:
2347:
2090:, London: Bloomsbury Publishing, p. 34,
1733:
351:The concept of the Crown took form under the
4063:
3991:
3866:
3524:. Wellington, N.Z.: Bridget Williams Books.
3512:
3437:
2883:. Queen's Printer for Canada. Archived from
2738:
2702:
2674:
2195:, Queen's Printer for Canada, archived from
2124:
2036:
2034:
1920:
1545:
1240:Commonwealth director of public prosecutions
1065:and verbally read as "the Crown and Smith".
595:
531:), as well as the owner of all state lands (
414:(supreme monarch) of each country. However,
218:stated the Crown "means simply the Queen".
109:(the Crown on the bench) governance and the
4835:Rhodesia unilaterally declared independence
4374:
3884:
3732:"Succession to the Crown (Jersey) Law 2013"
3706:"Written Question to H.M. Attorney General"
3674:"Review of the Roles of the Crown Officers"
2822:. Cambridge University Press. p. 366.
2076:
2074:
1764:
1431:and any of its constituent parts under the
1274:
500:, though related, have different meanings:
368:
6478:
6464:
4870:
4856:
4424:
4410:
4036:
4030:
3248:The British Year Book of International Law
3206:Lauterpacht, E.; Greenwood, C. J. (1992).
3150:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2344:
2295:Hunting Stuart and The Voice of the People
1898:. Michigan: Sheehan & Co. p. 32.
1765:Sunkin, Maurice; Payne, Sebastian (1999),
1616:For exceptions in the United Kingdom, see
4385:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198262732.001.0001
3455:
2154:
2152:
2031:
1791:, 359 (House of Lords 1978),
1580:who are themselves servants of the Crown.
1375:opted for a modified Tudor Crown design.
1295:The term "Crown forces" has been used by
1017:Learn how and when to remove this message
884:Crown in Right of the Bailiwick of Jersey
27:Political term in the Commonwealth realms
3959:Ambiguous Republic: Ireland in the 1970s
3955:
3835:
3164:
3070:
2997:
2969:
2625:, Sydney: Federation Press, p. 81,
2576:
2161:"As David Johnson Enters Rideau Hall..."
2071:
2040:
2003:
1940:
1879:
1622:
1090:immune to prosecution and civil lawsuits
1067:
839:
549:
420:
176:
45:
4002:
3920:
3377:
3135:
2774:
2675:Elizabeth II (9 October 2012), "83.1",
2502:House of Commons Procedure and Practice
2451:
2318:
2052:
2013:, House of Commons Library, p. 8,
1778:
1776:
1694:
1656:
1596:Attorney General of Quebec v. Labrecque
1518:, where it becomes the property of the
1441:Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988
14:
7489:
4905:List of current non-sovereign monarchs
4271:"Trade Marks Act 1994: Section 99"
4083:from the original on 27 September 2022
3956:Ferriter, Diarmaid (1 November 2012).
3836:Morrison, Danny (24–26 January 2004).
3805:"The Queen v Brenton Harrison Tarrant"
3284:. Vol. 23. Vancouver: UBC Press.
3281:Canadian Yearbook of International Law
3277:
2781:, Toronto: Dundurn Press, p. 20,
2620:
2583:, Toronto: Dundurn Press, p. 17,
2505:, Ottawa: Queen's Printer for Canada,
2288:
2253:
2158:
2149:
2080:
1974:
1819:
1331:, "he term 'security forces' suggests
1228:The State of Western Australia v Smith
1210:(i.e. the case name at trial would be
615:Ex parte Indian Association of Alberta
157:; as well as in some offices, such as
6459:
5135:
4851:
4405:
4321:from the original on 5 September 2024
4305:"Use of Royal Arms, Names and Images"
4240:"Trade Marks Act 1994: Section 4"
3976:from the original on 5 September 2024
3738:from the original on 5 September 2024
3419:from the original on 5 September 2024
3314:from the original on 5 September 2024
3259:from the original on 5 September 2024
3226:from the original on 5 September 2024
3136:Lagassé, Philippe (2 November 2021),
3118:from the original on 5 September 2024
3085:
3073:The Constitutional History of England
2917:from the original on 5 September 2024
2854:
2836:from the original on 5 September 2024
2795:from the original on 5 September 2024
2720:from the original on 20 November 2010
2597:from the original on 22 February 2024
2559:from the original on 22 November 2009
1985:from the original on 5 September 2024
1715:from the original on 5 September 2024
1698:Constitutional and Administrative Law
1677:from the original on 5 September 2024
1262:In reporting on court proceedings in
815:
440:In each Commonwealth realm, the term
4119:from the original on 11 October 2023
3624:from the original on 10 October 2017
3031:The Law Commission (November 1996),
3013:from the original on 10 October 2017
2371:from the original on 25 October 2012
2236:from the original on 21 October 2020
2170:from the original on 23 January 2020
1956:from the original on 10 October 2017
1773:
1053:(if the monarch is female), and the
1049:(if the current monarch is male) or
955:adding citations to reliable sources
926:
915:, does not act on the advice of the
254:Pensions (Colonial Service) Act 1887
69:and their subdivisions (such as the
3071:Maitland, Frederic William (1908),
2970:George V (9 April 1925), "s. 180",
2647:"Succeeding to the Canadian throne"
2107:from the original on 16 August 2022
2004:Torrance, David (11 January 2023),
1842:from the original on 16 August 2022
1454:, and their use is governed by the
830:the Crown in Right of the Bailiwick
282:Commentaries on the Laws of England
149:, which some countries refer to as
24:
4900:List of current sovereign monarchs
4368:
3817:from the original on 7 August 2022
2980:from the original on 9 August 2020
2685:from the original on 2 August 2012
2531:Citizenship and Immigration Canada
2057:. Ashgate: Aldershot. p. 30.
1100:is brought by the Crown against a
608:Monarchy in the Canadian provinces
547:of his or her relevant ministers.
444:, at its broadest, now means the
25:
7533:
4189:from the original on 15 June 2024
4149:from the original on 16 July 2024
4110:The Public Safety Foundation (UK)
3472:from the original on 14 June 2021
3053:from the original on 23 July 2020
2778:The Crown and Canadian Federalism
2430:, Queen's Printer, archived from
2406:from the original on 11 June 2011
2189:Department of Canadian Heritage,
2020:from the original on 2 March 2023
1769:, Oxford: Oxford University Press
1746:from the original on 11 July 2021
1660:The Crown and Canadian Federalism
1450:) under sections 4 and 99 of the
1138:. Either form may be abbreviated
478:His Majesty the King in Right of
7458:
7457:
5418:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
4573:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
4173:"Reproduction of the Royal Arms"
3355:from the original on 18 May 2015
2879:Department of National Defence.
2159:Forsey, Helen (1 October 2010).
2138:from the original on 5 July 2009
1975:Nguyen, Nam H. (18 March 2018).
1902:from the original on 1 July 2024
1829:Review of Constitutional Studies
1804:
1472:
1406:
1394:
1382:
931:
922:
752:
722:
702:
675:
330:
305:
4895:Imperial, royal and noble ranks
4201:
3949:
3860:
3829:
3797:
3776:
3750:
3724:
3698:
3666:
3636:
3604:
3578:
3546:
3506:
3484:
3431:
3405:
3332:
3326:
3298:
3271:
3238:
3199:
3177:
3167:Melbourne University Law Review
3158:
3129:
3079:
3064:
3024:
2991:
2963:
2929:
2899:
2872:
2848:
2768:
2732:
2696:
2668:
2638:
2614:
2608:
2570:
2523:
2492:
2445:
2417:
2383:
2319:Toffoli, Gary (10 April 1996),
2312:
2298:. Toronto: Simon & Pierre.
2282:
2247:
2218:Department of Canadian Heritage
2210:
2182:
2118:
2046:
1997:
1968:
1934:
1914:
1885:
1822:"The Crown in the 21st Century"
1610:
1583:
1571:
1562:
1538:Department of Canadian Heritage
1525:
1500:
1327:. As noted by Irish republican
1319:(IRA) during conflicts such as
1288:
1236:director of public prosecutions
942:needs additional citations for
269:Ecclesiastical Appeals Act 1532
7023:Right of way (property access)
4877:
3962:. Profile Books. p. 247.
3867:Hawes-Bilger, Cordula (2007).
3650:. 21 June 2010. Archived from
2681:, Queen's Printer for Canada,
2007:The Crown and the Constitution
1873:
1853:
1813:
1798:
1758:
1727:
1701:. Pearson/Longman. p. 7.
1688:
1650:
1078:Westminster Magistrates' Court
787:
116:The concept of the Crown as a
61:in all its aspects within the
13:
1:
3457:10.11157/sites-vol11iss1id267
1734:CharlotteDunn (4 June 2018).
1643:
1110:R (on the application of ) v
917:Cabinet of the United Kingdom
735:, representing Elizabeth II,
172:
7497:British Overseas Territories
6485:
4910:List of monarchy referendums
4139:"Frequently asked questions"
4050:A Complete Guide to Heraldry
2775:Jackson, Michael D. (2013),
2678:Financial Administration Act
1657:Jackson, Michael D. (2013),
1338:
1307:groups, to refer to British
1257:our sovereign lady the queen
913:British Overseas Territories
897:British Overseas Territories
872:the Crown in Right of Jersey
7:
7329:Two Treatises of Government
4379:. Oxford University Press.
4103:"Symbols of State Guidance"
3415:. Te Aka Māori Dictionary.
2621:Boyce, Peter John (2008a),
1895:English Historical Reprints
1556:Monarchist League of Canada
1465:
1460:Trade Descriptions Act 1968
1253:our sovereign lord the king
1180:HMA v Al Megrahi and Fahima
761:Queen of the United Kingdom
319:, Ontario; the seat of the
187:coat of arms of New Zealand
10:
7538:
4221:, 1988 c. 48 (s. 171)
4038:Fox-Davies, Arthur Charles
3307:The Australian law journal
3255:. pp. 253, 257, 258.
3040:Halsbury's Laws of England
3003:"The Crown as Corporation"
2976:, London: King's Printer,
1946:"The Crown as Corporation"
1618:Crown Proceedings Act 1947
1361:created for her coronation
1347:and other imagery such as
1167:His/Her Majesty's Advocate
1088:The Crown is, in general,
605:
599:
456:of the state, or symbolic
321:Governor General of Canada
296:
29:
7453:
7250:
7052:
6932:
6825:
6818:
6667:
6624:
6569:
6493:
6322:
6231:
5945:
5708:
5642:
5454:
5445:
5341:
5323:
5255:
5170:
5128:
5060:
4974:
4918:
4885:
4829:Annexed by Canada in 1949
4824:
4616:
4443:
4353:, 1968 c. 29 (s. 12)
4283:, 1994 c. 26 (s. 99)
3899:10.1080/03071840408523120
3209:International Law Reports
3104:10.1017/S0008197318000338
3088:"The Office of the Crown"
3086:Allen, J.G. (July 2018),
2907:"Crown Entities Act 2004"
2577:Tidridge, Nathan (2011),
2359:"Compendium of Procedure"
2223:Canada: Symbols of Canada
1550:", or, "I am the state".
1456:Lord Chamberlain's Office
1321:Irish War of Independence
1283:Common Informers Act 1951
1249:Commonwealth of Australia
868:law officers of the Crown
792:In New Zealand, the term
664:of the appropriate local
596:Divisibility of the Crown
587:Frederic William Maitland
212:Nicholas Browne-Wilkinson
89:; or to the functions of
7381:The Great Transformation
6739:Labor theory of property
5047:Self-proclaimed monarchy
4252:, 1994 c. 26 (s. 4)
3871:. Francke. p. 148.
3790:23 November 2022 at the
3193:24 February 2017 at the
2973:Law of Property Act 1925
2855:Smith, David E. (1995),
2053:Valente, Claire (2003).
1493:
1413:2022 pattern Tudor Crown
1401:1901 pattern Tudor Crown
1163:High Court of Justiciary
1104:on the application of a
824:, legislation refers to
556:Parliament of Queensland
7502:Commonwealth of Nations
6950:Forest-dwelling (India)
6912:restraint on alienation
6692:Common good (economics)
5315:Vatican City (Holy See)
3935:10.1111/1468-2427.00271
2911:New Zealand Legislation
1807:The Nature of the Crown
1593:found in the 1980 case
1303:, including members of
804:, professor of history
585:headed by the monarch.
516:the elected chamber of
448:or the polity known as
226:Lord Simon of Glaisdale
189:, and located atop the
136:, such as those of the
120:developed first in the
57:broadly represents the
7389:Pierre-Joseph Proudhon
7163:Primitive accumulation
7018:Right of way (transit)
6803:Tragedy of the commons
6685:fictitious commodities
5597:Islands of Refreshment
5027:Legitimacy (political)
1695:Carroll, Alex (2003).
1546:
1275:
1186:Most jurisdictions in
1085:
882:in Jersey law, as the
859:
797:
566:
510:ministers of the Crown
474:the Crown in Right of
437:
389:doctrine of capacities
369:
246:
198:
51:
39:Crown (disambiguation)
37:. For other uses, see
7442:The Wealth of Nations
7422:Jean-Jacques Rousseau
7414:The Ethics of Liberty
5408:Saint Kitts and Nevis
4997:Criticism of monarchy
4987:Abolition of monarchy
4553:Saint Kitts and Nevis
4351:The National Archives
4281:The National Archives
4250:The National Archives
4219:The National Archives
4180:The National Archives
4143:The National Archives
4079:. 27 September 2022.
3644:"It's a power thing…"
3278:Bourne, C.B. (1986).
3098:(2), Cambridge: 300,
3092:Cambridge Law Journal
2424:The Royal Household,
1864:[1977] UKHL 2
1437:The National Archives
1427:to depictions of the
1317:Irish Republican Army
1102:minister of the Crown
1071:
1045:can stand for either
843:
822:Bailiwick of Guernsey
606:Further information:
600:Further information:
583:corporation aggregate
553:
424:
398:merged with those of
230:
180:
159:minister of the Crown
49:
7305:Progress and Poverty
6639:Common-pool resource
5240:United Arab Emirates
4521:Realm of New Zealand
4008:Brooke-Little, J. P.
3848:on 28 September 2007
3734:. States of Jersey.
3712:on 27 September 2011
3007:Law Quarterly Review
1950:Law Quarterly Review
1927:An Expanding Society
1736:"Crown Dependencies"
1452:Trade Marks Act 1994
1126:, where "Miller" is
1031:criminal proceedings
951:improve this article
866:, statements by the
711:Queen of New Zealand
431:Imperial State Crown
126:British colonisation
75:overseas territories
7507:Commonwealth realms
7428:The Social Contract
7116:population transfer
7033:prior-appropriation
6712:homestead principle
6436:Trinidad and Tobago
6323:Commonwealth realms
6208:United Baltic Duchy
5351:Antigua and Barbuda
5343:Commonwealth realms
5037:Order of succession
4801:Trinidad and Tobago
4451:Antigua and Barbuda
4433:Commonwealth realms
4315:The Royal Household
3566:on 22 November 2011
2857:The Invisible Crown
2434:on 20 February 2009
1866: at para. 16,
1245:State of Queensland
1116:, for short. Thus,
889:Legislation in the
864:Bailiwick of Jersey
435:Commonwealth realms
408:Commonwealth realms
193:, to symbolize the
185:is included in the
67:Commonwealth realms
7408:Murray N. Rothbard
6719:Free-rider problem
4346:legislation.gov.uk
4276:legislation.gov.uk
4245:legislation.gov.uk
4214:legislation.gov.uk
4043:"Chapter 22"
4013:Boutell's Heraldry
2999:Maitland, Frederic
2657:on 10 January 2013
2481:on 4 February 2016
2131:Interpretation Act
2128:(2005), "46.1.b",
1942:Maitland, Frederic
1795:from the original.
1086:
860:
816:Crown Dependencies
771:, 18 December 2012
737:Queen of Australia
567:
558:, symbolising the
545:advice and consent
438:
396:kingdom of England
277:William Blackstone
199:
122:Kingdom of England
71:Crown Dependencies
52:
7484:
7483:
7395:What Is Property?
7188:human trafficking
7173:Regulatory taking
7048:
7047:
6793:Right to property
6453:
6452:
6449:
6448:
6138:Piedmont-Sardinia
5890:Sip Song Chau Tai
5700:Thirteen Colonies
5441:
5440:
4845:
4844:
4394:978-0-19-826273-2
3969:978-1-84765-856-2
3878:978-3-7720-8200-9
3686:on 12 August 2011
3291:978-0-7748-0259-8
3219:978-0-949009-99-9
3183:Lords of Appeal,
2887:on 28 August 2009
2829:978-1-139-46536-6
2788:978-1-4597-0989-8
2756:on 6 October 2005
2632:978-1-86287-700-9
2590:978-1-4597-0084-0
2549:978-1-100-12739-2
2519:on 8 October 2012
2471:978-0-662-46012-1
2458:A Crown of Maples
2453:MacLeod, Kevin S.
2305:978-0-88924-259-3
2292:(8 August 1996).
2290:Davies, Robertson
2257:(10 April 1996),
2199:on 27 August 2011
2097:978-1-5099-3103-3
1708:978-0-582-47343-0
1670:978-1-4597-0989-8
1547:L'État, c'est moi
1520:duke of Lancaster
1433:royal prerogative
1389:St Edward's Crown
1357:St Edward's Crown
1311:which operate in
1297:Irish republicans
1271:crown proceedings
1220:Western Australia
1155:procurator fiscal
1153:(or the relevant
1027:
1026:
1019:
1001:
848:, displaying the
769:10 Downing Street
651:Canadian province
482:legal personality
377:royal prerogative
258:50 & 51 Vict.
242:royal prerogative
195:New Zealand Crown
183:St Edward's Crown
16:(Redirected from
7529:
7461:
7460:
7365:John Stuart Mill
7285:Friedrich Engels
7266:Frédéric Bastiat
7259:
7111:Forced migration
7079:Collectivization
6823:
6822:
6702:First possession
6675:Bundle of rights
6480:
6473:
6466:
6457:
6456:
6377:Irish Free State
6143:Poland–Lithuania
5452:
5451:
5403:Papua New Guinea
5133:
5132:
4872:
4865:
4858:
4849:
4848:
4838:
4830:
4543:Papua New Guinea
4426:
4419:
4412:
4403:
4402:
4398:
4362:
4361:
4360:
4358:
4337:
4331:
4330:
4328:
4326:
4310:The Royal Family
4301:
4292:
4291:
4290:
4288:
4267:
4261:
4260:
4259:
4257:
4236:
4230:
4229:
4228:
4226:
4205:
4199:
4198:
4196:
4194:
4188:
4177:
4169:
4163:
4162:
4156:
4154:
4135:
4129:
4128:
4126:
4124:
4118:
4107:
4099:
4093:
4092:
4090:
4088:
4067:
4061:
4060:
4054:
4045:
4034:
4028:
4027:
4004:Boutell, Charles
4000:
3989:
3988:
3983:
3981:
3953:
3947:
3946:
3918:
3887:The RUSI Journal
3882:
3864:
3858:
3857:
3855:
3853:
3833:
3827:
3826:
3824:
3822:
3816:
3809:
3801:
3795:
3780:
3774:
3773:
3771:
3769:
3764:on 28 March 2021
3760:. Archived from
3754:
3748:
3747:
3745:
3743:
3728:
3722:
3721:
3719:
3717:
3708:. Archived from
3702:
3696:
3695:
3693:
3691:
3685:
3679:. Archived from
3678:
3670:
3664:
3663:
3661:
3659:
3640:
3634:
3633:
3631:
3629:
3623:
3616:
3608:
3602:
3601:
3599:
3597:
3588:. Archived from
3582:
3576:
3575:
3573:
3571:
3565:
3559:. Archived from
3558:
3550:
3544:
3543:
3518:Wheen, Nicola R.
3510:
3504:
3503:
3501:
3499:
3488:
3482:
3481:
3479:
3477:
3459:
3435:
3429:
3428:
3426:
3424:
3409:
3403:
3402:
3400:
3398:
3389:. Archived from
3375:
3369:
3368:
3362:
3360:
3354:
3347:
3336:
3330:
3324:
3323:
3321:
3319:
3302:
3296:
3295:
3275:
3269:
3268:
3266:
3264:
3242:
3236:
3235:
3233:
3231:
3203:
3197:
3181:
3175:
3174:
3162:
3156:
3155:
3149:
3141:
3133:
3127:
3126:
3125:
3123:
3083:
3077:
3076:
3068:
3062:
3061:
3060:
3058:
3052:
3037:
3028:
3022:
3021:
3020:
3018:
2995:
2989:
2988:
2987:
2985:
2967:
2961:
2960:
2958:
2956:
2951:on 26 March 2009
2950:
2943:
2933:
2927:
2926:
2924:
2922:
2903:
2897:
2896:
2894:
2892:
2876:
2870:
2869:
2852:
2846:
2845:
2843:
2841:
2813:
2804:
2803:
2802:
2800:
2772:
2766:
2765:
2763:
2761:
2755:
2748:
2736:
2730:
2729:
2727:
2725:
2719:
2712:
2700:
2694:
2693:
2692:
2690:
2672:
2666:
2665:
2664:
2662:
2653:, archived from
2642:
2636:
2635:
2618:
2612:
2606:
2605:
2604:
2602:
2574:
2568:
2567:
2566:
2564:
2558:
2541:
2527:
2521:
2520:
2515:, archived from
2496:
2490:
2489:
2488:
2486:
2480:
2474:, archived from
2463:
2449:
2443:
2442:
2441:
2439:
2421:
2415:
2414:
2413:
2411:
2405:
2398:
2387:
2381:
2380:
2378:
2376:
2370:
2363:
2351:
2342:
2341:
2340:
2338:
2316:
2310:
2309:
2286:
2280:
2279:
2278:
2276:
2251:
2245:
2244:
2243:
2241:
2235:
2228:
2214:
2208:
2207:
2206:
2204:
2186:
2180:
2179:
2177:
2175:
2156:
2147:
2146:
2145:
2143:
2122:
2116:
2115:
2114:
2112:
2106:
2089:
2078:
2069:
2068:
2050:
2044:
2038:
2029:
2028:
2027:
2025:
2019:
2012:
2001:
1995:
1994:
1992:
1990:
1981:. Nam H Nguyen.
1972:
1966:
1965:
1963:
1961:
1938:
1932:
1931:
1922:Kitson Clark, G.
1918:
1912:
1911:
1909:
1907:
1889:
1883:
1877:
1871:
1857:
1851:
1850:
1849:
1847:
1841:
1826:
1817:
1811:
1810:
1802:
1796:
1786:
1780:
1771:
1770:
1762:
1756:
1755:
1753:
1751:
1740:The Royal Family
1731:
1725:
1724:
1722:
1720:
1692:
1686:
1685:
1684:
1682:
1654:
1637:
1626:
1620:
1614:
1608:
1587:
1581:
1575:
1569:
1566:
1560:
1552:Robertson Davies
1549:
1529:
1523:
1512:duke of Cornwall
1504:
1482:
1477:
1476:
1448:Paris Convention
1410:
1398:
1386:
1280:
1216:Smith v The King
1022:
1015:
1011:
1008:
1002:
1000:
959:
935:
927:
852:surmounted by a
756:
745:Government House
730:Governor-General
726:
706:
679:
655:Australian state
579:corporation sole
560:Queensland Crown
554:The mace of the
374:
334:
309:
274:
239:
167:Crown prosecutor
130:free association
118:corporation sole
21:
7537:
7536:
7532:
7531:
7530:
7528:
7527:
7526:
7487:
7486:
7485:
7480:
7449:
7253:
7252:
7246:
7196:husband-selling
7133:Illegal logging
7128:Illegal fishing
7057:
7044:
6955:Freedom to roam
6928:
6841:(agrarian land)
6814:
6771:Property rights
6663:
6620:
6582:Estate (landed)
6565:
6489:
6484:
6454:
6445:
6370:princely states
6318:
6254:Kingdom of Fiji
6227:
5973:Austria-Hungary
5941:
5704:
5638:
5437:
5423:Solomon Islands
5337:
5319:
5251:
5166:
5124:
5056:
5002:Democratization
4970:
4914:
4881:
4876:
4846:
4841:
4833:
4828:
4820:
4612:
4583:Solomon Islands
4439:
4430:
4395:
4371:
4369:Further reading
4366:
4365:
4356:
4354:
4339:
4338:
4334:
4324:
4322:
4303:
4302:
4295:
4286:
4284:
4269:
4268:
4264:
4255:
4253:
4238:
4237:
4233:
4224:
4222:
4207:
4206:
4202:
4192:
4190:
4186:
4175:
4171:
4170:
4166:
4152:
4150:
4137:
4136:
4132:
4122:
4120:
4116:
4105:
4101:
4100:
4096:
4086:
4084:
4076:College of Arms
4069:
4068:
4064:
4035:
4031:
4024:
4001:
3992:
3979:
3977:
3970:
3954:
3950:
3879:
3865:
3861:
3851:
3849:
3834:
3830:
3820:
3818:
3814:
3807:
3803:
3802:
3798:
3792:Wayback Machine
3781:
3777:
3767:
3765:
3756:
3755:
3751:
3741:
3739:
3730:
3729:
3725:
3715:
3713:
3704:
3703:
3699:
3689:
3687:
3683:
3676:
3672:
3671:
3667:
3657:
3655:
3654:on 10 June 2011
3642:
3641:
3637:
3627:
3625:
3621:
3614:
3610:
3609:
3605:
3595:
3593:
3592:on 21 July 2011
3584:
3583:
3579:
3569:
3567:
3563:
3556:
3552:
3551:
3547:
3532:
3520:, eds. (2004).
3514:Hayward, Janine
3511:
3507:
3497:
3495:
3490:
3489:
3485:
3475:
3473:
3436:
3432:
3422:
3420:
3411:
3410:
3406:
3396:
3394:
3393:on 14 July 2022
3376:
3372:
3358:
3356:
3352:
3345:
3337:
3333:
3327:
3317:
3315:
3304:
3303:
3299:
3292:
3276:
3272:
3262:
3260:
3243:
3239:
3229:
3227:
3220:
3204:
3200:
3195:Wayback Machine
3182:
3178:
3163:
3159:
3143:
3142:
3134:
3130:
3121:
3119:
3084:
3080:
3069:
3065:
3056:
3054:
3050:
3035:
3029:
3025:
3016:
3014:
2996:
2992:
2983:
2981:
2968:
2964:
2954:
2952:
2948:
2941:
2935:
2934:
2930:
2920:
2918:
2905:
2904:
2900:
2890:
2888:
2877:
2873:
2867:
2853:
2849:
2839:
2837:
2830:
2814:
2807:
2798:
2796:
2789:
2773:
2769:
2759:
2757:
2753:
2746:
2737:
2733:
2723:
2721:
2717:
2710:
2706:(21 May 2004).
2701:
2697:
2688:
2686:
2673:
2669:
2660:
2658:
2643:
2639:
2633:
2619:
2615:
2609:
2600:
2598:
2591:
2575:
2571:
2562:
2560:
2556:
2550:
2539:
2536:Discover Canada
2528:
2524:
2513:
2497:
2493:
2484:
2482:
2478:
2472:
2461:
2450:
2446:
2437:
2435:
2422:
2418:
2409:
2407:
2403:
2396:
2388:
2384:
2374:
2372:
2368:
2361:
2352:
2345:
2336:
2334:
2333:on 11 June 2011
2317:
2313:
2306:
2287:
2283:
2274:
2272:
2271:on 11 June 2011
2252:
2248:
2239:
2237:
2233:
2226:
2215:
2211:
2202:
2200:
2187:
2183:
2173:
2171:
2157:
2150:
2141:
2139:
2123:
2119:
2110:
2108:
2104:
2098:
2087:
2079:
2072:
2065:
2051:
2047:
2039:
2032:
2023:
2021:
2017:
2010:
2002:
1998:
1988:
1986:
1973:
1969:
1959:
1957:
1939:
1935:
1919:
1915:
1905:
1903:
1890:
1886:
1882:, pp. 9–10
1878:
1874:
1858:
1854:
1845:
1843:
1839:
1824:
1818:
1814:
1803:
1799:
1782:
1781:
1774:
1763:
1759:
1749:
1747:
1732:
1728:
1718:
1716:
1709:
1693:
1689:
1680:
1678:
1671:
1655:
1651:
1646:
1641:
1640:
1627:
1623:
1615:
1611:
1588:
1584:
1576:
1572:
1567:
1563:
1530:
1526:
1505:
1501:
1496:
1480:Monarchy portal
1478:
1471:
1468:
1421:Crown copyright
1418:
1417:
1416:
1415:
1414:
1411:
1403:
1402:
1399:
1391:
1390:
1387:
1341:
1309:security forces
1291:
1161:is used in the
1098:judicial review
1023:
1012:
1006:
1003:
960:
958:
948:
936:
925:
903:Lords' decision
899:
880:Perth Agreement
850:badge of Jersey
818:
790:
785:
784:
783:
782:
774:
773:
772:
757:
749:
748:
747:, 25 March 1994
727:
719:
718:
707:
699:
698:
687:Queen of Canada
680:
610:
604:
598:
541:Crown copyright
512:drawn from and
458:personification
349:
348:
347:
346:
345:
338:Balmoral Castle
335:
326:
325:
324:
310:
299:
272:
237:
234:Tower of London
175:
138:British regalia
42:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7535:
7525:
7524:
7522:Legal fictions
7519:
7514:
7509:
7504:
7499:
7482:
7481:
7479:
7478:
7477:
7476:
7466:
7454:
7451:
7450:
7448:
7447:
7446:
7445:
7433:
7432:
7431:
7419:
7418:
7417:
7405:
7400:
7399:
7398:
7386:
7385:
7384:
7372:
7367:
7362:
7361:
7360:
7348:
7347:
7346:
7334:
7333:
7332:
7320:
7315:
7313:Garrett Hardin
7310:
7309:
7308:
7296:
7295:
7294:
7282:
7277:
7276:
7275:
7262:
7260:
7248:
7247:
7245:
7244:
7239:
7238:
7237:
7232:
7227:
7222:
7212:
7211:
7210:
7205:
7204:
7203:
7198:
7190:
7185:
7175:
7170:
7165:
7160:
7155:
7150:
7145:
7140:
7135:
7130:
7125:
7124:
7123:
7118:
7108:
7101:
7096:
7091:
7086:
7084:Eminent domain
7081:
7076:
7075:
7074:
7067:Bioprospecting
7063:
7061:
7059:redistribution
7050:
7049:
7046:
7045:
7043:
7042:
7041:
7040:
7035:
7025:
7020:
7015:
7014:
7013:
7001:
6996:
6995:
6994:
6989:
6984:
6974:
6969:
6968:
6967:
6957:
6952:
6947:
6942:
6936:
6934:
6930:
6929:
6927:
6926:
6925:
6924:
6919:
6914:
6909:
6904:
6894:
6889:
6888:
6887:
6877:
6870:
6865:
6864:
6863:
6858:
6853:
6843:
6835:
6826:
6820:
6816:
6815:
6813:
6812:
6811:
6810:
6800:
6795:
6790:
6789:
6788:
6783:
6778:
6768:
6763:
6761:Natural rights
6758:
6753:
6752:
6751:
6741:
6736:
6731:
6726:
6721:
6716:
6715:
6714:
6709:
6699:
6694:
6689:
6688:
6687:
6677:
6671:
6669:
6665:
6664:
6662:
6661:
6656:
6651:
6646:
6641:
6636:
6630:
6628:
6622:
6621:
6619:
6618:
6617:
6616:
6606:
6601:
6600:
6599:
6589:
6584:
6579:
6573:
6571:
6567:
6566:
6564:
6563:
6558:
6553:
6548:
6543:
6538:
6533:
6528:
6523:
6518:
6513:
6508:
6503:
6497:
6495:
6491:
6490:
6483:
6482:
6475:
6468:
6460:
6451:
6450:
6447:
6446:
6444:
6443:
6438:
6433:
6428:
6423:
6418:
6413:
6408:
6403:
6398:
6393:
6388:
6383:
6374:
6358:
6353:
6348:
6343:
6338:
6332:
6326:
6324:
6320:
6319:
6317:
6316:
6311:
6306:
6301:
6296:
6291:
6286:
6281:
6276:
6271:
6266:
6261:
6256:
6251:
6246:
6241:
6235:
6233:
6229:
6228:
6226:
6225:
6220:
6215:
6210:
6205:
6200:
6195:
6190:
6185:
6180:
6175:
6170:
6165:
6160:
6155:
6150:
6145:
6140:
6135:
6130:
6128:Ottoman Empire
6125:
6120:
6115:
6110:
6105:
6100:
6095:
6090:
6088:Kartli-Kakheti
6085:
6080:
6075:
6070:
6065:
6060:
6055:
6050:
6045:
6040:
6035:
6030:
6025:
6020:
6015:
6010:
6005:
6000:
5995:
5990:
5985:
5980:
5975:
5970:
5965:
5960:
5955:
5949:
5947:
5943:
5942:
5940:
5939:
5927:
5922:
5917:
5912:
5907:
5902:
5897:
5892:
5887:
5882:
5877:
5870:
5865:
5860:
5855:
5850:
5845:
5840:
5835:
5830:
5825:
5820:
5815:
5810:
5805:
5800:
5795:
5790:
5785:
5780:
5770:
5763:
5758:
5753:
5748:
5743:
5738:
5733:
5728:
5723:
5718:
5712:
5710:
5706:
5705:
5703:
5702:
5697:
5692:
5687:
5682:
5677:
5672:
5667:
5662:
5657:
5652:
5646:
5644:
5640:
5639:
5637:
5636:
5629:
5624:
5619:
5614:
5609:
5604:
5599:
5594:
5589:
5584:
5579:
5574:
5569:
5564:
5559:
5554:
5549:
5544:
5539:
5534:
5529:
5524:
5519:
5514:
5509:
5504:
5499:
5497:Central Africa
5494:
5489:
5484:
5479:
5474:
5469:
5464:
5458:
5456:
5449:
5443:
5442:
5439:
5438:
5436:
5435:
5433:United Kingdom
5430:
5425:
5420:
5415:
5410:
5405:
5400:
5399:
5398:
5393:
5383:
5378:
5373:
5368:
5363:
5358:
5353:
5347:
5345:
5339:
5338:
5336:
5335:
5329:
5327:
5321:
5320:
5318:
5317:
5312:
5307:
5302:
5297:
5292:
5287:
5282:
5277:
5272:
5267:
5261:
5259:
5253:
5252:
5250:
5249:
5242:
5237:
5232:
5227:
5222:
5217:
5212:
5207:
5202:
5197:
5192:
5187:
5182:
5176:
5174:
5168:
5167:
5165:
5164:
5157:
5152:
5147:
5141:
5139:
5130:
5126:
5125:
5123:
5122:
5117:
5112:
5107:
5102:
5097:
5092:
5090:Prince regnant
5087:
5086:
5085:
5075:
5070:
5064:
5062:
5058:
5057:
5055:
5054:
5049:
5044:
5039:
5034:
5029:
5024:
5019:
5014:
5009:
5007:Decolonization
5004:
4999:
4994:
4989:
4984:
4978:
4976:
4972:
4971:
4969:
4968:
4963:
4961:Personal union
4958:
4953:
4948:
4943:
4938:
4933:
4931:Constitutional
4928:
4922:
4920:
4916:
4915:
4913:
4912:
4907:
4902:
4897:
4892:
4886:
4883:
4882:
4875:
4874:
4867:
4860:
4852:
4843:
4842:
4840:
4839:
4831:
4825:
4822:
4821:
4819:
4818:
4808:
4798:
4788:
4778:
4768:
4756:
4746:
4736:
4731:
4721:
4711:
4701:
4691:
4681:
4676:
4666:
4656:
4646:
4636:
4631:
4620:
4618:
4614:
4613:
4611:
4610:
4603:United Kingdom
4600:
4590:
4580:
4570:
4560:
4550:
4540:
4539:
4538:
4533:
4528:
4518:
4508:
4498:
4488:
4478:
4468:
4458:
4447:
4445:
4441:
4440:
4429:
4428:
4421:
4414:
4406:
4400:
4399:
4393:
4370:
4367:
4364:
4363:
4332:
4293:
4262:
4231:
4200:
4164:
4130:
4094:
4071:"Royal Cypher"
4062:
4029:
4022:
3990:
3968:
3948:
3929:(3): 675–688.
3877:
3859:
3828:
3796:
3775:
3749:
3723:
3697:
3665:
3648:Guernsey Press
3635:
3603:
3577:
3545:
3530:
3505:
3483:
3430:
3404:
3370:
3331:
3325:
3297:
3290:
3270:
3237:
3218:
3198:
3186:Ex parte Quark
3176:
3157:
3128:
3078:
3063:
3023:
3009:(17): 131–46,
2990:
2962:
2928:
2898:
2871:
2865:
2847:
2828:
2805:
2787:
2767:
2731:
2695:
2667:
2651:Ottawa Citizen
2637:
2631:
2613:
2607:
2589:
2569:
2548:
2522:
2511:
2491:
2470:
2444:
2416:
2382:
2357:(March 2008).
2343:
2311:
2304:
2281:
2246:
2209:
2181:
2148:
2117:
2096:
2070:
2063:
2045:
2030:
1996:
1967:
1952:(17): 131–46.
1933:
1913:
1884:
1872:
1852:
1812:
1797:
1772:
1757:
1726:
1707:
1687:
1669:
1648:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1639:
1638:
1630:Danny Morrison
1621:
1609:
1601:civil servants
1582:
1570:
1561:
1542:King Louis XIV
1524:
1498:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1491:
1490:
1484:
1483:
1467:
1464:
1412:
1405:
1404:
1400:
1393:
1392:
1388:
1381:
1380:
1379:
1378:
1377:
1355:, an image of
1353:Queen Victoria
1340:
1337:
1329:Danny Morrison
1290:
1287:
1169:, in place of
1025:
1024:
939:
937:
930:
924:
921:
908:Ex parte Quark
901:Following the
898:
895:
846:flag of Jersey
817:
814:
789:
786:
776:
775:
759:Elizabeth II,
758:
751:
750:
728:
721:
720:
709:Elizabeth II,
708:
701:
700:
681:
674:
673:
672:
671:
670:
630:House of Lords
625:Ex parte Quark
597:
594:
537:Crown entities
514:responsible to
506:conventionally
336:
329:
328:
327:
311:
304:
303:
302:
301:
300:
298:
295:
174:
171:
163:Crown attorney
101:(the Crown-in-
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7534:
7523:
7520:
7518:
7515:
7513:
7510:
7508:
7505:
7503:
7500:
7498:
7495:
7494:
7492:
7475:
7472:
7471:
7470:
7467:
7465:
7462:Categories:
7456:
7455:
7452:
7444:
7443:
7439:
7438:
7437:
7434:
7430:
7429:
7425:
7424:
7423:
7420:
7416:
7415:
7411:
7410:
7409:
7406:
7404:
7403:David Ricardo
7401:
7397:
7396:
7392:
7391:
7390:
7387:
7383:
7382:
7378:
7377:
7376:
7373:
7371:
7370:Elinor Ostrom
7368:
7366:
7363:
7359:
7358:
7354:
7353:
7352:
7349:
7345:
7344:
7340:
7339:
7338:
7335:
7331:
7330:
7326:
7325:
7324:
7321:
7319:
7316:
7314:
7311:
7307:
7306:
7302:
7301:
7300:
7297:
7293:
7292:
7288:
7287:
7286:
7283:
7281:
7278:
7274:
7273:
7269:
7268:
7267:
7264:
7263:
7261:
7257:
7249:
7243:
7240:
7236:
7233:
7231:
7228:
7226:
7223:
7221:
7218:
7217:
7216:
7213:
7209:
7206:
7202:
7199:
7197:
7194:
7193:
7191:
7189:
7186:
7184:
7181:
7180:
7179:
7176:
7174:
7171:
7169:
7168:Privatization
7166:
7164:
7161:
7159:
7156:
7154:
7151:
7149:
7148:Legal plunder
7146:
7144:
7141:
7139:
7136:
7134:
7131:
7129:
7126:
7122:
7119:
7117:
7114:
7113:
7112:
7109:
7107:
7106:
7102:
7100:
7099:Expropriation
7097:
7095:
7092:
7090:
7087:
7085:
7082:
7080:
7077:
7073:
7070:
7069:
7068:
7065:
7064:
7062:
7060:
7055:
7051:
7039:
7036:
7034:
7031:
7030:
7029:
7026:
7024:
7021:
7019:
7016:
7012:
7011:
7007:
7006:
7005:
7002:
7000:
6997:
6993:
6990:
6988:
6985:
6983:
6980:
6979:
6978:
6975:
6973:
6970:
6966:
6963:
6962:
6961:
6958:
6956:
6953:
6951:
6948:
6946:
6943:
6941:
6938:
6937:
6935:
6931:
6923:
6920:
6918:
6915:
6913:
6910:
6908:
6905:
6903:
6900:
6899:
6898:
6895:
6893:
6890:
6886:
6883:
6882:
6881:
6878:
6876:
6875:
6871:
6869:
6866:
6862:
6859:
6857:
6854:
6852:
6849:
6848:
6847:
6844:
6842:
6840:
6836:
6834:
6833:(watercourse)
6832:
6828:
6827:
6824:
6821:
6817:
6809:
6806:
6805:
6804:
6801:
6799:
6796:
6794:
6791:
6787:
6784:
6782:
6779:
6777:
6776:primogeniture
6774:
6773:
6772:
6769:
6767:
6764:
6762:
6759:
6757:
6756:Legal plunder
6754:
6750:
6747:
6746:
6745:
6742:
6740:
6737:
6735:
6732:
6730:
6727:
6725:
6722:
6720:
6717:
6713:
6710:
6708:
6707:appropriation
6705:
6704:
6703:
6700:
6698:
6697:Excludability
6695:
6693:
6690:
6686:
6683:
6682:
6681:
6678:
6676:
6673:
6672:
6670:
6666:
6660:
6657:
6655:
6652:
6650:
6647:
6645:
6642:
6640:
6637:
6635:
6632:
6631:
6629:
6627:
6623:
6615:
6612:
6611:
6610:
6607:
6605:
6602:
6598:
6595:
6594:
6593:
6590:
6588:
6585:
6583:
6580:
6578:
6575:
6574:
6572:
6568:
6562:
6559:
6557:
6554:
6552:
6549:
6547:
6544:
6542:
6539:
6537:
6534:
6532:
6529:
6527:
6524:
6522:
6519:
6517:
6514:
6512:
6509:
6507:
6504:
6502:
6499:
6498:
6496:
6492:
6488:
6481:
6476:
6474:
6469:
6467:
6462:
6461:
6458:
6442:
6439:
6437:
6434:
6432:
6429:
6427:
6424:
6422:
6419:
6417:
6414:
6412:
6409:
6407:
6404:
6402:
6399:
6397:
6394:
6392:
6389:
6387:
6384:
6382:
6378:
6375:
6372:
6371:
6366:
6362:
6359:
6357:
6354:
6352:
6349:
6347:
6344:
6342:
6339:
6336:
6333:
6331:
6328:
6327:
6325:
6321:
6315:
6312:
6310:
6307:
6305:
6302:
6300:
6297:
6295:
6292:
6290:
6287:
6285:
6282:
6280:
6277:
6275:
6272:
6270:
6267:
6265:
6262:
6260:
6257:
6255:
6252:
6250:
6249:Easter Island
6247:
6245:
6242:
6240:
6237:
6236:
6234:
6230:
6224:
6221:
6219:
6216:
6214:
6211:
6209:
6206:
6204:
6201:
6199:
6196:
6194:
6191:
6189:
6186:
6184:
6181:
6179:
6176:
6174:
6171:
6169:
6166:
6164:
6161:
6159:
6156:
6154:
6151:
6149:
6146:
6144:
6141:
6139:
6136:
6134:
6131:
6129:
6126:
6124:
6121:
6119:
6116:
6114:
6111:
6109:
6106:
6104:
6101:
6099:
6096:
6094:
6091:
6089:
6086:
6084:
6081:
6079:
6076:
6074:
6071:
6069:
6066:
6064:
6061:
6059:
6056:
6054:
6051:
6049:
6046:
6044:
6041:
6039:
6036:
6034:
6031:
6029:
6026:
6024:
6021:
6019:
6016:
6014:
6011:
6009:
6006:
6004:
6001:
5999:
5996:
5994:
5991:
5989:
5986:
5984:
5981:
5979:
5976:
5974:
5971:
5969:
5966:
5964:
5961:
5959:
5956:
5954:
5951:
5950:
5948:
5944:
5937:
5936:
5931:
5928:
5926:
5923:
5921:
5918:
5916:
5913:
5911:
5908:
5906:
5903:
5901:
5898:
5896:
5893:
5891:
5888:
5886:
5883:
5881:
5878:
5876:
5875:
5871:
5869:
5866:
5864:
5861:
5859:
5856:
5854:
5851:
5849:
5846:
5844:
5841:
5839:
5836:
5834:
5831:
5829:
5826:
5824:
5821:
5819:
5816:
5814:
5811:
5809:
5806:
5804:
5801:
5799:
5796:
5794:
5791:
5789:
5788:Jabal Shammar
5786:
5784:
5781:
5778:
5774:
5771:
5769:
5768:
5764:
5762:
5759:
5757:
5754:
5752:
5749:
5747:
5744:
5742:
5739:
5737:
5734:
5732:
5729:
5727:
5724:
5722:
5719:
5717:
5714:
5713:
5711:
5707:
5701:
5698:
5696:
5693:
5691:
5688:
5686:
5683:
5681:
5678:
5676:
5673:
5671:
5668:
5666:
5663:
5661:
5658:
5656:
5653:
5651:
5648:
5647:
5645:
5641:
5635:
5634:
5630:
5628:
5625:
5623:
5620:
5618:
5615:
5613:
5610:
5608:
5605:
5603:
5600:
5598:
5595:
5593:
5590:
5588:
5585:
5583:
5580:
5578:
5575:
5573:
5570:
5568:
5565:
5563:
5560:
5558:
5555:
5553:
5550:
5548:
5545:
5543:
5540:
5538:
5535:
5533:
5530:
5528:
5525:
5523:
5520:
5518:
5515:
5513:
5510:
5508:
5505:
5503:
5500:
5498:
5495:
5493:
5490:
5488:
5485:
5483:
5480:
5478:
5475:
5473:
5470:
5468:
5465:
5463:
5460:
5459:
5457:
5453:
5450:
5448:
5444:
5434:
5431:
5429:
5426:
5424:
5421:
5419:
5416:
5414:
5411:
5409:
5406:
5404:
5401:
5397:
5394:
5392:
5389:
5388:
5387:
5384:
5382:
5379:
5377:
5374:
5372:
5369:
5367:
5364:
5362:
5359:
5357:
5354:
5352:
5349:
5348:
5346:
5344:
5340:
5334:
5331:
5330:
5328:
5326:
5322:
5316:
5313:
5311:
5308:
5306:
5303:
5301:
5298:
5296:
5293:
5291:
5288:
5286:
5283:
5281:
5280:Liechtenstein
5278:
5276:
5273:
5271:
5268:
5266:
5263:
5262:
5260:
5258:
5254:
5248:
5247:
5243:
5241:
5238:
5236:
5233:
5231:
5228:
5226:
5223:
5221:
5218:
5216:
5213:
5211:
5208:
5206:
5203:
5201:
5198:
5196:
5193:
5191:
5188:
5186:
5183:
5181:
5178:
5177:
5175:
5173:
5169:
5163:
5162:
5158:
5156:
5153:
5151:
5148:
5146:
5143:
5142:
5140:
5138:
5134:
5131:
5127:
5121:
5118:
5116:
5113:
5111:
5108:
5106:
5103:
5101:
5098:
5096:
5093:
5091:
5088:
5084:
5083:Queen regnant
5081:
5080:
5079:
5076:
5074:
5071:
5069:
5066:
5065:
5063:
5059:
5053:
5050:
5048:
5045:
5043:
5042:Republicanism
5040:
5038:
5035:
5033:
5030:
5028:
5025:
5023:
5022:Head of state
5020:
5018:
5015:
5013:
5010:
5008:
5005:
5003:
5000:
4998:
4995:
4993:
4990:
4988:
4985:
4983:
4980:
4979:
4977:
4973:
4967:
4964:
4962:
4959:
4957:
4956:Non-sovereign
4954:
4952:
4949:
4947:
4944:
4942:
4939:
4937:
4934:
4932:
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4908:
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4709:
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4682:
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4615:
4608:
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4509:
4506:
4502:
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4486:
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4479:
4476:
4472:
4469:
4466:
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4459:
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4449:
4448:
4446:
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4427:
4422:
4420:
4415:
4413:
4408:
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4390:
4386:
4382:
4378:
4373:
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4348:
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4342:
4336:
4320:
4316:
4312:
4311:
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4300:
4298:
4282:
4278:
4277:
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4266:
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4246:
4241:
4235:
4220:
4216:
4215:
4210:
4204:
4185:
4181:
4174:
4168:
4161:
4148:
4144:
4140:
4134:
4115:
4112:. July 2023.
4111:
4104:
4098:
4082:
4078:
4077:
4072:
4066:
4058:
4053:
4051:
4044:
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4033:
4025:
4019:
4015:
4014:
4009:
4005:
3999:
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3995:
3987:
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3952:
3944:
3940:
3936:
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3928:
3924:
3916:
3912:
3908:
3904:
3900:
3896:
3892:
3888:
3880:
3874:
3870:
3863:
3847:
3843:
3842:Irish History
3839:
3832:
3813:
3806:
3800:
3793:
3789:
3786:
3785:
3779:
3763:
3759:
3753:
3737:
3733:
3727:
3711:
3707:
3701:
3682:
3675:
3669:
3653:
3649:
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3620:
3613:
3607:
3591:
3587:
3581:
3562:
3555:
3549:
3541:
3537:
3533:
3531:1-877242-32-2
3527:
3523:
3519:
3515:
3509:
3493:
3487:
3471:
3467:
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3453:
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3117:
3113:
3109:
3105:
3101:
3097:
3093:
3089:
3082:
3074:
3067:
3049:
3045:
3042:(Affidavit),
3041:
3034:
3027:
3012:
3008:
3004:
3000:
2994:
2979:
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2966:
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2940:
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2912:
2908:
2902:
2886:
2882:
2875:
2868:
2866:0-8020-7793-5
2862:
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2634:
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2611:
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2582:
2581:
2573:
2555:
2551:
2545:
2538:
2537:
2532:
2526:
2518:
2514:
2512:2-89461-378-4
2508:
2504:
2503:
2495:
2477:
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2194:
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2185:
2169:
2165:
2162:
2155:
2153:
2137:
2133:
2132:
2127:
2121:
2103:
2099:
2093:
2086:
2085:
2077:
2075:
2066:
2064:0-7546-0901-4
2060:
2056:
2049:
2042:
2041:Torrance 2023
2037:
2035:
2016:
2009:
2008:
2000:
1984:
1980:
1979:
1971:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1937:
1929:
1928:
1923:
1917:
1901:
1897:
1896:
1888:
1881:
1880:Torrance 2023
1876:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1856:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1823:
1816:
1808:
1801:
1794:
1790:
1785:
1779:
1777:
1768:
1761:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1730:
1714:
1710:
1704:
1700:
1699:
1691:
1676:
1672:
1666:
1662:
1661:
1653:
1649:
1635:
1631:
1625:
1619:
1613:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1597:
1592:
1591:Supreme Court
1586:
1579:
1574:
1565:
1557:
1553:
1548:
1543:
1539:
1534:
1533:Eugene Forsey
1528:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1503:
1499:
1489:
1486:
1485:
1481:
1475:
1470:
1463:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1444:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1425:in perpetuity
1422:
1409:
1397:
1385:
1376:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1336:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1293:
1286:
1284:
1279:
1278:
1272:
1267:
1265:
1260:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1184:
1182:
1181:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1151:lord advocate
1148:
1143:
1141:
1137:
1135:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1120:
1115:
1112:, notated as
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1070:
1066:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1035:case citation
1032:
1021:
1018:
1010:
1007:December 2021
999:
996:
992:
989:
985:
982:
978:
975:
971:
968: –
967:
963:
962:Find sources:
956:
952:
946:
945:
940:This article
938:
934:
929:
928:
923:In the courts
920:
918:
914:
910:
909:
904:
894:
892:
887:
885:
881:
877:
873:
869:
865:
858:
855:
851:
847:
842:
838:
835:
831:
827:
823:
813:
811:
807:
803:
799:
795:
780:
770:
766:
762:
755:
746:
742:
738:
734:
731:
725:
716:
712:
705:
697:, 1 July 1967
696:
692:
688:
684:
678:
669:
667:
663:
658:
656:
652:
648:
646:
638:
635:
631:
627:
626:
621:
617:
616:
609:
603:
593:
591:
588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
565:
564:in-Parliament
561:
557:
552:
548:
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
521:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
491:
490:the sovereign
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
462:
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
436:
432:
429:(wearing the
428:
423:
419:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
392:
390:
386:
380:
378:
373:
372:
371:Bona vacantia
366:
362:
358:
354:
353:feudal system
343:
342:Aberdeenshire
339:
333:
322:
318:
314:
308:
294:
292:
288:
284:
283:
278:
270:
266:
261:
259:
255:
250:
245:
243:
235:
229:
227:
223:
219:
217:
213:
210:amounts to".
209:
204:
196:
192:
188:
184:
181:The image of
179:
170:
168:
164:
160:
156:
152:
148:
147:
141:
139:
135:
131:
127:
123:
119:
114:
112:
111:civil service
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
63:jurisprudence
60:
56:
48:
44:
40:
36:
34:
19:
18:British crown
7469:Property law
7440:
7426:
7412:
7393:
7379:
7375:Karl Polanyi
7355:
7351:Marcel Mauss
7341:
7327:
7318:David Harvey
7303:
7299:Henry George
7289:
7280:Ronald Coase
7270:
7255:
7201:wife selling
7183:bride buying
7121:repatriation
7103:
7054:Disposession
7008:
6897:Property law
6872:
6868:Forest types
6838:
6830:
6819:Applications
6749:rent-seeking
6734:Gift economy
6592:Intellectual
6426:South Africa
6421:Sierra Leone
6368:
6198:Two Sicilies
6133:Papal States
5933:
5872:
5765:
5631:
5391:Cook Islands
5244:
5230:Saudi Arabia
5159:
4781:South Africa
4771:Sierra Leone
4758:
4734:Newfoundland
4526:Cook Islands
4376:
4355:, retrieved
4344:
4335:
4323:. Retrieved
4308:
4285:, retrieved
4274:
4265:
4254:, retrieved
4243:
4234:
4223:, retrieved
4212:
4203:
4191:. Retrieved
4179:
4167:
4158:
4151:. Retrieved
4142:
4133:
4121:. Retrieved
4109:
4097:
4085:. Retrieved
4074:
4065:
4049:
4032:
4012:
3985:
3978:. Retrieved
3958:
3951:
3926:
3922:
3893:(5): 22–25.
3890:
3886:
3868:
3862:
3850:. Retrieved
3846:the original
3841:
3831:
3819:. Retrieved
3799:
3783:
3778:
3766:. Retrieved
3762:the original
3752:
3740:. Retrieved
3726:
3714:. Retrieved
3710:the original
3700:
3688:. Retrieved
3681:the original
3668:
3656:. Retrieved
3652:the original
3647:
3638:
3626:. Retrieved
3606:
3594:. Retrieved
3590:the original
3580:
3568:. Retrieved
3561:the original
3548:
3521:
3508:
3496:. Retrieved
3486:
3474:. Retrieved
3450:(1): 17–38.
3447:
3443:
3433:
3421:. Retrieved
3407:
3395:. Retrieved
3391:the original
3386:
3373:
3364:
3357:, retrieved
3341:
3334:
3328:
3316:. Retrieved
3306:
3300:
3280:
3273:
3261:. Retrieved
3247:
3240:
3228:. Retrieved
3208:
3201:
3185:
3179:
3170:
3166:
3160:
3137:
3131:
3120:, retrieved
3095:
3091:
3081:
3072:
3066:
3057:11 September
3055:, retrieved
3043:
3039:
3026:
3015:, retrieved
3006:
2993:
2984:11 September
2982:, retrieved
2972:
2965:
2953:. Retrieved
2946:the original
2937:
2931:
2919:. Retrieved
2910:
2901:
2889:. Retrieved
2885:the original
2874:
2856:
2850:
2838:. Retrieved
2818:
2797:, retrieved
2777:
2770:
2760:29 September
2758:. Retrieved
2751:the original
2740:Elizabeth II
2734:
2722:. Retrieved
2704:Elizabeth II
2698:
2687:, retrieved
2677:
2670:
2659:, retrieved
2655:the original
2650:
2640:
2622:
2616:
2610:
2599:, retrieved
2579:
2572:
2561:, retrieved
2535:
2525:
2517:the original
2501:
2494:
2483:, retrieved
2476:the original
2457:
2447:
2436:, retrieved
2432:the original
2426:
2419:
2408:, retrieved
2392:
2385:
2373:. Retrieved
2335:, retrieved
2331:the original
2325:
2314:
2294:
2284:
2273:, retrieved
2269:the original
2263:
2255:Derwyn, Shea
2249:
2238:, retrieved
2222:
2212:
2201:, retrieved
2197:the original
2191:
2184:
2172:. Retrieved
2163:
2140:, retrieved
2130:
2126:Elizabeth II
2120:
2109:, retrieved
2083:
2054:
2048:
2022:, retrieved
2006:
1999:
1987:. Retrieved
1977:
1970:
1958:. Retrieved
1949:
1936:
1926:
1916:
1904:. Retrieved
1894:
1887:
1875:
1859:
1855:
1844:, retrieved
1832:
1828:
1815:
1809:, p. 24
1806:
1800:
1783:
1766:
1760:
1748:. Retrieved
1739:
1729:
1717:. Retrieved
1697:
1690:
1679:, retrieved
1659:
1652:
1624:
1612:
1604:
1594:
1585:
1573:
1564:
1527:
1502:
1445:
1419:
1369:Elizabeth II
1342:
1325:the Troubles
1305:paramilitary
1301:nationalists
1294:
1292:
1289:Crown forces
1268:
1261:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1227:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1185:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1158:
1144:
1139:
1131:
1123:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1093:
1087:
1080:building in
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1028:
1013:
1004:
994:
987:
980:
973:
961:
949:Please help
944:verification
941:
906:
900:
888:
883:
876:Crown Estate
871:
861:
833:
829:
825:
819:
793:
791:
779:Elizabeth II
683:Elizabeth II
659:
642:
639:
623:
622:, 1982) and
613:
611:
592:
568:
522:
501:
497:
493:
489:
477:
473:
469:
465:
463:
441:
439:
415:
393:
384:
381:
350:
290:
286:
280:
262:
249:Lord Diplock
247:
231:
224:
220:
216:William Wade
207:
202:
200:
154:
150:
144:
142:
115:
54:
53:
43:
32:
7343:Das Kapital
7230:progressive
7220:inheritance
7143:Land reform
6917:real estate
6892:Land tenure
6880:Inheritance
6808:anticommons
6744:Law of rent
6724:Game theory
6654:Information
6634:Common land
6531:Cooperative
6365:British Raj
6337:(Sri Lanka)
6223:Württemberg
5935:South Yemen
5823:Maguindanao
5716:Afghanistan
5477:Barotseland
5413:Saint Lucia
5386:New Zealand
5295:Netherlands
5068:Chhatrapati
5052:Sovereignty
4992:Aristocracy
4563:Saint Lucia
4531:New Zealand
3387:Clayton Utz
3379:Clayton Utz
3017:9 September
2921:24 February
2485:28 November
2203:19 February
2164:The Monitor
2043:, p. 7
1960:9 September
1750:1 September
1663:, Dundurn,
1488:Crown Court
1373:Charles III
1365:Tudor Crown
1264:New Zealand
1128:Gina Miller
1057:stands for
966:"The Crown"
891:Isle of Man
854:Plantagenet
788:New Zealand
763:, with her
733:Bill Hayden
713:, with her
695:Rideau Hall
689:, with her
643:the Crown
634:in right of
571:legislative
529:Crown wards
427:Charles III
313:Rideau Hall
151:public land
99:legislative
93:(the Crown-
87:rule of law
35:(TV series)
7512:Common law
7491:Categories
7474:by country
7436:Adam Smith
7323:John Locke
6987:indigenous
6982:aboriginal
6902:alienation
6597:indigenous
6587:Intangible
6501:Collective
6431:Tanganyika
6346:The Gambia
6274:Niuē-Fekai
6213:Yugoslavia
6113:Montenegro
5920:Upper Yafa
5915:Upper Asir
5552:Madagascar
5285:Luxembourg
5017:Government
4982:Abdication
4951:Hereditary
4879:Monarchies
4791:Tanganyika
4649:The Gambia
4057:Wikisource
4023:0723230935
3768:7 November
3716:7 November
3690:7 November
3658:7 November
3628:7 November
3596:7 November
3570:7 November
3423:20 January
3318:29 October
3263:29 October
3230:29 October
2689:6 December
2661:6 December
2601:29 October
2563:3 December
2375:14 October
2240:4 December
2174:23 January
1644:References
1634:legitimacy
1578:Executives
1516:Lancashire
1429:Royal Arms
1363:, while a
1349:cap badges
1333:legitimacy
977:newspapers
834:république
798:te Karauna
533:Crown land
518:parliament
464:The terms
454:embodiment
446:government
365:Crown land
265:Henry VIII
191:escutcheon
173:Definition
155:state land
146:Crown land
103:parliament
95:in-council
7337:Karl Marx
7138:Land Back
7089:Enclosure
7072:biopiracy
7010:Bergregal
6992:squatting
6766:Ownership
6680:Commodity
6659:Knowledge
6570:By nature
6526:Customary
6516:Community
6401:Mauritius
6294:Rarotonga
6279:Nuku Hiva
6269:Mangareva
6244:Bora Bora
6123:Neuchâtel
6093:Lithuania
5998:Catalonia
5885:Sri Lanka
5838:Manchukuo
5813:Kurdistan
5767:Indonesia
5690:Talamanca
5650:Araucanía
5633:and other
5612:Wassoulou
5356:Australia
5032:Oligarchy
4724:Mauritius
4461:Australia
4437:dominions
3980:21 August
3943:0309-1317
3915:152582870
3907:0307-1847
3852:25 August
3742:6 October
3466:1179-0237
3413:"Karauna"
3253:H. Frowde
3112:149843556
2799:17 August
1989:3 October
1719:17 August
1605:the state
1339:Symbolism
1232:Victorian
1212:R v Smith
1200:The Queen
1188:Australia
1177:; as in,
1084:, England
1063:R v Smith
806:Alan Ward
794:the Crown
666:ministers
653:and each
502:The Crown
498:the Crown
486:civil law
470:the Crown
466:the state
450:the state
442:the Crown
416:the Crown
412:sovereign
394:When the
385:the Crown
208:the Crown
203:the Crown
201:The term
91:executive
79:provinces
55:The Crown
33:The Crown
7517:Monarchy
7464:Property
7357:The Gift
7256:key work
7251:Scholars
7235:property
7192:spousal
7158:Poaching
7094:Eviction
7038:riparian
6999:Littoral
6907:easement
6885:executor
6856:literary
6781:usufruct
6729:Georgism
6609:Tangible
6604:Personal
6511:Communal
6494:By owner
6487:Property
6416:Rhodesia
6411:Pakistan
6330:Barbados
6299:Rimatara
6289:Rapa Iti
6218:Valencia
6193:Tavolara
6183:Scotland
6148:Portugal
6108:Moldavia
5993:Bulgaria
5988:Brittany
5963:Asturias
5843:Mongolia
5833:Maldives
5695:Trinidad
5685:Suriname
5643:Americas
5627:Zimbabwe
5622:Zanzibar
5607:Wituland
5582:Ngazidja
5577:Ndzuwani
5512:Ethiopia
5235:Thailand
5215:Malaysia
5195:Cambodia
5145:Eswatini
4941:Elective
4926:Absolute
4815:monarchy
4805:monarchy
4795:monarchy
4785:monarchy
4775:monarchy
4765:monarchy
4760:Rhodesia
4753:monarchy
4749:Pakistan
4743:monarchy
4728:monarchy
4718:monarchy
4708:monarchy
4698:monarchy
4688:monarchy
4673:monarchy
4663:monarchy
4653:monarchy
4643:monarchy
4628:monarchy
4624:Barbados
4607:monarchy
4597:monarchy
4587:monarchy
4577:monarchy
4567:monarchy
4557:monarchy
4547:monarchy
4515:monarchy
4505:monarchy
4495:monarchy
4485:monarchy
4475:monarchy
4465:monarchy
4455:monarchy
4319:Archived
4225:3 August
4184:Archived
4160:Warrant.
4153:3 August
4147:Archived
4114:Archived
4081:Archived
4040:(1909).
4006:(1983).
3974:Archived
3812:Archived
3788:Archived
3736:Archived
3619:Archived
3540:60361482
3470:Archived
3417:Archived
3397:14 April
3359:25 April
3350:archived
3312:Archived
3257:Archived
3224:Archived
3191:Archived
3146:citation
3140:, Ottawa
3122:13 April
3116:archived
3048:archived
3011:archived
3001:(1901),
2978:archived
2915:Archived
2834:Archived
2793:archived
2742:(2004).
2715:Archived
2683:archived
2595:archived
2554:archived
2533:(2009),
2455:(2012),
2401:archived
2366:Archived
2231:archived
2220:(2010),
2168:Archived
2142:7 August
2136:archived
2102:archived
2015:archived
1983:Archived
1954:Archived
1944:(1901).
1924:(1967).
1900:Archived
1837:archived
1793:archived
1744:Archived
1713:Archived
1675:archived
1508:Cornwall
1466:See also
1423:applies
1345:heraldry
1224:Tasmania
1204:The King
1196:The King
1147:Scotland
1134:ex parte
1106:claimant
1041:, where
796:(Māori:
743:outside
645:in Right
575:judicial
525:viceroys
400:Scotland
291:imperial
279:'s 1765
228:stated:
107:judicial
7272:The Law
7178:Slavery
7004:Mineral
6972:Hunting
6965:pannage
6960:Grazing
6945:Fishing
6831:Acequia
6798:Rivalry
6786:women's
6644:Digital
6626:Commons
6561:Unowned
6536:Private
6406:Nigeria
6381:Ireland
6309:Tahuata
6284:Raiatea
6264:Huahine
6239:Abemama
6232:Oceania
6203:Tuscany
6158:Romania
6153:Prussia
6118:Navarre
6098:Majorca
6078:Ireland
6073:Imereti
6068:Iceland
6063:Hungary
6058:Hanover
6053:Granada
6043:Germany
6038:Georgia
6033:Galicia
6023:Finland
6013:Corsica
6008:Cilicia
5978:Bavaria
5968:Austria
5953:Albania
5925:Vietnam
5868:Sarawak
5858:Qu'aiti
5793:Kathiri
5756:Dapitan
5731:Bukhara
5680:Miskito
5602:Tunisia
5592:Shilluk
5502:Dahomey
5492:Burundi
5482:Bagirmi
5462:Adamawa
5381:Jamaica
5376:Grenada
5361:Bahamas
5325:Oceania
5275:Denmark
5270:Belgium
5265:Andorra
5180:Bahrain
5155:Morocco
5150:Lesotho
5129:Current
5120:Pharaoh
5073:Emperor
5012:Dynasty
4966:Regency
4946:Federal
4936:Diarchy
4890:Monarch
4739:Nigeria
4684:Ireland
4511:Jamaica
4501:Grenada
4471:Bahamas
4444:Current
4357:25 July
4325:19 July
4287:25 July
4256:25 July
4193:25 July
4123:19 July
4087:11 July
4010:(ed.).
3821:22 July
2840:3 March
2410:30 July
2024:1 March
1906:23 July
1559:state."
1313:Ireland
1277:Qui tam
1114:R () v
1076:on the
991:scholar
862:In the
820:In the
765:Cabinet
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715:Cabinet
691:Cabinet
494:monarch
404:Ireland
375:is the
361:escheat
297:Concept
267:in the
105:), and
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7153:Piracy
7105:Farhud
6933:Rights
6874:Huerta
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6668:Theory
6649:Global
6551:Social
6541:Public
6506:Common
6441:Uganda
6391:Malawi
6356:Guyana
6335:Ceylon
6314:Tahiti
6304:Rurutu
6259:Hawaii
6188:Serbia
6173:Saxony
6163:Russia
6048:Greece
6028:France
6018:Cyprus
6003:Crimea
5983:Bosnia
5958:Aragon
5946:Europe
5910:Taiwan
5880:Sikkim
5863:Ryukyu
5848:Najran
5746:Chehab
5726:Bengal
5675:Mexico
5660:Brazil
5587:Rwanda
5567:Maravi
5467:Ankole
5455:Africa
5447:Former
5428:Tuvalu
5371:Canada
5366:Belize
5310:Sweden
5300:Norway
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5257:Europe
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5205:Jordan
5190:Brunei
5185:Bhutan
5137:Africa
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5061:Titles
4975:Topics
4811:Uganda
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4669:Guyana
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1082:London
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777:Queen
717:, 1981
662:advice
573:, and
357:socage
317:Ottawa
287:empire
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165:, and
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7242:Theft
7028:Water
6922:title
6851:legal
6839:Ejido
6577:Croft
6556:State
6521:Crown
6396:Malta
6386:Kenya
6361:India
6351:Ghana
6178:Savoy
6168:Samos
6083:Italy
5930:Yemen
5905:Tibet
5900:Syria
5853:Nepal
5828:Mahra
5808:Kumul
5803:Korea
5798:Khiva
5777:Qajar
5761:Hejaz
5751:China
5736:Burma
5665:Haiti
5655:Aztec
5572:Mwali
5562:Maore
5542:Libya
5537:Kongo
5532:Kaffa
5527:Gumma
5522:Gomma
5517:Ghana
5507:Egypt
5487:Bornu
5472:Aussa
5333:Tonga
5305:Spain
5225:Qatar
5200:Japan
4714:Malta
4694:Kenya
4679:India
4659:Ghana
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1494:Notes
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998:JSTOR
984:books
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7225:poll
7208:wage
6977:Land
6861:real
6614:real
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6341:Fiji
5895:Sulu
5874:Shan
5818:Laos
5783:Iraq
5773:Iran
5741:Cebu
5721:Asir
5709:Asia
5670:Inca
5617:Yeke
5557:Mali
5547:Luba
5396:Niue
5246:list
5220:Oman
5172:Asia
5161:list
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5095:Raja
5078:King
4919:Type
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4435:and
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4327:2024
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4258:2024
4227:2024
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4125:2024
4089:2024
4018:ISBN
3982:2015
3964:ISBN
3939:ISSN
3903:ISSN
3873:ISBN
3854:2015
3823:2022
3770:2011
3744:2021
3718:2011
3692:2011
3660:2011
3630:2011
3598:2011
3572:2011
3536:OCLC
3526:ISBN
3500:2021
3478:2021
3462:ISSN
3425:2023
3399:2023
3361:2010
3320:2015
3286:ISBN
3265:2015
3232:2015
3214:ISBN
3152:link
3124:2023
3059:2015
3019:2015
2986:2015
2957:2009
2923:2024
2893:2009
2861:ISBN
2842:2024
2824:ISBN
2801:2017
2783:ISBN
2762:2009
2726:2009
2691:2012
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2603:2015
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2242:2016
2205:2009
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1991:2020
1962:2015
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1703:ISBN
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1589:The
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1299:and
1255:(or
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