Epistle to the Hebrews

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is utilized as a basis for Christology. While there are several references to Moses, only two will be needed to demonstrate Jesus' superiority. The first passage to be considered is Hebrews 3:1–6. D'Angelo and others regard the larger context of this passage (3:1–4:16) to be the superiority of Christ's message to the Law. While the comparison between Jesus and the angels is based on a number of OT citations, the comparison of Jesus and Moses turns on a single verse, Nu. 12:7. Like the angels (1:14), Moses was a servant who witnessed, as it were, to the Son. In other words, 'faithful Sonship is superior to faithful servantship'. The Son is once again exalted. The exaltation theme finds expression in a more opaque way at 11:26. Here in the famous chapter on faith in which Moses is said to count 'abuse suffered for the Christ greater wealth than the treasures of Egypt'. The portrait of Moses drawn here is that of a martyr, and a Christian martyr at that. In effect, Moses joins that great cloud of witnesses who looked to Jesus as pioneer and perfecter of faith. Once again, Christ's superiority is asserted, this time over Moses and the entire Mosaic epoch.

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particularly by the Antioch episode in Gal 2, had both a care to hold firm to his Jewish heritage, which Paul lacked, and an openness to the demands of developing Christianity, which James lacked. John might have served as such a figure of the center holding together the extremes, but if the writings linked with his name are at all indicative of his own stance he was too much of an individualist to provide such a rallying point. Others could link the developing new religion more firmly to its founding events and to Jesus himself. But none of them, including the rest of the twelve, seem to have played any role of continuing significance for the whole sweep of Christianity – though James the brother of John might have proved an exception had he been spared".

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The first chapter of Hebrews stresses the superiority of the Son to the angels. The very name 'Son' indicates superiority. This exaltation theme, in which the Son is contrasted with the angels (1:4), is expanded in the following string of OT quotations (1:5–13). While some have understood the catena as referring primarily to Christ's pre-existence, it is more likely that the verses should be understood, 'as a Christological hymn which traces the entire Christ event, including the pre-existence, earthly life, and exaltation of Christ'. The overall structure of the catena seems to point to exaltation as the underlying motif... At least it may be concluded that the superiority of the Son is demonstrated by this comparison/contrast with angels.

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wonderful, and quite equal to the Apostle's acknowledged writings: the truth of this would be admitted by anyone who has read the Apostle carefully... If I were asked my personal opinion, I would say that the matter is the Apostle's but the phraseology and construction are those of someone who remembered the Apostle's teaching and wrote his own interpretation of what his master had said. So if any church regards this epistle as Paul's, it should be commended for so doing, for the primitive Church had every justification for handing it down as his. Who wrote the epistle is known to God alone: the accounts that have reached us suggest that it was either Clement, who became Bishop of Rome, or Luke, who wrote the gospel and the Acts.

963:. According to the theology of supersessionism, the church replaces Israel, and thus the church takes the place of Israel as the people of God. The dominant interpretation in modern Hebrews scholarship has been that the epistle contains an implicit supersessionist claim (that the Levitical sacrifices and the Levitical priests have been replaced/superseded by Christ's sacrifice). Per Bibliowicz, Hebrews scholars may be divided into those that are supportive-sympathetic to the epistle's theological message, those that are critical of the epistle's supersessionary message, and those attempting a middle ground. 811: 1051:...the Epistle opens with the solemn announcement of the superiority of the New Testament Revelation by the Son over Old Testament Revelation by the prophets. It then proves and explains from the Scriptures the superiority of this New Covenant over the Old by the comparison of the Son with the angels as mediators of the Old Covenant, with Moses and Joshua as the founders of the Old Covenant, and finally, by opposing the high-priesthood of Christ after the order of Melchisedech to the Levitical priesthood after the order of Aaron. 642: 1145:

apocalyptic king who will come again , this is not of the essence of his thought about Christ. Positively, our author presents Christ as divine in nature, and solves any possible objection to a divine being who participates in human experience, especially in the experience of death, by the priestly analogy. He seems quite unconscious of the logical difficulties of his position proceeding from the assumption that Christ is both divine and human, at least human in experience although hardly in nature.

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followers of Jesus and proto-rabbinical Judaism. In tone, and detail, Hebrews goes beyond Paul and attempts a more complex, nuanced, and openly adversarial definition of the relationship. The epistle opens with an exaltation of Jesus as "the radiance of God's glory, the express image of his being, and upholding all things by his powerful word" (Hebrews 1:1–3). The epistle presents Jesus with the titles "pioneer" or "forerunner", "Son" and "

993:. Some have interpreted apostasy to mean a number of different things, such as a group of Christians in one sect leaving for another more conservative sect, one of which the author disapproves. Some have seen apostasy as a move from the Christian assembly to pagan ritual. In light of a possibly Jewish-Christian audience, the apostasy in this sense may be in regard to Jewish Christians leaving the Christian assembly to return to the Jewish 463: 2878: 1004:. It says that God by his Son, Jesus Christ, made the worlds. "God hath in these last days spoken unto us by his Son by whom also he made the worlds". The epistle also emphasizes the importance of faith. "Through faith we understand that the worlds were framed by the word of God, so that things which are seen were not made of things which do appear". 53: 997:. The focus on "purifying" the "conscience/consciousness" (9:9; 9:14; 10:2; 10:22) has also been viewed as key for the writing of Hebrews. The author writes, "Let us hold fast to our confession". The epistle has been viewed as a long, rhetorical argument for having confidence in the new way to God revealed in Jesus Christ. 2575:, Commentary Editor, Walter Russell Bowie, Associate Editor of Exposition, Paul Scherer, Associate Editor of Exposition, John Knox Associate Editor of New Testament Introduction and Exegesis, Samuel Terrien, Associate Editor of Old Testament Introduction and Exegesis, Nolan B. Harmon, Editor. 1955. Nashville: Abingdon Press 850:, professor of biblical studies at Wheaton College, remarks on "the conspiracy of anonymity in the ancient church," and reasons: "The lack of any firm data concerning the identity of the author in the extant writings of the church suggests a deliberate blackout more than a case of collective loss of memory." 1167:

Peter Rhea Jones has reminded us that 'Moses is not merely one of the figures compared unfavourably to Jesus'; but rather, 'Moses and Jesus are yoked throughout the entirety of the epistle'. Allowing that Moses is much more than a 'whipping boy' for the author, the fact remains that the figure Moses

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If the humanity of Jesus is an important theme for Hebrews, how much more is Jesus' deity. While this theme of exaltation is asserted 'in many and various ways' we shall content ourselves by considering how the writer addresses this theme by asserting Jesus' superiority to a) angels, and b) Moses.

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Those to whom Hebrews is written seem to have begun to doubt whether Jesus could really be the Messiah for whom they were waiting. The Book of Hebrews argues that the Hebrew Scriptures foretold that the Messiah would be a priest (although of a different sort than the traditional Levitical priests)

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in 1900, Harnack's reasoning won the support of prominent Bible scholars of the early-20th century. Harnack believes the letter was written in Rome – not to the Church, but to the inner circle. In setting forth his evidence for Priscillan authorship, he finds it amazing that the name of the author

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The text itself, for example, makes a contrast between the resurrected Christ "in heaven" "who serves in the sanctuary, the true tabernacle set up by the Lord" and the version on earth, where "there are already priests who offer the gifts prescribed by the law. They serve at a sanctuary that is a

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We may sum up our author's Christology negatively by saying that he has nothing to do with the older Hebrew messianic hopes of a coming Son of David, who would be a divinely empowered human leader to bring in the kingdom of God on earth; and that while he still employs the figure of a militant,

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the diction does not exhibit the characteristic roughness of speech or phraseology admitted by the Apostle himself, the construction of the sentences is closer to the Greek usage, as anyone capable of recognising differences of style would agree. On the other hand the matter of the epistle is

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for the Gentiles (cf. Romans 7:1–6; Galatians 3:23–25; Hebrews 8, 10). However, a growing number of scholars note that the terms Gentile, Christian and Christianity are not present in the text and posit that Hebrews was written for a Jewish audience, and is best seen as a debate between Jewish

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Due to the importance of Hebrews for the formation of future Christian attitudes toward Jews and Judaism, a distinction must be made between the author's intent and the way in which the text was interpreted by future generations. The impact of the deployment and implementation of supersession

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scrolls. In both Hebrews and Qumran, a priestly figure is discussed in the context of a Davidic figure; in both cases a divine decree appoints the priests to their eschatological duty; both priestly figures offer an eschatological sacrifice of atonement. Although the author of Hebrews was not

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Scholars of Greek consider its writing to be more polished and eloquent than any other book of the New Testament, and "the very carefully composed and studied Greek of Hebrews is not Paul's spontaneous, volatile contextual Greek." It has been described as an intricate New Testament book. Some

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James the brother of Jesus and Paul, the two other most prominent leading figures in first-century Christianity, were too much identified with their respective "brands" of Christianity, at least in the eyes of Christians at the opposite ends of this particular spectrum. But Peter, as shown

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It sets before the Jew the claims of Christianity – to bring the Jew to the full realization of the relation of Judaism to Christianity, to make clear that Christ has fulfilled those temporary and provisional institutions, and has thus abolished them. This view is commonly referred to as

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rejected the traditional view that the epistle was directed to a Hebrew congregation in Israel, concluding instead that the "only supposition that is really encouraged by the Epistle itself... is that Hebrews was addressed to the place where it first made its appearance, i.e. to Rome."

872:, the idea being that knowing about the destruction of both Jerusalem and the temple would have influenced the development of the author's overall argument. Therefore, the most probable date for its composition is the second half of the year 63 or the beginning of 64, according to the 830:

was blotted out by the earliest tradition. Citing Hebrews 13, he says it was written by a person of "high standing and apostolic teacher of equal rank with Timothy". If Luke, Clement, Barnabas, or Apollos had written it, Harnack believes their names would not have been obliterated.

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titled the work "The Epistle of Paul the Apostle to the Hebrews". However, the KJV's attribution to Paul was only a guess, and is currently disputed by recent research. Its vastly different style, different theological focus, different spiritual experience and different

2881: 795:. Eventually it was accepted as Scripture because of its sound theology, eloquent presentation, and other intrinsic factors. In antiquity, certain circles began to ascribe it to Paul in an attempt to provide the anonymous work with an explicit apostolic pedigree. 1971:

Adolph von Harnack, "Probabilia uber die Addresse und den Verfasser des Habraerbriefes, " Zeitschrift für die Neutestamentliche Wissenschaft und die Kunde der älteren Kirche (E. Preuschen, Berlin: Forschungen und Fortschritte, 1900),

573:. Modern biblical scholarship considers its authorship unknown, with Pauline authorship mostly rejected. A minority view Hebrews as written in deliberate imitation of the style of Paul, with some contending that it was authored by 666:

directly influenced by Qumran's "Messiah of Aaron", these and other conceptions did provide "a precedent... to conceive Jesus similarly as a priest making atonement and eternal intercession in the heavenly sanctuary".

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theology is difficult to convey and grasp. The implementation of this theological claim eventually led to the negation and disenfranchisement of Judaizing followers of Jesus, and later, of all non-Christian Jews.

1309:, Edited by Kurt Aland, Matthew Black, Carlo M. Martini, Bruce M. Metzger, and Allen Wikgren, in cooperation with the Institute for New Testament Textual Research, 2nd edition, United Bible Societies, 1973 768:

out in pairs. The writer also states that he wrote the letter from "Italy", which also at the time fits Paul. The difference in style is explained as simply an adjustment to a distinct audience, to the

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Believing the author to have been Priscilla, Ruth Hoppin posits that the name was omitted either to suppress its female authorship, or to protect the letter itself from suppression.

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scholar Eric Mason argues that the conceptual background of the priestly Christology of the Epistle to the Hebrews closely parallels presentations of the messianic priest and

593:. Its essential purpose was to exhort Christians to persevere in the face of persecution. At this time, certain believers were considering turning back to Judaism and to the 3393: 825:

ascribes the authorship of Hebrews to Priscilla, writing that "It is evident that the Holy Spirit made this woman Priscilla a teacher of teachers". Later proposed by

3761: 1962:: "The anonymous book of Hebrews was assigned to Paul, even though numbers of early Christian scholars realized that Paul did not write it, as scholars today agree." 737:

Matthew J. Thomas argues that Origen was not denying Paul's authorship of Hebrews in that quote, but that he was only meaning that Paul would have employed an

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vocabulary are all believed to make Paul's authorship of Hebrews increasingly indefensible. At present, modern scholarship does not ascribe Hebrews to Paul.

1356:"some have rejected the Epistle to the Hebrews, saying that it is disputed by the church of Rome, on the ground that it was not written by Paul." Eusebius, 2935: 494: 1811: 597:

to escape being persecuted for believing Jesus to be the Messiah. The theme of the epistle is the teaching of the person of Jesus Christ and his role as

1190: 3062: 1263: 784:. Recent scholarship has favored the idea that the author was probably a leader of a predominantly Jewish congregation to whom they were writing. 3372: 1171:

In summary, the writer stressed the Sonship of Jesus and expressed it in a three-stage Christology of pre-existence, humanity, and exaltation.

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Many scholars now believe that the author was one of Paul's pupils or associates, citing stylistic differences between Hebrews and the other

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to compose the letter. He points out that in other writings and quotations of Hebrews, Origen describes Paul as the author of the letter.

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By the end of the first century there was no consensus on the author's identity. Over the ensuing centuries, scholars have suggested

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According to traditional scholarship, the author of the Epistle to the Hebrews, following in the footsteps of Paul, argued that

4245: 4240: 409: 4255: 1944: 1672: 1542: 1517: 1453: 1257: 3413: 2085:

Aitken, Ellen Bradshaw (2008). "Portraying the Temple in Stone and Text: The Arch of Titus and the Epistle to the Hebrews".

1285: 4482: 4452: 3946: 3055: 4052: 507: 480: 219: 2296:

Enabling Fidelity to God: Perseverance in Hebrews in Light of the Reciprocity Systems of the Ancient Mediterranean World

2121: 1747: 756:: the Church largely agreed to include Hebrews as the fourteenth letter of Paul, and affirmed this authorship until the 4373: 4047: 3908: 2279: 2094: 2031: 2010: 1632: 753: 590: 566: 376: 214: 4467: 3403: 2790: 4015: 2529: 1665:

You Are a Priest Forever: Second Temple Jewish Messianism and the Priestly Christology of the Epistle to the Hebrews.

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or strongly urging strand which punctuates the exposition parenthetically at key points as warnings to the readers.

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Hebrews uses Old Testament quotations interpreted in light of first-century rabbinical Judaism. New Testament and

4447: 4393: 3048: 940: 799: 349: 17: 3398: 2315:(The Library of New Testament Studies 675; London: Bloomsbury T&T Clark, 2023), 1-6, 31-33. 105-109, 153-158 2252: 2054: 1596: 1485: 4383: 1863: 1809: 1763:

A. Louth ed. & G. A. Williamson trans. Eusebius, The History of the Church (London: Penguin, 1989), 202 .

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asserted that every competent judge must recognize a great difference between this epistle and those of Paul.

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and some of the Old Latin manuscripts have the epistle to the Hebrews among Paul's letters. However, doubt on

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Free Online Seminary Class from BiblicalTraining on Hebrews (Registration required; Evangelical Perspective)

4477: 4462: 4342: 74: 2494: 1611:

C. P. Anderson, N. Beck, Bibliowicz, L. Freudman, J. Gager, M. E. Isaacs, T. Perry, S. Sandmel, Williamson

4457: 4426: 3856: 3432: 3341: 2926: 2669: 2471: 2429: 1564: 833: 360: 2505: 2488: 2474: 2418: 2407: 1113:, although possibly modified after it was delivered to include the travel plans, greetings and closing. 4030: 2963: 2720: 948: 869: 198: 4148: 2491: 2468: 2465: 2462: 1859: 4062: 4041: 4035: 2768:. International Critical Commentary. Edinburgh: T & T Clark, 1979. (Originally Published in 1924) 2485: 2396: 2350: 1647: 915:

Scholars have suggested that Hebrews is part of an internal New Testament debate between the extreme

902: 235: 203: 2361: 2324: 1575: 1553: 4057: 4025: 4020: 3756: 3717: 3237: 2823: 2755: 2744: 2372: 1417: 1099: 414: 230: 187: 182: 2793:

Purifying the Consciousness in Hebrews: Cult, Defilement and the Perpetual Heavenly Blood of Jesus

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Purifying the Consciousness in Hebrews: Cult, Defilement and the Perpetual Heavenly Blood of Jesus

1981: 764:

is referred to as a companion. Timothy was Paul's missionary companion in the same way Jesus sent

4363: 4235: 4092: 3953: 3693: 3280: 983: 765: 287: 1788: 527: 4219: 4102: 4087: 3669: 2702: 2646:. New International Commentary on the New Testament. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1964. Rev Ed 1990. 2572: 986:, and so those who follow him should be patient and not be surprised that they suffer for now. 822: 303: 282: 34: 2863: 1404:

Hebrews as Pseudepigraphon: The History and Significance of the Pauline Attribution of Hebrews

4487: 4168: 4107: 4097: 4005: 2125: 1934: 1751: 1077: 920: 890: 874: 654: 308: 298: 158: 2946: 2902: 2597: 1361: 4472: 4368: 4288: 4000: 3913: 3823: 3589: 3476: 2771: 2649: 1105:, lacking a proper prescript. Modern scholars generally believe this book was originally a 1085: 1081: 705: 578: 424: 125: 58: 2921: 2300:

Churches under Siege of Persecution and Assimilation: The General Epistles and Revelation.

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who did more than any other to hold together the diversity of first-century Christianity.

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Forged: Writing in the Name of God – Why the Bible's Authors Are Not Who We Think They Are

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and Jesus came to fulfill this role, as a sacrificial offering to God, to atone for sins.

626: 8: 4310: 4275: 4072: 3751: 3534: 3504: 3004: 2302:

Apostasy in the New Testament Communities vol. 3 (Eugene: Cascade Books, 2012), pp. 3–70.

1365: 1319: 1031: 1023: 976: 693: 646: 545: 467: 251: 2779: 1076:

Hebrews is a very consciously "literary" document. The purity of its Greek was noted by

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Reading through Hebrews 1–7, Listening especially for the theme of Jesus as high priest

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Hebrews: Contemporary Methods New Insights (ed. Gabriela Geraldini, Harold W Attridge)

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The Epistle to the Hebrews is notable for the manner in which it expresses the divine

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The text does not mention the name of its author, but was traditionally attributed to

4497: 4403: 4212: 4207: 3980: 3890: 3833: 3654: 3644: 3494: 2679: 2525: 2275: 2248: 2090: 2050: 2044: 2027: 1940: 1878: 1784: 1668: 1628: 1592: 1538: 1513: 1491: 1481: 1449: 1253: 826: 770: 586: 434: 267: 92: 2109: 1735: 908: 4492: 4388: 4283: 4265: 4197: 4185: 4143: 4082: 4067: 3958: 3846: 3639: 3584: 3564: 3544: 3032: 3026: 2998: 2659: 2138: 1792: 1133: 1001: 859: 781: 689: 558: 419: 389: 274: 246: 151: 82: 2916: 2795:(The Library of New Testament Studies 675; London: Bloomsbury T&T Clark, 2023) 2656:. New International Commentary on the New Testament. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2012. 4180: 4158: 4112: 3659: 3619: 3594: 3524: 3499: 3484: 2835: 2736: 2137:"The Canon Debate", McDonald & Sanders editors, 2002, chapter 32, p. 577, by 2117: 1828: 1815: 1743: 1443: 1344:"St. Paul's Epistles; the General Epistles; the Book of Revelations, and Indexes" 1277: 1247: 960: 681: 609: 319: 641: 4416: 4398: 4332: 3995: 3990: 3985: 3941: 3742: 3737: 3732: 3712: 3688: 3649: 3599: 3579: 3549: 3529: 3514: 3509: 3489: 3455: 2517: 2215:

including D. DeSilva, D. Hagner, L. T. Johnson, W. Lane, B. Lindars, R. W. Wall

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The letter consists of two strands: an expositional or doctrinal strand, and a

1071: 944: 107: 102: 97: 2962: 2726: 1796: 4441: 4163: 3972: 3841: 3707: 3634: 3629: 3624: 3604: 3574: 3472: 3325: 3227: 3217: 3012: 2954: 2911: 2761: 2712: 2545: 1882: 1535:

Introducing the New Testament: a historical, literary, and theological survey

1117: 932: 761: 551: 118: 44: 2522:

The New Testament: A Historical Introduction to the Early Christian Writings

1920:

The New International Greek Testament Commentary: The Epistle to the Hebrews

1683:

Mackie, Scott D. "Confession of the Son of God in the Exordium of Hebrews".

1495: 4421: 4321: 4250: 4152: 3614: 3609: 3569: 3539: 3519: 3467: 2173: 1035: 1019: 928: 792: 613: 455: 2871: 4304: 3900: 3818: 3813: 3727: 3722: 3554: 3290: 3040: 2692: 2639: 2233:

including H. W. Attridge, Koester, S. Lehne, S. G. Wilson, C. Williamson.

1043: 1007: 952: 936: 924: 804: 757: 658: 630: 622: 515: 514:, 3rd or 4th century AD, with the Epistle to the Hebrews in the original 4138: 4293: 3150: 3145: 3140: 3135: 1121: 1027: 1011: 865: 815: 738: 618: 511: 143: 1726:. Bible Lessons International; Marshall, Texas: 1999, Volume 10, p. 3. 1700:. Bible Lessons International; Marshall, Texas: 1999, Volume 10, p. 1. 3808: 3424: 3181: 3130: 3125: 3120: 3115: 3110: 3105: 3100: 3095: 3090: 2024:

Priscilla's Letter: Finding the Author of the Epistle to the Hebrews.

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including N. Beck, Bibliowicz, L. Freudman, J. Gager, and S. Sandmel

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terminology in Hebrews has been used to date the epistle before the

4315: 3885: 3872: 3851: 3798: 3793: 3346: 3257: 2986: 2950: 2885: 1848:

Vol. 7. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1910. Web: 30 Dec. 2009.

990: 685: 570: 562: 1827:

Hahn, Roger. "The Book of Hebrews". Christian Resource Institute.

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who were being persecuted and pressured to go back to traditional

4327: 4192: 3212: 3186: 3176: 2709:. Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 1977. 2247:. Louisville, KY: Westminster John Knox Press. pp. 175–200. 1624:

Jewish-Christian Relations – The First Centuries (Mascarat, 2019)

1102: 774: 701: 605: 594: 574: 462: 139: 2776:

The Epistle to the Hebrews: the Greek text with notes and essays

2687:. The NIV Application Commentary. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1998. 1478:

The New Testament : history, literature, and social context

989:

Some scholars today believe the document was written to prevent

787:

Because of its anonymity, it had some trouble being accepted as

4298: 4175: 3559: 3320: 3310: 3275: 3270: 3265: 3247: 2666:. New International Greek Testament Commentary, Eerdmans, 1993. 2336:

Zupez, John (1973). "Salvation in the Epistle to the Hebrews".

1110: 1106: 745: 712: 662: 70: 2836:"A Sacrifice in Heaven: The Son in the Epistle to the Hebrews" 1591:. London: Continuum International Publishing. pp. 24–25. 893:, hold to a later date of composition, between 70 and 100 AD. 3459: 3351: 3315: 3305: 3295: 3262: 3252: 3232: 3222: 3207: 3171: 3166: 3079: 2197:

Schmitt, Mary. "Restructuring Views on Law in Hebrews 7:12".

1922:. Grand Rapids, MI: Wm. B. Eardmans Publishing Co. p. 3. 1480:(4th ed.). Belmont, CA: Thomson/Wadsworth. p. 281. 1039: 1015: 697: 2803:. SNTS Vol. 160. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2014. 2587:"Son and High Priest: A Study in the Christology of Hebrews" 2161:

The New Analytical Bible and Dictionary of the Bible (KJV).

2013:, Grand Rapids, Mich.: Eerdmans, 1983, reprinted 1999, p. 21 1191:

Textual variants in the New Testament#Epistle to the Hebrews

3300: 3285: 3242: 3191: 2298:(PBMS; Carlisle: Paternoster Press, 2008); Oropeza, B. J., 1709:

Oegema, Gerbern S. "You Are a Priest Forever" book review.

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represent the moderates of each faction, respectively, and

1864:"The Author of Hebrews as a Leader of the Faith Community" 1510:

Eschatology and Exhortation in the Epistle to the Hebrews.

1445:

The Epistle to the Hebrews: Who Wrote the Book of Hebrews?

1178:

Son and High Priest: A Study in the Christology of Hebrews

2899:

in "biblical literature", Encyclopædia Britannica Online.

2676:. Grand Rapids, MI: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 1983. 2340:. Collegeville, MN: Liturgical Press. pp. 2590–2595. 846:

Also convinced that Priscilla was the author of Hebrews,

840:(1983) mentions Priscilla by name as a suggested author. 538: 2917:

BibleProject Animated Overview (Evangelical Perspective)

561:; most of the Ancient Greek manuscripts, the Old Syriac 760:. Scholars argued that in the 13th chapter of Hebrews, 2163:

Chicago: John A. Dickson Publishing Co., 1950. p. 1387

649:: it quotes Heb 11:16, "they desire a better country." 52: 2717:

The Epistle to the Hebrews: Its Background of Thought

882:

copy and shadow of what is in heaven." (NIV version)

550:'to the Hebrews') is one of the books of the 2953:

on canonicity of Hebrews and also extensive note by

2143:

Peter was probably in fact and effect the bridge-man

1996:. Zarephath, N.J.: Pillar of Fire, 1955, pp 187–182. 2859:Online translations of the Epistle to the Hebrews: 1908:. Hermeneia; Philadelphia: Fortress, 1989, pp. 1–6. 1384: 1030:is considered by many Christian scholars to be the 625:". The epistle casts Jesus as both exalted Son and 2697:Ancient Christian Commentary on Scripture: Hebrews 1953: 2973:. Vol. 13 (11th ed.). pp. 188–191. 1926: 608:had played a legitimate role in the past but was 4439: 2271:Jewish-Christian Relations – The First Centuries 2042: 818:cemetery, Hebrews 9:27; "After death, judgment." 2546:"Catholic Encyclopedia: Epistle to the Hebrews" 1435: 1098:Hebrews does not fit the form of a traditional 2801:Faith and the Faithfulness of Jesus in Hebrews 2699:. Downers Grove, IL: Intervarsity Press, 2005. 1871:Journal of the Evangelical Theological Society 3440: 3056: 2912:Catholic Encyclopedia: Epistle to the Hebrews 2812:. Tübingen: J.C.B. Mohr (Paul Siebeck), 1981. 2733:. Anchor Bible 36. New York: Doubleday, 2001. 1808:"Introduction to the Letter to the Hebrews". 1252:. Wheaton, IL: Crossway. 2018. p. 1001. 488: 1840: 1838: 1836: 1724:The Superiority of the New Covenant: Hebrews 1698:The Superiority of the New Covenant: Hebrews 1685:Journal for the Study of the New Testament, 2942:Hebrews from the Biblical Resource Database 1917: 1217:. It is most commonly abbreviated as "Heb." 3447: 3433: 3070: 3063: 3049: 2707:A Commentary on the Epistle to the Hebrews 2623: 2267: 2242: 2043:Hoppin, Ruth; Bilezikian, Gilbert (2000). 1844:Fonck, Leopold. "Epistle to the Hebrews". 1620: 1409: 495: 481: 2636:. Philadelphia, PA: Fortress Press, 1989. 1833: 1529: 1527: 1525: 2069: 1774:«Origen on Paul's Authorship of Hebrews» 1659: 1657: 1655: 1116:Hebrews contains many references to the 1006: 809: 676:Authorship of the Epistle to the Hebrews 640: 506: 2960: 2810:Hebrews Commenting from Erasmus to Beze 2758:Vol. 47B. Dallas, TX: Word Books, 1991. 2747:Vol. 47A. Dallas, TX: Word Books, 1991. 2584: 2153: 1713:Oct 2009, Vol. 71 Issue 4, pp. 904–905. 1667:(STDJ 74; Leiden/Boston: Brill, 2008). 1586: 1441: 1320:"Letter to the Hebrews | New Testament" 14: 4440: 3454: 2516: 2084: 1959: 1932: 1522: 1502: 1475: 1390: 970: 3428: 3044: 2936:Holiness in Hebrews – Wayne G. McCown 2903:Goodspeed's introductory analysis of 2335: 1858:Rhee, Victor (Sung-Yul) (June 2012). 1652: 1415: 885:Despite this, some scholars, such as 2908:, 1908 at earlychristianwritings.com 2114:An Introduction to the New Testament 2089:. Atlanta: Brill. pp. 131–148. 2074:. Philadelphia: Fortress. p. 9. 1857: 1821: 1740:An Introduction to the New Testament 1614: 1580: 585:scholars believe it was written for 61:, showing 2 Cor 11:33–12:9 4379:Other books referenced in the Bible 4338:New Testament manuscript categories 2840:Earl Doherty's Jesus Puzzle website 2833: 2196: 1288:from the original on April 21, 2022 1000:The book could be argued to affirm 645:Memorial to French soldiers of the 569:in the Roman Church is reported by 24: 3909:Testaments of the Three Patriarchs 2618: 2274:. WA: Mascarat. pp. 158–162. 2011:Tyndale New Testament Commentaries 1627:. WA: Mascarat. pp. 143–145. 1416:Jobes, Karen H. (April 17, 2017). 1266:from the original on June 3, 2021. 941:Jewish law was no longer in effect 935:(who argued that Jews must reject 25: 4509: 2854: 2524:. New York: Oxford. p. 411. 1209:The book is sometimes called the 984:His role of a king is yet to come 599:mediator between God and humanity 2876: 1418:"Who Wrote the Book of Hebrews?" 461: 449: 51: 4394:Biblical and Quranic narratives 2964:"Hebrews, Epistle to the" 2578: 2562: 2538: 2510: 2499: 2479: 2456: 2447: 2434: 2423: 2412: 2401: 2390: 2377: 2366: 2355: 2344: 2329: 2318: 2305: 2288: 2261: 2236: 2227: 2218: 2209: 2190: 2166: 2131: 2103: 2078: 2063: 2036: 2016: 1999: 1986: 1975: 1965: 1911: 1895: 1851: 1802: 1766: 1757: 1729: 1716: 1703: 1690: 1677: 1641: 1605: 1569: 1558: 1547: 1469: 1396: 1220: 1136:. As A.C. Purdy summarized for 919:(who argued that non-Jews must 800:King James Version of the Bible 2961:Bartlet, James Vernon (1911). 2784: 2245:A Guest in the House of Israel 1772:Thomas, Matthew J. (2019-10). 1448:. Christian Publishing House. 1381:(Liturgical Press, 2007) p. 6. 1371: 1350: 1336: 1312: 1300: 1270: 1240: 1203: 1159:Mikeal Parsons has commented: 1127: 955:may have served as moderator. 636: 57:Papyrus 46, one of the oldest 13: 1: 2596:(60): 205–208. Archived from 2174:"Supersessionism | Theopedia" 1711:Catholic Biblical Quarterly, 1512:Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2007. 1233: 669: 2947:Eusebius' Church History 3.3 2778:. New York: MacMillan, 1892. 2243:Williamson, Clark M (1993). 2070:Attridge, Harold W. (1989). 1621:Bibliowicz, Abel M. (2019). 923:before they can receive the 729:Origen, quoted in Eusebius, 539: 7: 4483:Works of unknown authorship 4453:1st-century Christian texts 2884:public domain audiobook at 2816: 2268:Bibliowicz, Abel M (2019). 2159:"Introduction to Hebrews". 1846:The Catholic Encyclopedia. 1226:Also translated "exhorting" 1184: 1034:of the proclamation of the 896: 789:part of the Christian canon 10: 4514: 4374:English Bible translations 3762:Song of the Three Children 2721:Cambridge University Press 2664:The Epistle to the Hebrews 2654:The Epistle to the Hebrews 2644:The Epistle to the Hebrews 2072:The Epistle to the Hebrews 1918:Ellingworth, Paul (1993). 1476:Duling, C. Dennis (2003). 1406:(Mohr Siebeck, 2009) p. 4. 1278:"Bible Book Abbreviations" 1069: 974: 900: 857: 673: 531: 4412: 4356: 4274: 4228: 4126: 3971: 3934: 3899: 3870: 3832: 3777: 3684: 3668: 3466: 3409:American Standard Version 3381: 3360: 3334: 3200: 3159: 3078: 3022: 3009: 2994: 2980: 2928:Easton's Bible Dictionary 2897:The letter to the Hebrews 2674:The Letter to the Hebrews 2007:The Letter to the Hebrews 1994:The Bible Status of Woman 1939:. HarperOne. p. 22. 1797:10.1017/S0028688519000274 1058:The Catholic Encyclopedia 903:Reader-response criticism 870:destruction of the temple 838:The Letter to the Hebrews 791:, being classed with the 731:The History of the Church 415:New Testament manuscripts 27:Book of the New Testament 2830:12.1 (Jan. 1985): 80–88. 2756:Word Biblical Commentary 2745:Word Biblical Commentary 2585:Parsons, Mikeal (1988). 2570:The Interpreter's Bible: 2026:Lost Coast Press, 2009. 1933:Ehrman, Bart D. (2011). 1537:. Baker Academic, 2009. 1196: 1065: 719:In the epistle entitled 4236:Intertestamental period 2982:Epistle to the Hebrews 2970:Encyclopædia Britannica 2949:.5 includes comment by 2624:Exegetical commentaries 1587:Tugwell, Simon (1986). 1324:Encyclopedia Britannica 1307:The Greek New Testament 1152:The Interpreter's Bible 1138:The Interpreter's Bible 1018:is the mediator of the 853: 468:Christianity portal 4448:Epistle to the Hebrews 4220:Apocalyptic literature 3857:Paralipomena of Baruch 3072:Epistle to the Hebrews 2932:Epistle to the Hebrews 2573:George Arthur Buttrick 2126:Smith, Elder & Co. 1752:Smith, Elder & Co. 1442:Andrews, E.D. (2020). 1182: 1157: 1120:– specifically to the 1063: 1047: 819: 735: 650: 524:Epistle to the Hebrews 519: 4468:Luther's Antilegomena 4384:Additional Scriptures 4348:New Testament uncials 3414:World English Version 2594:Evangelical Quarterly 2385:Antithesis of the Law 2294:See Whitlark, Jason, 1860:Köstenberger, Andreas 1830:Accessed 17 Mar 2013] 1778:New Testament Studies 1589:The Apostolic Fathers 1402:Clare K. Rothschild, 1211:Letter to the Hebrews 1161: 1142: 1078:Clement of Alexandria 1049: 1010: 931:) versus the extreme 875:Catholic Encyclopedia 813: 717: 715:wrote of the letter: 708:as possible authors. 655:Second Temple Judaism 644: 510: 4369:Bible version debate 4343:New Testament papyri 4289:Samaritan Pentateuch 3914:Testament of Abraham 3852:1, 2, and 3 Meqabyan 2791:Bloor, Joshua D. A. 2650:Gareth Lee Cockerill 2311:Bloor, Joshua D. A. 2145:(pontifex maximus!) 2049:. Lost Coast Press. 1992:See Lee Anna Starr, 1818:Accessed 17 Mar 2013 1364:); cf. also 6.20.3 ( 1282:Logos Bible Software 1086:Origen of Alexandria 744:In the 4th century, 711:In the 3rd century, 706:Priscilla and Aquila 595:Jewish system of law 579:Priscilla and Aquila 425:Johannine literature 126:Acts of the Apostles 59:New Testament papyri 4478:New Testament books 4463:Jewish Christianity 4311:Muratorian fragment 4246:New Testament canon 4241:Old Testament canon 4134:Chapters and verses 3752:Additions to Daniel 3718:Additions to Esther 2799:Easter, Matthew C. 2640:Bruce, Frederick F. 2630:Attridge, Harold W. 1902:Attridge, Harold W. 977:Narrative criticism 971:Purpose for writing 694:Luke the Evangelist 647:Franco-Prussian War 410:New Testament canon 4458:Canonical epistles 3924:Testament of Jacob 3919:Testament of Isaac 3804:Prayer of Manasseh 3767:Bel and the Dragon 3747:Letter of Jeremiah 3404:King James Version 3018:Books of the Bible 2691:Heen, Erik M. and 2680:Guthrie, George H. 2495:Hebrews 10:1–13:17 2442:Historia Ecclesiae 2338:Bible Today Reader 2118:Janet Penrose Ward 2046:Priscilla's Letter 1814:2013-10-20 at the 1744:Janet Penrose Ward 1422:Zondervan Academic 1377:Alan C. Mitchell, 1048: 1024:sermon from a hill 937:God's commandments 921:convert to Judaism 848:Gilbert Bilezikian 820: 750:Augustine of Hippo 651: 567:Pauline authorship 520: 336:Book of Revelation 4435: 4434: 4404:Textual criticism 3967: 3966: 3891:Psalms of Solomon 3834:Orthodox Tewahedo 3422: 3421: 3039: 3038: 3031: 3023:Succeeded by 3015: 3003: 2867:at GospelHall.org 2822:Paul Ellingworth 2727:Koester, Craig R. 2693:Krey, Philip D.W. 2660:Ellingworth, Paul 2550:www.newadvent.org 2472:Hebrews 6:13–9:28 2453:Eusebius, VI, xxv 2430:Hebrews 5:1–10:18 2178:www.theopedia.com 1946:978-0-06-207863-6 1673:978-90-04-14987-8 1565:Galatians 3:23–25 1543:978-0-8010-2868-7 1518:978-3-16-149215-0 1508:Mackie, Scott D. 1455:978-1-949586-74-9 1259:978-1-4335-6343-0 827:Adolf von Harnack 771:Jewish Christians 754:Paul's authorship 621:", "priest" and " 587:Jewish Christians 549: 537: 505: 504: 435:Pastoral epistles 268:Catholic epistles 16:(Redirected from 4505: 4284:Dead Sea Scrolls 4266:Dating the Bible 4144:Historical books 3781:Eastern Orthodox 3694:Eastern Orthodox 3682: 3681: 3675: 3449: 3442: 3435: 3426: 3425: 3399:Wycliffe Version 3373:Textual variants 3065: 3058: 3051: 3042: 3041: 3025: 3011: 2997: 2995:Preceded by 2978: 2977: 2974: 2966: 2888:Various versions 2880: 2879: 2850: 2848: 2846: 2808:Hagen, Kenneth. 2737:Lane, William L. 2612: 2611: 2609: 2608: 2602: 2591: 2582: 2576: 2566: 2560: 2559: 2557: 2556: 2542: 2536: 2535: 2514: 2508: 2506:Hebrews 13:20–25 2503: 2497: 2489:Hebrews 3:1–4:16 2483: 2477: 2475:Hebrews 13:18–25 2460: 2454: 2451: 2445: 2438: 2432: 2427: 2421: 2416: 2410: 2405: 2399: 2394: 2388: 2381: 2375: 2370: 2364: 2359: 2353: 2348: 2342: 2341: 2333: 2327: 2322: 2316: 2309: 2303: 2292: 2286: 2285: 2265: 2259: 2258: 2240: 2234: 2231: 2225: 2222: 2216: 2213: 2207: 2206: 2194: 2188: 2187: 2185: 2184: 2170: 2164: 2157: 2151: 2139:James D. G. Dunn 2135: 2129: 2107: 2101: 2100: 2082: 2076: 2075: 2067: 2061: 2060: 2040: 2034: 2020: 2014: 2005:Donald Guthrie, 2003: 1997: 1990: 1984: 1979: 1973: 1969: 1963: 1957: 1951: 1950: 1930: 1924: 1923: 1915: 1909: 1899: 1893: 1892: 1890: 1889: 1868: 1855: 1849: 1842: 1831: 1825: 1819: 1806: 1800: 1770: 1764: 1761: 1755: 1733: 1727: 1720: 1714: 1707: 1701: 1694: 1688: 1681: 1675: 1661: 1650: 1645: 1639: 1638: 1618: 1612: 1609: 1603: 1602: 1584: 1578: 1573: 1567: 1562: 1556: 1551: 1545: 1533:Powell, Mark A. 1531: 1520: 1506: 1500: 1499: 1473: 1467: 1466: 1464: 1462: 1439: 1433: 1432: 1430: 1428: 1413: 1407: 1400: 1394: 1388: 1382: 1375: 1369: 1354: 1348: 1347: 1340: 1334: 1333: 1331: 1330: 1316: 1310: 1304: 1298: 1297: 1295: 1293: 1274: 1268: 1267: 1244: 1227: 1224: 1218: 1207: 1180: 1176:Mikeal Parsons, 1155: 1134:nature of Christ 1061: 1002:special creation 860:Dating the Bible 782:Pauline epistles 733: 690:Paul the Apostle 629:, a unique dual 559:Paul the Apostle 544: 542: 536:romanized: 535: 533: 497: 490: 483: 466: 465: 456:Bible portal 454: 453: 452: 420:Synoptic Gospels 390:Petrine epistles 377:Pauline epistles 152:Pauline epistles 83:Four Evangelists 55: 30: 29: 21: 4513: 4512: 4508: 4507: 4506: 4504: 4503: 4502: 4438: 4437: 4436: 4431: 4408: 4352: 4270: 4261:Christian canon 4224: 4159:Prophetic books 4122: 4053:2 Thessalonians 4048:1 Thessalonians 3963: 3930: 3895: 3866: 3828: 3787: 3773: 3701: 3673: 3672: 3664: 3475: 3471: 3462: 3453: 3423: 3418: 3377: 3356: 3330: 3196: 3155: 3074: 3069: 3035: 3029: 3027:General Epistle 3016: 3007: 3001: 2999:Pauline Epistle 2990: 2983: 2877: 2857: 2844: 2842: 2834:Doherty, Earl. 2819: 2787: 2670:Guthrie, Donald 2626: 2621: 2619:Further reading 2616: 2615: 2606: 2604: 2600: 2589: 2583: 2579: 2567: 2563: 2554: 2552: 2544: 2543: 2539: 2532: 2518:Ehrman, Bart D. 2515: 2511: 2504: 2500: 2484: 2480: 2461: 2457: 2452: 2448: 2439: 2435: 2428: 2424: 2417: 2413: 2406: 2402: 2395: 2391: 2382: 2378: 2371: 2367: 2360: 2356: 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1149: 1130: 1080:, according to 1074: 1068: 1062: 1056:Leopold Fonck, 1055: 979: 973: 961:supersessionism 907:German scholar 905: 899: 887:Harold Attridge 862: 856: 814:Inscription at 734: 728: 682:Clement of Rome 678: 672: 639: 501: 472: 460: 450: 448: 440: 439: 405: 404: 395: 394: 386: 370: 366:Johannine works 353: 352: 341: 340: 327: 324: 313: 292: 264: 256: 240: 224: 220:2 Thessalonians 215:1 Thessalonians 208: 192: 176: 147: 146: 131: 130: 115: 112: 78: 77: 62: 43: 28: 23: 22: 18:Book of Hebrews 15: 12: 11: 5: 4511: 4501: 4500: 4495: 4490: 4485: 4480: 4475: 4470: 4465: 4460: 4455: 4450: 4433: 4432: 4430: 4429: 4424: 4419: 4413: 4410: 4409: 4407: 4406: 4401: 4399:Synod of Hippo 4396: 4391: 4386: 4381: 4376: 4371: 4366: 4360: 4358: 4354: 4353: 4351: 4350: 4345: 4340: 4335: 4333:Masoretic Text 4330: 4325: 4318: 4313: 4308: 4301: 4296: 4291: 4286: 4280: 4278: 4272: 4271: 4269: 4268: 4263: 4258: 4253: 4248: 4243: 4238: 4232: 4230: 4226: 4225: 4223: 4222: 4217: 4216: 4215: 4210: 4205: 4200: 4190: 4189: 4188: 4183: 4173: 4172: 4171: 4169:Minor prophets 4166: 4164:Major prophets 4156: 4146: 4141: 4136: 4130: 4128: 4124: 4123: 4121: 4120: 4115: 4110: 4105: 4100: 4095: 4090: 4085: 4080: 4075: 4070: 4065: 4060: 4055: 4050: 4045: 4038: 4033: 4028: 4023: 4018: 4013: 4008: 4003: 3998: 3993: 3988: 3983: 3977: 3975: 3969: 3968: 3965: 3964: 3962: 3961: 3956: 3951: 3950: 3949: 3942:Pseudepigrapha 3938: 3936: 3935:Classification 3932: 3931: 3929: 3928: 3927: 3926: 3921: 3916: 3905: 3903: 3897: 3896: 3894: 3893: 3888: 3883: 3881:Psalms 152–155 3877: 3875: 3868: 3867: 3865: 3864: 3859: 3854: 3849: 3844: 3838: 3836: 3830: 3829: 3827: 3826: 3821: 3816: 3811: 3806: 3801: 3796: 3790: 3788: 3786: 3785: 3782: 3778: 3775: 3774: 3772: 3771: 3770: 3769: 3764: 3759: 3749: 3740: 3735: 3730: 3725: 3720: 3715: 3710: 3704: 3702: 3700: 3699: 3696: 3691: 3685: 3679: 3666: 3665: 3663: 3662: 3657: 3652: 3647: 3642: 3637: 3632: 3627: 3622: 3617: 3612: 3607: 3602: 3597: 3592: 3587: 3582: 3577: 3572: 3567: 3562: 3557: 3552: 3547: 3542: 3537: 3535:1–2 Chronicles 3532: 3527: 3522: 3517: 3512: 3507: 3502: 3497: 3492: 3487: 3481: 3479: 3464: 3463: 3452: 3451: 3444: 3437: 3429: 3420: 3419: 3417: 3416: 3411: 3406: 3401: 3396: 3391: 3385: 3383: 3379: 3378: 3376: 3375: 3370: 3364: 3362: 3358: 3357: 3355: 3354: 3349: 3344: 3338: 3336: 3332: 3331: 3329: 3328: 3323: 3318: 3313: 3308: 3303: 3298: 3293: 3288: 3283: 3278: 3273: 3268: 3260: 3255: 3250: 3245: 3240: 3235: 3230: 3225: 3220: 3215: 3210: 3204: 3202: 3198: 3197: 3195: 3194: 3189: 3184: 3179: 3174: 3169: 3163: 3161: 3157: 3156: 3154: 3153: 3148: 3143: 3138: 3133: 3128: 3123: 3118: 3113: 3108: 3103: 3098: 3093: 3087: 3085: 3076: 3075: 3068: 3067: 3060: 3053: 3045: 3037: 3036: 3024: 3021: 3008: 2996: 2992: 2991: 2984: 2981: 2976: 2975: 2958: 2944: 2939: 2933: 2924: 2919: 2914: 2909: 2900: 2890: 2889: 2882:Bible: Hebrews 2874: 2869: 2856: 2855:External links 2853: 2852: 2851: 2831: 2828:Epworth Review 2818: 2815: 2814: 2813: 2806: 2797: 2786: 2783: 2782: 2781: 2772:Westcott, B.F. 2769: 2762:Moffatt, James 2759: 2748: 2734: 2724: 2710: 2700: 2689: 2677: 2667: 2657: 2647: 2637: 2625: 2622: 2620: 2617: 2614: 2613: 2577: 2568:TIB XI p. 588 2561: 2537: 2530: 2509: 2498: 2492:Hebrews 6:1–12 2478: 2469:Hebrews 5:1–14 2466:Hebrews 2:5–18 2463:Hebrews 1:1–14 2455: 2446: 2433: 2422: 2411: 2400: 2389: 2376: 2365: 2354: 2343: 2328: 2317: 2304: 2287: 2281:978-1513616483 2280: 2260: 2253: 2235: 2226: 2217: 2208: 2189: 2165: 2152: 2130: 2110:Adolf Jülicher 2102: 2096:978-1589833869 2095: 2077: 2062: 2055: 2035: 2032:978-1882897506 2022:Hoppin, Ruth. 2015: 1998: 1985: 1974: 1964: 1952: 1945: 1925: 1910: 1894: 1850: 1832: 1820: 1801: 1783:(4): 598–609. 1765: 1756: 1736:Adolf Jülicher 1728: 1722:Utley, R. 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His famous 1021: 1017: 1014:believe that 1013: 1009: 1005: 1003: 998: 996: 992: 987: 985: 978: 968: 964: 962: 956: 954: 950: 946: 942: 938: 934: 930: 926: 922: 918: 913: 910: 904: 894: 892: 888: 883: 879: 877: 876: 871: 867: 861: 851: 849: 844: 841: 839: 835: 831: 828: 824: 817: 812: 808: 806: 801: 798:The original 796: 794: 790: 785: 783: 778: 776: 772: 767: 763: 759: 755: 751: 747: 742: 740: 732: 725: 722: 716: 714: 709: 707: 703: 699: 695: 691: 687: 683: 677: 667: 664: 660: 656: 648: 643: 634: 632: 628: 624: 620: 615: 611: 607: 602: 600: 596: 592: 589:who lived in 588: 582: 580: 576: 572: 568: 564: 560: 555: 553: 552:New Testament 547: 541: 532:Πρὸς Ἑβραίους 529: 525: 517: 513: 509: 498: 493: 491: 486: 484: 479: 478: 476: 475: 469: 464: 459: 457: 447: 446: 444: 443: 436: 433: 430: 426: 423: 421: 418: 416: 413: 411: 408: 407: 399: 398: 391: 388: 383: 380: 378: 375: 374: 372: 367: 364: 362: 359: 358: 356: 355: 351: 345: 344: 337: 334: 333: 329: 328: 321: 318: 317: 315: 310: 307: 305: 302: 300: 297: 296: 294: 289: 286: 284: 281: 280: 278: 276: 273: 272: 269: 266: 265: 261: 258: 253: 250: 248: 245: 244: 242: 237: 234: 232: 229: 228: 226: 221: 218: 216: 213: 212: 210: 205: 202: 200: 197: 196: 194: 189: 186: 184: 181: 180: 178: 173: 172:2 Corinthians 170: 168: 167:1 Corinthians 165: 164: 162: 160: 157: 156: 153: 150: 149: 145: 141: 135: 134: 127: 124: 123: 120: 117: 116: 109: 106: 104: 101: 99: 96: 94: 91: 90: 88: 87: 84: 81: 80: 76: 72: 66: 65: 60: 54: 50: 49: 46: 45:New Testament 41: 40: 36: 32: 31: 19: 4488:Antilegomena 4322:Vetus Latina 4320: 4303: 4256:Jewish canon 4251:Antilegomena 4153:Poetic Books 4149:Wisdom books 4127:Subdivisions 4077: 4040: 3745: / 3670:Deuterocanon 3590:Lamentations 3570:Ecclesiastes 3477:(protocanon) 3468:Hebrew Bible 3071: 3010: 2985: 2968: 2927: 2904: 2891: 2865:Online Bible 2864: 2858: 2843:. Retrieved 2839: 2827: 2809: 2800: 2792: 2775: 2765: 2752:Hebrews 9–13 2751: 2740: 2730: 2716: 2713:Hurst, L. D. 2706: 2703:Hughes, P.E. 2696: 2686: 2682: 2673: 2663: 2653: 2643: 2633: 2605:. Retrieved 2598:the original 2593: 2580: 2569: 2564: 2553:. Retrieved 2549: 2540: 2521: 2512: 2501: 2481: 2458: 2449: 2441: 2436: 2425: 2414: 2408:Heb 1:5–2:18 2403: 2392: 2379: 2368: 2362:Hebrews 11:3 2357: 2346: 2337: 2331: 2325:Hebrews 4:14 2320: 2312: 2307: 2299: 2295: 2290: 2270: 2263: 2244: 2238: 2229: 2220: 2211: 2202: 2198: 2192: 2181:. Retrieved 2177: 2168: 2160: 2155: 2146: 2142: 2133: 2120:, transl.), 2113: 2105: 2086: 2080: 2071: 2065: 2045: 2038: 2023: 2018: 2006: 2001: 1993: 1988: 1977: 1967: 1955: 1935: 1928: 1919: 1913: 1905: 1897: 1886:. 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Gordon 758:Reformation 659:Melchizedek 637:Composition 631:Christology 627:High Priest 623:high priest 528:Koinē Greek 516:Koine Greek 199:Philippians 4442:Categories 4364:Authorship 4294:Septuagint 4139:Pentateuch 4118:Revelation 4042:Laodiceans 4036:Colossians 3525:1–2 Samuel 3389:Greek Text 3368:Authorship 2938:p. 58 2607:2018-09-13 2555:2017-09-26 2440:Eusebius, 2397:Heb. 1:1–4 2254:0664254543 2183:2017-09-26 2122:pp.162-163 2056:1882897501 1982:Hebrews 13 1888:2012-11-17 1598:0225665719 1487:0155078569 1329:2020-03-08 1234:References 1122:Septuagint 1070:See also: 1028:Mount Zion 1012:Christians 975:See also: 927:of Jesus' 901:See also: 866:tabernacle 858:See also: 816:Salinelles 752:supported 739:amanuensis 670:Authorship 619:Son of God 610:superseded 606:Jewish Law 512:Papyrus 13 350:Authorship 330:Apocalypse 204:Colossians 144:Apocalypse 119:Lukan Acts 4203:Johannine 4063:2 Timothy 4058:1 Timothy 4026:Ephesians 4021:Galatians 3809:Psalm 151 3677:apocrypha 3655:Zechariah 3645:Zephaniah 3530:1–2 Kings 3495:Leviticus 3182:Jerusalem 3091:Hebrews 1 2872:NET Bible 2444:, VI, xiv 2383:See also 1883:0360-8808 1789:0028-6885 1292:April 21, 1093:hortatory 995:synagogue 939:and that 917:Judaizers 766:disciples 591:Jerusalem 361:Luke-Acts 236:2 Timothy 231:1 Timothy 188:Ephesians 183:Galatians 4498:Barnabas 4417:Category 4316:Peshitta 4213:Catholic 4208:Pastoral 4193:Epistles 4186:Synoptic 4073:Philemon 3886:2 Baruch 3873:Peshitta 3847:Jubilees 3799:2 Esdras 3794:1 Esdras 3689:Catholic 3640:Habakkuk 3585:Jeremiah 3565:Proverbs 3545:Nehemiah 3347:Passover 3258:Jephthah 3083:chapters 3005:Philemon 2957:on topic 2951:Eusebius 2886:LibriVox 2817:Articles 2520:(2004). 2419:3:1–4:16 2128:, 1904). 1972:1:16–41. 1812:Archived 1754:, 1904). 1496:52302160 1461:March 9, 1427:March 9, 1286:Archived 1264:Archived 1185:See also 1174:— 1148:— 1082:Eusebius 1054:— 1032:antitype 991:apostasy 897:Audience 727:— 686:Barnabas 571:Eusebius 563:Peshitto 429:epistles 252:Philemon 140:Epistles 35:a series 33:Part of 4493:Hebrews 4389:Studies 4357:Related 4328:Vulgate 4198:Pauline 4176:Gospels 4093:2 Peter 4088:1 Peter 4078:Hebrews 3981:Matthew 3871:Syriac 3757:Susanna 3660:Malachi 3620:Obadiah 3595:Ezekiel 3500:Numbers 3485:Genesis 3458:of the 3382:Sources 3361:Related 3326:Timothy 3213:Abraham 3201:Persons 3187:Red Sea 3177:Jericho 2987:Epistle 2905:Hebrews 2892:Other: 2766:Hebrews 2731:Hebrews 2723:, 1989. 2695:, eds. 2685:Hebrews 2634:Hebrews 2141:: "For 1906:Hebrews 1862:(ed.). 1379:Hebrews 1360:3.3.5 ( 1346:. 1872. 1215:Hebrews 1103:epistle 775:Judaism 762:Timothy 702:Apollos 661:in the 575:Apollos 548: 382:Hebrews 288:2 Peter 283:1 Peter 260:Hebrews 93:Matthew 71:Gospels 4422:Portal 4299:Targum 4108:3 John 4103:2 John 4098:1 John 4006:Romans 3959:Jewish 3784:Others 3743:Baruch 3738:Sirach 3733:Wisdom 3713:Judith 3698:Others 3650:Haggai 3600:Daniel 3580:Isaiah 3560:Psalms 3550:Esther 3515:Judges 3510:Joshua 3490:Exodus 3321:Samson 3311:Samuel 3276:Joshua 3271:Joseph 3266:Christ 3248:Gideon 3160:Places 2528: 2278: 2251: 2093: 2053: 2030: 1943: 1881: 1787: 1671: 1631: 1595: 1541: 1516: 1494: 1484: 1452: 1256: 1154:, 1955 1124:text. 1111:homily 1107:sermon 1084:, and 1060:, 1910 746:Jerome 713:Origen 704:, and 663:Qumran 309:3 John 304:2 John 299:1 John 159:Romans 4083:James 4068:Titus 3842:Enoch 3708:Tobit 3635:Nahum 3630:Micah 3625:Jonah 3605:Hosea 3460:Bible 3456:Books 3352:Torah 3316:Sarah 3306:Rahab 3296:Moses 3281:Judah 3263:Jesus 3253:Isaac 3238:Enoch 3233:David 3223:Barak 3208:Aaron 3172:Italy 3167:Egypt 3080:Bible 3033:James 2930:1897: 2601:(PDF) 2590:(PDF) 1873:. 2. 1867:(PDF) 1748:p.169 1197:Notes 1066:Style 1042:from 1040:Moses 1016:Jesus 953:Peter 945:James 805:Greek 698:Silas 612:by a 275:James 247:Titus 4181:List 4113:Jude 4001:Acts 3996:John 3991:Luke 3986:Mark 3947:list 3824:Odes 3615:Amos 3610:Joel 3540:Ezra 3520:Ruth 3301:Noah 3286:Levi 3243:Esau 3228:Cain 3218:Abel 3192:Zion 2847:2022 2750:--- 2526:ISBN 2276:ISBN 2249:ISBN 2091:ISBN 2051:ISBN 2028:ISBN 1941:ISBN 1879:ISSN 1785:ISSN 1669:ISBN 1629:ISBN 1593:ISBN 1539:ISBN 1514:ISBN 1492:OCLC 1482:ISBN 1463:2022 1450:ISBN 1429:2022 1366:text 1362:text 1294:2022 1254:ISBN 949:Paul 947:and 889:and 854:Date 748:and 546:lit. 522:The 320:Jude 142:and 108:John 103:Luke 98:Mark 75:Acts 73:and 3674:and 3555:Job 2203:128 2199:JBL 1793:doi 1109:or 1038:by 943:). 581:. 577:or 4444:: 3151:13 3146:12 3141:11 3136:10 3030:of 3002:to 2967:. 2838:. 2826:. 2774:, 2764:. 2754:. 2743:. 2739:, 2729:, 2715:, 2705:, 2683:, 2672:, 2662:, 2652:, 2642:, 2632:, 2592:. 2548:. 2201:. 2176:. 2112:, 2009:, 1904:: 1875:55 1869:. 1835:^ 1791:. 1781:65 1776:. 1738:, 1654:^ 1524:^ 1490:. 1420:. 1368:). 1322:. 1284:. 1280:. 1262:. 1140:: 878:. 777:. 700:, 696:, 692:, 688:, 684:, 633:. 601:. 554:. 543:, 534:, 530:: 37:on 4155:) 4151:( 3470:/ 3448:e 3441:t 3434:v 3131:9 3126:8 3121:7 3116:6 3111:5 3106:4 3101:3 3096:2 3064:e 3057:t 3050:v 2849:. 2610:. 2558:. 2534:. 2387:. 2284:. 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