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gender roles into question. Nancy
Bedford says that this does not mean that there is no distinction between males and females; instead, it means that there is no room for gender hierarchy in the gospel. The second interpretation states that one must recognize the historical background of Paul's time. Jeremy Punt argues that although many scholars want to say that this verse signifies changing gender norms, it actually reflects on the patriarchal structure of Paul's time. In Paul's time, females and males were considered one sex, and the female was understood to be the inferior version of the male. It is under this one sex understanding that Paul says that "there is no longer male and female", and it therefore does not show an abolition of the boundary between genders because that boundary did not exist in Paul's time. "There is no longer Jew or Greek, slave or free, male or female" refers to the universality of salvation through Christ which does not discriminate ethnicity, social status or gender. At the same time, the women in Paul's time would also not necessarily have heard an ideology of gender equality from the message of Galatians 3:28 because of their subordinated status in society at that time. Punt argues that in Galatians 3:28, Paul's intention was to fix social conflicts rather than to alter gender norms. By stating the importance of becoming one in Christ, Paul tries to give his society a new identity, which is the identity in Christ, and he believes that this will fix the social conflicts.
1145:, this classification has fallen out of favor in contemporary scholarship. Some instead refer to them as Agitators. While many scholars have claimed that Paul's opponents were circumcisionist Jewish followers of Jesus, the ability to make such determinations with a reasonable degree of certainty has been called into question. It has often been presumed that they traveled from Jerusalem, but some commentators have raised the question of whether they may have actually been insiders familiar with the dynamics of the community. Furthermore, some commentaries and articles pointed out the inherent problems in mirror-reading, emphasizing that there is not sufficient evidence to reconstruct the arguments of Paul's opponents. It is not enough to simply reverse his denials and assertions as it does not result in a coherent argument nor can it possibly reflect the thought processes of his opponents accurately. It is nearly impossible to reconstruct the opponents from Paul's text because their representation is necessarily polemical. All that can be said with any certainty is that they supported a different position of Gentile relations with Jews than Paul did.
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or to the church of Christ as a whole (Jewish and
Gentiles all included). Those who believe that "Israel of God" only refers to ethnically Jewish believers, argue that had Paul meant the entire church, he would use the word "mercy" before "peace", because Paul "sees peace as the petition for the church, while mercy is the request for unredeemed Jews". Other scholars, such as G. K. Beale, argue that the Old Testament backdrop of Galatians 6:16—e.g. a verse such as Isaiah 54:10 wherein God promises mercy and peace to Israel—suggests that "the Israel of God" refers to a portion of the new, eschatological Israel "composed of Jews and Gentiles".
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same vessels used by
Gentiles. As Sanders explains, Galatia's Jews and Gentiles might have had to share the same cup and loaf (i.e. food from the same vessels). Other scholars such as James Dunn argue that Cephas was "already observing the basic food laws of the Torah" and then "men from James advocated an even stricter observance". Schreiner himself argues that Peter "actually ate unclean food—food prohibited by the OT law—before the men from James came". Depending on how one construes "eating with the Gentiles" in Galatians 2:12, one may reach different conclusions as to why Paul was so angry with Peter in Antioch.
862:, the earliest reasonably complete version available to scholars today, dates to approximately AD 200, around 150 years after the original was drafted. This papyrus is fragmented in a few areas, causing some of the original text to be missing. But, as biblical scholar Bruce Metzger puts it, "through careful research relating to paper construction, handwriting development, and the established principles of textual criticism, scholars can be rather certain about where these errors and changes appeared and what the original text probably said."
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1398:". Some focus on the relationship between the law of Christ and the Old Testament Decalogue. Still other scholars argue that whereas the "Mosaic law is abolished", the new "law of Christ fits with the Zion Torah", which "hails from Zion ... and is eschatological". Schreiner himself believes that the law of Christ is equivalent to Galatians 5:13–14's "law of love". According to Schreiner, when believers love others, "they behave as Christ did and fulfill his law".
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Gundry-Volf argues for a more general approach, stating that one's gender does not provide any benefit or burden. Pamela
Eisenbaum argues that Paul was exhorting his readers to be mindful in changing conduct in relationships that involved people of different status. Ben Witherington argues that Paul is combatting the position espoused by opponents who were attempting to influence Paul's community to return to the patriarchal standards held by the majority culture.
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there is no longer a distinction between them. However, the meaning of this verse is not expounded upon further by Paul. In modern politics, the debate about the meaning of
Galatians 3:28 is significant, as it is used by different people and scholars in order to make normative claims about sexuality, gender, and even marriage. The ongoing nature of this debate reveals that scholars still have not come to a unified conclusion regarding Paul's theology.
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1308:, and the concluding paragraph is written with his own hand. From the time when letters began to be forged in his name it seems to have been his practice to close with a few words in his own handwriting, as a precaution against such forgeries ... In the present case he writes a whole paragraph, summing up the main lessons of the epistle in terse, eager, disjointed sentences. He writes it, too, in large, bold characters (Gr.
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majority of scholars have treated as an objective genitive, translating it as "faith in Jesus Christ". Daniel
Harrington writes, "the subjective genitive does not oppose or do away with the concept of faith in Christ. Rather, it reestablishes priorities. One is justified by the faith of Jesus Christ manifested in his obedience to God by his death upon the cross. It is on the basis of that faith that one believes in Christ".
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to emphasize his final words. Classics scholar Steve Reece has compared similar autographic subscriptions in thousands of Greek, Roman, and Jewish letters of this period and observes that large letters are a normal feature when senders of letters, regardless of their education, take the pen from their amanuensis and add a few words of greeting in their own hands.
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mentioned the decision of the
Council of Jerusalem that Gentiles should not be circumcised. The absence of this argument from Paul strongly implies Galatians was written prior to the council. Since the council took place in 48–49 AD, and Paul evangelized South Galatia in 47–48 AD, the most plausible date for the writing of Galatians is 48 AD.
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of the Spirit to set it free from sin as humans are. Peter Oakes argues that
Galatians cannot be construed as depicting the law positively because the Law played the role it was meant to play in the scope of human history. Wolfgang Reinbold argues that, contrary to the popular reading of Paul, the Law was possible to keep.
2348:) it seems to have been his practice to close with a few words in his own handwriting, as a precaution against such forgeries... In the present case he writes a whole paragraph, summing up the main lessons of the epistle in terse, eager, disjointed sentences. He writes it, too, in large, bold characters (Gr.
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found this view less likely and wondered why it would be necessary for the
Jerusalem Council (Acts 15) to take place at all if the issue were settled in Acts 11:30/12:25, as this view holds. Defenders of the view do not think it unlikely an issue of such magnitude would need to be discussed more than
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Galatians 3:28 is one of the most controversial and influential verses in
Galatians. There are three different pairs that Paul uses to elaborate his ideology. The first one is "Jew or Greek", the second one is "slave or free", and the third one is "male and female", Paul states that in Jesus Christ
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This distinction of law and gospel has been imperative to Luther's understanding of Paul's Judaism as well, but modern scholarship has formed a new perspective of the Judaism of Paul's time. "Luther's treatment of Galatians has affected most interpretations of the letter, at least among Protestants,
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in Galatians 2:16. Grammatically, this phrase can be interpreted either as an objective genitive "through faith in Jesus Christ" or as a subjective genitive "through the faith of Jesus Christ". There are theological ramifications to each position, but given the corpus of the Pauline literature, the
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As Thomas Schreiner explains, there is significant debate over the meaning of Peter's eating with the Gentiles—specifically, why might the eating have been considered wrong? E. P. Sanders argues that though Jews could eat in the same location with Gentiles, Jews did not want to consume food from the
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Position (1) emphasises the immediate context of the verse and notes that it is embedded in a discussion about justification: our relationship with God. Position (2) reminds its critics that the "whole letter context" is very much about how people got on in the here and now together, and in fact the
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Probably the most famous single statement made in the Epistle, by Paul, is in chapter 3, verse 28: "There is neither Jew nor Gentile, neither slave nor free, nor is there male and female, for you are all one in Christ Jesus." The debate surrounding that verse is legend and the two schools of thought
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Some commentators have postulated that Paul's large letters are owed to his poor eyesight, his deformed hands, or to other physical, mental, or psychological afflictions. Other commentators have attributed Paul's large letters to his poor education, his attempt to assert his authority, or his effort
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and the priority of his faith to the covenant of circumcision. Paul explains that the law was introduced as a temporary measure, one that is no longer efficacious now that the seed of Abraham, Christ, has come. Chapter 4 then concludes with a summary of the topics discussed and with the benediction,
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At the heart of Luther's Lectures on Galatians is the doctrine of the proper distinction between law and gospel. While Luther's contemporary opponents failed to see this—whether they were the papists, enthusiasts, Anabaptists, Sacramentarians, or antinomians—law/gospel articulation defined Luther's
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Many scholars debate the meaning of the phrase "Israel of God" in Galatians 6:16, wherein Paul wishes for "peace and mercy" to be "even upon the Israel of God". As Schreiner explains, scholars debate whether "Israel of God" refers to ethnically Jewish believers "within the church of Jesus Christ",
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Much variety exists in discussions of Paul's view of the Law in Galatians. Nicole Chibici-Revneanu noticed a difference in Paul's treatment of the Law in Galatians and Romans. In Galatians the law is described as the "oppressor" whereas in Romans Paul describes the Law as being just as much in need
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The South Galatian view holds that Paul wrote Galatians before the First Jerusalem Council, probably on his way to it, and that it was written to churches he had presumably planted during either his time in Tarsus (he would have traveled a short distance, since Tarsus is in Cilicia) after his first
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Biblical scholars agree that Galatians is a true example of Paul's writing. The main arguments in favor of the authenticity of Galatians include its style and themes, which are common to the core letters of the Pauline corpus. George S. Duncan described its authenticity as "unquestioned. In every
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is seen to indicate that such a letter did not yet exist, since Paul would have been likely to use it against the legalism confronted in Galatians. Finally, this view doubts Paul's confrontation of Peter (Gal. 2:11) would have been necessary after the events described in Acts 15. If this view is
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There are two different interpretations within the modern scholarship regarding the meaning and function of Paul's statement that "there is no longer male and female". The first interpretation states that Paul's words eliminate the biological differences between males and females and thus calls
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A third theory is that Galatians 2:1–10 describes Paul and Barnabas' visit to Jerusalem described in Acts 11:30 and 12:25. This theory holds that the epistle was written before the Council was convened, possibly making it the earliest of Paul's epistles. According to this theory, the revelation
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Much debate surrounds what Paul means by "law of Christ" in Galatians 6:2, a phrase that occurs only once in all of Paul's letters. As Schreiner explains, some scholars think that the "law of Christ" is the sum of Jesus's words, functioning as a "new Torah for believers". Others argue that the
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Paul's letter is addressed "to the churches of Galatia", but the location of these churches is a matter of debate. Most scholars agree that it is a geographical reference to the Roman province in central Asia Minor, which had been settled by immigrant Celts in the 270s BC and retained Gaulish
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are (1) this only applies to the spiritual standing of people in the eyes of God, it does not implicate social distinctions and gender roles on earth; and (2) this is not just about our spiritual standing but is also about how we relate to each other and treat each other in the here and now.
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or a factor leading up to the Council. He writes, "did Paul's argument in Galatians flow out of the Jerusalem Council's decision, or did it come before the Jerusalem Council and possibly help shape that very decision?" It would have been enormously helpful to Paul's argument if he could have
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says, "There is no longer Jew or Greek, there is no longer slave or free, there is no longer male and female; for all of you are one in Christ Jesus." According to Norbert Baumert, Galatians 3:28 is Paul's declaration that one can be in relationship with Jesus no matter their gender. Judith
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and argues that "works of the law" is speaking of obedience to the Torah acting as a way of being atoned for. Michael Bachmann argues that this phrase is a mention of certain actions taken by Jewish people to distinguish themselves and perpetuate separation between themselves and Gentiles.
975:) during his missionary journeys. They seem to have been composed mainly of Gentile converts. After Paul's departure, the churches were led astray from Paul's trust/faith-centered teachings by individuals proposing "another gospel" (which centered on salvation through the
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how Paul's Letter to the Galatians represents a sweeping rejection of Jewish Law (Torah). In so doing, Paul clearly takes his Christ movement out of the orbit of Judaism and into an entirely different milieu. Paul's stance constitutes a major contrast to the position of
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3:1–7). Some have read this autobiographical narrative as Paul's defense of his apostolic authority. Others, however, see Paul's telling of the narrative as making an argument to the Galatians about the nature of the gospel and the Galatians' own situation.
983:), whom Paul saw as preaching a "different gospel" from what Paul had taught. The Galatians appear to have been receptive to the teaching of these newcomers, and the epistle is Paul's response to what he sees as their willingness to turn from his teaching.
838:, by contextualizing the role of the law in light of the revelation of Christ. The Epistle to the Galatians has exerted enormous influence on the history of Christianity, the development of Christian theology, and the study of the Apostle Paul.
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The central dispute in the letter concerns the question of how Gentiles could convert to Christianity, which shows that this letter was written at a very early stage in church history, when the vast majority of Christians were Jewish or Jewish
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This epistle addresses the question of whether the Gentiles in Galatia were obligated to follow Mosaic Law to be part of the Christ community. After an introductory address, the apostle discusses the subjects which had occasioned the epistle.
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In the first two chapters, Paul discusses his life before Christ and his early ministry, including interactions with other apostles in Jerusalem. This is the most extended discussion of Paul's past that we find in the Pauline letters (cf.
1129:). Fung holds, then, that Paul's apostolic mission began almost immediately in Damascus (Acts 9:20). While accepting that Paul's apostolic anointing was likely only recognized by the Apostles in Jerusalem during the events described in
1380:), Robert Keith Rapa argues Paul is speaking of viewing Torah-observances as the means of salvation which he is seeking to combat in the Galatian congregation. Jacqueline de Roo noticed a similar phrase in the works
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mentioned (Gal. 2:2) corresponds with the prophecy of Agabus (Acts 11:27–28). This view holds that the private speaking about the gospel shared among the Gentiles precludes the Acts 15 visit, but fits perfectly with
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visit to Jerusalem as a Christian, or during his first missionary journey, when he traveled throughout southern Galatia. If it was written to the believers in South Galatia, it would likely have been written in 49.
850:. Another indicator that the letter is early is that there is no hint in the letter of a developed organization within the Christian community at large. This puts it during the lifetime of Paul himself.
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up to the present time... Problems with Luther's interpretations and perspectives have become evident in modern times, particularly in his understanding and treatment of Judaism in Paul's day.
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Defenders of this view, such as Ronald Fung, disagree with both parts of Lightfoot's statement, insisting Paul received his "Apostolic Office" at his conversion (Gal. 1:15–17;
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The identity of these "opponents" is disputed. However, the majority of modern scholars view them as Jewish Christians, who taught that in order for converts to belong to the
1054:. The similarity between this epistle and the epistle to the Romans has led to the conclusion that they were both written at roughly the same time, during Paul's stay in
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Scholars have debated whether it is possible to reconstruct the arguments against which Paul is arguing. Though these opponents have traditionally been designated as
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also subscribes to the "North Galatian Hypothesis". Koester points out that the cities of Galatia in the north consist of Ankyra, Pessinus, and Gordium (of the
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Masaki, Naomichi (July 2017). "In Search of Celebrating the Reformation Rightly: Luther's Lectures on Galatians (1531/1535) as the Banner of the Reformation".
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Chapter 3 exhorts the Galatian believers to stand fast in the faith as it is in Jesus. Paul engages in an exegetical argument, drawing upon the figure of
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suggests that Galatians was "written in the middle or late 50s, only a few years after the Antiochene incident he narrates". Eminent biblical scholar
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also objected to this view since it "clearly implies that his Apostolic office and labours were well known and recognized before this conference."
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A majority of scholars agree that Galatians was written between the late 40s and early 50s, although some date the original composition to
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The North Galatian view holds that the epistle was written very soon after Paul's second visit to Galatia. In this view, the visit to
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In the conclusion of the epistle, Paul wrote, "See with what large letters I am writing to you with my own hand." (Galatians 6:11,
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correct, the epistle should be dated somewhere around 47, depending on other difficult-to-date events, such as Paul's conversion.
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Punt, Jeremy (2010). "Power and Liminality, Sex and Gender, and Gal 3:28: A Postcolonial, Queer Reading of an Influential Text".
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1103:. It further holds that continuing to remember the poor (Gal. 2:10) fits with the purpose of the Acts 11 visit, but not Acts 15.
1372:, 21; 5:18), Todd Wilson argues that "under the law" in Galatians was a "rhetorical abbreviation for 'under the curse of the law
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discussion about justification came out of an actual example of people treating other people differently (2:11ff).
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941:", which lies immediately west of Galatia. Some scholars have argued that "Galatia" is an ethnic reference to
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834:. Paul argues that the Gentile Galatians do not need to adhere to the tenets of the Mosaic Law, particularly
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Reiher, Jim (March 2012). "Galatians 3: 28 – Liberating for women's ministry? Or of limited application?".
2004:. The Bible Knowledge Background Commentary. Vol. 2. Colorado Springs, Colorado: Victor. p. 462.
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Paul's Large Letters: Paul's Autographic Subscription in the Light of Ancient Epistolary Conventions
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1394:"genitive in the 'law of Christ' 'should be understood as explanatory, i.e. the law which is Christ
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that states a Knowledge editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic.
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1160:'s depiction of "Saint Paul Writing His Epistles", 16th century (Blaffer Foundation Collection,
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Wilson, Todd A. (2005-10-01). "'Under Law' in Galatians: A Pauline Theological Abbreviation".
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an ethnic group of Celtic people in central Anatolia. The letter was originally written in
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notes with respect to verse 6:11 that at this point "the apostle takes the pen from his
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Peace and Mercy Upon the Israel of God: The Old Testament Background of Galatians 6:16b
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This development led to some schools of thought, such as Canadian religious historian
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The Conversation Continues: Studies in Paul & John in Honor of J. Louis Martyn
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Murphy-O'Connor, Jerome (April 2, 2012). "The Unwritten Law of Christ (Gal 6:2)".
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Sanders, E. P. (1990). "Jewish Association with Gentiles and Galatians 2:11–14".
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Lightfoot continues, "From the time when letters began to be forged in his name (
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Argument: Abraham's Children through Incorporation into Christ by Faith (3:7–4:7)
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with the end of Ephesians and the beginning of Galatians (the text ΠΡΟϹ ΓⲀλⲀΤⲀϹ,
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In this letter, Paul is principally concerned with the controversy surrounding
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legacy in the thinking of his colleagues, students, and generations after him.
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followed by 5:1–6:10 teaching about the right use of their Christian freedom.
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3326:. Vol. 11 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 394–396.
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Dunn, James D. G. (May 1983). "The Incident at Antioch (Galatians 2:11–18)".
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How Paul Received and Defended the Gospel: Paul and the "Pillars" (1:11–2:14)
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was formed in large part by his interpretation of Galatians. Masaki claims
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The Basic Pattern of the New Life: Serving One Another in Love (5:13–15)
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A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on the Epistle to the Galatians
2507:
1835:
From Law to Logos : reading St. Paul's Epistle to the Galatians
4465:
4035:
4022:
4001:
3948:
3943:
3473:
3342:
3255:
3182: This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
991:
2708:
Meilaender, Glibert (2018). "The Decalogue as the Law of Christ".
2038:
Antioch & Rome: New Testament Cradles of Catholic Christianity
1225:
Exhortation and Warning: Faith, Spirit, and Righteousness (5:1–12)
1181:
Introduction: The Cross and the Preeminence of the Gospel (1:1–10)
1133:/Acts 11:30, Fung does not see this as a problem for this theory.
1018:. They certainly appear to have questioned Paul's authority as an
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3468:
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1100:
1047:
1019:
1007:
964:
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797:
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186:
1729:
Misquoting Jesus: The Story Behind Who Changed the Bible and Why
858:
The original of the letter (autograph) is not known to survive.
4448:
4325:
3709:
3496:
2888:"Tendencies in the interpretation of Galatians 3:28 since 1990"
2444:. Louisville, London: Westminster John Knox. pp. 133–156.
1838:
1502:, whose group in Jerusalem adhered to the observance of Torah.
1327:
1126:
968:
117:
3215:
990:, they must be subject to some or all of the Jewish Law (i.e.
3609:
3516:
3493:
3483:
3478:
2259:
Galatians: a new translation with introduction and commentary
1420:
1411:
1309:
1216:
Rebuke and Reminder: Faith, Spirit, and Righteousness (3:1–6)
1176:, and the concluding paragraph is written with his own hand".
1165:
972:
1505:
1248:
3223:
2985:
2983:
2771:
2769:
2756:
2754:
2228:. Kansas City, Missouri: Beacon Hill Press of Kansas City.
1323:
1106:
In addition, the exclusion of any mention of the letter of
949:
1238:
Implementing the New Life: Walking by the Spirit (5:16–24)
882:
line it betrays its origin as a genuine letter of Paul."
1660:
The Epistle to the Galatians was composed in Koine Greek.
3006:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 76–80.
2980:
2766:
2751:
2689:
2425:. Nashville, Tennessee: Abingdon Press. pp. 466–67.
3066:
Haltgren, Arland (Summer 2000). "Luther on Galatians".
2934:. Presbyterian Publishing Corporation. pp. 101–2.
2374:. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Baker Academic. p. vii.
2067:. Vol. 2. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. p. 114.
1762:(2nd ed.). United Bible Societies. pp. 1–16.
1445:
1210:
1197:
99:
1459:
1229:
937:
records Paul traveling to the "region of Galatia and
3306:
Jewish messianic Commentary on Galatians (Jerusalem)
1022:, perhaps appealing to the greater authority of the
2676:
2606:"Research on the Letter to the Galatians 2000–2010"
2536:
The Reverse of the Curse: Paul, Wisdom, and the Law
2146:
2144:
2142:
2140:
1241:
Some Specific Parameters of the New Life (5:25–6:6)
3086:
2171:. In Foakes Jackson, F. J.; Lake, Kirsopp (eds.).
1726:
1704:. Nashville, TN: Abingdon Press. pp. 463–66.
1638:
1636:
1634:
1583:. Wheaton, Illinois: Crossway. 2018. p. 972.
800:. Scholars have suggested that this is either the
3211:Online translations of the Epistle to Galatians:
3108:Betz, H. D. (2007), "Galatians, Epistle to the",
2226:Galatians: a commentary in the Wesleyan tradition
1304:At this point the apostle takes the pen from his
4589:
2844:Matera, Frank J.; Harrington, Daniel J. (2007).
2843:
1787:. London: Hodder & Stoughton. p. xviii.
1531:Textual variants in the Epistle to the Galatians
1419:There is debate about the meaning of the phrase
933:features of culture and language in Paul's day.
3201:(New and revised ed.). T. Nelson and Sons.
2963:
2961:
2959:
1631:
2589:Reiher comes down on the side of position (2).
2175:. Vol. 5. London: Macmillan. p. 201.
3590:
3398:
3279:Galatians, Paul, The Torah-Law & Legalism
2848:. Collegeville, Minnesota: Liturgical Press.
1454:
1359:
761:
535:
3412:
2956:
2672:
2670:
2423:A Critical Introduction to the New Testament
1702:A Critical Introduction to the New Testament
1526:Prayer of St. John Gabriel Perboyre to Jesus
1061:This third date takes the word "quickly" in
1832:
1557:. It is most commonly abbreviated as "Gal."
1244:The Urgency of Living the New Life (6:7–10)
1193:Rebuke: The Occasion of the Letter (1:6–10)
819:and later translated into other languages.
3597:
3583:
3405:
3391:
3001:
2808:Journal for the Study of the New Testament
2707:
2358:Commentary on the Epistle to the Galatians
2326:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2204:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2036:Brown, Raymond E.; Meier, John P. (1983).
2035:
1300:, in his Commentary on the epistle, says:
768:
754:
542:
528:
3291:John Chrysostom's Commentary on Galatians
3150:
2989:
2903:
2839:
2837:
2775:
2760:
2695:
2667:
2623:
2490:
1870:"Introduction to the Book of Galatians".
1760:A Textual Commentary on the New Testament
1506:Gender, sexuality, and modern scholarship
1249:Closing: Cross and New Creation (6:11–18)
1206:The Truth of the Gospel Defined (2:15–21)
65:Learn how and when to remove this message
3310:
3065:
2495:. Cambridge: Macmillan. pp. 211–12.
2420:
2185:
2040:. New York: Paulist Press. p. 113.
1995:
1991:
1989:
1987:
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889:
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2790:
2435:
2060:
1833:Jordan, Jon R.; Still, Todd D. (2016).
1757:
1429:
1322:Galatians also contains a catalogue of
4590:
3604:
3296:An alternative commentary on Galatians
3217:Bible Gateway 35 languages/50 versions
3187:
3084:
3046:
3016:
2885:
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2603:
2562:
2558:
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2289:
2256:
2116:"New Testament Study Helps: Galatians"
1782:
1724:
1671:
1410:
1364:Regarding "under the law" (Gal. 3:23;
1084:
1033:
865:
3578:
3386:
3225:Unbound Bible 100+ languages/versions
3136:, Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdman's Press,
3031:
2925:
2923:
2786:
2784:
2747:. Minneapolis: Augsburg. p. 360.
2604:Tolmie, Francois D. (July 12, 2012).
2599:
2597:
2595:
2505:
2438:"Paul's Story: Theology as Testimony"
2261:(1st ed.). New York: Doubleday.
2223:
2219:
2217:
2215:
1984:
1118:once. Renowned New Testament scholar
3126:
3107:
2967:
2805:
2742:
2532:
2169:"The Apostolic Council of Jerusalem"
2166:
2150:
2098:
1785:The Epistle of Paul to the Galatians
1695:
1693:
1642:
1536:
1211:The Defense of the Gospel (3:1–5:12)
108:, showing 2 Cor 11:33–12:9
18:
4529:Other books referenced in the Bible
4488:New Testament manuscript categories
2553:
2493:St. Paul's Epistle to the Galatians
2369:
1619:from the original on April 21, 2022
1401:
1350:
1330:, a popular formulation of ancient
1198:The Truth of the Gospel (1:11–2:21)
1136:
1093:
996:controversy concerning circumcision
846:, which historians refer to as the
13:
4059:Testaments of the Three Patriarchs
2920:
2795:. Abingdon Press. pp. 170–88.
2781:
2641:The Journal of Theological Studies
2592:
2440:. In Longenecker, Bruce W. (ed.).
2212:
2192:Tyndale New Testament Commentaries
1597:from the original on June 3, 2021.
1460:Luther's theology and antisemitism
1230:The Life of the Gospel (5:13–6:10)
877:Authorship of the Pauline Epistles
14:
4624:
3548:There is neither Jew nor Greek...
3317:"Galatians, Epistle to the"
3267:A Brief Introduction to Galatians
3206:
2930:Bedford, Nancy Elizabeth (2016).
2064:Introduction to the New Testament
1733:. San Francisco: Harper. p.
1690:
1549:The book is sometimes called the
1376:". Regarding "works of the law" (
3244:
3177:
1388:
574:
508:
496:
98:
23:
4544:Biblical and Quranic narratives
3155:, Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan,
3093:. New York: St. Martin's Press.
3078:
3059:
3049:Concordia Theological Quarterly
3040:
3025:
3017:Burton, Ernest De Witt (1920).
3010:
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1674:Galatians Through the Centuries
1551:Letter of Paul to the Galatians
1345:
808:, or a large region defined by
3101:
3004:Israel in the Apostolic Church
2173:The Beginnings of Christianity
1799:The New Oxford Annotated Bible
1751:
1718:
1665:
1648:
1601:
1571:
1543:
104:Papyrus 46, one of the oldest
1:
3151:Schreiner, Thomas R. (2010),
2539:. Mohr Siebeck. p. 181.
1996:McDonald, Lee Martin (2004).
1296:) Regarding this conclusion,
913:
898:
870:
853:
735:Apostles in the New Testament
3232:Galatians – King James Bible
3133:The Epistle to the Galatians
3110:Yale Anchor Bible Dictionary
2886:Tolmie, D. F. (2014-07-02).
2436:Barclay, John M. G. (2002).
2257:Martyn, James Louis (1997).
2194:. Grand Rapids. p. 205.
1564:
1521:Paul the Apostle and Judaism
1412:
1310:
1267:Biblical law in Christianity
1253:This outline is provided by
1046:, is identical with that of
7:
4603:1st-century Christian texts
3301:A Secular Site on Galatians
3254:public domain audiobook at
2745:Essays on Biblical Theology
1998:"Introduction to Galatians"
1514:
1260:
1014:as a mark of receiving the
927:
836:religious male circumcision
10:
4629:
4524:English Bible translations
3912:Song of the Three Children
3089:How Jesus Became Christian
3021:. Scribner's. p. 358.
3002:Richardson, Peter (1969).
2820:10.1177/0142064X8300501801
2722:10.1177/106385121802700312
2442:Narrative Dynamics in Paul
2421:Holladay, Carl R. (2005).
1805:: New York, 2001), 309 NT.
1783:Duncan, George S. (1934).
1758:Metzger, Bruce M. (1994).
1700:Holladay, Carl R. (2005).
1609:"Bible Book Abbreviations"
1493:How Jesus Became Christian
1455:Significance and reception
1446:Meaning of "Israel of God"
1421:
1360:Under law and works of law
1264:
1148:
952:people living in northern
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3371:
3358:
3350:
3335:Epistle to the Galatians
3333:
3198:Easton's Bible Dictionary
3193:Galatians, Epistle to the
3112:, Yale University Press,
2491:Lightfoot, J. B. (1865).
2290:Keener, Craig S. (2018).
2000:. In Evans, Craig (ed.).
802:Roman province of Galatia
784:is the ninth book of the
690:Coptic Apocalypse of Paul
462:New Testament manuscripts
16:Book of the New Testament
4598:Epistle to the Galatians
3538:Fruit of the Holy Spirit
3414:Epistle to the Galatians
2577:10.1177/0014524611431773
2533:Pate, C. Marvin (2000).
2188:The Acts of the Apostles
2186:Marshall, I. H. (1980).
2061:Koester, Helmut (2000).
1820:Early Christian Writings
1028:James (brother of Jesus)
994:). The letter indicates
782:Epistle to the Galatians
4386:Intertestamental period
3323:Encyclopædia Britannica
3085:Wilson, Barrie (2008).
2354:Joseph Barber Lightfoot
1803:Oxford University Press
1500:James, brother of Jesus
885:
515:Christianity portal
4370:Apocalyptic literature
4007:Paralipomena of Baruch
3189:Easton, Matthew George
2905:10.4314/actat.v33i2s.6
2743:Gese, Hartmut (1981).
2224:Lyons, George (2012).
2167:Lake, Kirsopp (1933).
1921:Acts 13:13; 14:1; 14:8
1484:
1478:
1469:justification by faith
1467:fundamental belief in
1316:
1177:
909:
788:. It is a letter from
45:by rewriting it in an
4534:Additional Scriptures
4498:New Testament uncials
3032:Beale, G. K. (1999).
2625:10.4314/actat.v32i1.7
2506:Reece, Steve (2017).
2370:Moo, Douglas (2013).
1725:Ehrman, Bart (2005).
1672:Riches, John (2007).
1479:
1473:
1302:
1156:
908:is visible at centre)
893:
4519:Bible version debate
4493:New Testament papyri
4439:Samaritan Pentateuch
4064:Testament of Abraham
4002:1, 2, and 3 Meqabyan
2565:The Expository Times
2346:2 Thessalonians 3:17
1841:: Wipf & Stock.
1613:Logos Bible Software
1430:Sexuality and gender
1158:Valentin de Boulogne
1052:Council of Jerusalem
921:Council of Jerusalem
740:Pauline Christianity
472:Johannine literature
173:Acts of the Apostles
106:New Testament papyri
4613:New Testament books
4461:Muratorian fragment
4396:New Testament canon
4391:Old Testament canon
4284:Chapters and verses
3902:Additions to Daniel
3868:Additions to Esther
3543:Incident at Antioch
3227:at Biola University
2480:2Thessalonians 3:17
2342:2 Thessalonians 2:2
1676:. Wiley-Blackwell.
1422:δια πιστεος Χριστου
1413:Pistis tou Christou
1085:South Galatian view
1079:Alexander the Great
1034:North Galatian view
866:Authorship and date
457:New Testament canon
4608:Canonical epistles
4074:Testament of Jacob
4069:Testament of Isaac
3954:Prayer of Manasseh
3917:Bel and the Dragon
3897:Letter of Jeremiah
3367:Books of the Bible
3354:Second Corinthians
3284:2006-06-13 at the
3272:2016-03-04 at the
3262:Related articles:
3128:Fung, Ronald Y. K.
2653:10.1093/jts/fli108
2476:2Thessalonians 2:2
2465:Galatians 5:1–6:10
2350:pelikois grammasin
1874:. Crossway. 2008.
1490:who points out in
1311:pelikois grammasin
1178:
1058:in roughly 56–57.
1016:covenant blessings
1000:Sabbath observance
961:Antioch of Pisidia
910:
897:, a manuscript of
824:Gentile Christians
685:Apocalypse of Paul
673:Related literature
587:Pauline literature
383:Book of Revelation
47:encyclopedic style
34:is written like a
4585:
4584:
4554:Textual criticism
4117:
4116:
4041:Psalms of Solomon
3984:Orthodox Tewahedo
3572:
3571:
3381:
3380:
3372:Succeeded by
3364:
3240:at GospelHall.org
3162:978-0-310-24372-4
2941:978-0-664-23271-9
2855:978-0-8146-5972-4
2512:. T&T Clark.
2381:978-0-8010-2754-3
2305:978-1-108-42681-7
2235:978-0-8341-2402-8
1848:978-1-4982-8971-9
1590:978-1-4335-6343-0
1537:Explanatory notes
902: AD 150–250
848:Jewish Christians
778:
777:
552:
551:
482:Pastoral epistles
315:Catholic epistles
75:
74:
67:
36:high-school essay
4620:
4434:Dead Sea Scrolls
4416:Dating the Bible
4294:Historical books
3931:Eastern Orthodox
3844:Eastern Orthodox
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3564:Textual variants
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3351:Preceded by
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3258:Various versions
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3219:at GospelCom.net
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3119:978-0-30014081-1
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2113:
2109:
2097:
2093:
2086:
2082:
2075:
2059:
2055:
2048:
2034:
2030:
2023:
2019:
2012:
1994:
1985:
1978:
1974:
1967:
1963:
1956:
1952:
1947:Galatians 1:1–9
1945:
1941:
1934:
1930:
1919:
1915:
1904:
1900:
1893:
1889:
1882:
1872:ESV Study Bible
1869:
1868:
1864:
1849:
1831:
1827:
1814:
1813:
1809:
1797:M. Coogan, ed.
1796:
1792:
1781:
1777:
1770:
1756:
1752:
1745:
1723:
1719:
1712:
1698:
1691:
1684:
1670:
1666:
1654:
1653:
1649:
1641:
1632:
1622:
1620:
1607:
1606:
1602:
1591:
1577:
1576:
1572:
1567:
1562:
1561:
1548:
1544:
1539:
1517:
1508:
1462:
1457:
1448:
1432:
1417:
1404:
1395:
1391:
1382:found at Qumran
1373:
1362:
1353:
1348:
1269:
1263:
1251:
1232:
1222:Appeal (4:8–31)
1213:
1200:
1183:
1151:
1139:
1096:
1087:
1042:, mentioned in
1036:
1004:Mosaic Covenant
930:
916:
901:
888:
879:
873:
868:
856:
796:communities in
794:Early Christian
792:to a number of
774:
745:
744:
725:
724:
715:
714:
700:Paul and Thecla
675:
674:
665:
664:
640:2 Thessalonians
635:1 Thessalonians
595:
594:
548:
519:
507:
497:
495:
487:
486:
452:
451:
442:
441:
433:
417:
413:Johannine works
400:
399:
388:
387:
374:
371:
360:
339:
311:
303:
287:
271:
267:2 Thessalonians
262:1 Thessalonians
255:
239:
223:
194:
193:
178:
177:
162:
159:
125:
124:
109:
90:
71:
60:
54:
51:
43:help improve it
40:
28:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4626:
4616:
4615:
4610:
4605:
4600:
4583:
4582:
4580:
4579:
4574:
4569:
4563:
4560:
4559:
4557:
4556:
4551:
4549:Synod of Hippo
4546:
4541:
4536:
4531:
4526:
4521:
4516:
4510:
4508:
4504:
4503:
4501:
4500:
4495:
4490:
4485:
4483:Masoretic Text
4480:
4475:
4468:
4463:
4458:
4451:
4446:
4441:
4436:
4430:
4428:
4422:
4421:
4419:
4418:
4413:
4408:
4403:
4398:
4393:
4388:
4382:
4380:
4376:
4375:
4373:
4372:
4367:
4366:
4365:
4360:
4355:
4350:
4340:
4339:
4338:
4333:
4323:
4322:
4321:
4319:Minor prophets
4316:
4314:Major prophets
4306:
4296:
4291:
4286:
4280:
4278:
4274:
4273:
4271:
4270:
4265:
4260:
4255:
4250:
4245:
4240:
4235:
4230:
4225:
4220:
4215:
4210:
4205:
4200:
4195:
4188:
4183:
4178:
4173:
4168:
4163:
4158:
4153:
4148:
4143:
4138:
4133:
4127:
4125:
4119:
4118:
4115:
4114:
4112:
4111:
4106:
4101:
4100:
4099:
4092:Pseudepigrapha
4088:
4086:
4085:Classification
4082:
4081:
4079:
4078:
4077:
4076:
4071:
4066:
4055:
4053:
4047:
4046:
4044:
4043:
4038:
4033:
4031:Psalms 152–155
4027:
4025:
4018:
4017:
4015:
4014:
4009:
4004:
3999:
3994:
3988:
3986:
3980:
3979:
3977:
3976:
3971:
3966:
3961:
3956:
3951:
3946:
3940:
3938:
3936:
3935:
3932:
3928:
3925:
3924:
3922:
3921:
3920:
3919:
3914:
3909:
3899:
3890:
3885:
3880:
3875:
3870:
3865:
3860:
3854:
3852:
3850:
3849:
3846:
3841:
3835:
3829:
3816:
3815:
3813:
3812:
3807:
3802:
3797:
3792:
3787:
3782:
3777:
3772:
3767:
3762:
3757:
3752:
3747:
3742:
3737:
3732:
3727:
3722:
3717:
3712:
3707:
3702:
3697:
3692:
3687:
3685:1–2 Chronicles
3682:
3677:
3672:
3667:
3662:
3657:
3652:
3647:
3642:
3637:
3631:
3629:
3614:
3613:
3602:
3601:
3594:
3587:
3579:
3570:
3569:
3567:
3566:
3560:
3558:
3554:
3553:
3551:
3550:
3545:
3540:
3534:
3532:
3528:
3527:
3525:
3524:
3519:
3514:
3509:
3504:
3499:
3491:
3486:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3465:
3463:
3459:
3458:
3456:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3435:
3430:
3424:
3422:
3418:
3417:
3410:
3409:
3402:
3395:
3387:
3379:
3378:
3373:
3370:
3357:
3352:
3348:
3347:
3337:
3334:
3329:
3328:
3314:, ed. (1911).
3312:Chisholm, Hugh
3308:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3276:
3260:
3259:
3242:
3234:
3229:
3221:
3208:
3207:External links
3205:
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3203:
3175:
3161:
3148:
3142:
3124:
3118:
3103:
3100:
3097:
3096:
3077:
3058:
3039:
3024:
3009:
2994:
2992:, p. 381.
2990:Schreiner 2010
2979:
2955:
2940:
2919:
2878:
2876:Gal. 3:28 NRSV
2869:
2854:
2833:
2798:
2780:
2778:, p. 141.
2776:Schreiner 2010
2765:
2763:, p. 360.
2761:Schreiner 2010
2750:
2735:
2700:
2698:, p. 359.
2696:Schreiner 2010
2688:
2679:Revue Biblique
2666:
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2017:
2010:
1983:
1972:
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1516:
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1447:
1444:
1435:Galatians 3:28
1431:
1428:
1416:
1409:
1403:
1400:
1390:
1387:
1361:
1358:
1352:
1349:
1347:
1344:
1262:
1259:
1255:Douglas J. Moo
1250:
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1135:
1120:J.B. Lightfoot
1095:
1092:
1086:
1083:
1071:Helmut Koester
1035:
1032:
929:
926:
887:
884:
875:Main article:
872:
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743:
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732:
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722:
721:
720:
717:
716:
713:
712:
710:Prayer of Paul
707:
705:Peter and Paul
702:
697:
692:
687:
682:
676:
672:
671:
670:
667:
666:
663:
662:
657:
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612:
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585:
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583:
580:
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571:
570:
563:
562:
561:of articles on
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489:
488:
485:
484:
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469:
464:
459:
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450:Related topics
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31:
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9:
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3:
2:
4625:
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4611:
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4540:
4537:
4535:
4532:
4530:
4527:
4525:
4522:
4520:
4517:
4515:
4512:
4511:
4509:
4505:
4499:
4496:
4494:
4491:
4489:
4486:
4484:
4481:
4479:
4476:
4474:
4473:
4469:
4467:
4464:
4462:
4459:
4457:
4456:
4452:
4450:
4447:
4445:
4442:
4440:
4437:
4435:
4432:
4431:
4429:
4427:
4423:
4417:
4414:
4412:
4409:
4407:
4404:
4402:
4399:
4397:
4394:
4392:
4389:
4387:
4384:
4383:
4381:
4377:
4371:
4368:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4356:
4354:
4351:
4349:
4346:
4345:
4344:
4341:
4337:
4334:
4332:
4329:
4328:
4327:
4324:
4320:
4317:
4315:
4312:
4311:
4310:
4307:
4304:
4300:
4297:
4295:
4292:
4290:
4287:
4285:
4282:
4281:
4279:
4275:
4269:
4266:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4256:
4254:
4251:
4249:
4246:
4244:
4241:
4239:
4236:
4234:
4231:
4229:
4226:
4224:
4221:
4219:
4216:
4214:
4211:
4209:
4206:
4204:
4201:
4199:
4196:
4194:
4193:
4189:
4187:
4184:
4182:
4179:
4177:
4174:
4172:
4169:
4167:
4166:2 Corinthians
4164:
4162:
4161:1 Corinthians
4159:
4157:
4154:
4152:
4149:
4147:
4144:
4142:
4139:
4137:
4134:
4132:
4129:
4128:
4126:
4124:
4123:New Testament
4120:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4104:New Testament
4102:
4098:
4095:
4094:
4093:
4090:
4089:
4087:
4083:
4075:
4072:
4070:
4067:
4065:
4062:
4061:
4060:
4057:
4056:
4054:
4052:
4048:
4042:
4039:
4037:
4034:
4032:
4029:
4028:
4026:
4024:
4019:
4013:
4012:Broader canon
4010:
4008:
4005:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3990:
3989:
3987:
3985:
3981:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3952:
3950:
3947:
3945:
3942:
3941:
3939:
3933:
3930:
3929:
3926:
3918:
3915:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3905:
3904:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3856:
3855:
3853:
3847:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3837:
3836:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3821:
3817:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3803:
3801:
3798:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3725:Song of Songs
3723:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3663:
3661:
3658:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3632:
3630:
3628:
3624:
3623:Old Testament
3619:
3615:
3611:
3607:
3600:
3595:
3593:
3588:
3586:
3581:
3580:
3577:
3565:
3562:
3561:
3559:
3555:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3535:
3533:
3529:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3466:
3464:
3460:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3425:
3423:
3419:
3415:
3408:
3403:
3401:
3396:
3394:
3389:
3388:
3385:
3376:
3369:
3368:
3363:
3362:New Testament
3355:
3349:
3345:
3344:
3341:
3332:
3325:
3324:
3318:
3313:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3283:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3271:
3268:
3265:
3264:
3263:
3257:
3253:
3252:
3243:
3241:
3239:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3226:
3222:
3220:
3218:
3214:
3213:
3212:
3200:
3199:
3194:
3190:
3185:
3184:public domain
3176:
3172:
3168:
3164:
3158:
3154:
3149:
3145:
3143:0-8028-2509-5
3139:
3135:
3134:
3129:
3125:
3121:
3115:
3111:
3106:
3105:
3091:
3090:
3081:
3073:
3069:
3062:
3054:
3050:
3043:
3035:
3028:
3020:
3013:
3005:
2998:
2991:
2986:
2984:
2975:
2971:
2964:
2962:
2960:
2951:
2947:
2943:
2937:
2933:
2926:
2924:
2915:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2898:(2): 108–09.
2897:
2893:
2889:
2882:
2873:
2865:
2861:
2857:
2851:
2847:
2840:
2838:
2829:
2825:
2821:
2817:
2813:
2809:
2802:
2794:
2787:
2785:
2777:
2772:
2770:
2762:
2757:
2755:
2746:
2739:
2731:
2727:
2723:
2719:
2716:(3): 338–49.
2715:
2711:
2704:
2697:
2692:
2684:
2680:
2673:
2671:
2662:
2658:
2654:
2650:
2647:(2): 362–92.
2646:
2642:
2635:
2626:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2612:
2607:
2600:
2598:
2596:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2574:
2571:(6): 272–77.
2570:
2566:
2559:
2557:
2548:
2542:
2538:
2537:
2529:
2521:
2515:
2511:
2510:
2502:
2494:
2487:
2481:
2477:
2472:
2466:
2461:
2453:
2451:0-664-22277-3
2447:
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2417:
2411:
2407:
2402:
2396:
2391:
2383:
2377:
2373:
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2355:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2337:
2329:
2323:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2301:
2297:
2294:. Cambridge,
2293:
2286:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2268:0-385-08838-8
2264:
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2253:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2231:
2227:
2220:
2218:
2216:
2207:
2201:
2193:
2189:
2182:
2174:
2170:
2163:
2156:
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55:February 2023
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32:This article
30:
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4472:Vetus Latina
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4453:
4406:Jewish canon
4401:Antilegomena
4303:Poetic Books
4299:Wisdom books
4277:Subdivisions
4190:
4170:
3895: /
3820:Deuterocanon
3740:Lamentations
3720:Ecclesiastes
3627:(protocanon)
3618:Hebrew Bible
3512:Peter/Cephas
3413:
3359:
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3238:Online Bible
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3074:(3): 237–38.
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2128:. Retrieved
2124:the original
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1612:
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1550:
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1346:Major issues
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1115:Kirsopp Lake
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1075:Gordian Knot
1060:
1037:
1026:governed by
985:
979:, so-called
958:
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931:
917: 50–60
911:
906:PROS GALATAS
905:
880:
857:
840:
821:
809:
804:in southern
781:
779:
695:Acts of Paul
614:
569:in the Bible
229:
89:Books of the
61:
52:
33:
4577:WikiProject
4455:Diatessaron
4426:Manuscripts
4379:Development
4181:Philippians
4051:Beta Israel
3969:4 Maccabees
3964:3 Maccabees
3878:2 Maccabees
3873:1 Maccabees
3655:Deuteronomy
3102:Cited works
3055:(3–4): 222.
2101:, pp.
2025:Acts 20:2–3
1816:"Galatians"
1656:"Galatians"
1278:Philippians
1186:Prescript (
1131:Galatians 2
1065:literally.
1012:circumcised
830:during the
817:Koine Greek
625:Philippians
246:Philippians
4592:Categories
4514:Authorship
4444:Septuagint
4289:Pentateuch
4268:Revelation
4192:Laodiceans
4186:Colossians
3675:1–2 Samuel
2314:1004849095
2153:, p.
2130:2007-07-11
1969:Acts 18:23
1958:Genesis 17
1910:Acts 18:23
1837:. Eugene,
1306:amanuensis
1265:See also:
1174:amanuensis
1010:, who was
1002:, and the
977:Mosaic Law
954:Asia Minor
895:Papyrus 46
871:Authorship
860:Papyrus 46
854:Background
844:proselytes
828:Mosaic Law
630:Colossians
591:Authorship
397:Authorship
377:Apocalypse
251:Colossians
191:Apocalypse
166:Lukan Acts
4353:Johannine
4213:2 Timothy
4208:1 Timothy
4176:Ephesians
4171:Galatians
3959:Psalm 151
3827:apocrypha
3805:Zechariah
3795:Zephaniah
3680:1–2 Kings
3645:Leviticus
3375:Ephesians
3251:Galatians
3191:(1897). "
3171:613993871
3153:Galatians
2950:937059676
2932:Galatians
2914:1015-8758
2864:145747570
2846:Galatians
2828:170991327
2814:: 12–37.
2730:171508461
2661:1477-4607
2585:145291940
2372:Galatians
2322:cite book
2292:Galatians
2244:436028350
2200:cite book
2151:Fung 1988
2099:Fung 1988
2088:Acts 9:30
1906:Acts 16:6
1857:975120128
1643:Betz 2007
1623:April 21,
1565:Citations
1555:Galatians
1378:Gal. 2:16
1298:Lightfoot
1170:Lightfoot
1143:Judaizers
1056:Macedonia
1040:Jerusalem
992:Judaizers
944:Galatians
811:Galatians
650:2 Timothy
645:1 Timothy
620:Ephesians
615:Galatians
408:Luke-Acts
283:2 Timothy
278:1 Timothy
235:Ephesians
230:Galatians
4567:Category
4466:Peshitta
4363:Catholic
4358:Pastoral
4343:Epistles
4336:Synoptic
4223:Philemon
4036:2 Baruch
4023:Peshitta
3997:Jubilees
3949:2 Esdras
3944:1 Esdras
3839:Catholic
3790:Habakkuk
3735:Jeremiah
3715:Proverbs
3695:Nehemiah
3474:Barnabas
3421:Chapters
3282:Archived
3270:Archived
3256:LibriVox
3130:(1988),
2277:36001181
1617:Archived
1595:Archived
1515:See also
1465:Luther’s
1261:Contents
1077:fame of
1063:Gal. 1:6
981:legalism
928:Audience
826:and the
806:Anatolia
723:See also
660:Philemon
559:a series
557:Part of
476:epistles
299:Philemon
187:Epistles
82:a series
80:Part of
4539:Studies
4507:Related
4478:Vulgate
4348:Pauline
4326:Gospels
4243:2 Peter
4238:1 Peter
4228:Hebrews
4131:Matthew
4021:Syriac
3907:Susanna
3810:Malachi
3770:Obadiah
3745:Ezekiel
3650:Numbers
3635:Genesis
3608:of the
3557:Related
3531:Phrases
3469:Abraham
3462:Persons
3343:Epistle
3340:Pauline
3186::
2618:: 136.
2406:1:11–19
1328:virtues
1286:Abraham
1162:Houston
1149:Outline
1108:Acts 15
1101:Acts 11
1048:Acts 15
1020:apostle
1008:Abraham
965:Iconium
939:Phrygia
798:Galatia
589: (
429:Hebrews
335:2 Peter
330:1 Peter
307:Hebrews
140:Matthew
118:Gospels
41:Please
4572:Portal
4449:Targum
4258:3 John
4253:2 John
4248:1 John
4156:Romans
4109:Jewish
3934:Others
3893:Baruch
3888:Sirach
3883:Wisdom
3863:Judith
3848:Others
3800:Haggai
3750:Daniel
3730:Isaiah
3710:Psalms
3700:Esther
3665:Judges
3660:Joshua
3640:Exodus
3497:Christ
3169:
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3116:
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2862:
2852:
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1127:Acts 9
969:Lystra
950:Celtic
600:Romans
356:3 John
351:2 John
346:1 John
206:Romans
4233:James
4218:Titus
3992:Enoch
3858:Tobit
3785:Nahum
3780:Micah
3775:Jonah
3755:Hosea
3610:Bible
3606:Books
3522:Titus
3517:Sarah
3494:Jesus
3489:James
3484:Isaac
3479:Hagar
3438:Three
2824:S2CID
2726:S2CID
2581:S2CID
2103:16–22
1324:vices
1188:1:1–5
1166:Texas
973:Derbe
655:Titus
322:James
294:Titus
4331:List
4263:Jude
4151:Acts
4146:John
4141:Luke
4136:Mark
4097:list
3974:Odes
3765:Amos
3760:Joel
3690:Ezra
3670:Ruth
3507:Paul
3502:John
3448:Five
3443:Four
3167:OCLC
3157:ISBN
3138:ISBN
3114:ISBN
2946:OCLC
2936:ISBN
2910:ISSN
2860:OCLC
2850:ISBN
2657:ISSN
2541:ISBN
2514:ISBN
2446:ISBN
2376:ISBN
2328:link
2310:OCLC
2300:ISBN
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2240:OCLC
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2206:link
2069:ISBN
2042:ISBN
2006:ISBN
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1876:ISBN
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1843:ISBN
1764:ISBN
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1585:ISBN
1326:and
971:and
935:Acts
886:Date
780:The
567:Paul
367:Jude
189:and
155:John
150:Luke
145:Mark
122:Acts
120:and
3824:and
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